Labor Migration

Abstract:
Dissertation Submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Award of the degree of MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY.

The root causes of the GCC's employment problems are interlocked – a system of national education that has largely not been competitive or well aligned with the needs of modern industry, a culture of citizens conditioned to a protective government, a public sector that is overstaffed and inefficient, and counterproductive policies in areas such as immigration and social welfare. It is also reflected in the highly distorted labour market in the region, founded on a socio-ethnic duality. In some respects the labour market is rigid, with pronounced differences in the wages for non-nationals and nationals. In other aspects it is flexible as current laws make it very easy to import or deport foreigners based on hiring/firing. This is also why“unemployment” is a national issue, for if and when a foreigner‟s work visa is terminated, he or she is obliged to return to the home country.
In the final analysis  –
• At the GCC level, the dissertation research disproves the hypothesis that growing numbers of GCC nationals have entered the private sector due to workforce nationalisation programmes, replacing foreign labour.
• The second hypothesis has been validated in that the growing mismatch between available local labour and the labour market requirements has undermined the success of Emiratisation.
• Finally, the failure of Emiratisation has been concluded while validating the hypothesis that Indian labour migration to the UAE has been vigorous despite Emiratisation.

There are more types of borders today than ever before in history. Borders of all kinds define every aspect of social life in the twenty-first century. From the biometric data that divides the smallest aspects of our bodies to the aerial drones that patrol the immense expanse of our domestic and international airspace, we are defined by borders. They can no longer simply be understood as the geographical divisions between nation-states. Today, their form and function has become too complex, too hybrid. What we need now is a theory of the border that can make sense of this hybridity across multiple domains of social life.

Rather than viewing borders as the result or outcome of pre-established social entities like states, Thomas Nail reinterprets social history from the perspective of the continual and constitutive movement of the borders that organize and divide society in the first place. Societies and states are the products of bordering, Nail argues, not the other way around. Applying his original movement-oriented theoretical framework "kinopolitics" to several major historical border regimes (fences, walls, cells, and checkpoints), Theory of the Border pioneers a new methodology of "critical limology," that provides fresh tools for the analysis of contemporary border politics.

This is a collection of self-selected papers presented at The Migration Conference 2021 London. COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing restrictions and difficulties in international travel forced us to run the TMC online for a second time. It is a new and improving experience for most of us and there is strong hints that the conference will continue in hybrid form in the near future. As usual we have invited participants to submit 2000 words papers for the proceedings book and this volume brings you these papers. Topics covered in the volume includes gender, education, mass movements, refugees, religion, identity, migration policy, culture, diplomacy, remittances, climate, water, environment and pretty much everything about migration. Most of the papers are in English, but there are some in French, Spanish and Turkish too. This is a great book for those who want short accounts on all aspects of migration and refugees.

The major aim of this article is to examine how migrations affect private governance, taking as a case study the Prud'homie de pêche, a private order that has governed the fishery of Marseille for the past six centuries. Scholarship generally argues that social norms guarantee the efficiency of private orders and their ability to resist the arrival of newcomers. My data suggests that the Prud'homie has failed to accommodate social changes prompted by migratory flows, not despite but because of its social norms. This paper suggests that social norms are not only powerful tools of governance for private orders, but also forces of inertia that can prevent these orders from accommodating social changes.

On the Shoulders of Grandmothers can easily be enjoyed by academic as well as nonacademic audience as the life stories hold the core of the book. At the same time, the book is not a simple discussion of the struggles and aspirations of Ukrainian grandmothers but rather a valuable source of riveting insights into the everyday life, and the changing moral and gender order, in the post-Soviet period. The clarity of Solari’s writing and the reflexive account of her dilemmas as a researcher makes the transnational, comparative data engaging and fluent. This work should be included in the shelves of various disciplines such as Gender and Women Studies, Global/ization Studies, and Transnational migration studies as well as Area Studies.

O Brasil vive uma forte crise econômica e política após uma década de crescimento econômico, geração de empregos e distribuição de renda. A migração, como fenômeno social e em muitos casos estratégia de sobrevivência dos grupos sociais tende a se modificar diante da conjuntura econômica vivenciada pelo país. O presente artigo analisa os impactos da crise na migração interregional do Sudeste, comparando os períodos 2005-2010 e 2010-2015. Os resultados indicam uma intensa queda dos volumes de migração do Sudeste, principalmente nas trocas com o Nordeste, tanto pela redução da imigração como aumento da emigração de retorno.

Brazil is experiencing a intense economic and political crisis after a decade of economic growth, job creation and income distribution. Migration, as a social phenomenon and in many cases a strategy of social groups, tends to change in the face of the economic situation experienced. This article analyzes the impacts of the crisis on the interregional migration of the Southeast, comparing the periods 2005-2010 and 2010-2015. The results show a intense decrease in the migration volumes of the Southeast, mainly in the exchanges with the Northeast by the reduction of immigration and the increase of return emigration.

Structural Vulnerability and HealtH among SeaSonal agricultural Workers in Canada. This article explains how migrant Mexican agricultural workers experience situations of risk that make them structurally vulnerable in the area of health. Although managed systems of migration, such as the canadian Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (Programa de Trabajadores Agrícolas Temporales) have diverse advantages – legality, benefits, formal wages and safer travel conditions – it is argued that the controlling nature of these pro- grams also generates vulnerabilities.

Our paper aims to introduce a new model that will be able to explain jointly migration flows linked to brain drain, brain gain and brain return. Our simple indicator (LISE) measures level of individual well-being linked to each country and it was perfectly comparable. With our indicator it is possible to understand what are the drivers of migration flows, there is the possibility to prevent phenomena related to brain drain or to incentivate phenomena related to brain gain or brain return simply connecting the relative differences between the indicators calculated in various countries of the world. We have empirically tested the validity of our indicator on a sample of 12 countries. We have opened new avenues for research because using our indicator it is possible to make forecasts or to understand how and when a skilled migration flow can occur. We are able to prevent damages of Brain Drain and cross border skill mismatching using our simple indicator. ___________________________________________________________________________

The demographic change in the EU will affect everybody and will lead to social and political tensions that can seriously threaten the foundations of liberal democracy if current politics continue. A combination of three main factors creates the so-called “Emigration factory” in South-Eastern Europe: 1) The policy of extracting the youth labour force from the EU periphery to the EU centres as the key measure to recovering Western Europe population and economy, 2) the corruption as the most important push factor for contemporary emigration from Croatia and the Western Balkans, and 3) the understanding of capitalism by employers in SEE as a one-way process of profit without adequate rewarding of workers. Does Gastarbeiter’s history repeat itself? Are the EU migrations an interest-neutral and accidental social phenomenon? Is the EU going to become a neoliberal battlefield of a struggle for the human resource? What are the concrete solutions at the national and EU level? Why is the corruption index in Croatia and the Western Balkans growing with increased emigration, and what are the other consequences of emigration? Can the innovative approach to digital demography revolutionize our knowledge about migrations?

This book discusses whether labor migration can affect democratization processes and what impact the political order of the host country can have on this potential effect. In migration research, studies on the influence of return migrants on the societies in their home countries are still few and predominantly concentrate on the economic dimension of migration. The literature on democratization has likewise paid only scant attention to the external factors that play a role in the transition of states in the process of becoming more democratic. Cognizant of these lacunae in research on migration and democratization, this book sets out to argue that return migrants can play an important role in the consolidation process of young democracies. The goal is to explore the nature of this influence and to discuss its stabilizing as well as destabilizing aspects with regards to democratization. As a case study this book analyzes a “labor exporter par excellence,” the Philippines. Research is...

Resumen: El Bajo Imperio romano es uno de los períodos más apasionantes de la historia, siendo importante su conocimiento como vía para poder comprender mejor algunos de los problemas que todavía se plantean actualmente. Es igualmente evidente que a la hora de analizar las distintas instituciones jurídicas, aun cuando las fuentes jurídicas han de ocupar un lugar destacado, su carácter fragmentario y la sospecha de interpolación existente en numerosos textos, hace necesario y útil el recurso a las fuentes literarias. A este respecto, la amplia obra de Agustín de Hipona puede ser de gran ayuda para conocer cómo eran percibidas en la realidad cotidiana muchas de las cuestiones que fueron objeto de regulación a finales del siglo IV d.C., entre los cuales se encuentran los problemas migratorios en el África tardoimperial. Palabras claves: Agustín de Hipona; Bajo Imperio; Migraciones; Epistolario. Abstract: The Late Roman Empire is one of the most exciting periods in History, so it's important its study and knowledge as a way to understand better some of the problems that still arise nowadays. On the other hand, it's also evident that when we try to analyze the different legal institutions, even though legal sources must occupy a prominent place, its fragmentary nature and the possibility of interpolations in some texts, makes recourse to literary sources necessary and useful. In this regard, the extensive work of Augustin of Hippo can be important to know how many of the issues that were subject to legal regulation at the end of the 4th century AD were perceived in everyday reality, among which are the migration problems in late roman Africa.

Europe's Transforming Identity. Part 1 of the book Islam and Tolerance in Wider Europe (ed. Pamela Kilpadi) including the articles:
* 'What Values for Europe?' by Michael Emerson
* 'The Role of Islam in Europe: Multiple Crises?' by Amel Boubekeur and Samir Amghar
* 'The Southern Gate to Fortress Europe' by Rutvica Andrijasevic

The cruise industry enjoys arguably the most flexible and globalized of all labor markets. Yet, in an apparent paradox, cruise lines face a potential labor shortage, despite the fact that the bulk of their labor is sourced from the Global South where a large labor surplus would seemingly make recruitment a simple process. This paper examines this paradox in greater detail with a focus on the tension that exists between the industry’s demand for a flexible labor force, and the need for workers who maintain the skills required of a cruise ship job. It is argued that the contemporary geography of global labor recruitment is constrained by the particular political, economic and cultural circumstances of individual source countries that make certain cohorts less attractive or available as a workforce. In practice the need for skill and flexibility are not always reconcilable and cruise lines have found that there is a geographic limit to labor market flexibility. The article is based on interviews with various stakeholders involved in either working on cruise ships or in recruiting workers. Special emphasis is placed on Filipino cruise ship workers and labor recruiters as a means to discuss labor recruitment for the entire industry.

This paper examines the trajectory of internal migration and its impact on growth leading to convergence in India. The analysis is based on secondary data sourced from the Reserve Bank of India, Census and Economic and Political Weekly Research Foundation. It captures the data for a period of 20 years (1991-2011). An initial review indicates internal migration in the form of intra-state migration is very high compare to interstate migration. The analysis of convergence/divergence suggests dispersion among states has increased in the concerned period. Similarly, absolute βconvergence indicate that rich states are growing faster than poor states. However, when conditional convergence is tested by various variables, conditional convergence among states is evident. However, migration and literacy rate as important indicator not producing the expected results, as migration which is expected to be negatively correlated to economic growth, is positive. The coefficient of the initial level of per capita income is found to be statistically significant, implying conditional convergence across Indian states during 1991-2011. Further, policy makers need to consider migration, literacy rate, investment, and population growth as means to reduce economic disparities among states. Moreover, migration should be encouraged for economic growth and broader convergence.

The aim of this policy brief is to provide some understanding of the health constraints faced by single male laborers (SMLs), the policy efforts underway to enhance their access to healthcare, and further actions that ought to be undertaken to strengthen and improve healthcare for this group of migrant workers in Qatar.

Migration and mobility are central features of the Pacific Islands landscape. The diverse island States dispersed throughout the world’s largest ocean are connected by thousands of years of migration, history and culture. Mobility continues to remain a cornerstone of contemporary Pacific Islander identity and is central to many facets of Pacific Islands life. Both push and pull factors – such as marriage and maintenance of kin relations, trade and exchange, livelihood and economic opportunities, and displacement and resettlement from conflict or environmental hazards – motivate movement.

Mobility brings both opportunities and challenges. With increasing rates of mobility and the expansion of extractive industries such as forestry, mining and commercial fishing in the region, it is of particular importance to understand potential community health challenges and vulnerabilities that may impact the populations and communities affected by these changes. Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is a worldwide public health issue, and emerging evidence from Solomon Islands has demonstrated that migration-affected communities face particular challenges in relation to community health and VAWG, including increased risk of sexual exploitation, trafficking and abuse. Despite the high number of anecdotal reports on this issue, little evidence or data currently exists that specifically addresses the nexus of gender, mobility and health in the Pacific. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) Community Health and Mobility in the Pacific (CHAMP) project has been established to address this gap. This report focuses on this nexus in the Solomon Islands context.

The  challenges  that  official  migration  statistics face in the 21st century are manifold. In line with intensifying globalisation processes, and new patterns  and  types  of  migration,  new  routes  and new  migrant  identities  have  been  emerging. However,  the new trends also  offer  new, potentially usable data sources, tools, and methods for
the measurement of this changing phenomenon. Attempting to  provide  an  overview  of  the Hungarian migration statistical system, the aim of this paper  is  to  promote  interdisciplinary  scientific dialogue  on
migration  and share  some  of  the most  important  figures  and  trends  of  international  migration  in  Hungary,  highlighting  its  remarkable  geographical  aspects  in  the  European context,  and  the  peculiarities,  challenges,  and opportunities of its measurement.

"Dans le foisonnement d’images et de discours sur l’arrivée de nombreux•ses réfugié•e•s d’Afrique et du Proche-Orient, l’angle de la victimisation domine, quand ce n’est pas le rejet. Face aux multiples obstacles à leur arrivée en Europe et à l’obtention d’un titre de séjour, ces exilé•e•s possèdent pourtant des ressources et ressorts exceptionnels.  Ce sont des hommes et des femmes animé•e•s d’un puissant désir de vivre qui,  par leur fuite, posent un acte de résistance individuelle et collective."

"Dans un monde où les chemins de vie demeurent profondément formatés – cloisonnés en fonction du milieu social ou du lieu de naissance, du sexe ou de l’état de gouvernance dans le pays où la personne est établie – la migration devrait d’autant plus être comprise comme un geste puissant, un cri engagé face à la coercition, une initiative assurément politique : l’antithèse de la posture de victime. "

http://www.cultureetdemocratie.be/productions/view/focus-villes

Migration and issues of migrant workers are becoming a very crucial issue in the nation in general and the state of Kerala in particular. The movement of people from other states to Kerala is significantly increased. The major cities like Cochin, Trivandrum, Calicut in Kerala are the major targeted areas of migration of people from different parts of the nation. The two dimension like the problems created by migrant workers and the problems faced by migrant workers are serious topic of discussion. Even though there are several programmes and policies created for the protection of the rights of migrant workers, many time those efforts are not much successful. The women migrant workers are considered as the most vulnerable session among the migrant population. The present study aimed for viewing the problems faced by the unorganized migrant women workers in the Kochi Corporation of Kerala. Their socioeconomic conditions were analysed from the background of various welfare policies available for the migrant workers.

China’s rapid socio-economic transformation has generated extraordinary movements of people from rural areas to urban centres. At the peak of labour migration in the early 2000s, some 100 to 200 million people moved to cities in search of higher wages and better standards of living.

State of Exchange examines how – despite the authoritarian nature of the Chinese state – non-governmental organizations in China have increased dramatically as central and local states tacitly allow migrant NGOs to deliver community services to workers in Beijing and Shanghai. Interacting with spaces and layers of the state at various levels of government, NGOs conduct and scale up their programs, while the state, in turn, engages with NGOs as a means to remain relevant and further legitimize its own interests. Jennifer Hsu uses a new conceptual framework to assess state-NGO relations and ultimately to reveal how NGOs navigate the complex web of central and local government bodies to lend stability to, and form mutually beneficial relationships with, the Chinese state. 

As North Africa and the Middle East move into a new era of politics, the Chinese experience outlined in this book will serve as a blueprint for better understanding the best practices and lessons learned for state-society relationships at the central and local levels.

Teacher mobility has become a common feature of the cross-border flows and transnational networks that constitute globalisation. International and intraregional migration of teachers is an important factor in education provision and management in countries in the Southern Africa region, for example Botswana and South Africa. In an increasingly global context of teacher migration, education practitioners continue to strive for quality education. But has the mobility of teachers mediated the quality of education, and what are the implication of this for teacher education and training in higher education? This article explores teacher migration trends and dimensions of quality education, and assesses the impact that such teacher mobility has on education quality dimensions.

Long-running debates over military privatization overlook one important fact: The U.S. military’s post-2001 contractor workforce is composed largely of migrants imported from impoverished countries. This Article argues that these Third Country National (TCN) workers—so called because they are neither American nor local—are bereft of the effective protections of American law, local regimes, or their home governments; moreover, their vulnerability is a feature, not a flaw, in how the U.S. projects global power today. TCN workers are an offshore captive labor force whose use allows the government to keep politically sensitive troop numbers and casualty figures artificially low while reducing dependence on local populations with suspect loyalties. Legislation to combat human trafficking has done little to remedy exploitation and abuse of TCN workers because of jurisdictional hurdles and the lack of robust labor rights protections. Substantive reform efforts should address the deeper issue at stake, namely that the government uses TCN workers to carry out a core state function—namely, the use of force—without a clear relationship of responsibility to them. Unlike with soldiers, the labor of TCN workers is not valorized as sacrifice and unlike mercenaries selling their services to the highest bidder, they are frequently indebted to the point of indenture.

Sociologiska institutionen. Foto: Lunds universitet Nyhetsarkiv 1978-2023: fack, arbetsgivare, kollektivavtal, parts-relationer, svenska modellen, a-kassa, arbetsvillkor mm News Archive 1978-2023: Trade unions, employers' associations, collective agreements, industrial relations, the Swedish model, unemployment funds etc Anders Kjellberg Med länkar till nedladdningsbara artiklar, bokkapitel, forskningsrapporter mm samt utdrag ur en del av artiklarna. Länk till denna fil:

This article examines the legal framework regulating unskilled and low-skilled migrant workers
in Singapore. It argues that the current legal framework discriminates against these migrant
workers and conceptualizes them as undesirable for inclusion in the wider society. This, it is
contended, is premised on the assumption that migrant workers could be sequestered from the
local population to some extent. This article provides some challenges to this assumption,
highlighting instead some of the broader social and political consequences of this exclusionary
legal framework. Consequently, it is argued that a more inclusive and integrationist approach
is needed, and some positive developments are highlighted.

BACKGROUND Migration in South Africa has always been an eyebrow raising issue in South Africa since it became a democratic country. The Country has seen a great influx of migrants from different country in Africa and in other continents. OBJECTIVE The general research objective was to understand why Zimbabwean migrants prefer Mahikeng as their destination and to also explore the challenges that these migrants encounter in Mahikeng. METHODS Qualitative data was obtained from 28 research participants who were Zimbabwean citizens. An interviewed guide was designed as a tool of collecting the qualitative data. The study furthermore used snowball sampling to select the 28 research participants RESULTS The study found that most Zimbabwean migrants felt that Mafikeng was a better city to migrate to as compared to other cities within the country and they felt that xenophobia within the city was minimal as of that of cities like Cape Town and Johannesburg. CONCLUSIONS Zimbabwean migrants who participated in the study from the results showed that migrants had encountered some sort of problem in Mahikeng, but stated that they were safe in the city. CONTRIBUTIONS This study will contribute to the current body of knowledge on migrants in South Africa. Most of the studies that have been conducted have been placing great emphasis on migration at the national or provincial levels. A few studies have been conducted at local or city levels hence this study will contribute greatly to the current body of language.

In Coconut Colonialism, Holger Droessler examines the Samoan response through the lives of its workers. Ordinary Samoans—some on large plantations, others on their own small holdings—picked and processed coconuts and cocoa, tapped rubber trees, and built roads and ports that brought cash crops to Europe and North America. At the same time, Samoans redefined their own way of being in the world—what Droessler terms “Oceanian globality”—to challenge German and American visions of a global economy that in fact served only the needs of Western capitalism. Through cooperative farming, Samoans contested the exploitative wage-labor system introduced by colonial powers. The islanders also participated in ethnographic shows around the world, turning them into diplomatic missions and making friends with fellow colonized peoples. Samoans thereby found ways to press their own agendas and regain a degree of independence. Based on research in multiple languages and countries, Coconut Colonialism offers new insights into the global history of labor and empire at the dawn of the twentieth century.

Immigrant female and also male workers are increasingly involved in the supply of care services in the countries of the Global North, and they are especially so in elderly care. In the countries of southern Europe, but to an increasing extent also in countries like Germany and Austria, the care work of immigrants is embedded in a specific care regime. It is undertaken mainly in the recipients' households, often around the clock, and on a live-in basis, so that it supports a system in which the family remains the central locus of care delivery to frail people. Secondly, it employs a large number of workers irregular in regard to the employment relationship, and often also to their legal status. The paper will present the results of various research studies on the topic carried out in Italy within the time-span of a decade (2002–2012). It will discuss how irregular migration is in fact tolerated, when inserted in care work at the service of the growing needs of native families; how the system that I call “invisible welfare” works; and how immigrant care workers find possibilities of agency, despite the constraints of the legal order and the exploitation they often experience at work.
Key words
irregular immigration
immigration policies
care regime
care work
elderly
Italy

The paper focuses on the (re)emergence in the late twentieth century of a specific form of cross-border labour migration--viz. guest-work or circular/managed migration--that is designed to keep migrants from settling in receiving countries. The paper is part of a larger project that situates this form of transnational work-mobility regimes within the larger historical debates over the slippery line between free labour and forced labour. Specifically, it traces the genealogy of guest-work, and makes some preliminary observations about the specificity of contemporary circular / managed migration as it becomes incrementally normalized as a desirable policy tool across the world.

International labor migration in the Philippines started to gain its popularity during Marcos’ regime due to severe economic depression and lack of opportunities brought about by Martial Law. Over the years, there have been a drastic increase in the number of Filipinos who work abroad. The enduring feature of Philippine development of sending Filipinos abroad led the Department of Education to develop a new curriculum that would equip graduates with an increase in the productivity of human capital in the global market. This study explored how the Philippine educational system shaped students’ orientation towards international labor migration and how it could be used to lessen the number of Filipinos who would want to become part of the diaspora community. An autoethnographic qualitative design was employed to gain an extensive and deeper cultural understanding of the phenomenon. Overall, results in this study indicated that people considered education as an investment and a rational thing to have to make oneself more employable. Participants believed that their education contributed to their current situation, but did not necessarily shape them towards labor migration. Instead, their propensity to migrate influenced their educational decisions. Interestingly, the core theme that resonated on how education can respond to the phenomenon is to develop and enhance a curriculum that focuses on civic education reorienting them of their duties and responsibilities as Filipinos. A new ideal citizen is also defined.

This paper explores the challenges facing Syrian women before and after the war. Since Syrian women have a low labor force participation rate, refugee women have had a difficult time finding income generating opportunities. The paper explores the social dimensions and barriers to women's employment that are affecting their protection and empowerment.

Italy, differently from other EU countries, does not have a specific “residency by investment program”. The only visa available for an individual who is seeking permanent residency in the country without need to work  is the “elective residence visa”