Latin Grammar

La mia tesi di laurea triennale in Grammatica Latina raccoglieva ed analizzava gli incantesimi in lingua latina presenti nella serie web audiovisiva Netflix "The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" (2018-2020).
Preliminarmente, si è cercato di far luce sul particolare sistema di comunicazione in cui si inserisce la serie televisiva, adattamento della serie comics omonima; si è poi spaziato sul versante della magia antica, segnatamente nei punti di contatto con la webserie tv Netflix.
In seguito, la trattazione degli incantesimi latini si è divisa in un’analisi quantitativa, che consente di comprendere la frequenza e la distribuzione delle formule latine e il loro rapporto con quelle in inglese, e una qualitativa, che entra nel dettaglio di singole occorrenze significative.
Dalla prima si è evinto come gli incantesimi latini siano preferiti a quelli inglesi per due principali criteri: la genericità dell’incantesimo e la ‘potenza magica’ intrinseca al latino.
Una seconda valutazione più dettagliata delle frasi latine ha messo in luce come la forma di questi incantesimi sia spesso un pastiche di anglismi e usi del latino volgare, non disgiunti da prestiti di memoria poetica, come anche espressioni bibliche. A questi modelli tradizionali si accosta l'uso di strumenti odierni, di uso facile e immediato, fruibili sul web, come ebook di divulgazione d’incantesimi in latino o la stessa piattaforma Google Translate, che consente di tradurre approssimativamente da e in latino.
È possibile altresì ricondurre le deviazioni dal latino standard sia al genere della scrittura magica delle defixiones, caratterizzato da un’applicazione già in partenza distorta della morfologia e sintassi latina, sia a errori da lingua d’arrivo dell’inglese.
La ricerca è originale: non risultano altri studi sul latino di "The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" (né sulle sue caratteristiche formali, né sui suoi precedenti nella cultura magica antica).

Komplet za učenje latinščine, ki ga je izdala univerza Yale, je namenjen začetnikom in sodi med najboljše v svetovnem merilu. Odlikuje se po jasnih razlagah ter po novem didaktičnem pristopu. Od prvih lekcij naprej se zavestno osredotoča na odlomke iz izvirnih rimskih besedil; v ospredju so Plavt, Terencij, Cezar, Ciceron, Livij, Katul, Vergilij, Horacij, Ovidij in drugi. Vsebuje slovnico in oba slovarja, tako da ni potrebe po dodatnih študijskih pripomočkih. Primeren je za srednje šole, za začetne tečaje na univerzi ter za samouke.

Komplet za učenje latinščine, ki ga je izdala univerza Yale, je namenjen začetnikom in sodi med najboljše v svetovnem merilu. Odlikuje se po jasnih razlagah ter po novem didaktičnem pristopu. Od prvih lekcij naprej se zavestno osredotoča na odlomke iz izvirnih rimskih besedil; v ospredju so Plavt, Terencij, Cezar, Ciceron, Livij, Katul, Vergilij, Horacij, Ovidij in drugi. Vsebuje slovnico in oba slovarja, tako da ni potrebe po dodatnih študijskih pripomočkih. Primeren je za srednje šole, za začetne tečaje na univerzi ter za samouke.

A bibliographic description is given of the edition of De octo partium orationis constructione libellus, printed by Étienne Dolet in his Lyon workshop in 1541, a rare edition and hardly presented in the main catalogs of reference. In addition, we analyze the two works (located in Lisbon and Santiago de Compostela).
Se ofrece descripción bibliográfica de la edición del De octo partium orationis constructione libellus, impresa por Étienne Dolet en su taller lionés en 1541, edición rara y apenas recogida en los principales catálogos de referencia. Se analizan, además, los dos únicos ejemplares conservados (Lisboa y Santiago de Compostela).

Ce manuel s’adresse à tous ceux qui ont besoin d’apprendre
le latin de manière systématique et progressive (étudiants de
lettres classiques, de lettres modernes, d’histoire, de philosophie,
d’espagnol, d’italien…) et à ceux qui ont envie d’apprendre cette
langue par eux-mêmes ou de consolider leurs connaissances.
Il allie une présentation synthétique de la langue latine, réellement
accessible au public d’aujourd’hui, à un éclairage stimulant des
multiples aspects de la littérature et de la civilisation latines qui
ont nourri notre culture. Une attention particulière est apportée
aux genres littéraires fondateurs des littératures modernes : épopée,
élégie, histoire, comédie… ainsi qu’à quelques auteurs majeurs
de cette littérature. Réalisé par une équipe de cinq latinistes de
l’Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès, cet ouvrage est le fruit d’une
longue pratique pédagogique, guidée par la passion… mais aussi
par le pragmatisme. Les différents chapitres peuvent servir de
support à un cours universitaire ou être travaillés de manière
autonome. Ils offrent une approche graduée de la grammaire, allant
à l’essentiel, assortie d’exercices corrigés, et permettent aux lecteurs
de découvrir « la lumière des Lettres latines » (lumen litterarum
Latinarum), selon l’expression de Cicéron.
Ce manuel a été médaillé en 2017 par l’Académie pontificale
de la latinité.

Oltre al monumentale commento virgiliano, Servio è autore anche di alcune opere grammaticali, tra cui il Commentarius in artem Donati, costruito sulla falsariga dell’Ars maior di Elio Donato. L’edizione critica qui presentata è relativa alla terza parte (giunta a noi molto probabilmente mutila e comunque in una versione compendiata) del Commentarius, che tratta di pregi (virtutes) e difetti (vitia) del discorso.
Essa è condotta sulla base dei due testimoni attualmente noti, siglati P (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Lat. 7530) e O (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Add. C 144), che vengono descritti brevemente. L’edizione è accompagnata da un’introduzione essenziale sulla figura del grammatico Servio e sulla sua opera, da una traduzione italiana, oltre che da un commento sui principali problemi filologici e dottrinali che il testo presenta.

Les grammairiens latins désignent par le nom de cacenphaton un vitium (défaut du langage) qui oscille entre grammaire et rhétorique, et qui reçoit des définitions très variables. L’obscénité est le trait d’union entre différents phénomènes qui rentrent dans les domaines de la phonétique (et de la phonétique syntactique), du style, de la rhétorique, même de la morale : le grammairien en tant qu’éducateur est chargé de veiller à ce que ses élèves n’écoutent ou lisent aucune immoralité.
Cette contribution se propose d’étudier les définitions que le cacenphaton a reçu dans la tradition grammaticale latine, en accordant une attention particulière aux grammaires qui appartiennent à la lignée de Donat : pour son Ars maior notre connaissance s’appuie sur l’édition critique et le commentaire de Louis Holtz (Paris 1981), qui donne un véritable point de départ pour toute étude sur la réception du manuel le plus célèbre de l’Antiquité tardive ; pour ses principaux commentateurs, Servius (Vème siècle) et Pompée (Vème-VIème siècle), l’analyse sera fondée sur des éditions critiques entièrement renouvelées que je viens de préparer.
L’étude des différents traitements du cacenphaton dans ces œuvres nous permet d’isoler trois définitions générales du défaut:
1. cacenphaton en tant que vitium qui concerne un mot isolé, où on reconnaît de l’obscénité ;
2. cacenphaton en tant que vitium qui concerne l’union de plusieurs mots qui prononcés de suite produisent un gros mot ou similaire ;
3. cacenphaton en tant que défaut du sens.
Cette troisième définition est digne d’une particulière considération, car elle se dessine comme une innovation du grammairien Servius, puis développée par son épigone Pompée, qui nous donne des informations très intéressantes pour la connaissance de l’enseignement des poètes et des prosateurs dans les écoles de l’Antiquité tardive.

This paper reviews approaches to what is known as the septimus casus from Varro and Quintilian to the late grammarians. It emphasizes the different points of view adopted to describe the seventh case in the history of Latin grammar, and suggests that some descriptions have arisen from simple misinterpretations of earlier sources. The paper confirms that Varro may have had a concept of a seventh case. Interestingly, an unnoticed connection has been detected between the earliest approaches and those in Servius’s commentaries on Vergil, where the opinion differs greatly from those in the artes grammaticae.

Si presenta qui l'utilizzo del pronome relativo nelle testimonianze epigrafiche latine, con particolare attenzione ai casi in cui esso attragga la testa all'interno della relativa stessa. In tali contesti, qui sembra introdurre non tanto una vera e propria subordinata, quanto piuttosto una proposizione correlativa, la quale evidenzia il ruolo che in origine caratterizzava il pronome relativo-e che emerge, peraltro, regolarmente in sanscrito. Si mostra, inoltre, come si possano distinguere i casi in cui, trovandosi la testa all'interno della relativa, vi sia o non vi sia la sua ripresa nella reggente per mezzo di un pronome anaforico. Tuttavia, non mancano gli esempi in cui il pronome relativo appare usato nella sua reale funzione subordinante.

A selection of an upcycled Latin prose composition book by Moses Daniell, republished for Kindles and other hardware. The answer key's solutions have been interleaved with the prose composition tasks so that immediate correction is available for those without a teacher. See the blurb and another preview at https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07C8GJQCV/ .

Gramática de la lengua latina confeccionada con criterios didácticos sobre textos del poeta Marcial, conforme a los parámetros de la Gramática Funcional y la Pragmática.
El texto es complementario de la aplicación informática Initio Verbum (con canal de videotutoriales en Youtube), una herramienta para aprender latín de forma autosuficiente desde un nivel cero. La aplicación puede descargarse de forma gratuita en: https://www.netvibes.com/latine#Aplicacion_%22Initio_Verbum%22

This volume is about the morphosyntactic encoding of feelings and emotions in Latin. It offers a corpus-based investigation of the Latin data, benefiting from insights of the functional and typological approach to language. Chiara Fedriani describes a patterned variation in Latin Experiential constructions, also revisiting the so-called impersonal constructions, and shows how and why such a variation is at the root of diachronic change. The data discussed in this book also show that Latin constitutes an interesting stage within a broader diachronic development, since it retains some ancient Indo-European features that gradually disappeared and went lost in the Romance languages.

In the Greek-Latin lexicon at the end of his Ars grammatica Priscian displays a number of somehow fixed expressions to introduce the Latin syntactical constructions that he compares to the Greek ones. It is possible to recognize the constant value of the most frequent of such expressions. The comprehension of locutions introducing Latin lemmata and quotations gives us the possibility to understand which are the different kinds of linguistic resemblance between Greek lemmata and Latin equivalents and so to discover even the different levels of the structure of Priscian’s glossary. They range from simple verbal translations of Greek lemmata or quotations, to actual Latin lemmata meant to adhere to the Greek ones both for meaning and syntax, to additional lem- mata within the same language whose mention is due to semantic or syntacti- cal resemblances. The same values of these lexicographical expressions can be traced back even in the other books of the Ars, albeit the proportion of their frequency varies greatly from the glossary to the remaining books.
In a perspective which takes into account the incompleteness of Priscian’s lexicon it is possible to identify different typologies of voices, corresponding to as many different levels of completeness of the glossary.
In the second section of my paper I examine the issue of literal translations of Greek lemmata into Latin, trying to draw a distinction between mere literal versions and expressions meant to be real Latin lemmata in correspondance to the Greek ones. The first criterion followed in this analysis is the evaluation of linguistic propriety of Latin constructions. A Latin expression, which prove syntactically incorrect, is surely just a word by word translation of the Greek syntagm. If instead the Latin construction is linguistically proper, the presence or absence of further elements within a voice of the lexicon, such as additional grammatical remarks or literary quotations, alongside the simple Latin trans- lation, can demonstrate that Priscian actually meant such a syntagm as Latin equivalent of the Greek lemmata.
In the last section of the paper I give some examples of semantically improper verbal translations and I try to justify the akward lexical choices of the grammarian-translator by comparison with the Latin version of Greek words in other late-antique bilingual glossaries edited in the Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum, which comparison can prove decisive in almost one case (GL III 360, 15-16).

I tom "Gramatyki monet rzymskich" obejmuje 4 rozdziały, poświęcone przede wszystkim rozwiązywaniu skrótów tytulatury urzędniczej i cesarskiej oraz datowaniu monet republiki i cesarstwa rzymskiego: I. Gramatyka łacińska i napisy na monetach (s. 15-37), II. Skróty imion (praenomina) rzymskich, tytulatura urzędnicza i cesarska (s. 39-55), III. Imiona i funkcje urzędników umieszczane na monetach rzymskich okresu republiki oraz pryncypatu Augusta wraz z datowaniem (s. 57-225) i IV. Oficjalne imiona cesarzy rzymskich i członków panujących dynastii. Datowanie monet z okresu cesarstwa (s. 227-420), obejmujący okres od Augusta do Romulusa Augusta na Zachodzie i Zenona na Wschodzie.
Z recenzji K. Balbuzy: "Dzięki zapoznaniu czytelnika z podstawami gramatyki łacińskiej oraz pomocnym wykazom rozwiązań skrótów językowych występujących na monetach czytelnik może zdobyć umiejętność nie tylko prawidłowego odczytania skrótów napisów na monetach, lecz również określenia datacji monet. (…) Trzeba podkreślić, że tego rodzaju opracowań brakuje nie tylko w literaturze zagranicznej, ale przede wszystkim na rynku polskim. Istniejące opracowania bądź to są już w pewnej mierze przestarzałe, bądź podejmują zagadnienie legend w zakresie wybiórczym. "

Neste ensaio, iremos revistar os conceitos de línguas vivas, extintas e mortas propostas por Coutinho (1976) e Tersariol (1970), a fim de discutirmos sobre o latim empregado pelos sacerdotes no Estado do Vaticano. Para a Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana, o latim é um idioma sagrado e com ele é possível uma aproximação tanto linguística quanto espiritual com o mundo divino. Entretanto, segundo a perspectiva da Linguística Histórica, o latim eclesiástico não passa de uma língua morta. Propomos, contudo, que o latim usado pelos padres católicos é, acima de tudo, um idioma artificial, com inovações neológicas reconstruídas com finalidades específicas. É, portanto, uma tentativa de dar ao latim um aspecto de língua em uso.

Palavras-chave: Latim; Línguas vivas; Línguas mortas; Línguas extintas.

The grammar of Juan de Pastrana (fl. 1450) circulated in manuscript form amongst Spanish students during the 15th century. It is also known by its incipit Thesaurus pauperum siue speculum puerorum, and is the first published grammar book in Portugal ( Lisbon 1497). It was printed by the German printer Valentin Ferdinand of Moravia (fl.1450–1519)1 and was edited by the Portuguese scholar Pedro Rombo (d.1533), professor of new grammar at the University of Lisbon.

Il contributo identifica in Lucano il vir sordidi sermonis cui si riferisce Velio Longo nel discutere la questione del corretto perfetto di absorbo/absorbeo, grazie ad un confronto con due luoghi del De orthographia dello Pseudo-Capro e di Prisciano, che risalgono entrambi al De Latinitate del vero Flavio Capro.

The aim of the program is to take stock of Hungarian documents of
studia humanitatis with 1526 as a milestone. The census intends to register predominantly the use of (school)books in Hungary in teaching grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.

Third and final part of an excellent practice book for Latin prose composition. Includes the answer key interleaved conveniently for display on ereaders. Available at https://www.amazon.com/Write-Latin-Learn-Grammar-Review-ebook/dp/B07BVFP42C/ . Based on work by Grant Moses Daniell.

A new edition of the earliest etymological study of a European vernacular language.

De Origine Scoticae Linguae (also known as O’Mulconry’s Glossary) is a text originating in seventh-century Ireland that provides etymologies for c. 880 Irish words, mostly drawn from Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Its Latin prologue declares its affiliation to the Graeco-Roman linguistic tradition, claiming an origin for the Irish language in the Greek dialects Attic, Doric and Aeolic. The glossary attests to the transmission and reception of the Latin grammatical tradition in Ireland and shines light in particular on the Irish knowledge of Greek and Hebrew. The text also represents a milestone in the history of European linguistics, as the earliest etymological study of a European vernacular language.

The glossary was published once before, by Whitley Stokes in 1898. This new edition provides the first translation and textual commentary, clarifying the sense of difficult entries and discussing sources. The introduction analyses the structure and contents, origins and development, linguistic issues, and relationships to other texts. The text is edited here along with a shorter related glossary of 232 entries, entitled Irsan, which includes shared material and sheds further light on its development.

Reviews:
Alderik Blom, Studia Celtica 54 (2020), 190–192.
Johann Corthals, Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie 67 (2020) 239–243.
Deborah Hayden, Speculum 95 (2020), 1026–7.
Chantal Kobel, Studia Celtica Fennica 17 (2020–2021), 15–19.
Thomas O’Loughlin, Celtica 32 (2020), 272–274.
Erich Poppe, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 80 (Winter, 2020), 87–90.
Nike Stam, Journal of Medieval Latin 31 (2021), 337–341.
Patrick Wadden, The Medieval Review (TMR) 20.05.23 (2020).

Γραμματική και Συντακτικό
Η Λατινική γραμματική της σειράς Bescherelle αποτελεί την πρώτη λατινική γραμματική που προστίθεται στην ελληνική βιβλιογραφία και ξεφεύγει από την αυστηρή οπτική της παραδοσιακής γραμματικής, τουλάχιστον όπως την είχαμε συνηθίσει μέχρι σήμερα. Παράλληλα, όμως, προσφέρει την εποπτικότητα και το στοιχειοθετικό περιβάλλον που η σύγχρονη πρακτική απαιτεί, χαρακτηριστικά απαραίτητα για όλα τα συγγράμματα που στηρίζουν τη γλωσσομάθεια.
Αποτελεί εγχειρίδιο γραμματικής και ταυτόχρονα συντακτικού, αφού για τη λατινική γλώσσα ο όρος "γραμματική" δηλώνει τόσο τη μορφολογία όσο και τη σύνταξη· η διπλή αυτή ιδιότητα της έκδοσης την καθιστά πολύτιμο αρωγό στην περαιτέρω κατανόηση της δομής της λατινικής κατά τη μετάβαση του νέου από τη Μέση στην Ανώτατη Εκπαίδευση.
Τα ελληνικά μεταφράσματα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για να αποδώσουν τους γαλλικούς όρους εισάγουν στη διδασκαλία της λατινικής ένα ιδιαίτερο γλωσσάριο, που εμπλουτίζει τη διδασκαλία μιας αρχαίας γλώσσας υπό σύγχρονη οπτική. Η υιοθέτηση, μάλιστα, της ορολογίας (π.χ. "συμπλήρωμα") που δειλά έκανε την εμφάνισή της στα μαθήματα λατινικών της Μέσης Εκπαίδευσης αποσαφηνίζει τη χρήση ορισμένων συντακτικών όρων και τους καθιστά απολύτως κατανοητούς.

This is a  textbook of Latin grammar for archaeological students that is written in Turkish for the students at the Dokuz Eylül University in Izmir and not published as of yet. Its last update was in 2023. Please feel free to submit your critics, suggestions, additions etc. to the author: elafli@yahoo.ca

With the kind assistance of Mr Kartal Derin, an undergraduate student of archaeology at Dokuz Eylül University in Izmir, a website has been designed particularly for this textbook; please take a look:

http://kartalderin.great-site.net/?i=1

Ecce duo carmina hexametris dactylicis pancta atque a memet ipso terris meis dicata. Alterum Siculae urbi Victoriae, ubi natus sum adhucque vivo, alterum Scopuliculis, oppidulo maritimo quod ad Victoriae regionem pertinet, non sine imaginibus scripsi.