Russian Studies

O artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a relação entre Brasil e Rússia, analisando duas Declarações de parceria estratégica formalizadas em 2005 e 2017, imersos na temática econômica, em segurança e no setor energético-tecnológico. Conseguinte, serão abordadas questões geopolíticas russas pela teoria neoeurasiana e o papel do Brasil como parceiro estratégico.

ON LANGUAGE GAMES IN POLISH AND RUSSIAN CABARET TEXTS OF THE EIGHTIES The book I present here is an attempt to describe manners of language usage and the creation of text in the Polish and Russian cabarets of the eighties. A methodological base is made by text linguistics. Its representatives (e.g. Teun van Dijk) emphasize that text linguistics cannot be founded on a single theory or method for the research's stiffness and homogeneity does not serve a multi-sided analysis, An essential element of a conceptual apparatus is the term strategy that is a manifestation of an interest to a text understood as a document of decision, selection and construction. A basic task becomes the systematization of motives and strategies according to which creation and perception of a text in the Polish and Russian cabaret of the eighties are proceeded. I understand the cabaret as an event of ludus (Latin 'game, płay') that makes a multiple interactive system: creators (1.e. authors and performers) versus a censorship institution and the creators versus their audience. In Poland and the former Soviet Union, the censorship institution that safeguarded a taboo had an essential influence on a choice of a code in the cabaret. Therefore, from a communicative perspective the abolition of censorship in both countries in 1990 was an extremely important event. The censorship institution curtailing freedom of speech imposed the implicitness principle on the creators: Don't break a faboo (at least not explicitly). The principle was also adhered to the cabaret, which from the very beginning blasphemed and brought a falsehood to light. In the totalitarian states the cabaret creators most often break a political taboo for it was impossible to avoid politics in Eastern Europe. For example, Stresa in Miron Białoszewski's cabaret ascertains in a fatalistic and exaggerating manner: In Poland there were always three laws: premartial. martial and postmartial. The implicitness principle is in force in the interactive system between the creators and the censorship. The common ground principle applies to functioning a cabaret text in the interactive system between the creators and the audience. The term common ground is understood as a set of propositions that are manifest to discourse participants. Knowledge and beliefs are essential constituents of common ground. The first one consists of knowledge of the language used, knowledge of the various states of the context and knowledge of the worlds. However, prejudice and stercotypes make beliefs. The existence of common ground is a necessary condition of reading implied meaning, taking a hint, touching irony, and perceiving comicality. A linguistic corpus consists of political cabaret texts that activate different elements of common ground and do not require a select audience. The main subject of research are manners of applying the implicitness principle and the common ground principle. To name them I use the term strategies. They are the cabaret creators' manners of behaviour possibly conformable to the principles of language games.

INTERPRETATION AS A SEARCH FOR CONTEXT It is impossible to make any interpretation without context. The article scrutinizes the Russian transposition of James Joyce's Finnegans Wake. It shows that the process of writing, translating and criticizing the literary work is influenced by biographical context of authors, translators and critics. Citation (formatted-apa) Szczerbowski, T. (2002). Interpretacja jako próba poszukiwania kontekstu. W: P. Fast & A. Kozak (red.), Biograficzne konteksty przekładu (s. 19–26). Katowice: Śląsk.

ON LANGUAGE GAMES IN POLISH AND RUSSIAN CABARET TEXTS OF THE EIGHTIES The book I present here is an attempt to describe manners of language usage and the creation of text in the Polish and Russian cabarets of the eighties. A methodological base is made by text linguistics. Its representatives (e.g. Teun van Dijk) emphasize that text linguistics cannot be founded on a single theory or method for the research's stiffness and homogeneity does not serve a multi-sided analysis, An essential element of a conceptual apparatus is the term strategy that is a manifestation of an interest to a text understood as a document of decision, selection and construction. A basic task becomes the systematization of motives and strategies according to which creation and perception of a text in the Polish and Russian cabaret of the eighties are proceeded. I understand the cabaret as an event of ludus (Latin 'game, płay') that makes a multiple interactive system: creators (1.e. authors and performers) versus a censorship institution and the creators versus their audience. In Poland and the former Soviet Union, the censorship institution that safeguarded a taboo had an essential influence on a choice of a code in the cabaret. Therefore, from a communicative perspective the abolition of censorship in both countries in 1990 was an extremely important event. The censorship institution curtailing freedom of speech imposed the implicitness principle on the creators: Don't break a faboo (at least not explicitly). The principle was also adhered to the cabaret, which from the very beginning blasphemed and brought a falsehood to light. In the totalitarian states the cabaret creators most often break a political taboo for it was impossible to avoid politics in Eastern Europe. For example, Stresa in Miron Białoszewski's cabaret ascertains in a fatalistic and exaggerating manner: In Poland there were always three laws: premartial. martial and postmartial. The implicitness principle is in force in the interactive system between the creators and the censorship. The common ground principle applies to functioning a cabaret text in the interactive system between the creators and the audience. The term common ground is understood as a set of propositions that are manifest to discourse participants. Knowledge and beliefs are essential constituents of common ground. The first one consists of knowledge of the language used, knowledge of the various states of the context and knowledge of the worlds. However, prejudice and stercotypes make beliefs. The existence of common ground is a necessary condition of reading implied meaning, taking a hint, touching irony, and perceiving comicality. A linguistic corpus consists of political cabaret texts that activate different elements of common ground and do not require a select audience. The main subject of research are manners of applying the implicitness principle and the common ground principle. To name them I use the term strategies. They are the cabaret creators' manners of behaviour possibly conformable to the principles of language games.

... Az sie rypto. Nie ma Onych! Nowy uklad sie ustalil, kres aluzji o czerwonych, niedzwiedz grizzly sie skoalil (Wolski, 4 March 1990) There's an end. There aren't They! ... References Benveniste,Emile (1966): Problemes de Linguistique G6n6rale. - Paris: Gallimard. ...

The article examines the ideas and arrangements referred to as nonterritorial autonomy (NTA) in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the post-Soviet states. Many scholars regard NTA as a theoretical breakthrough and as a way to drastically rearrange diversity policies. The author seeks to clarify whether NTA had been a groundbreaking innovation and an area of political contestations. Two short periods of NTA-related initiatives after 1917 and in the late 1980s–1990s may look like attempts (albeit ineffective) to replace the earlier forms of diversity governance. The author shows that the ideas of group societal separateness, differential treatment of individuals, group agency, and cohesiveness, as well as a group’s running of its internal affairs, were present in varying degrees in imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet governments’ thoughts and practices. Academia and civil society were also appropriating and developing these views, and group self-rule on a nonterritorial basis was...

L'assegnazione del premio Nobel a Svetlana Aleksievič è stata interpretata da più parti come un atto di canonizzazione della letteratura non-fiction, e spesso come una prova della caduta definitiva delle barriere tra letteratura e giornalismo. Aleksievič ha però alle spalle, nella letteratura sovietica, una tradizione che, se non è definitivamente codificata, risale però probabilmente fino agli anni Trenta e, soprattutto a partire dal dopoguerra, presenta una consistenza niente affatto trascurabile. L'analisi comparata di un testo del maestro dichiarato di Aleksievič, Ales' Adamovič, la Blokadnaja kniga (scritta a quattro mani con Daniil Granin) e della più canonica delle opere letterarie sullo stesso tema, il romanzo-fiume Blokada di Aleksandr Čakovskij, offre abbondanti elementi di riflessione sul differente statuto dei due generi e sulle rispettive possibilità di restituire la realtà e tramandare la memoria storica. La questione, destinata a rimanere aperta, è se Alek...

В статье рассматривается первый этап жизни митрополита Филиппа (в миру – Федор Степанович Колычев) (1566–1568 гг.). Автор сосредотачивается на изучении мотивов и обстоятельств его ухода в Соловецкий монастырь. В работе оспаривается распространенная в литературе (А. А. Зимин, Р. Г. Скрынников, В. А. Колобков и др.) гипотеза о том, что уход Филиппа был напрямую связан с репрессиями против Колычевых после подавления Старицкого мятежа в 1537 г. Показано, что, во-первых, непосредственно семья Степана Колычева репрессиям не подверглась, во-вторых, уход Федора на Соловки состоялся до Старицкого мятежа – в первой половине 1534 г. К этому времени он уже был зрелым по меркам Средневековья 27-летним человеком. Автор приходит к выводу о добровольности и осознанности решения Федора об уходе в монастырь. Устанавливается, что причины этого шага следует искать не в политической сфере, а исключительно в сфере религиозного сознания. К моменту пострига нереализованных политический амбиций у Филиппа не осталось. Это отличало его от Вассиана (Патрикеева) и Филарета (Романова), вынужденно принявших постриг и порой рассматривавших церковную сферу как поле для удовлетворения своего честолюбия. «Социальный капитал», которым располагал Филипп к моменту пострига, мог сыграть важную роль в его избрании в игумены Соловецкого монастыря. Его иноки нуждались в относительно молодом и энергичном настоятеле, который располагал навыками и опытом управления крупным хозяйством. 37–38-летнего Филиппа отличала приобретенная в миру хозяйственная хватка, а иных иноков из среды служилых людей в этой обители в этот период было немного. Во многом избрание Филиппа в игумены предопределило расцвет вотчины Соловецкого монастыря в 1540–1560-е гг. В основу исследования положены летописные и актовые источники, записи на книгах, а также Житие митрополита Филиппа. Их изучение ведется с применением методов источниковедческого анализа, позволяющих из отрывочных и порой разноречивых показаний источников воссоздать картину прошлого. Особое внимание уделено анализу текста Жития Филиппа, давшего возможность отделить представленные в нем ценные сведения о биографии митрополита от основного текста, написанного с обильным использованием агиографической топики.
The article is devoted to the first period of the metropolitan Filipp’s life (in the world – Fedor Stepanovich Kolychev) (1566–1568). The author focuses on the motives and the circumstances of his entrance the Solovetskii monastery. The work calls in question the widespread hypothesis shared by A. A. Zimin, R. G. Skrynnikov, V. A. Kolobkov etc. that his joining the monastery was closely connected with the repressions against the Kolychevs after the suppression of the Staritskii mutiny in 1537. The author shows that firstly Stepan Kolychev’s family wasn’t persecuted, secondly Fedor had gone to Solovki Islands before the Staritskii mutiny took place – in the first half of 1534. By that time he was a mature (by the standards of the Middle Ages) person of twenty-seven-years-old. The author comes to conclusion that Fedor decided to enter the monastery absolutely consciously and voluntarily. The reasons of Fedor’s decision should be sought not in political sphere but only in the sphere of the religious consciousness. By the moment of taking of monastic vows he had no unrealized political ambitions. This fact distinguishes him from Vassian (Patrikeev) and Filaret (Romanov) forcedly taken of monastic vows and regarded the church as the sphere where they could realize their ambitions. Fedor’s social skills could play the very important role in electing him as the abbot of the Solovetskii monastery. The monks needed the young and active abbot who had skills and experience of administration of the huge household. Filipp of 37-38 years old had a business acumen and at that time in the monastery there were no so many monks originated from the service class. The election of Filipp had contributed to the flourishing of the Solovetskii monastery’s patrimony in the 1540-60s. The research rests on chronicles, acts, colophons and the Live of metropolitan Filipp. These historical sources are analyzed with the help of the source study’s methods, which allow to reconstruct the picture of the past from the contradictory and fragmentary evidences. The author pays much attention to the analysis of the Filipp’s Live and tries to distinguish the valuable facts of his biography from the typical hagiographic motives.

What factors best explain the low incidence of skills training in a late industrial society like Russia? This research undertakes a multilevel analysis of the role of occupational structure in the probability of training. The explanatory power of occupation-specific determinants and skills polarization are evaluated, using a representative 2012 sample from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey. Applying a two-level Bayesian logistic regression model, we show that the incidence of training in Russia is significantly contextualized within the structure of occupations and the inequalities between them. The study shows that extremely high wage gaps within managerial class jobs can discourage training, an unusual finding. Markets accumulating interchangeable and disposable labour best explain the low incidence of training: workers within generic labour are less likely to develop their skills formally, except in urban markets. Although we did not find strong evidence of skills polarization, Russians are yet to live in a knowledge economy.

The “Russian Orient” has as emerged as a popular area of study for specialists and political analysts with a predominant interest in Russia and Eurasia-related affairs. My primary aim in this work will be specifically to look deeper into this concept of the “Orient” inside Russia’s vast geography. Simultaneously, I will place emphasis on the Russian “otherization” process within this huge spatial realm, drawing upon a remarkable case study on Bashkiria, or to use its current official name, the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the Russian Federation. I will pose one general question to garner information on the current situation in Bashkortostan, being “How can we understand the political elite management process in this Federative Republic as a successful part of a general Russian-led Orientalist project?” In trying to find an answer to this question throughout the work, like in the imperial era, and as observed in the Soviet centralized totalitarianism, the post-Soviet state understan...

Since the exact place of Russian state and society between “the East” and “the West” has been a contested topic for ages, “Russian Orientalism” has also turned to be one of the key words in the Russia and Eurasia-related area studies. In this paper, one source of this "Orientalism" is searched in the so-called “Russian exceptionalism” or “uniqueness”. Thus, first supportive arguments are tried to be found in Russian Academia in the 19th century, through which a growing impact of Orientologists led to the ideas in line with the official circles of Russian imperialism. It will be therefore argued that supported from the Academia’s works increasingly, the effect of “spatiality” appeared as “in-between status” has provided a more hegemonic and stronger Russian mentality nurtured from both similarities and/or contrasts with both Western and Eastern neighbors. One strong argument will remain however as a current evaluation: the “civilized” Russian central elites have continued to search their State’s “Orient” always within the “eastern” territories conquered, like in the Caucasus, Idel/Volga or in Central Asia (Turkestan).

This article is part of the special cluster titled Social practices of remembering and forgetting of the communist past in Central and Eastern Europe, guest edited by Malgorzata Glowacka-Grajper In the year 2000, during the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church, more than one thousand victims of Soviet repressions—people persecuted and murdered by the Soviet regime—were glorified and named the New Russian Martyrs. By presenting the origin and background of the phenomenon, authors demonstrate that the New Martyrdom is a kind of invented tradition. They focus on analysis of the tension that occurs when history becomes religion by highlighting some problematic issues with regard to the New Martyrdom and showing how the Russian Orthodox Church is addressing them. The analysis sheds new light on the political use of religion for the creation of narrative about the past in contemporary Russia.

Bu makale; dünyanın gelmiş geçmiş en büyük Türkologlarından birisi olan Macar asıllı bilim adamı, seyyah ve casus Prof. Dr. Armin Vambery'nin "Reşat Efendi" sahte ad ve kıyafetiyle devrinin ünlü Osmanlı paşalarından Mehmed Sadık Rıfat Paşa'nın İstanbul'daki konağında dört sene misafir kaldıktan sonra Türklerin ana vatanı olan Türkistan'a üç yıl süren (1862-1865) yolculuğu sonrasında kaleme almış olduğu eserlerinde geçen, bugün Aral gölü ve çevresinde yaşayan Karakalpak Türkleri topraklarındaki inceleme ve gözlemlerinin hikâyesidir.

When we examine the history of Nagorno-Karabakh, we can see that Armenian and Azerbaijani historians have been looking for the truth in the thousand-year history which, in turn, creates a controversial issue. The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was established in 1923 and had an official status within Azerbaijan. In order to resolve this conflict, after the dissolution of the USSR, solution proposals were presented under the umbrella of the OSCE Minsk Group. In this study, plans based on land swap and international solution proposals are discussed comparatively. In addition, the land swap strategy that will be implemented within the frame of the ceasefire agreement that took place on November 9, 2020 and that will become a topic for discussion in the future will be evaluated in this study.

Russia's exercise of cyberpower forms an integral part of the far broader concept known as information warfare. The key principle of the Russian approach to information warfare, including cyber activities, is that information is the most important object of operations, independent of the channel through which it is transmitted. The aim is to control-or weaponize-information in whatever form it takes. Thus, "cyber" in particular is just a technical representation of information. In short, in Russia's comprehensive approach to the information domain, cyber is not a stand-alone discipline. This principle underpins all Russian efforts to extract, exfiltrate, manipulate, distort, or insert information. Alongside cyber activities, the channels available for doing this are as diverse as using fake or real news media to plant disinformation, trolling campaigns, issuing official government statements, giving speeches at rallies or demonstrations, posting defamatory online videos, and sending direct text messages. Russian information activities are not limited to cyberspace. Rather than using the term "cyberspace," Russian officials refer to "information space," which includes both computer and human information processing. This essay starts with an explanation of the terminological, doctrinal, and practical distinguishing features of Russian cyber activities as part of information warfare. It goes on to look at a number of Russia's agencies and capabilities involved in the prosecution of cyber activities, both offensive and defensive. In conclusion, the essay emphasizes the main implication of this distinctive approach: the need for nations to prepare a broad range of defenses against Russia's holistic approach to offensive cyber, information warfare, and other forms of hostile online activity.