mHealth and eHealth

informação e tecnologia, design da informação, e-saúde O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar aspectos cognitivos de Design da Informação que devem ser considerados no projeto e concepção de ambientes digitais e-Saúde, levando em consideração os graus de literacia em saúde das comunidades a quem se destinam. Assim, as características da e-Saúde, as relações entre saúde e tecnologia e os estudos em Design da Informação voltados à temática são relacionados, em convergência com a Ciência da Informação. O fornecimento de informação em saúde, tanto em meios analógicos quanto digitais, não significa necessariamente uma mudança nos hábitos de autocuidado e prevenção, devido aos diferentes graus de literacia em saúde das pessoas que as acessam. Há aspectos e características específicas na disponibilização de informações em saúde na Web que devem ser levados em consideração no Design de ambientes e-Saúde. Esse tipo de informação deve ser apresentado e representado de acordo com critérios e diretrizes especificamente voltados a esses ambientes, que são provenientes de estudos que consideram a carga cognitiva e o grau de literacia em saúde necessários para o processamento de determinados formatos de informação no processo comunicacional nesse contexto. Determinados fatores, como a ausência de jargões e formato do texto, emprego de recursos gráficos na apresentação e representação da informação e modalidades audiovisuais exigem menor esforço cognitivo no processamento da informação, sendo, assim, mais adequados a pessoas com diferentes níveis de literacia em saúde. Assim, apresenta-se como resultado um mapa conceitual com recomendações voltadas aos conteúdos textuais e gráficos para o Design de Informação de ambientes e-Saúde.

The prevalence of obesity and overweight among children has increased significantly during last two decades in Saudi Arabia with overwhelming consequences to public health. Most recommended approaches to reduce obesity have paying attention on healthier diet and physical Activity (PA). The recent research shows that the use of social robots can contribute in fulfilling all the needs to encourage children to improve their skills in self-management. As children need to be surprised and feel a sense of enjoyment when involving in any activity where they can spend time, effort and be dedicated to. Hereby, this paper presents an innovation social Robotic system to offer a set of activities to help obese children in improving their capabilities to manage their selves properly and increase their obesity knowledge. The proposed system presented in this paper will be tested and evaluated extensively in a random controlled trial in Saudi Arabia.

ObjectivesThis study aimed at determining access to mobile phone and willingness to receive mobile phone-based diabetes health services as well as identify associated factors in Northwest Ethiopia.DesignAn institution-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to March 2016.ParticipantsSystematic randomly selected 423 patients with diabetes.SettingUniversity of Gondar Hospital diabetic clinic.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome measure was willingness to receive diabetic health service via mobile phone voice call or messaging services.ResultsOut of 423 patients with diabetes, 329 (77.8%) had access to a mobile phone. Among the latter, 232 (70.5%) were willing to receive mobile phone-based health services. The educational status of patients (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.6 (95% CI: 1.2 to 5.58)), route of medication (AOR: 3.2 (95% CI: 1.44 to 7.1)), transportation mechanism (AOR: 4.1 (95% CI: 1.2 to 13.57)), travel time to health facility (AOR: 0.3 (95% CI: 0.12 to 0.82)), cur...

Background: Voice-hearing experiences can be distressing and impairing, and existing psychological treatments show modest effectiveness. Ecological momentary assessment and intervention (EMA/I) are two promising approaches which may be used as digital tools to support and enhance existing psychological therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential clinical utility of smartphone-based EMA/I in a blended, coping focused therapy for voice-hearing experiences. Method: This pilot RCT focused on feasibility, acceptability and preliminary estimations of efficacy. Thirty-four participants with persisting and distressing voices were randomised to receive the four-session intervention alongside treatment-as-usual (TAU) or TAU-only. Results: Findings supported the feasibility and acceptability of the approach, with good engagement and satisfaction rates, and clinical outcomes showed the intervention holds promise for improving coping, overall severity of voices and to some degree their negative impact. Conclusion: This is the first examination of the use of EMA/I in a blended therapy for psychotic experiences, with findings suggesting these technologies show promise as clinical tools.

According to cognitive models, obsessive compulsive symptoms result from catastrophic misinterpretations of commonly occurring intrusive experiences and the use of counterproductive strategies to manage them. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) related beliefs such as inflated responsibility, importance of thoughts and perfectionism increases the likelihood of such misinterpretations. Consistent with a growing body of literature supporting the usefulness of mobile delivered technologies in fostering cognitive behavior change, the present study assessed the effectiveness of a novel cognitive training exercise designed to challenge OCD-related beliefs. This mobile app training exercise consists of users having to pull statements challenging OCD beliefs towards themselves (downwards) and to throw away (push upwards) contra-productive self-statements. 36 third-year BA students started the trial. Twenty completed pre and post measures of OCD-beliefs, mood and OCD symptoms including relat...

Currently, the evidence for mobile health (mHealth) smoking cessation interventions is limited and heterogeneous, warranting the need for innovative rigorously developed solutions. The aim of this study was to describe the development of a smoking cessation smartphone application (app) developed using evidence-based principles. The app (Kick.it) was designed using the Intervention Mapping framework, incorporating an extensive literature review and qualitative study, in combination with the Behavioural Change Taxonomy v1, the Theoretical Domains Framework, and the Persuasive System Design framework. Kick.it provides quit smoking education, skills training, motivational content and self-regulation functionality for smokers, as well as their social support network. By logging cravings and cigarettes smoked, users will create their own smoking profile, which will be used to provide tailored interventions. It hosts a social network to allow 24/7 social support and provides in-app tools t...

(1) Background: we investigated and analyzed the most recent implementations of technology in the fields of psychotherapy, clinical rehabilitation, and addiction treatment. (2) Methods: from December 2021 to January 2022, we conducted a review aimed at identifying the recent implementations of technology in cyber health psychology, with particular reference to Virtual Reality in psychotherapy, mHealth tools in clinical rehabilitation, and smartphone applications in the treatment of addiction to substances of abuse, searching for relevant studies in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Health & Medical Collection, and APA PsycArticles. (3) Results: the tools analyzed are in constant development and are increasingly used, with good results, and further technological progress could lead to even better treatment outcomes; as far as mHealth tools and smartphone applications are concerned, anti-smoking Apps are the most widespread, followed by those for the treatment of alcohol use disorder, and there is no presence of Apps for the treatment of heroin, cocaine, or crack addiction. (4) Conclusions: the results of the review indicate that these technological tools are increasingly used and are, in principle, effective and have numerous advantages, including low cost and versatility.

En este trabajo se reflexiona sobre el concepto big data y su relación con la Psicología en ámbitos como la evaluación, la intervención, la investigación y la docencia. El concepto big data hace referencia literal al uso de grandes bases de datos, pero también a las tecnologías y metodologías que permiten recogerlas a través de dispositivos de diversos tipos, entre los que destaca el teléfono inteligente o smartphone. La Psicología no puede ser ajena al desarrollo de esta tecnología, y debe trabajar a varios niveles para hacer posible que los profesionales accedan lo antes posible a estas herramientas, y se pase de la mera fascinación a la concreción de estudios y a la investigación para que contribuyan al avance de la disciplina.

BACKGROUND Military personnel have an elevated risk of sustaining mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) and postconcussion symptoms (PCS). Smartphone apps that provide psychoeducation may assist those with mTBI or PCS to overcome unique barriers that military personnel experience with stigma and access to health care resources. OBJECTIVE This study aims to (1) use the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) to evaluate smartphone apps purporting to provide psychoeducation for those who have sustained an mTBI or a PCS; (2) explore the relevance, utility, and effectiveness of these apps in facilitating symptom management and overall recovery from mTBI and PCS among military personnel; and (3) discuss considerations pertinent to health care professionals and patients with mTBI when considering the use of mobile health (mHealth), including apps for mTBI psychoeducation. METHODS A five-step systematic search for smartphone apps for military members with mTBI or PCS was conducted on January...

Introduction: In the last decade, the world has witnessed the proliferation of mobile telephony across various countries be it developed or developing. This increase is in part due to expansion and the availability of connectivity. Further, there has been a significant increase in the number of mobile phone manufacturers. This has reduced the cost of mobile devices. We can take advantage of technology so as to be able to improve access to healthcare and health information, and to also improve the management of medical and health information as well as access to the latest medical knowledge for healthcare workers. Methods: Three (3) electronic databases and journals (BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Elsevier and Google Scholar) were searched with search items including mHealth, Telemedicine, Mobile Health, e-Health, Sub-Saharan Africa, developing countries, low resource countries, behaviour change, adoption of health messages and mobile health solutions. The design focused specifically on empirical research evaluating the effectiveness and the factors influencing the acceptance of mHealth interventions in low income countries not older than 5 years and published in English. Results: From the search, it was noticed that the qualitative design method was mostly used by the researchers. They found that the extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) is a good predictive model of general people's intention to use mHealth. Trust, perceived usefulness as well as perceived ease of use have been identified to positively correlated with adoption intention while privacy and performance risks negatively correlated with trust and adoption intention toward mHealth services. The researchers also found that personal innovativeness in Information technology has less significant effect on mHealth adoption. cost is also identified as an important determining factor for mHealth app adoption. The also found that perceived reliability has a significant impact on the adoption of mHealth. Conclusion: This synthesis paper gives an indication that there still exists some gaps in knowledge in the area of mHealth adoption. None of the papers have specifically focused on the factors that increases or reduces adoption. The papers however provide a set of key guiding elements that paves way for further research on factors that increases or reduces the adoption of mHealth in specific contexts.

With the advent of technology and the Internet, a great transformation has been created in the world, and with the growing popularity of it, information and technology activists are thinking about using the Internet in different parts of the human life. The use of the Internet of things in healthcare is on the rise day by day. Patient remote monitoring and reporting of clinical trials have attracted new attention. Not only are patients looking for better solutions, but medical organizations are also looking for solutions to improve economic activity, reduce costs and risks, and increase security for improving the quality of health care. Undoubtedly, the Internet of things has considerably changed the health industry. The IoT continuously offers innovative, multi-function tools that aim to create an integrated health care system with a better caregivers perspective than patients and lower costs. This article examines IoT-based healthcare techniques and tools for helping people with mobility restrictions, based on the latest publications and products in the industry. Also, the technologies that have been taken so far are looking at the challenges that need to be addressed and the approach to future developments. Despite ongoing research, further studies are needed to improve current techniques and new efforts and Internet health technologies to overcome the challenges ahead. The results presented as an important source of information for healthcare providers, researchers, technology professionals and the general public can be used to improve the Internet of Things for health care.

The European Network for the Joint Evaluation of Connected Health Technologies (ENJECT) is a COST action that brings together an international consortium, including business and revenue modellers, clinicians, technologists, engineers, economists, ethnographers, and health researchers to help society to answer one question – how to connect therapies, patients, and care-givers to deliver optimum health results in an era of stretched resources and increasing demands. This report, which has grown out of an ENJECT survey of 19 European countries, examines the situation of Connected Health in Europe today. It focuses on creating a clear understanding of the current and developing presence of Connected Health throughout European healthcare systems under five headings: The Policy Environment, Education, Business and Health Models, Interoperability, and The Person. Quality, privacy, and safety, major elements of Connected Health, were evident policy concerns in the Connected Health context. ...

The years of life lost and years lived with disability resulting from chronic kidney disease (CKD) increased globally by 90% and 49.5%, respectively, between 1990 and 2013. In addition to the traditional factors, infections, low birthweight, environmental factors, and low socioeconomic status contribute to the CKD burden in low-and middle-income countries. System-level challenges such as poor appreciation of the burden, insufficient human resources, high health care costs, poor referral pathways, unreliable health information systems, and inadequate medicine supply pose barriers to CKD control. In this article, we present evidence that the CKD burden in low-and middle-income countries is related to system-wide issues, which could be reduced effectively using innovative, affordable, and scalable interventions. A multipronged approach is required including improving socioeconomic determinants of health, enabling the environment for healthy decision making, and sustainable interventions. Innovative approaches include promoting healthy behaviors, counseling, and education in primary care, task-sharing between physicians and nonphysicians, using technology to train nonphysicians to screen, diagnose, refer, follow-up, and educate patients, and ensuring quality. Stronger political will and system-level change are needed to prevent and manage CKD if the sustainable development goals of reducing premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 2030 are to be attained. Semin Nephrol 37:234-244 C

Purpose – Connected Health is an emerging and rapidly developing field never before witnessed across the healthcare sector. It has the potential to transform healthcare service systems by increasing its safety, quality and overall efficiency. However, as healthcare technologies or medical devices continuously rely more on software development, one of the core challenges is examining how Connected Health is regulated – often impacting Connected Health innovation. The purpose of this paper is to present an understanding of how Connected Health is regulated. Many of these regulatory developments fall under " medical devices " , giving rise to Software-as-a-Medical Device (SaaMD).

Design/methodology/approach – Through an extensive literature review, this paper demystifies Connected Health regulation. It presents the outcome of expert discussions which explore the key regulatory developments in the context of Connected Health to provide a practical guide to understanding how regulation can potentially shape healthcare innovation.

Findings – Several key issues are identified, and the authors present a comprehensive overview of regulatory developments relating to Connected Health with a view to support the continued growth of IT-enabled healthcare service models. The authors also identify the key challenges in Connected Health and identify areas for future research.

Originality/value – A key outcome of this research is a clearer understanding of the opportunities and challenges that regulation and standards present to Connected Health. Furthermore, this research is of critical importance in a first attempt towards recognising the impact of regulation and standards compliance in Connected Health.

Fire incidence in Ghana had reached pandemic proportions in 2013. Major markets, schools, industries, factories, government ministries and agencies, churches and corporate institutions where but a few of the areas affected. Rough estimated shows that the country lost over four trillion Ghana Cedis on the markets alone in 2013. Whiles it is convenient to blame everything on the Ghana National Fire Service and the government by extension, this article explores the collaborative role the average Ghanaian can play to curb the infernos. It thus discussed the devastations of fire, the need for prevention, common causes of fire and the role of the individual in the fire prevention process.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming an emerging trend and has significant potential to replace other technologies, where researchers consider it as the future of the internet. It has given tremendous support and become the building blocks in the development of important cyber-physical systems and it is being severed in a variety of application domains, including healthcare. A methodological evolution of the Internet of Things, enabled it to extend to the physical world beyond the electronic world by connecting miscellaneous devices through the internet, thus making everything is connected. In recent years it has gained higher attention for its potential to alleviate the strain on the healthcare sector caused by the rising and aging population along with the increase in chronic diseases and global pandemics. This paper surveys about various usages of IoT healthcare technologies and reviews the state of the art services and applications, recent trends in IoT based healthcare solutions, and various challenges posed including security and privacy issues, which researchers, service providers and end users need to pay higher attention. Further, this paper discusses how innovative IoT enabled technologies like cloud computing, fog computing, blockchain, and big data can be used to leverage modern healthcare facilities and mitigate the burden on healthcare resources.

En este trabajo se reflexiona sobre el concepto big data y su relación con la Psicología en ámbitos como la evaluación, la intervención, la investigación y la docencia. El concepto big data hace referencia literal al uso de grandes bases de datos, pero también a las tecnologías y metodologías que permiten recogerlas a través de dispositivos de diversos tipos, entre los que destaca el teléfono inteligente o smartphone. La Psicología no puede ser ajena al desarrollo de esta tecnología, y debe trabajar a varios niveles para hacer posible que los profesionales accedan lo antes posible a estas herramientas, y se pase de la mera fascinación a la concreción de estudios y a la investigación para que contribuyan al avance de la disciplina.

Grievances are common to any level of work force in any company/industry while they are working together to achieve a common goal. Even though the poorly handled grievances are leading to employee inefficiency, employee dissatisfaction, and finally to high turnover ratio of the company, still some companies are not practicing formal grievance handling procedures within their organizations. This study focuses on the grievance handling of small scale construction companies with no formally established grievance handling procedures in central province of Sri Lanka. The study identifies the grievances among different job categories of the selected companies and through the findings tries to identify whether these companies are efficiently handling the grievances with current informal procedures or not. Finally the study determines whether there is a need of a formal grievance handling procedure or not.

Introduction: Patients and the public are beginning
to use digital health tools to assist in managing
chronic illness, support independent living and
self-care, and remain connected to health and care
providers. However, engaging with and enrolling in
digital health interventions, such as telehealth
systems, mobile health applications, patient portals
and personal health records, in order to use them
varies considerably. Many factors affect people’s
ability to engage with and sign up to digital health
platforms.
Objectives: The primary aim is to identify the
barriers and facilitators patients and the public
experience to engagement and recruitment to digital
health interventions. The secondary aim is to identify
engagement and enrolment strategies, leading if
possible to a taxonomy of such approaches, and a
conceptual framework of digital health engagement
and recruitment processes.
Methods: A systematic review of qualitative studies
will be conducted by searching six databases:
MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and
the ACM Digital Library for papers published between
2000 and 2015. Titles and abstracts along with
full-text papers will be screened by two independent
reviewers against predetermined inclusion and
exclusion criteria. A data extraction form will be used
to provide details of the included studies. Quality
assessment will be conducted using the Consolidated
Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist.
Any disagreements will be resolved through
discussion with an independent third reviewer.
Analysis will be guided by framework synthesis and
informed by normalization process theory and
burden of treatment theory, to aid conceptualisation
of digital health engagement and recruitment
processes.
Discussion: This systematic review of qualitative
studies will explore factors affecting engagement and
enrolment in digital health interventions. It will
advance our understanding of readiness for digital
health by examining the complex factors that affect
patients’ and the public’s ability to take part.

Engagement in electronic health (eHealth) and mobile health (mHealth) behavior change interventions is thought to be important for intervention effectiveness, though what constitutes engagement and how it enhances efficacy has been somewhat unclear in the literature. Recently published detailed definitions and conceptual models of engagement have helped to build consensus around a definition of engagement and improve our understanding of how engagement may influence effectiveness. This work has helped to establish a clearer research agenda. However, to test the hypotheses generated by the conceptual modules, we need to know how to measure engagement in a valid and reliable way. The aim of this viewpoint is to provide an overview of engagement measurement options that can be employed in eHealth and mHealth behavior change intervention evaluations, discuss methodological considerations, and provide direction for future research. To identify measures, we used snowball sampling, starting from systematic reviews of engagement research as well as those utilized in studies known to the authors. A wide range of methods to measure engagement were identified, including qualitative measures, self-report questionnaires, ecological momentary assessments, system usage data, sensor data, social media data, and psychophysiological measures. Each measurement method is appraised and examples are provided to illustrate possible use in eHealth and mHealth behavior change research. Recommendations for future research are provided, based on the limitations of current methods and the heavy reliance on system usage data as the sole assessment of engagement. The validation and adoption of a wider range of engagement measurements and their thoughtful application to the study of engagement are encouraged.

The use of digital technologies in mental health initiatives is expanding, leading to calls for clearer legal and regulatory frameworks. However, gaps in knowledge about the scale and nature of change impede efforts to develop responsible public governance in the early stages of what may be the mass uptake of ‘digital mental health technologies’. This article maps established and emerging technologies in the mental health context with an eye to locating major socio-legal issues. The paper discusses various types of technology, including those designed for information sharing, communication, clinical decision support, ‘digital therapies’, patient and/or population monitoring and control, bio-informatics and personalised medicine, and service user health informatics. The discussion is organised around domains of use based on the actors who use the technologies, and those on whom they are used. These actors go beyond mental health service users and practitioners/service providers, and include health and social system or resource managers, data management services, private companies that collect personal data (such as major technology corporations and data brokers), and multiple government agencies and private sector actors across diverse fields of criminal justice, education, and so on. The mapping exercise offers a starting point to better identify cross-cutting legal, ethical and social issues at the convergence of digital technology and contemporary mental health practice.

The objective of this study was to investigate physicians' perceptions to use mobile health applications in practice, and to identify influencing factors to use the technology. An mHealth technology acceptance model was proposed (M-TAM), and a cross-sectional survey was implemented using structured questionnaire to collect data. Online tools were used for inviting participants (physicians) and data collection from Turkey. The data was analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). A total of 128 physicians participated in the survey. The model explained the perception of physicians towards mHealth application use by 51% of total variance. The influential factors were identified as Effort Expectancy, Mobile Anxiety, Perceived Service Availability and Technical Training and Support. The study provided a new model to the literature of health information technology. Findings of the research contributed by unveiling latent constructs and their influence on physicians' perceptions towards a new healthcare technology: mHealth applications.

Because physical inactivity and unhealthy diets are highly prevalent, there is a need for cost-effective interventions that can reach large populations. Electronic health (eHealth) and mobile health (mHealth) solutions have shown promising outcomes and have expanded rapidly in the past decade. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the state of the evidence for the use of eHealth and mHealth in improving physical activity and nutrition behaviors in general and special populations. The role of theory in eHealth and mHealth interventions is addressed, as are methodological issues. Key recommendations for future research in the field of eHealth and mHealth are provided.

Background: With the exponential increase in mobile phone users in India, a large number of public health initiatives are leveraging information technology and mobile devices for health care delivery. Given the considerable financial and human resources being invested in these initiatives, it is important to ascertain their role in strengthening health care systems.

Background: Despite advances in testing and treatment, HIV incidence rates within European countries are at best stable or else increasing. mHealth technology has been advocated to increase quality and cost-effectiveness of health services while dealing with growing patient numbers. However, studies suggested that mHealth apps are rarely adopted and often considered to be of low quality by users. Only a few studies (conducted in the United States) have involved people living with HIV (PLWH) in the design of mHealth.

Abstract---Great hope is accorded to community participation in health. A large number of potential
benefits are attributed to participatory processes, including better addressing community needs through
more locally adapted organizational processes and improvement in health outcomes. To this end, many
governments around the world have adopted policies and programmes of community participation as
part of their strategy to implement primary health care services. In Mexico this is, in great part, realized
through the module programme of the Ministry of Health. A module is characterized by various village
based health posts (casas de salud), each operated by a community volunteer and associated with a
health committee, all of which are supervised by a nurse from a nearby health centre. The southern
Mexican state of Oaxaca was chosen for a study of the module programme (during the period 1987-
1992) to gain a better understanding of how organizational processes impact on the implementation
and outcomes of community participation programmes in large institutions (i.e. the Ministry of
Health). The resource dependency perspective formed the basis for the theoretical framework used.
Some 75 towns and villages were visited and about 170 health related personnel from all over the state
were interviewed to obtain data on the operation and impact of the module programme. As predicted
by resource dependency theory, which postulates that organizations will react to pressures in their
external environment to secure the resources needed for survival, the findings of this research led to the
conclusion that the Ministry of Health had co-opted the resources of the communities it was involving
in the module programme in order to meet its policy objectives, especially those related to expanding
service coverage. Community participation in the module programme was found to have been implemented
entirely for its utility in supplying resources and not for democratic or intrinsic values. This
strategy, identified as the resource dependency approach to community participation, led to several
flaws in the participatory process and resulted in far less than what could potentially have been
achieved in terms of improving health outcomes. Ultimately, the participatory mechanisms became additional
dependencies of the health system and not integral components of a process of community
development. Large institutional programmes of community participation can benefit by understanding
this approach and avoiding its inherent problems. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Key words--community participation, primary health care, resource dependency, Mexico

Cloud storage services are popular with both individuals and businesses as they offer cost-effective, large capacity storage and multi-functional services on a wide range of devices such as personal computers (PCs), Mac computers, and smart mobile devices (e.g. iPhones). However, cloud services have also been known to be exploited by criminals, and digital forensics in the cloud remains a challenge, partly due to the diverse range of cloud services and devices that can be used to access such services. Using SugarSync (a popular cloud storage service) as a case study, research was undertaken to determine the types and nature of volatile and non-volatile data that can be recovered from Windows 8, Mac OS X 10.9, Android 4 and iOS 7 devices when a user has carried out different activities such as upload and download of files and folders. We then document the various digital artefacts that could be recovered from the respective devices.

Low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to face major challenges in providing high-quality and universally accessible health care. Researchers, policy makers, donors, and program implementers consistently strive to develop and provide innovative approaches to eliminate geographical and financial barriers to health care access. Recently, interest has increased in using mobile health (mHealth) as a potential solution to overcome barriers to improving health care in LMICs. Moreover, with use increasing and cost decreasing for mobile phones and Internet, mHealth solutions are becoming considerably more promising and efficient. As part of mHealth solutions, biomedical signals collection and processing may play a major role in improving global health care. Information extracted from biomedical signals might increase diagnostic precision while augmenting the robustness of health care workers' clinical decision making. This paper presents a high-level framework using biomedical signal processing (BSP) for tackling diagnosis of noncommunicable diseases, especially in LMICs. Researchers can consider each of these elements during the research and design of BSP-based devices, enabling them to elevate their work to a level that extends beyond the scope of a particular application and use. This paper includes technical examples to emphasize the applicability of the proposed framework, which is relevant to a wide variety of stakeholders, including researchers, policy makers, clinicians, computer scientists, and engineers.

Physical inactivity leads to a high risk of medical complications and triggering substantial health care expenses. The goal of the project within which the research is conducted is to explore the effect of the use of nudges to dissuade individuals from physical inactivity. This study is aimed to design and develop a zero/low-cost nudging mHealth intervention that allows users to check their time with normative messages when walking. This intervention is then utilised for individuals to investigate whether it stimulates physical activity. The design of the nudging intervention is followed by an iterative Design Thinking process. The result of the pilot study has shown us that participants highlighted personal normative message installed as a screensaver in a smartphone as a zero-cost solution to dissuade their physical inactivity. Our future effort is to access this intervention by experimental design studies with quantitative and qualitative surveys, which will be carried out with students to measure physical activity behavioural change.