Philosophy

In legal decisions standpoints can be supported by formal and also by substantive interpretative arguments. Formal arguments consist of reasons the weight or force of which is essentially dependent on the authoritativeness that the reasons may also have: In this connection one may think of linguistic and systemic arguments. On the other hand, substantive arguments are not backed up by authority, but consist of a direct invocation of moral, political, economic, or other social considerations. Formal arguments can be analyzed as exclusionary reasons: The authoritative character excludes—in principle—substantial counterarguments. Formal arguments are sometimes used to conceal value judgements based on substantial arguments. This paper deals with reconstructing problems regarding this strategic use of formal arguments in legal decisions, with a focus on linguistic argumentation.

This paper proposes a media studies that foregrounds technological objects as communicative and historical agents. Specifically, I take the digital computer as a powerful catalyst of crises in communication theories and certain key features of modernity. Finally, the computer is the motor of “New Media” which is at once a set of technologies, a historical epoch, and a field of knowledge. As such the computer shapes “the new” and “the future” as History pushes its origins further in the past and its convergent quality pushes its future as a predominate medium. As treatment of information and interface suggest, communication theories observe computers, and technologies generally, for the mediated languages they either afford or foreclose to us. My project describes the figures information and interface for the different ways they can be thought of as aspects of communication. I treat information not as semantic meaning, formal or discursive language, but rather as a physical organism....

Dialogue as practice and understanding in contemporary art This study investigates how social constructionist dialogue as art demonstrates a layered mode of practical inquiry, which weaves together interactive and explorative, re-presentational and reflective modes of dialogue in the performance of knowledge. Recent art debates present dialogue as a relational, collaborative and situated mode of meaning-making, and an alternative to traditional constraining frameworks of art. However, artists have been criticised for idealised interpretations of dialogue, which present it as something essentially good and democratic, for insufficiently scrutinising dialogical relationships, and for not providing adequate process accounts for secondary audiences. This study’s multi-layered performance of knowledge draws on thematic insights developed through fourteen interviews and five field conversation artworks from 2008 onwards. Research material from conversational encounters was combined and pr...

The brain is not a place to store memory’ is the famous thesis that was proposed in “Matter and Memory” chapter 2. From there, Bergson demonstrates that memory exists from the brain independently and the quality of memory is non-material and spiritual. According to Bergson, the brain is only an instrument of memory power and memory is spirit and reality that exist from the brain independently. He negated the theory of location of memory and argued the brain and memory from the whole theory of the brain. Well, what is the meaning of his memory and brain theory from the view point of contemporary brain physiology? Are his memory and brain theory fit for contemporary brain physiology? I want to conclude the confrontation between the theory of Bergson and contemporary brain physiology comparing the theories of Bergson and Wilder Penfield (1891-1979) who was the most famous brain surgeon in Canada. The conclusion is that dualism is amended to monism by the quantum theory, the idea of Bio...

Construal of the Bible influences LDS religious sensibilities in distinctively complex ways, consciously and otherwise, including Mormon understandings of modern revelation. The initiative to produce for the first time a comprehensive commentary on the New Testament that is informed by and contriutes to modern biblical scholarship, such as “higher criticism,” while respecting LDS perspectives, has potential to help the Saints better understand that to which they are devoted. To succeed, the BYU New Testament Commentary may require a widened circle of contributors, a refined articulation of purpose and method, a deepened engagement with modern scholarship, a persuasive hermeneutic, and a format that creates dialogue between, rather than conflation of, scholarship and revelation. Title

The concept of infinite is clearly addressed in the comments that St. John of the Cross made to his own poetry. In his work, the concept of infinite is intimately related to the notion of God, who is reached not through the knowledge, but rather through the spiritual experience. The main goal of this paper is to look at the philosophical and hermeneutic implications of the concept of infinite and the different uses that St. Jhon of the Cross made in his work.

Este trabalho visa discutir os conceitos de “diferença colonial” e “pensamento liminar” de Walter Mignolo, em articulação com uma discussão filosófica das questões da diferença e do antagonismo, especialmente de acordo com a proposta de Ernesto Laclau, mas também com reformulações do próprio autor. De acordo com a hipótese do artigo, as relações de alteridade e os antagonismos que compuseram os processos de constituição da modernidade e da colonialidade podem ser compreendidos a partir de uma gramática filosófica estruturada no modo com o qual a questão da diferença foi investigada, especialmente a partir do século XX. Pensá-la em contraposição à ideia marxiana de contradição dialética torna-se um bom recurso para esta análise.

Este artigo relata o processo de discussao e concepcao de uma matriz curricular para tres habilitacoes do curso de Comunicacao Social na Universidade do Vale do Itajai (Univali): Jornalismo, Relacoes Publicas, e Publicidade e Propaganda. A matriz foi elaborada para integrar conteudos comuns as habilitacoes, atualizar ementas e reduzir a duracao dos cursos, sem prejudicar a formacao especifica, contemplando as emergentes demandas formativas e mercadologicas. Para tanto, recorremos a uma perspectiva de racionalidade sistemica para inovar no design dos curriculos para o curso. Estruturamos o artigo com uma breve introducao da proposta, seguindo com alguns indicadores de qualidade considerados hoje na area da Comunicacao Social. Explicitamos brevemente como se deu o processo de elaboracao das novas matrizes curriculares, bem como seus criterios basicos de organizacao. Alem disso, apresentamos os eixos norteadores que constituem as novas matrizes e tambem indicamos alguns avancos que per...

espanolEl libro publicado por Stephen Toulmin en 1958, que lleva por titulo Los usos de la argumentacion, es considerado como uno de los pilares del resurgimiento de la Teoria de la argumentacion en el siglo XX. Si bien los estudios sobre dicho libro y, en general, sobre la posicion de su autor son numerosos, hay un aspecto de su obra que permanece aun poco analizado, a saber, su vinculo con las ideas del filosofo pragmatista John Dewey. Este vinculo resulta problematico habida cuenta de que, si bien las referencias a Dewey en el conjunto de la obra de Toulmin son numerosas y a menudo elogiosas, en particular las referencias al filosofo pragmatista en Los usos de la argumentacion son escasas y de tono critico, pese a que, como se mostrara en este trabajo, puede sostenerse que la posicion de Toulmin en dicha obra no solo incorpora, como suele reconocerse, una perspectiva pragmatica sino tambien una pragmatista. EnglishIt is well known that the book published by Stephen Toulmin in 195...

This pioneering book, in considering intellectually disabled peoples lives sets out a care ethics model of disability that outlines the emotional caring sphere, where love and care are psycho-socially questioned, the practical caring sphere, where day-to-day care is carried out and the socio-political caring sphere, where social intolerance and aversion to difficult differences are played out. It does so by discussing issue based everyday life, such as family, relationships, media representations and education in an evocative and creative manner. This book draws from an understanding of how intellectual disability is represented in all forms of media, a feminist ethics of care, and capabilities, as well as other theories, to provide a critique and alternative to the social model of disability as well as illuminate care-less spaces that inhabit all the caring spheres. The first two chapters of the book provides an overview of intellectual disability, the debates and outlining of the model. Having begun to develop an innovative theoretical framework for understanding intellectual disability and being human, the book moves onto empirical and narrative driven issue based chapters. The following chapters builds on the emergent framework and discusses the application of particular theories in three different substantive areas: education, mothering and sexual politics. A concluding remarks draws together the common themes across the applied chapters and links them to the overarching theoretical framework.

An important read for all those studying and researching intellectual or learning disability, this book will be an essential resource in sociology, philosophy, criminology (law), social work, education and nursing in particular.

The eleventh century philosopher and Archbishop of Canterbury St Anselm wrote, 'I do not seek to understand so that I may believe, but I believe so that I may understand' (Anselm Proslogion 154-5). Anselm was asserting that, from a philosophical stance, nothing is achieved or ascertained by merely speculating from the sidelines; a certain level of committed thought and involvement is necessary. The editor and authors of this book have written an enlightening, refreshing text which exhibits that commitment to which St Anselm refers. The text does not speculate from the sidelines, but rather the authors, no doubt due to the clear direction of the editor, aim to immerse themselves in the considerable gap in understanding some of the philosophical issues that underpin contemporary comprehension of tourism.

The fall of the Muslim civilization resulted from the rejection of reason. The rejection of reason was a result of the characterization of the use of reason to know revelation as kufr. The rejection of reason became explicit in the shutting of the gates to ijtihad and was reinforced by al-Ghazali’s attack on philosophers. The rejection of reason found political expression in the repression of the rationalists by Musa al-Hadi in 786. The slaughter of five-thousand philosophers was an event analogous to the Reign of Terror of the Jacobins, under Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. Sixteen thousand followers of “tradition” were beheaded at the guillotine with the emergence of the Age of Reason, touted by the European Enlightenment, a millennium afterwards. In Islam, the rejection of reason made it harder to understand and follow revelation. The perception that “all knowledge is in the Quran” did not help matters. This was an example of perfunctory thought. For it automatically withheld the designation of “knowledge” from all knowledge not in the Quran. This perception was based on a problematic understanding of epistemology or what constitutes knowledge. It was a reflection of hubris. In response to the bewilderment caused the prohibition of the use of reason, exegetes alleged that revelation features “ambiguous” passages. The rejection of reason made it hard to know and follow revelation. It also made it hard to understand key terms as “mutashabihat,” “hikma,” and “hawa.” As a result, Muslims turned to tradition, which replaced reason for the purpose of explaining revelation. But to “explain” revelation, tradition had to be elevated to an “equal” of revelation and subsequently even “above” revelation.
For the expectation that it would “explain” revelation placed tradition in the position of a “judge” of revelation. The elevation of tradition above revelation reversed the relation of revelation and tradition. The word of God was subordinated to the words of persons. The reversal of the relationship between revelation and tradition facilitated the adoption of the teaching of abrogation. The abrogation of the peace verses by the ayah as-sayf transformed Islam into “political Islam.” The abrogation of revelation by tradition transformed Islam into “traditional Islam.” The application of the teaching of abrogation warped penal law. The abrogation of revelation by tradition subjugated revelation to tradition. Hence, the process that led to this requires attention. It is necessary to restore revelation to its pre-eminence in relation to tradition, to rehabilitate reason, and to ensure that all laws are in agreement with revelation rather than based on inclination. (4 pages)

Die Analyse der ersten zehn Minuten einer audio aufgezeichneten psychoanalytischen Sitzung fuhrt zu der Entdeckung und Beschreibung einer psychoanalytischen Prozedur, die wir als »Tanz der Einsicht« bezeichnen. Die Sitzung ist nach den Standards der Konversationsanalyse transkribiert und wird auf drei Ebenen analysiert. Zunachst kommt eine klinische Analyse zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Analytikerin bei zwei Gelegenheiten ihre Gesprachsposition verandert; sie spricht, als ware sie die Patientin. Die klinische Perspektive bringt diese Beobachtung mit dem Konzept der Modellszene und dem methodischen Prinzip der »Komplettierung der Szene« in Beziehung und einigen weiteren Befunden der Sauglingsforschung. Zum zweiten lasst sich mit den Mitteln der Konversationsanalyse erkennen, wie die Therapeutin dies Manover ausfuhrt und wie die Patientin darauf reagiert. Diese Analyse beschreibt detailliert die »slots«, an denen ein solches Manover auf naturliche und ungekunstelte Weise ausgefuhrt wird. ...

Pensar os limites do investimento curativo requer perspectivas a partir da nocao etica de limite, de desenvolvimento da biomedicina e das reflexoes da bioetica, assim como da natureza dos cuidados paliativos. As tres perspectivas – a da etica, a da bioetica e a dos cuidados paliativos – configuram territorios compartilhados. No eixo do compromisso de lutar pela vida sem maximizar as intervencoes e humanizar os cuidados, destaque-se o respeito pela decisao do doente capaz e competente e a conviccao de que existem limites aos cuidados, porque tem de fazer sentido para quem os presta e para aquele a quem sao prestados. Os cuidados paliativos podem assegurar uma assistencia o mais completa possivel a pessoa que se encontra na ultima etapa da vida, considerando a morte como um processo normal, que nao podem nem devem retardar ou acelerar. O objetivo e prover a melhor qualidade de vida possivel para o doente em fase terminal e sua familia, ate o momento da chegada da morte, de modo verdad...

Castoriadis' logic-ontology of Magmas provides the philosophical presupposition for a real democracy anchored on the radical freedom of the imaginary, which breeds an ontological novelty, manifested primarily in the psyche and the social-historical. As such, Castoriadis' radical freedom of the imaginary bears some groundbreaking philosophical, epistemological and political consequences. Firstly, it breaks with the "determinacy principle" penetrating most part of traditional philosophy and modern science. Secondly, it introduces an alternative epistemological approach by rendering the living being a for itself developing in terms of constant creation and destruction. Thirdly, and most importantly, it creates per se a novel political paradigm, crystallized in the project of individual and collective autonomy, which opposes equally, yet differently, both Marxism and liberalism, for it consists in the radicalization of democracy through the establishment of social freedom, that is, the equal opportunity for people's participation in politics.

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This book lifts the veil to identify the puppet masters behind the MK Ultra Mind Control shills that front the New World Disorder Dystopia. The usual suspects are named: Jeff Bezos, Mark Zuckerberg, Benjamin Netanyahu, Fake religious Patriarchs and a list of celebrities from Hollywood and other MK Ultra mind control realms.

Nonostante il tentativo di Aristotele di offrire un’esposizione esaustiva di tutta la problematica del luogo e di darne una soluzione definitiva con l’arcinota definizione di luogo come primo limite immobile del contenente, fin dall’antichità i lettori hanno avuto grande difficoltà a conciliare i diversi aspetti della sua dottrina e, soprattutto, a comprendere il senso esatto di quella definizione, sia riguardo alla realtà dello stesso luogo sia in merito a come il concetto di luogo possa essere un valido sostituto dell’assai più familiare concetto di spazio. Già Teofrasto confessava di non comprendere cosa intendesse il suo maestro e anche i peripatetici Stratone e Eudemo mostrando non poca incertezza. Neanche l’attuale storiografia mostra di avere maggiore facilità, al punto che si è parlato senza mezzi termini di un’evidente inadeguatezza o incompletezza della dottrina, o addirittura di un’inconsapevolezza del problema da parte di Aristotele. Solo una ripresa approfondita, ab initio, di tutto Fisica Δ 1-5 poteva dimostrare che lo Stagirita in verità svolge una dottrina unica e coerente secondo principi e premesse metodologiche che saranno mantenuti pressoché costantemente dal primo al quinto capitolo, e che molte difficoltà incontrate dagli interpreti sono dipese dal non aver riportato ad un unico quadro di riferimento, affermazioni e valutazioni così apparentemente tanto diverse e distanti fra loro. Aristotele ci fa vedere che la realtà del luogo è analizzabile secondo vari punti di vista, tutti utili e legittimi, che devono esser rispettati nello loro irriducibilità, con i quali dobbiamo fare i conti, nessuno escluso, evitando di trasformare i suoi et…et nei nostri aut…aut.

La concepcion cognitiva del aprendizaje postula que el aprendizaje significativo ocurre cuando la persona interactua con su entorno y de esta manera construye sus representaciones personales, por lo que, es necesario que realice juicios de valor que le permiten tomar decisiones en base a ciertos parametros de referencia. Aprendizaje. Evaluacion

Cet article décrit de façon critique le recours aux théories de l’attachement comme fondement de la loi en matière de protection de la jeunesse. Il situe ces théories dans leur contexte historique et montre en quoi elles s’inscrivent dans un mouvement contestable de naturalisation des rapports humains.

O presente artigo tem o objetivo de mostrar a relacao existente entre a “estrutura literaria” e “estrutura narrativa” do Quarto Evangelho. Por meio de criterios literarios e elementos narrativos, as “quatro grandes partes” do Evangelho relacionam-se de modo a formar uma unidade orgânica e harmonica, literaria e teologica. O trabalho consiste em caracterizar bem cada uma das quatro partes do Evangelho, e tentar descobrir, a partir dai, sua funcao no conjunto da obra. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: “estrutura literaria” e “estrutura narrativa” e “estrutura narrativa” do Quarto Evangelho; relacao entre as partes do Quarto Evangelho. Abstract This article aims to show the relation between the “literary structure” as wrll the “narration structure” of the Fourth Gospel. By means of literary criteria and narrative elements the four parts of the Fourth Gospel have a relation and constitute an organic, literary and theological unity. The study intends to characterize the four parts of the Gospel and discov...