Developmental Coordination Disorder

The article introduces Urban Food Policies (UFP) in the field of decentralized
cooperation as a relatively new field of work, exchange and action-oriented
research within and between cities, and local authorities in the global North
and South. Indeed, a plethora of cities have been implementing actions with
different implementation mechanisms indicating that UFP can generate
positive stimuli, new perspectives, and reciprocal benefits. The article
examines a number of ongoing international projects to then focus on the
relevant programs developed in Italy and on the African continent, looking
into aspects of governance, outlining essential features of decentralized
cooperation and of these ongoing development projects, and concluding
with potential prospects in this area.

Les apnées du prématuré constituent encore actuellement un problème clinique majeur, imposant des choix thérapeutiques parfois difficiles. Des apnées plus ou moins longues surviennent chez presque tous les grands prématurés, témoignant d’une instabilité de la régulation respiratoire en rapport avec l’immaturité. Au rôle causal de celle-ci peut toutefois s’ajouter celui de nombreuses pathologies néonatales, qui peuvent aussi contribuer à la survenue d’apnées et doivent être recherchées et traitées. Les apnées du prématuré de courte durée (moins de dix secondes, sans hypoxémie ou bradycardie associée) peuvent être considérées comme sans risque pour l’enfant. Les apnées plus longues entraînent une hypoxémie et un ralentissement de la fréquence cardiaque et des perturbations de l’hémodynamique et de l’oxygénation cérébrales, susceptibles d’entraîner des effets délétères pour le développement à long terme. L’évaluation de leur degré de gravité immédiate et de leurs risques à long terme demeure imprécise. Les décisions thérapeutiques ne peuvent s’appuyer que sur assez peu de données scientifiques. Le citrate de caféine est un traitement efficace des apnées du prématuré, largement utilisé depuis des décennies. Mais c’est seulement très récemment qu’une évaluation rigoureuse de ses bénéfices et de ses inconvénients a été menée. Elle a mis en évidence la faible toxicité du citrate de caféine, et des bénéfices inattendus chez les enfants traités : diminution de fréquence des dysplasies bronchopulmonaires, de la persistance du canal artériel, et, à 18 mois, diminution du taux d’infirmité motrice cérébrale. La pression expiratoire positive par voie nasale, traitement également efficace des apnées, peut être utilisée en cas d’échec ou d’insuffisance du traitement par caféine et en association avec lui.Prematurity apnea remains a major clinical problem that requires treatment choices which are sometimes difficult. Prematurity apnea occurs in most infants of gestational age at birth less than 33 weeks. It is a developmental disorder which usually reflects a “physiological” immaturity of respiratory control. However, neonatal diseases may be associated and play an additive role, resulting in an increased incidence of apnea. Careful screening should therefore be performed in order to make sure that no other factor than immaturity is involved in the occurrence of apnea. Short apnea (less than 10 s, without hypoxemia and bradycardia), due to immaturity, are not clinically relevant. More prolonged apnea, that last for more than 15 or 20 s, and / or apnea associated with bradycardia or oxygen desaturation, results in short-term disturbances of cerebral haemodynamics and oxygenation, which may negatively impact on neurodevelopmental outcome. Evaluating the immediate severity of apnea and the risks that apnea may affect long-term outcome remains a challenge. The choice of treatments is based on a few evidences. Caffeine citrate, which reduces the incidence of apnea, has been used for decades. However, a thorough evaluation of risks and benefits of this medication has been performed only recently. Caffeine citrate was found to be safe and resulted in unexpected benefits. In treated infants, compared with controls, indeed, a decreased incidence of the following complications was recorded: bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks of conceptional age, patent ductus arteriosus, cerebral palsy at 18 months of age. Nasal CPAP can be used in association with caffeine citrate, when the latter is not effective enough.

Psychopathologie van kinderen en jeugdigen is een vakgebied dat langzaam maar zeker een wetenschappelijke structuur begint te krijgen. Belangrijke stimulans in dezen is de DSM-III-R, het classificatiesysteem van psychopathologische verschijnselen van de Amerikaanse Psychiatrische Associatie. In dit classificatiesysteem worden van de kindertijd enige hoofdproblemen beschreven die algemeen aanvaard zijn zoals gedragsstoornissen, angststoornissen en ontwikkelingsstoornissen. Over differentiatie in subcategorieën is momenteel volop discussie gaande, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot ontwikkelingsstoornissen in de kindertijd en persoonlijkheidsstoornissen in de volwassenheid. Dit zijn beide langdurige stoornissen die bepalend zijn voor het leven van betrokkenen. In een pioniersfase van de psychopathologie zijn talrijke ontwikkelingsstoornissen geformuleerd, vaak verbonden met de naam van één onderzoeker; bijvoorbeeld autisme (Leo Kanner), autistische psychopathie (Asperger), symbiotische psychose (Margaret Mahler) en atypische ontwikkeling (Rank). Andere stoornissen zijn minder met één onderzoeker geassocieerd zoals borderlineproblematiek uit de kindertijd of kinderschizofrenie. De DSM-III-R heeft grote schoonmaak gehouden onder deze benamingen van ontwikkelingsstoornissen. Van ontwikkelingsstoornissen van algemene aard, de zogenaamde ‘pervasieve ontwikkelingsstoornissen’, is slechts één categorie, die van autisme, acceptabel bevonden. Sinds de uitgave van de DSM-III-R in 1987 hebben de ontwikkelingen niet stilgestaan en is een serieuze tweede kandidaat geformuleerd en wel de categorie ‘Multiplex Ontwikkelingsstoornissen’ (Multiplex Developmental Disorder ofwel MDD) van de Amerikaanse onderzoeker Donald Cohen, waarover dit proefschrift gaat.

The interest in Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD) in emerging adulthood has grown in recent years, and it is now acknowledged that the signs and symptoms of DCD persist into adolescence and adulthood. Nevertheless, the long-term impact of DCD is still poorly understood, and little is known about positive orientations of young adults with DCD. This review discusses some of the persisting features of DCD, with a particular emphasis on psychosocial difficulties, self-perception and the impact of comorbid developmental disorders. The role of the parent in emerging adulthood in DCD is an area that has received little research focus, but it seems likely that parents have a key role to play in positive outcomes. The need to provide appropriate assessment, intervention and support for young adults with DCD is discussed in terms of the need to provide comprehensive and continued support for all aspects of the disorder, which also takes into consideration the impact of DCD on the wider family unit.

OBJECTIVE. This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Here's How I Write–Hebrew (HHIW–HE) and compared handwriting self-awareness between children with and without dysgraphia. METHOD. Fifty-eight children (29 with and 29 without dysgraphia) completed the HHIW–HE. Occupational therapists provided corresponding ratings that were based on objective handwriting assessments. Self-awareness was measured through child–therapist consensus. RESULTS. The HHIW–HE has an internal consistency of a 5 .884. Children with dysgraphia rated themselves as significantly more impaired than controls on 6 of 24 HHIW–HE items and on the total score, with medium to large effect sizes (0.37–0.61). Mean child–therapist agreement was significantly higher for the controls than for the research group, t(56) 5 4.268, p 5 .000.

Stuttering is a developmental disorder of speech production that usually emerges in childhood. In this study, a large population-based twin sample from the Australian Twin Registry (1567 pairs and 634 singles aged 17–29 years) was screened to identify twin pairs in which one or both members reported themselves to be affected by stuttering. Telephone interview-based diagnoses were obtained for 457 of these individuals (self-reported affected cases, cotwins, and controls) to determine whether the self-report was correct. To correct ...

This study focuses on the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and speech sound disorder (SSD). SSD is a developmental disorder characterized by speech production errors that impact intelligibility. Previous research addressing this comorbidity has typically used heterogeneous groups of speech–language disordered children. This study employed more precise speech–language diagnostic criteria and examined ADHD symptomatology in 108 SSD children between the ages of 4 and 7 years old with specific language impairment (SLI) (n = 23, 14 males, 9 females) and without SLI (n = 85, 49 males, 36 females). We also examined whether a subcategory of SSD, persistent (n = 39, 25 males, 14 females) versus normalized SSD (n = 67, 38 males, 29 females), was associated with ADHD and/or interacted with SLI to predict ADHD symptomatology. Results indicated that participants in the SSD + SLI group had higher rates of inattentive ADHD symptoms than those in the SSD-only and control groups. In addition, an unexpected interaction emerged such that children with SLI and normalized-SSD had significantly higher ADHD inattentive ratings than the other subgroups. A proposed explanation for this interaction is discussed.

BACKGROUND: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is considered a major health problem among school-aged children worldwide. Although there are several instruments to identify children with DCD, none of them are translated into Portuguese and validated to be used in Brazil. OBJECTIVES: Considering that a parent questionnaire is a simple and effective method to screen children with DCD, this study describes the adaptation of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ) and the pilot testing with Brazilian children. METHODS:Translation of the DCDQ into Portuguese was conducted according to current guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of instruments. The questionnaire was completed by parents of 15 children with motor coordination problems and parents of 30 children who were typically developing, matched for age. Five parents randomly selected from each group completed the questionnaire twice, to examine test-retest reliability. The parent's opinion regarding the quality of the questionnaire was recorded. RESULTS: 91% of Brazilian parents reported no difficulty in completing the DCDQ. Examination of psychometric properties revealed that two items had limitations due to cultural differences. After item substitution, sensitivity increased from 0.66 to 0.73 and test-retest reliability from 0.95 to 0.97. Internal consistency also increased from 0.91 to 0.92. CONCLUSIONS:The translated instrument shows potential as a screening tool for children in Brazil and should be further examined. Research with a larger sample is needed in order to define cut-off scores and verify the instrument's validity and clinical utility. The use of the DCDQ will allow the comparison of epidemiological data from different countries.

Introduction: Children with developmental coordination disorder or sensory processing and integration difficulties face challenges to participation in daily living. To date there has been no exploration of the co-occurrence of developmental coordination disorders and sensory processing and integration difficulties. Method: Records of children meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V criteria for developmental coordination disorder (n ¼ 93) age 5 to 12 years were examined. Data on motor skills (Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2) and sensory processing and integration (Sensory Processing Measure) were interrogated. Results: Of the total sample, 88% exhibited some or definite differences in sensory processing and integration. No apparent relationship was observed between motor coordination and sensory processing and integration. The full sample showed high rates of some difficulties in social participation, hearing, body awareness, balance and motion, and planning and ideation. Further, children with co-morbid autistic spectrum disorder showed high rates of difficulties with touch and vision. Conclusion: Most, but not all, children with developmental coordination disorder presented with some difficulties in sensory processing and integration that impacted on their participation in everyday activities. Sensory processing and integration difficulties differed significantly between those with and without co-morbid autistic spectrum disorder.

The aim of this study was (a)to develop an assessment tool (the Democritos Movement Screening Tool for Preschool Children–DEMOST-PRE), designed to provide preschool educators, clinicians and researchers within formation about assessment and screening of the motor proficiency of children aged 4–6 years, aswell as the development and control of movement programmes and (b)to assess its factorial validity. First, tool’s content and face validity were established and its final structure was determined. Then, the DEMOST-PRE was administered to 435 children (197girls) aged 48–71months (M= 60.48 months, SD=6.98). The factor analysis conducted revealed two distinct components. Present evidence combined with the DEMOST-PRE administrative traits make it promising for preschool aged children’s assessment.

The purpose of this study was to examine specific aspects of the reliability and validity of Age Band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition (MABC-2) (Henderson, Sugden, & Barnett, 2007) in Greek preschool children. One hundred and eighty-three children participated in the study; the children ranged in age from 36 to 64 months old (Μ = 50 months, SD = 9 months). Test-retest reliability of the MABC-2 was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Cronbach’s alpha for the items of each motor domain was estimated to determine internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factorial validity of the MABC-2 test. Correlation coefficients among individual item scores and the total score were also calculated to further examine validity. The ICC for all test items was good, except for the drawing trail task, which was moderate. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient values were .51, .70 and .66 for manual dexterity, aiming and catching, and balance, respectively. In the confirmatory factor analysis, goodness-of-fit indices suggested a satisfactory fit of the data to the model. The correlation coefficients between each test item and the total score were moderate. The results suggest that the MABC-2 can be a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of movement difficulties among 3- to 5-year-old children.

Keywords: motor assessment, psychometric properties, DCD