... A morality play The setting municipal hospital emergency ward. Dr Alfred Tauber is taking morning report from the resident on-call, Jim Watson. Tauber: 'Good morning, Dr Watson. Tell me about the cases last night'. Watson:... more
... A morality play The setting municipal hospital emergency ward. Dr Alfred Tauber is taking morning report from the resident on-call, Jim Watson. Tauber: 'Good morning, Dr Watson. Tell me about the cases last night'. Watson: 'Well, we were quite busy. ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Biochemistry, Chemistry, Biology, Phospholipids, Medicine, and 15 moreHumans, Clinical, NADPH oxidase, Neutrophils, Superoxide, Subcellular Fractions, Cell free System, Clinical Investigation, Arachidonic Acid, Nucleotides, Respiratory Burst, Protein Kinase C, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Medical and Health Sciences, and In Vitro Techniques
Resting neutrophils may be “primed” to augmented effector function, eg, superoxide (O2-) production in the respiratory burst, upon a second stimulation with a variety of soluble agonists including formylated methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine... more
Resting neutrophils may be “primed” to augmented effector function, eg, superoxide (O2-) production in the respiratory burst, upon a second stimulation with a variety of soluble agonists including formylated methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). At priming concentrations of FMLP (5 x 10(-9) mol/L) that did not initiate O2- generation, two metabolic activities were noted: (1) approximately a threefold increase in the baseline intracellular calcium (Ca++i) level, that was not dependent on extracellular Ca++, and (2) a rapid rise in intracellular pH that was blocked by 5-(N,N- dimethyl) amiloride (DA), that had no effect on the Ca++i response to priming. Furthermore, there were no significant increases in inositol metabolites in cells primed and stimulated with FMLP compared with cells receiving the stimulating dose of FMLP alone and pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PT) (before the addition of the priming -5 x 10(- 9) mol/L dose of FMLP), whereas ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
In an attempt to reduce clinical laboratory testing, a strategy was designed for a clinician-oriented restriction policy imposed on the laboratory test-ordering mechanism. The program examined the requirement of a written justification to... more
In an attempt to reduce clinical laboratory testing, a strategy was designed for a clinician-oriented restriction policy imposed on the laboratory test-ordering mechanism. The program examined the requirement of a written justification to accompany test requests. Directed justification, where specified conditions were required for test performance, was applied to the prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times and resulted in a mean reduction of 44% (P less than 0.001) in these tests; a nonspecific justification directive for leukocyte differentials, where any clinical condition listed generated the test, reduced differentials 35% (P less than 0.001). The justification policy then was extended more broadly and applied on a trial basis to general medical wards. Although no review was made on validity of listed test rationalizations, the justification process alone significantly reduced four common laboratory tests from 28% (BUN/creatinine) to 45% (electrolytes); significant reductions were not seen in less frequently ordered tests. The authors concluded that the most common clinical laboratory tests may be reduced by demanding that the clinician perform a clerical justification when requesting these tests. This mild restrictive policy in the ordering process allows the clinician to maintain responsibility over laboratory testing, while effectively reducing laboratory volume.
Research Interests:
Without disputing the richness of the original incarnation of the immune self – conceived in segregated terms and defended by immunity – this useful heuristic is undergoing transformation. A relational or dialectical orientation has... more
Without disputing the richness of the original incarnation of the immune self – conceived in segregated terms and defended by immunity – this useful heuristic is undergoing transformation. A relational or dialectical orientation has supplemented this incarnation of selfhood from an exclusive focus on the defensive scenario to one that now accommodates more expansive ecological intercourse, one in which active tolerance allows for cooperative exchanges within both the internal and external environments. This revision that emphasizes communal relationships finds support in the social matrix. Just as the autonomous immune self found its own conceptual coordinates in modernist notions of personal identity, changing cultural values, revised notions of personal identity, and the vast growth of ecological awareness resonate with shifts in theorizing about immunity. Such correspondence highlights the ready movement of potent metaphors between the laboratory and its supporting culture.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
This introduction to human dignity explores the history of the notion from antiquity to the nineteenth century, and the way in which dignity is conceptualised in non-Western contexts. Building on this, it addresses a range of systematic... more
This introduction to human dignity explores the history of the notion from antiquity to the nineteenth century, and the way in which dignity is conceptualised in non-Western contexts. Building on this, it addresses a range of systematic conceptualisations, considers the theoretical and legal conditions for human dignity as a useful notion and analyses a number of philosophical and conceptual approaches to dignity. Finally, the book introduces current debates, paying particular attention to the legal implementation, human rights, justice and conflicts, medicine and bioethics, and provides an explicit systematic framework for discussing human dignity. Adopting a wide range of perspectives and taking into account numerous cultures and contexts, this handbook is a valuable resource for students, scholars and professionals working in philosophy, law, history and theology.
Research Interests:
The generation from arachidonic acid and purification of large quantities of a series of monohydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) which differed only in the position of the hydroxyl group permitted an in vitro analysis of the relative... more
The generation from arachidonic acid and purification of large quantities of a series of monohydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) which differed only in the position of the hydroxyl group permitted an in vitro analysis of the relative effects of the HETEs on a variety of human neutrophil functions. All of the HETEs elicited maximal neutrophil chemotactic responses of comparable magnitude, but the chemotactic potencies exhibited a distinct rank order with 5-HETE greater than 8-HETE:9-HETE (85:15, w:w) greater than 11-HETE=12-L-HETE. Peak chemotactic responses were achieved at concentrations of 1 microgram/ml for 5-HETE, 5 microgram/ml for 8-HETE:9-HETE and 10 microgram/ml for 11-HETE and 12-L-HETE. In the absence of a concentration gradient, the HETEs were similar in potency with respect to the stimulation of neutrophil chemokinesis and the enhancement of the expression of neutrophil C3b receptors. At optimally chemotactic and chemokinetic concentrations, none of the HETEs stimulat...
Research Interests:
Leukotriene C 4 (LTC 4 ) was metabolized by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) into three sets of products. These products differed in mobility on reverse-phase high-performance... more
Leukotriene C 4 (LTC 4 ) was metabolized by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) into three sets of products. These products differed in mobility on reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) from LTC 4 and also from leukotriene D 4 (LTD 4 ) and leukotriene E 4 (LTE 4 ), the sequential products of peptide cleavage of LTC 4 . Products I, II, and III were eluted as doublets with an average retention time for each doublet of 7.5 ± 0.3, 10.5 ± 0.6, and 16.3 ± 1.1 min (mean ± SD), respectively, as compared with 13.8 min for LTC 4 . Doublet I material was biologically inactive and showed <5% of the immunoreactivity of LTC 4 , doublet II material had 1% of the spasmogenic activity of LTC 4 on the guinea pig ileum and was equally immunoreactive, and doublet III material was neither biologically active nor immunoreactive. When [14,15- 3 H]LTC 4 and [ 35 S]LTC 4 were metabolized, all three doublet products retained th...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Bacterial superinfections are the most common cause of mortality during influenza epidemics. Depression of phagocyte functions by influenza A viruses (IAVs) is a likely contributory cause of such infections. We used an in vitro model of... more
Bacterial superinfections are the most common cause of mortality during influenza epidemics. Depression of phagocyte functions by influenza A viruses (IAVs) is a likely contributory cause of such infections. We used an in vitro model of viral depression of neutrophil respiratory burst responses to FMLP and PMA to examine the mechanism of IAV-induced phagocyte deactivation. Respiratory burst responses or intracellular calcium mobilization were triggered by the virus itself, but these were not causally related to deactivation. By treating neutrophils with neuraminidase, and by use of purified IAV hemagglutinin (HA) preparations, cross-linking of sialic acid-bearing neutrophil surface components by the IAV HA was shown to be responsible for deactivation. IAV competed for binding to neutrophils with Abs directed against CD43, sialyl-Le", CD45, and gangliosides. Deactivation could be reproduced by treating neutrophils with anti-CD43 or-sialyl-Le " Abs in the absence of IAV. How...
Research Interests: Electron Microscopy, Biology, Medicine, Humans, Animals, and 15 moreBlood, Monoclonal Antibodies, Glycoproteins, Clinical Sciences, Neutrophils, influenza A virus, Protein Conformation, Hemagglutination, Collectins, Respiratory Burst, immunoglobulin G, Sialic Acids, Chick embryo, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology, and Paediatrics and reproductive medicine
Research Interests: History()
()
I: Historical Perspectives.- Introduction: Speculations Concerning the Origins of the Self.- Editor's Comments to Lowy.- The Immunological Construction of the Self.- II: The Immune / Cognitive Self.- Editor's Comments to Varela,... more
I: Historical Perspectives.- Introduction: Speculations Concerning the Origins of the Self.- Editor's Comments to Lowy.- The Immunological Construction of the Self.- II: The Immune / Cognitive Self.- Editor's Comments to Varela, Chernyak and Tauber.- Organism: A Meshwork of Selfless Selves.- The Dialectical Self: Immunology's Contribution.- Editor's Comments to Root-Bernstein.- Self, Nonself, and the Paradoxes of Autoimmunity.- III: Evolution of the Self.- Editor's Comments to Foster and Sarkar.- Directed Mutation in Escherichia coli: Theory and Mechanisms.- Lamarck contre Darwin, Reduction versus Statistics: Conceptual Issues in the Controversy over Directed Mutagenesis in Bacteria.- Editorial Comments to Sober by Sarkar.- Organisms, Individuals, and Units of Selection.- Editor's Comments to Williamson.- Sequential Chimeras.- Editor's Comments to Gilbert.- The Role of Embryonic Induction in Creating Self.- Epilogue: The Uncut Self.
Research Interests:
Immunology is one of the unique products of the darwinian age--born in the controversies of that fresh announcement that all species, including ourselves, were not static entities, but subject to change as a result of the vicissitudes of... more
Immunology is one of the unique products of the darwinian age--born in the controversies of that fresh announcement that all species, including ourselves, were not static entities, but subject to change as a result of the vicissitudes of time and circumstance. Darwinism postulated an everchanging species defined by evolutionary necessity. In this scheme, the organism is not given, but evolves. Always adapting, it is always changing. Thus, this raises the core issue of organismal identity as a problem. Here, Alfred Tauber explores the concept of self and traces the development of the term from Metchnikoff&#39;s theory that immunity resides in the active pursuit of identity.
Research Interests:
In 1910, Sigmund Freud published Five Lectures on Psycho-analysis, a short work that not only summarised a therapy but, more deeply, set the agenda that would recast the human soul in a new humane psych-ology. Despite his vilification as... more
In 1910, Sigmund Freud published Five Lectures on Psycho-analysis, a short work that not only summarised a therapy but, more deeply, set the agenda that would recast the human soul in a new humane psych-ology. Despite his vilification as a pseudo-scientist by behaviourists and others, and then his co-option by postmodernists for their own anti-humanist programme, Freud remains the key architect of the Human over the past century, and perhaps our best hope for the next.
Research Interests:
How to place medical ethics more firmly into medical practice continues to be a central concern of physician training and practice. One strategy is to make medical ethics an explicit focus of attention in the medical record. A separate... more
How to place medical ethics more firmly into medical practice continues to be a central concern of physician training and practice. One strategy is to make medical ethics an explicit focus of attention in the medical record. A separate section of the medical chart, one integral to clinical evaluations and ongoing progress notes, should be devised to articulate both the obvious and less apparent ethical issues pertinent to each patient. This so-called Ethical Concerns section is designed to proactively identify such problems and thereby raise these issues as part of routine evaluation and care. The historical developments and ethical challenges leading to the need for such a revision in record-keeping is reviewed.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Commensal and pathogenic organisms employ camouflage and mimicry to mediate mutualistic interactions and predator escape. However, the immune mechanisms accounting for the establishment and maintenance of symbiotic bacterial populations... more
Commensal and pathogenic organisms employ camouflage and mimicry to mediate mutualistic interactions and predator escape. However, the immune mechanisms accounting for the establishment and maintenance of symbiotic bacterial populations are poorly understood.Apromisinghypothesis suggests that molecular mimicry, a condition in which different organisms share common antigens, is amechanismof establishing tolerance between commensals and their hosts. On this view, certain bacteria maymimic the structural features of some of their host’s T-cell receptors (TCRs), namely those that survive thymic selection due to their lack of complementarity to self-antigens. With such “holoimmunity” the mimicking micro-organisms avoid immune recognition as the copied TCRs become mirror images of an extended super-organismal self, consisting of symbiotic and host antigens. Accordingly, analysis of genomic andmetagenomic data suggests a tripartite mimicry between TCRs, self-antigens, and commensal antigens that would serve as the basis for immune tolerance between these populations. And conversely, in an autoimmune scenario, both symbiotic microbes and the mimicked host tissue would be targeted for immune destruction. A recent report offers support for a large shared antigen pool: Calculations of the putative number of combinations of amino acids that TCRs can bind is 3.2 million, and 75.4% of these possible combinations are present in the human proteome and as many as 91.4% of them can be found on commensal bacteria as well. This assessment has possible significance inasmuch as microbial peptides similar to human peptides are generally less immunogenic than other microbial molecules and thus peripheral immune-modulation is likely. Indeed, the functional relevance of a large shared antigen pool is suggested by a study of the role of T-cell-exposed integrase motifs expressed by Bacteroides commensals in non-obese diabetic mice. These motifs, almost identical in sequence to human pancreatic β cell autoantigens, are presented by intestinal pro-inflammatory dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8þ T-cells, which, after being activated, prevent intestinal inflammation by destroying these DCs. Hence, peptide mimics can actively suppress destructive responses and, furthermore, instead of just increasing risk of pathological autoimmunity the mimicry may also promote tolerance as Root-Bernstein originally proposed.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
With Darwin, a materialistic basis was established for explaining the emergence and transformation of species, shaking to its very foundation the preceding conception of natural order. By the end of the last century, it was generally... more
With Darwin, a materialistic basis was established for explaining the emergence and transformation of species, shaking to its very foundation the preceding conception of natural order. By the end of the last century, it was generally recognized that the crucial role played by Darwin was the introduction of historical analysis to the center of biological thinking. Both the species and the organism became less entities than processes, dynamically evolving and ever-different. Being was fully realized as a Heraclitean flux, a becoming. This metaphysical revolution of how we would henceforth regard time, the biological world, and most fundamentally, ourselves, was the challenge to which Friedrich Nietzsche responded; and in that response he challenged the pre-Darwinian notions of health. Specifically, what Bernard had championed as the “normal,” a stable interior milieu (or what Walter Cannon would later call “homeostasis”), Nietzsche would endeavor to replace with inner turmoil as the essence of biological function. While evolutionary biologists would refer to “fitness,” Nietzsche would pervade his entire philosophy with the elusive maximal adaptation of the striving organism. This struggle was directed towards some unspecified and unknowable ideal, and Nietzsche invoked this struggle as the essence of health.
Research Interests:
... by The American Association of Copyright ©1973 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814 ...ALFRED I. TAUBER, ~ MICHAEL KALINER, DANIEL J. STECHSCHULTE, 4 AND K. FRANK AUSTEN ... the Departments of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and... more
... by The American Association of Copyright ©1973 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814 ...ALFRED I. TAUBER, ~ MICHAEL KALINER, DANIEL J. STECHSCHULTE, 4 AND K. FRANK AUSTEN ... the Departments of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Robert B. Brigham ...
Research Interests:
... reflections on the nature of nature: revolution, reformation, restoration 139 STANLEY ROSEN/Remarks on human nature in Plato 151 STEPHEN SCULLY/The nature of the gods and early Greek poetic thought 163 ABNER SHIMONY/The relationship... more
... reflections on the nature of nature: revolution, reformation, restoration 139 STANLEY ROSEN/Remarks on human nature in Plato 151 STEPHEN SCULLY/The nature of the gods and early Greek poetic thought 163 ABNER SHIMONY/The relationship ... (11) All Saints' Day... ...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Biology()
()
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
... The ethical thread of care is thereby inextricably woven into the epistemological project simply ... out a particular response to the latter criticism about medicine&#39;s seeming abandonment of its more ... Critical to the... more
... The ethical thread of care is thereby inextricably woven into the epistemological project simply ... out a particular response to the latter criticism about medicine&#39;s seeming abandonment of its more ... Critical to the development of modern science was precisely this pro-cess by which ...
Research Interests:
Beginning with an analysis of Ludwik Fleck’s constructionist concepts, Lowy has provided a historical synopsis of immunology’s notions of the Self. The power of Fleck’s argument that a scientific fact derives meaning from multiple sources... more
Beginning with an analysis of Ludwik Fleck’s constructionist concepts, Lowy has provided a historical synopsis of immunology’s notions of the Self. The power of Fleck’s argument that a scientific fact derives meaning from multiple sources and context, and is essentially derivative from a “thought collective” of divergent and heterogenous resources, remains a central concern for epistemologists of scientific knowledge. We find it particularly conductive to a “dialectical” sensitivity, which Lowy has illustrated for the case of immunology, a discipline clearly wedged between the thought styles of biological (holistic) and chemical (reductionist) approaches. She concludes that it is the dialogical processes demanded by interaction of these alternate thought styles that has yielded both expansion of each and their ever growing synthesis. It is in the “indeterminacy” of such key concept as organism and the Self that demands interactive investigation and receptivity to various modes of inquiry. Precisely in this refracted vision of the Self is dynamic dialogue demanded. This rationale has served to unite the divergent approaches presented in this anthology under such a constructionist principle.
It seems plausible to suppose that the Self and the individual arise together, at least insofar as the biological Self is concerned. After all any notion of the Self in biology must surely be more general than the one that philosophers... more
It seems plausible to suppose that the Self and the individual arise together, at least insofar as the biological Self is concerned. After all any notion of the Self in biology must surely be more general than the one that philosophers conventionally assume, namely, that it is connected inherently with what humans call “consciousness.” But, what is the individual? Even within biology different disciplines might well choose to construe it differently. The biochemist might choose to emphasize reasonably decoupled chemical cycles, that is, those cycles in which the interactions within are much stronger than those of the cycle as a whole. The molecular biologist might well choose other (generally simpler) mechanisms. Are they all individuals? From some philosophical points of view — those of Carnap and Quine, for example—there is no factual issue to be settled here: it is all a matter of convention, a matter for choice on pragmatic rather than “substantial” criteria. From other points of view, such as those of the “scientific realists,” there is an ontological issue of great importance here and one that has to be settled by a careful consideration of the biology of the processes involved.
Defining the operative ideology of the biological sciences is in the midst of re-assessment. Confidence in the chemo-mechanical reductive model is in continued debate, and the issue appears to focus on the organism, which has fallen... more
Defining the operative ideology of the biological sciences is in the midst of re-assessment. Confidence in the chemo-mechanical reductive model is in continued debate, and the issue appears to focus on the organism, which has fallen between two seemingly crushing spheres of thought—molecular/cellular biology, on the one hand, and behavioral/ecological biology, on the other. As a physician, I participate in this discussion with the least well-defined discipline at his calling. Medicine at the end of the 20th century relies on contributions from technology, physics, chemistry, psychology as integral to its practice as the biological sciences. As a result, we do not possess a well-defined theory of medicine, a self-contained system of its own principles, by which it exclusively pursues expansion of its knowledge base or regulates its intellectual and practical activities. It borrows from everywhere, and in the process appears as a patchwork quilt, in places highly developed and precisely effective, and in others, painfully devoid of any reasonable hypothesis or therapy [1]. Success in areas amenable to mechanical models (i.e. orthopedics, cardiovascular surgery) or military metaphor (antimicrobial therapy) has been staggering. But such principles are not necessarily applicable to more complex systems based on hierarchical construction, such as the immune or nervous systems, or in developing strategies against cancer or AIDS.
The papers by Foster and Sarkar are essentially a dialogue and to complement each other, comprehensively review the current argument of whether the environment induces genomic responses in bacteria. The basic issue dates at least to the... more
The papers by Foster and Sarkar are essentially a dialogue and to complement each other, comprehensively review the current argument of whether the environment induces genomic responses in bacteria. The basic issue dates at least to the early 19th century. Although Lamarck is often credited with having been the first major proponent of the idea of organic evolution, he is probably most often associated with the infamous notion of acquired heredity (broadly accepted at the time) presented in Zoological Philosophy (1809). The first part of his case was correct, when he observed that “the environment affects the shape and organization of animals,” not directly, but by the sequence of “altered need” leading to “changed functions.” Clearly his notions of how this evolution might be affected, and inherited, pre-dated Darwinian selection and our modern Synthetic Theory, where we understand the environment serving only to select given genetic fitnesses from an ever changing genomic library. However as a result of recent studies, evidence for a Neo-Lamarckian mechanism for evolutionary change is now being considered; Foster and Sarkar summarize and critically examine this recent research to present the case of an adaptive genome in a balanced perspective.
Research Interests:
This paper accurately presents Don Williamson’s lectures at Boston University and later given at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. To experts who were present, Don’s hypothesis was far-fetched, if not simply outrageous. This... more
This paper accurately presents Don Williamson’s lectures at Boston University and later given at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. To experts who were present, Don’s hypothesis was far-fetched, if not simply outrageous. This incredulous reception was well-expected, since the original theoretical paper published in Progress in Oceanography [19: 87–116, 1988] had been rejected by eight other journals.
Research Interests:
Nietzsche and Foucault are easily linked. Foucault disconcerts (Taylor 1986, p. 69), Nietzsche confounds, allures and forbids (Heller 1988, p. 17). Both are “prophets of extremity” (Megill 1985), sharing a severe skepticism of knowledge,... more
Nietzsche and Foucault are easily linked. Foucault disconcerts (Taylor 1986, p. 69), Nietzsche confounds, allures and forbids (Heller 1988, p. 17). Both are “prophets of extremity” (Megill 1985), sharing a severe skepticism of knowledge, a radical perspectivism for methodological analysis, and an overarching aestheticism. Each might be read as a “determined joker” (Foot 1991), not literally but ironically, not as guides but as opponents, whose work, like that of an artist, exists “in a state of tension with the given.” (Megill 1985, p. 315) Not only did Foucault himself address his indebtedness to Nietzsche, he has been called “Nietzsche’s closest successor” (Megill 1985, p. 30), based on the comparison both of the manifest product and methodology of their respective critiques; when Foucault summarizes his endeavor to create a history of the different modes by which, in our culture, human beings are made subjects (that is to say, the objectivization of the individual and his subjection to control (Foucault 1983a, p. 208)), there is a strong resemblance to Nietzsche’s orientation. But Foucault’s most obvious intersection with Nietzsche concerns genealogical analysis that probes the developmental process by which man has become an “object” — as opposed to his self-asserted “subjectedness.”
Research Interests:
The conjunction of aesthetics and science conjures up a mixed reaction. Their connection dates at least to the Pythagoreans who sought harmony and order in nature as underlying principles of cosmic law. And a wrenching disjunction... more
The conjunction of aesthetics and science conjures up a mixed reaction. Their connection dates at least to the Pythagoreans who sought harmony and order in nature as underlying principles of cosmic law. And a wrenching disjunction occurred sometime in the mid-nineteenth century, when in a series of final complex cultural and intellectual blows, the natural philosophers became scientists and the moral-philosophers, humanists. A widening schism over the next century evolved into what C. P. Snow called the Two Cultures (Snow, 1959). To be sure, the respective roots of art and science separated at the beginning of the modern period, but did not clearly diverge until quite recently. The distinctions between scientist and poet was well underway by the Victorian period. We note that in 1839, when Charles Darwin invoked the “philosophical naturalist” (Beagle Journal) or Robert Knox employed the term, “Philosophic anatomy”, such philosophical workers were interested in discovering the laws of nature, not merely in describing nature. In the process they re-defined natural history and established the science of biology (Rehbock, 1983). Hermann Helmholtz initiated and then completed a materialistic and mechanical program to study organic phenomena, by leading the German reductionist revolt in the 1840s that aspired to reduce organic phenomena to the principles of chemistry and physics (Galaty, 1974; Kremer, 1990).
Research Interests:
... It is a theme that has commanded central attention in Western thought, as it captures the ancient conflict of Apollo and Dionysus over what deserves to order our thought and serve as the aspiration of our cultural efforts. The ...
Research Interests: Art()
()