Sodium

Troxacitabine (Troxatyl; BCH-4556; (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-oxacytidine), a deoxycytidine analogue with an unusual dioxolane structure and nonnatural L-configuration, has potent antitumor activity in animal models and is in clinical trials against human malignancies. The current work ...

Dedicated and specialized radiofrequency coils are critical for high quality musculoskeletal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dedicated coils improve the signal to noise ratio, allowing for faster or higher resolution examinations. Transmit-receive coils can reduce heating at high field strength. Finally, novel radiofrequency coils can be used for assessment of tissue biochemistry, as seen with sodium MRI.

Background Remaining edema-free is a challenge for many automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients, especially those with fast (“high”) transport characteristics. Although increased use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions with high glucose concentrations may improve volume control, frequent use of such solutions is undesirable. Methods We used the 3-pore kinetic model to evaluate 4 alternative therapy prescriptions for the APD day exchange in anuric patients with high, high-average, and low-average transport characteristics. Four prescriptions were modeled: Therapy 1: Optimal, individualized dwell times with a dry period Therapy 2: Use of a midday exchange Therapy 3: Use of an icodextrin-containing dialysate during a 14-hour dwell Therapy 4: Use of optimal, individualized dwell times, followed by an icodextrin dwell to complete the daytime period The alternative therapies were compared with a reference standard therapy using glucose solution during a 14-hour dwell. The nighttime...

We studied the changes in blood glucose concentration in blood samples collected in heparinized specimen tubes containing no other preservative, or containing NaF, D-mannose, or a combination of NaF and D-mannose. Blood concentration in samples taken into NaF decreased by 0.40 mmol/L in the first 2 h; thereafter, there was no change. In samples collected into mannose there was a small but significant decrease in blood glucose concentration with time. When samples containing mannose were analyzed immediately after collection, the concentration of glucose was higher than in later analyses, probably because of an exchange of intracellular glucose for extracellular mannose. When a combination of NaF and mannose was used, the blood glucose concentration was relatively stable but slightly higher than nonpreserved samples for the next 24 h. However, samples containing mannose were unsuitable for electrolyte analysis. We conclude that a combination of D-mannose and NaF may be a better prese...

Traumatic injury is a leading cause of death worldwide for people between 5 and 44 y of age, and it accounts for 10% of all deaths. The incidence of acute lung injury, a life-threatening complication in severely injured trauma patients remains between 30% and 50%. This study describes an experimental protocol of volume-controlled hemorrhage in Landrace-Large White swine. The experimental approach simulated the clinical situation associated with hemorrhagic shock in the trauma patient while providing controlled conditions to maximize reproducibility. The duration of the protocol was 8 h and was divided into 5 distinct phases-stabilization, hemorrhage, maintenance, resuscitation, and observation-after which the swine were euthanized. Lung tissue samples were analyzed histologically. All swine survived the protocol. The hemodynamic responses accurately reflected those seen in humans, and the development of acute lung injury was consistent among all swine. This experimental protocol of ...

Endothelin (ET) peptides and their receptors are intimately involved in the physiological control of systemic blood pressure and body Na homeostasis, exerting these effects through alterations in a host of circulating and local factors. Hormonal systems affected by ET include natriuretic peptides, aldosterone, catecholamines, and angiotensin. ET also directly regulates cardiac output, central and peripheral nervous system activity, renal Na and water excretion, systemic vascular resistance, and venous capacitance. ET regulation of these systems is often complex, sometimes involving opposing actions depending on which receptor isoform is activated, which cells are affected, and what other prevailing factors exist. A detailed understanding of this system is important; disordered regulation of the ET system is strongly associated with hypertension and dysregulated extracellular fluid volume homeostasis. In addition, ET receptor antagonists are being increasingly used for the treatment ...

To investigate the effect of manipulating the alcohol and sodium content of beer on fluid restoration following exercise. Seven male volunteers exercised on a cycle ergometer until 1.96 ± 0.25% body mass (mean±SD) was lost. Participants were then randomly allocated a different beer to consume on four separate occasions. Drinks included a low-alcohol beer (2.3% ABV; LightBeer), a low-alcohol beer with 25 mmol×L-1 of added sodium (LightBeer+25), a full-strength beer (4.8% ABV; Beer), or a full-strength beer with 25 mmol×L-1 of added sodium (Beer+25). Volumes consumed were equivalent to 150% of body mass loss during exercise and were consumed over a 1h period. Body mass and urine samples were obtained before and hourly for 4 hr after beverage consumption. Significantly enhanced net fluid balance was achieved following the LightBeer+25 trial (-1.02 ±0.35 kg) compared with the Beer (-1.59±0.32 kg) and Beer+25 (-1.64 ±0.28 kg) treatments. Accumulated urine output was significantly lower i...

To investigate whether knowledge of the diet and medical consequences of noncompliance influences dietary compliance among patients on hemodialysis. An interviewer-administered questionnaire assessed patients' knowledge of foods restricted in their diet (four separate scores for knowledge of foods restricted for: potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and fluid); overall knowledge of restricted foods (one composite knowledge score); and knowledge of medical complications of dietary noncompliance (one composite knowledge score). Patients' mean monthly serum phosphorus and potassium and weight charts provided an estimate of dietary compliance. Seventy-one of the eligible 82 patients on hemodialysis at Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK, participated in the study (87% response rate). Chi(2) tests determined associations between dietary compliance and knowledge scores. More than one third of patients were noncompliant with at least one dietary restriction. Phosphorus dietary restrictions were the most commonly abused and potassium the least. Patients' knowledge of the medical consequences of noncompliance was poorer than knowledge of renal dietary restrictions (mean scores 29.4%; 74.7%). There was no association between compliance with potassium or sodium/fluid restrictions and knowledge of these dietary restrictions. However, patients with better knowledge about phosphorus were less likely to be compliant (P=.03). Patients with better knowledge about the medical complications of noncompliance were less likely to be compliant for phosphorus (P=.002) and sodium/fluid (P=.008) restrictions. These findings question the value of current dietary education techniques in motivating patients to comply with dietary restrictions. Instead of the more traditional approach of information-giving, effective educational methods that focus on motivating patients to comply with dietary restrictions are needed to improve compliance.

Diffusive sodium removal has been recommended to control hypertension in hemodialysis patients. Recent evidence on hospitalizations and mortality, however, challenged the benefit of lower dialysate sodium prescriptions and ignited a debate in the dialysis community. We therefore studied the relationship between dialysate sodium and blood pressure over the longer term. We used multiply adjusted linear mixed models to estimate the association between dialysate sodium and predialysis systolic blood pressure (SBP) as well as change in SBP (delta SBP; postdialysis minus predialysis) in 23,962 patients from the international Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. We found that 43% of hemodialysis facilities had variable (individualized) dialysate sodium prescriptions (125-155 mEq/L), whereas 57% had uniform dialysate sodium prescriptions (135-145 mEq/L) for ≥90% patients. Between-group comparisons of these 2 facility types suggested that dialysate sodium, when variably prescribed,...

Paracetamol IP traditionally considered as a NSAID, is an
effective analgesic and antipyretic drug available as over the
counter without prescription. Paracetamol IP is used widely in all
age groups and it has intensely bitter taste which makes it difficult
to administer in children. The current study is an attempt to
develop transdermal patches of Paracetamol IP for paediatric
patients by solvent evaporation method (with slight modifications)
using a hydrophilic polymer, Na CMC in combination with
polyvinyl pyrrolidone and glycerin as plasticizer. To improve the
effective permeation of Paracetamol IP through skin, permeation
enhancers such as 5% of oleic acid, menthol and ethanol are
incorporated. All the developed transdermal patches showed
desired properties of an ideal TDDS and followed ideal zero order
kinetics. Formulation containing 5% menthol as permeation
enhancer showed higher release rates.