Rural Development

This paper explores arts festivals in terms of their relationship to local economic development within the rural island region of Orkney in Scotland. Fourteen qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with arts festival organisers, tourism representatives and local volunteers during the summer festival season. The findings offer new insights into the factors affecting how arts festivals impact the local economy; the areas of the local economy that are affected by arts festivals; and the implications of funding from awarding bodies on the endogenous development of arts festivals. For instance, it is concluded that supporting the cultural values of locals is vital to the economic success of rural arts festivals through a strategic design in the combined integration of minimised paid staff and maximised volunteers. Furthermore, it is revealed how in certain cases the initial retention of funding may benefit start-up arts festivals in terms of strategic development of their...

The limits of the planet and of natural  resources  impede  pursuing  the  modern  project  based  on  permanent
growth  and  represent  a  major  challenge  for  humanity.  Drawing on an  agency-centred  approach,  this paper addresses two two  major  questions:
‘Who are the social actors who challenge the normative orientation at the core of modernization and promote alternative values and practices that may contribute to the rise of a global age, or may embody glimpses of a global age society?’ and ‘Can we grasp some dimensions of life and society in the global age  by studying current social movements?  ’

Introduction
If “culture is more and more the business of cities” (Zukin 1995, 2), to what extent do cultural activities become mechanisms for rural economic, social, and educational development? New thinking about the cultural economy (Storper and Scott 2009) suggests that the alchemy of a lively cultural “buzz” to place making and economic growth (Florida 2002) is not restricted to the postindustrial urban scenes of the big city (Davoudi 2003; Denis-Jacob 2011; Donald 2008), although scholarly attention to the intersection of culture and economic regeneration in rural, remote areas and small cities has languished in global cultural circuits. Overlooked in the staples period by typical instrumental approaches to regional economic development, cultural economies might allow small cities and communities of varying scales and degrees of embeddedness in regional economies and nearby rural regions to benefit from “thinking big” about what is achievable despite apparent limitations in scale (Bell and Jayne 2009). However, this requires that current modes of strategic policy and planning change. Although there is growing consensus that amenity and lifestyle factors – including the presence of a senior population with disposable income (Denis-Jacob 2011) – play important roles in population growth in small cities reasonably close to larger ones, and new empirical evidence of the movement of certain classes of artists–creators, our attention here is on the understudied policy ensembles available to small cities and towns in seeding a creative economy and competing for the “creative class,” albeit in different forms and different degrees than metropolitan centres (Lewis and Donald 2010; Petrov 2007).
Based on current theory and planning practice that recognize cross-pollination among cultural, creative, and experiential activities (Boggs 2009), this chapter argues that the traditional policy and planning polarization, in which economic and regional development strategies prioritize staples-based resource industries while cultural policies generally stress the social aspects of community development, can no longer continue. Economic, social, and cultural policy agendas must become better coordinated to direct more attention to the significance of cultural industries and to embrace regional cooperative cultural development approaches embedded within the transformations of non-metropolitan communities. Although we concede the intrinsic, aesthetic, historical, and representative value of culture, our focus here is specifically on how culture can contribute to the broader development goals of small communities. We consider effective social transformation to imply balanced, sustainable, and endogenous cultural–economic development.
We examine four general approaches or pathways to this end, providing examples to illustrate how they have been adopted in various small cities, which we believe are useful exemplars for other rural communities. Although all approaches have shown success in various communities, we argue that an ecological approach can bring about economic, social, and cultural transformation most effectively in smaller communities. Theoretically indebted to emerging theories on the social economy, an ecological approach is grounded in cultural-led economic regeneration that fosters spatial and sectoral clusters, networks together both for-profit and non-profit actors, and reinstates new bases for regional cultural cooperation and competition. We focus on small cities and communities in British Columbia that show strong rates of transformation, with references to Canadian and international developments where appropriate.

In December 2018, the United Nations adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas. UNDROP is the product of 17 years of struggle by La Via Campesina, other transnational agrarian movements and allies that included NGOs, states, UN mandate holders, and academics. It recognises the dignity of rural populations, their contributions to global food production, and their ‘special relationship’ to land, water and nature, as well as their vulnerabilities to eviction, hazardous working conditions and political repression. It reiterates rights protected in other instruments and sets new standards for individual and collective rights to land and natural resources, seeds, biodiversity and food sovereignty. This Grassroots Voices forum includes interviews and articles by activists in the UNDROP campaign: peasants from Indonesia, Belgium, France, Germany, Senegal and Argentina; a US farmworker leader; a women’s rights activist from Spain; a Bolivian diplomat; the Indian leader of a transnational Catholic farmers’ movement; an advocate for fishers from Uganda; a Swiss jurist; a Mexican indigenous rights leader; and human rights advocates from the NGOs CETIM and FIAN. They describe a new kind of people’s diplomacy and an innovative, bottom-up process of building alliances, lobbying, and authoring international law.

The world is experiencing unprecedented demographic transformation. In the second half of the 20th century human populations expanded more rapidly than at any time in our history – from approximately 2.6 billion people in 1950 to 6.1 billion by 2000. Current estimates project that by the close of the 21st century there may be around 11 billion people alive on Earth (UNPD, 2017). Nevertheless, there is another story taking place behind this extraordinary growth. In 2018 nearly half of the world’s countries show lower than replacement human fertility, and 33 countries are experiencing decreasing populations (GBD 2017 Collaborators, 2018). This turnaround is mainly associated with a combination of higher levels of development and increasing urbanisation. In Asia, Japan is in the vanguard. Its Total Fertility Rate (TFR) has remained below population replacement since 1974 (MIC, 2019). Demographers knew then that, if conditions persisted and without replacement migration, Japan would experience ageing and, eventually, population decrease. Conditions have persisted and, sure enough, in 2008 Japan’s population began to decrease. Currently Japan is the only shrinking country in Asia, but others are following, including China and South Korea. Beyond Asia, much of Eastern Europe is shrinking, and the European Union is ageing and, cumulatively, anticipated to start shrinking before mid-century. Even immigration friendly countries such as New Zealand and Canada are experiencing sub-national processes of ageing and shrinkage (Jackson & Cameron, 2018; Sims & Ward, 2017) and some Latin American countries – Costa Rica, Chile and Cuba – now report below replacement fertility (UNPD, 2017).

Long considered as an exotic weave, in the eyes of designer’s and consumers alike, Ikat in its Bandha avatar in Odisha has really grown into the gold standard. The design expertise and finesse of work here has rendered it as a veritable classic. And now designers are looking at it in a whole different light. Today it is used as a mainstream high fashion textile. But it has still a lot of ground to cover to become an indomitable force. Opportunities have also brought forth the challenges that need to be addressed first. For long, this weave had been seen as a heritage textile by the weavers, who pass on the knowhow from one generation to another, leaning closer to be used in classic style Indian attire like saris. Those who feel a little less adventurous are taking the design ethos of the fabric and turning it on its head. Engineered combinations of two or more motif/pattern styles come into play to shed the old-school single ideology weave. In recent memory, a lot of fashion shows by reputed designers were focused on Ikat.This paper will highlight the areas related to contemporary styling and how the traditional motif/pattern style  are manupulated by different desiners throughout the world.Looking at the enourmus potential of Ikat application there is need to have an eye towards adressing the issue of productivity also by which we can asses the socioeconomic growth and able to provde better solutions to ikkat weavers community.
Key Words: Bandha,Ikat,Motif, Pattern,Weave,Community

This book aims to analyze the local meaning and practices of food sovereignty in Egypt. The study based on fieldwork in two villages in Upper Egypt. Using agrarian political economy and sociological approaches, we analyze How do local food systems diverge and intersect with the global food system? The results of the study deepening our understanding of food sovereignty at the local level and it may help in building an alternative food system based on food sovereignty principles.
The book contains six chapters, an introduction, and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with theoretical concepts, methodology, and description of the study villages, while the second chapter analyzes the history of urban-rural relations and agrarian transformations in Egypt. The third and fourth deals with the food sovereignty challenge at the local level and the integration of small farmers in the global market, while the fifth chapter deals with the small farmer's strategies to secure minimum food sovereignty for their families, and the sixth chapter discuss women in local food sovereignty strategies.

The purpose of this special issue is to advance heterodox
reconstructions of agrarian Marxism on the occasion of Marx’s
200th birth anniversary. Scholarship on the origins of agrarian
capitalism and the contrasts between agrarian and industrial
capitalism have been a vital part of debates over and within
Marxism for more than a century and have been central to the
social scientific and historical understandings of the modern world
system. At the same time, since the seminal debates associated
with the ‘classical agrarian question,’ agrarian studies is marked by
durable tensions and polarities in theoretical approach. While
Marxists have long criticized ‘populists’ for ignoring capitalism and
class, populists have charged Marxists with historical determinism.
It is the premise of this special issue that much of this debate has
reached something of an impasse. This is in part because new
empirical work addressing the complex contemporary patterns
and conjunctures of global agrarian capitalism, and because new
and generative theoretical reconstructions of Marxism itself, offer
exciting new horizons. Contributions to this special issue help
point the way beyond this impasse, and illustrate that agrarian
Marxism remains a dynamic theoretical program that offers
powerful insights into agrarian change and politics in the twentyfirst
century.

Brazil has endured multiple political, economic, and environmental crises-and now the COVID-19 pandemic-which have drawn social inequalities into razor sharp relief. This contribution analyzes the resilience of rural families facing these crises in southern Bahia. These families have benefited from various redistributive policies over the years, including redistributive land reforms (RLRs), conditional cash transfers (CCTs), and recent emergency aid (EA) payments related to the pandemic. Each (re)distributive approach involves different notions of distributive justice informed by competing background theories of "the good, " which hold implications for concepts of resilience. Drawing on long-term research with RLR communities in Bahia, this article considers the gains achieved by different redistributive programs. Families who acquired land through RLR projects appear more resilient, especially in the face of crisis.

"This book took around a decade to write. Three of us, coming from different
locations and contexts, coming from different histories, experiences and lived
lives, coming from different intellectual traditions, shared some initial thoughts. Our sharing showed that we were confronted with a related kind of problem: what do we make of the contemporary, a contemporary marked by a certain incitement to discourse on globalization. What indeed is globalization? What do we mean by ‘global’? What do we make of ‘global capitalism’? What indeed is global capitalism? Where then is the ‘local’?
Given that Marx provided an analysis of nineteenth century European
capitalism, what conceptual handles or windows can Marx offer today? Can he offer anything? Would we at all turn to him for an understanding, interpretation and explanation of contemporary capitalism? Or would he be irrelevant in the Southern situation, given the birth of his theory in a western context? Do concepts travel? Would his concepts be relevant in another culture and another time? How do we conceptualize Marxism in the South, if at all and why at all? Could we at all conceptualize a Marxism that was turned to the South? How would we attend to the scorn of the cultural difference theorist who would say that Marxism’s western moorings impart a certain incommensurability to its invocation in non-Western realities? How would we do away with the near religio-scientific belief of the Universalist who would see the possibility of a ‘core applicability’ of Marxism transcending (non-Western) particularities? Would a rethinking of Marxian questions and concerns in the South mean a radical displacement of much of Marxism; such that Marxism becomes aboriginal —that is, both, ‘other than the original’ as also ‘singed with a certain aboriginality’?
Would it also mean a rethinking of the very description and meaning of the
South that has hitherto hegemonized us? Would it mean a rethinking of the
category of ‘third world’—third world as the representative category for any
description of the South? Taking off from questions as to why and how Marxism could matter in the context of the South, it appeared to us that both western Marxism and third world as is usually deployed in classical and conventional renditions are deeply problematic. Even the bulk of the so-called critique of modernity, whether they be postmodern or postcolonial, falter when faced with the third world. A culturalist critique would tend to forget capital; and an economistic critique is inclined towards putting aside the question of modernity. Resultantly, the specificity as also the burden of the history and the experience of colonial modernity and the evolution of (indigenous) capitalism, all of these in their overdetermined and contradictory imbrications, remain unaccounted for at a more theoretical level. This theoretical problem, by no means peculiar to Marxism, acquires additional urgency in a Marxian space since western Marxism has never really faced up to the category of third world; nor has it come face to face with the experience–language–logic–ethos of the South. Rather, it has often turned away from this encounter; such a turning away is perhaps reflective of an implicit Orientalism. Whether in the North or South, wittingly or unwittingly, irrespective of ideological dispositions, the efforts to rethink Marxism and third world in the Southern space have, with few exceptions, remained forestalled. For us therefore, the more pressing questions are related to how Marxist theory would encounter the specificity of third world. In turn, how would third world encounter Marxism? How do the understandings of Marxism and third world change because of this encounter? This book deals with these questions; it proposes in the process the inauguration of a counter concept ‘world of the third’.

This work thereafter fleshes out a description of world of the third, and of its
encounter with global capitalism, with India as the site of analysis and in the
context of the present phase of globalization. Indeed, globalization has been a recurring sub-theme in the encounter of the ‘rest’ with the West and the current phase represents another passage, with its own unique effects, of this ongoing encounter. By virtue of its unique disposition, Marxian questions tuned to world of the third enunciate a quite different trajectory of explaining and understanding this encounter.

However, one may still ask: why invent a new name world of the third? Does
a change in name solve the problem? Naming has to it a colonizing hue, especially in the South. Nobody has borne the consequences of the cultural imputations involved in naming more than the Southern people. Southern thinkers, to name a few, Franz Fanon, Che Guevara, Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore and Krishnachandra Bhattacharya (author of Swaraj in Ideas) have struggled against the stifling grip of markers coming to their homeland like metonymic meteors from the west. For them, the purpose of social struggles, including the struggle for freedom, was never to just win political independence, but to see to it that the emerging structure–subject is free from the scourge of concepts the West deploys to describe the South (one such concept being ‘third world’). That is also to free oneself from the Orientalist grip, that merged with that of a Capital-centered view to prescribe a fixed path of modernization, progress or development for ancient civilizations. It was to be, for them, a struggle over mindsets-attitudes,
over worldviews; decolonization meant decolonization of minds; swaraj meant ‘swaraj in ideas’. That is why language (whether oral, written, practical or aesthetic) was so important to all these thinkers and resultantly their struggles became a struggle over the structure of symbolic systems as also over subjectivity. These currents of intellectual and social opposition to discourses of colonialism and then modernization including development have subsequently taken various forms and have continued to redefine the intellectual and practical landscape of social resistance and at times social reconstruction in the South. In many ways, these intellectual and social movements talk not simply to their own people, but to the West as well by pointing out that what seemed obvious to the latter was only a particular construction of the ‘rest’ by the West. They argued that the lived
experience of the South could not be reduced to the conceptual frame (explanatory or interpretative) generated in and by the West. The problem is also of reducing (cultural, economic and political) difference to frames of discrimination; it is one of organizing worlds that are different in terms of step–ladder hierarchies, where one is not different from the other, but where one is either superior or inferior to the other (in this case it is all about reducing the difference that world of the third institutes into the global to the hierarchy of first and third worlds). The problem is therefore about being sensitive to a fundamental dissonance that has appeared as a result of the encounter of the West with the ‘rest’. In this context, the deployment of world of the third (as different and as outside) against the given of third world (as the lacking inside of the first world) is crucial.

Our endeavor takes us to a provisional conclusion: the foreclosure of world
of the third is produced through a foregrounding of third world. The hegemonic (here, global capitalism) is then a product of foreclosure (here, world of the third) and foregrounding (here, third world). Critiquing western Marxism and various other strands of ‘post’ thoughts for having missed this crucial mode and node of modernist thinking that motored the conceptualization of and intervention in the so-called third world societies, we offer an interpretation of how this conceptualization of and intervention in the so-called third world societies is a process constitutive of global capitalism.

Further, by defamiliarizing and denaturalizing the given of global capitalism
and third worldism (as also development–globalization), we propose a language of resistance premised on the return of the foreclosed world of the third. Consequently, resistance to the hegemonic cannot but be founded on the return of the foreclosed, on the return not of the third world but of world of the third. A world of the third Marxian approach thus not only provides a distinctly different language/worldview for analyzing the hegemonic, but in the same turn lays down the contours of a possible world of living beyond the hegemonic.

Finally, this work is not just about a dialogue between East and West, between South and North, between the global and the local, between world of the first and world of the third but also between Marx and Freud, between Althusser and Lacan. In the process, in addition, this work brings face to face two near-incommensurable traditions—the rationalist-humanist and the psychoanalytic—and see what productive dialogue or enabling moment can emerge from such an encounter. The dialogue with Amartya Sen (and John Rawls and Martha Nussbaum) is premised on such an encounter. In that sense, this book is also about a dialogue between Sen and Marx-Freud, between need and class, between positional objectivity and overdetermination, between capabilities–functioning–freedom and alienation."

In an economy like Bihar, dependence of population on livestock as an alternative source of income is significant. Acceleration in the availability of livestock to marginal and small farmers can offer significant opportunities for household income augmentation and employment generation in Bihar. In this context, an analysis of performance of livestock sector in Bihar has been carried out. The growth of livestock sector has been found slower in the Bihar than at the national level. The share of Bihar in India's livestock sector income has not changed significantly. Besides, low milk productivity, decline in the Bihar’s share in India's egg and meat sector income is a major factor responsible for insignificant changes in livestock sector of Bihar. Several demand and supply side factors have been identified for the above trends. Availability of health infrastructure, grazing land and immunisation are significantly affecting livestock across the districts of Bihar. The study has also shown policy initiatives for the improvement of livestock sector resources and outcomes of Bihar.

The book points out that rural regions need proper attention at the global level concerning solid waste management sector where bad practices and public health threats could be avoided through traditional and integrated waste management
routes. Solid waste management in rural areas is a key issue in developing and transitioning countries due to the lack of proper waste management facilities and services. The book further examines, on the one hand, the main challenges in the development of reliable waste management practices across rural regions and, on the other hand, the concrete solutions and the new opportunities across the world in dealing with municipal and agricultural wastes. The book provides useful information for academics, various professionals, the members of civil society, and national and local authorities.

A MODEL PROPOSAL FOR CONSERVATION OF ABANDONED RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN TURKEY: CASE STUDY OF ODEMIS-LUBBEY VILLAGE
Following the industrial revolution, abandonment and decrease of the population in rural areas are common problems that could be seen all over the world, as a result of various factors. However, many of these abandoned rural settlements have invaluable vernacular assets that bear the traces of past rural life and comprise the spirit of these cultural landscape areas. The de-populization process leads to neglection, gradually deterioration and finally destruction of traditional environment that has been built with the experiences of centuries. Traditional rural settlements whose vulnerabilities increase day by day, reflect the life, architectural approach, building technology, construction techniques, craftsmanship and landscape features of their period and requires a holistic view for its protection. The loss of human life, which is the main element with nature that comprises the rural settlements, not only causes the loss of cultural heritage but also affects natural life, agricultural landscape and bio-diversity negatively. After abandonment rural landscape started to desertificate in short term and become vulnerable against the natural disasters.
Transfering life, culture and architectural fabric of rural settlements to the future generations is critical for the history of humanity. Although there are several recommendations regarding the management and protection of the rural areas in Turkey and in the World, there is a lack of specialized method for the conservation of cultural and natural heritage of abandoned rural settlements with many location-specific issues. Starting from this findings “Rural Architecture, Policies Developed for Rural Areas In Turkey and Europe, Evolution in the Conservation Theory of Rural Heritage”, “Abandonment Reasons and Process in Rural Settlemens, Impacts of Abandonment” and “Re-Evaluation Possibilities of Rural Settlements” chapters were discussed in detail and a conservation model, which can be used on a global scale, developed for the conservation of abandoned rural settlements. It is believed the conservation model can be used in future scientific studies about the conservation of rural settlements and can be developed by the inter-disciplinary contributions.
While first practices about the conservation of rural architecture, which was emerged as moving rural buildings from authenthic locations to an open-air museum, can been understandable by its time, nowadays it can’t be considered as a conservation approach except extraordinary situations.
It can be observed that, traditional rural life has been gradually weakened in settlements, where intense tourism activities carried out and problems like de-populization or abandonment can’t be seen. Not only in some cases that rural settlements have been re-functioned as a museum but also in some touristic uses, a sustainable life can’t always be ensured, therefore several challenges can be encountered in conservation of cultural properties. Tourism, which is used as a toolin developing the life standards and preventing the population loss in rural areas, sometimes creates an intense demand to a specific region and causes withdrawal of local communities from traditional rural life.
In some cases, rural settlements, which have been evacuated because of conflicts, wars, security problems, etc., have been resettled with their former residents after changes in conditions. Altough resettlements start the life in rural environments again, in some cases conservation of cultural heritage isn’t on the agenda and after the resettlement, residents prefer to build new buildings with new materials instead of repairing their traditional buildings. Another option for resettlement of the abandoned rural settlements can be seen in some examples. In this cases new rural residents coming by counter migration from urban centres to countryside start to live in an abandoned rural settlement. However restart of life in an abandoned village by this type of migration can be considered positive, there are some negative impacts like big interventions in restoration of cultural heritage, completely abandonment of traditional rural life, social disharmony between new and old residents, and etc. It can be said all three of museological, tourism and resettlement approaches for re-evaluation of abandoned rural settlements can be implement together or independently. On the other hand it shouldn’t be overlooked that all this approaches are a tool for conservation and vitality of rural settlements. Fragility of the traditional fabric because of long term neglection after abandonment, cultural landscape values, bio-diversity and intangible values should be taken into consideration in the implementation of this re- use alternatives.
As a result of all the researches, analysis and evaluations, the conservation model has been based on five main parts as “Definition of cultural and natural values and importance of the settlement”, “Determination of the re-evaluation alternatives”, “Determination of conservation policies”, “Implementation” and “Monitoring, evaluation and update”.
As a result of implemented policies and radical changes in social life, nowadays large number of rural settlements in Turkey are in the process of abandonment. Certainly, the biggest problem encountered in conservation of rural heritage is the loss of daily life in rural settlements. Although rural heritage in depopulated settlements have melted against the natural conditions by time, some settlements succeed to preserve their authenticity and integrity to a certain extent. On the other hand in some villages, which are more crowded and close to the city centers, authenticity and integrity values of traditional architectural heritage has been destroyed by human beings as a result of new construction pressures. This situation accompanies a big dilemma about conservation of traditional architectural heritage. Conceptual background about conservation of rural heritage has been developed relatively late in Turkey compared to Europe. Therefore Turkey faces different problems in rural areas then other European countries. It can be said that, successful implementations about conservation of rural heritage and preventing depopulation in rural areas in other countries, can be a model for Turkey. However, these successful policies and implementations should be evaluated in line with Turkey’s specific conditions. Based on this analysis, recommendations and evaluations specified to abandoned rural settlements in Turkey have been carried out in the conclusion part of thesis.

This report elaborates the technical, market and financial feasibility of implementing a housing development project in the greater Matola Municipal area, Boane District, close to the city of Maputo, Mozambique. Prior to the presentation of site specific details it also includes some general information about the demographics and economic highlights of Mozambique as background information on the project.
According to the mobilized funding for the project, potential capacity of the allocated land (271ha) is around 4000 housing units, stand-alone houses and apartments included. Capacity projected to be utilized in the first phase of the project is around 1000 housing units.
The agreement between the Fundo para o Fomento Habitacao and Imbani Projects (Pty) Ltd to develop the Boane district using the latest construction technology from South African will retain up to 60% of professionals considering relocating from Mozambique due to accommodation challenges.
The total cost of the project in the initial stage will be US$133 391 940, the subsequent phases will be funded from sales and rental proceeds. The Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is estimated at US$11 018 000 and 53% respectively. It was FFH’s wish that the project be a minimal profit project.
The growth of the Mozambican economy has brought about need for industrial, light industrial and warehousing space. The general growth of the population over available infrastructure has increased the demand for space to rent and buy.
The technical, financial and market feasibility of this project is satisfactory and it can be recommended as a very good investment opportunity.

This study records the process and outcome of an innovative experiment about " an interaction between various stakeholders of village community to explore the possibilities of smooth, fair practices to achieve integrated sustainable village development. Maharashtra State Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology under the project of community development, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India designed an experiment to bring about meaningful conversation between different stakeholders of village community It was an effort in the direction to facilitate sustainable .development in villages. 75 participants, Six representatives from 13 villages, from each Development block of Pune district participated in the workshop. The exercise mapped the stakeholder's views about integrated sustainable development of their village, which helped the stakeholders, understand the weaknesses in current system and explored ways and means to achieve better and smoother ways to sustainable village development. With this background a learning experiment was designed for the group under study aiming at transforming their restrictive mindsets to think win-win. The researcher's findings through pre and post study revealed that meaningful structured conversations help better planning and execution of village development plan.

Many intertwined factors contribute to sustainability in the desert settlements of Birdsville and Bedourie. Taking one factor, the commitment to, and achievement of, full employment for all local residents, this paper draws data from a larger research project ...

This article considers the necessity of developing “Methodical recommendations for improving the quality of tourist services in the Russian regions” and “Methodical recommendations for evaluating the effectiveness of government activity in the field of tourism” as well as demonstrates their fundamental theses. Key points in the development of these recommendations are the authors’ Quality management system model and the Quality metrics of tourist services.

The digitally marginalised communities are in focus in the EU-funded Rural Wings project 2006-2008. The aim is to identify and analyze the user learning needs in non-connected communities and to meet these needs by providing satellite internet broad band connections, education and tools. This paper reports the findings of the user needs investigation of 31 communities in 10 countries in the initial phase of the project designed and coordinated by Stockholm University, Sweden. Each national coordinator conducted a user needs study in their country using a common framework of questions and guidelines. The sites were selected according to national and regional needs and where satellite provided Internet is believed to be the long term solution. The 31 communities selected can be summarized in a) Mainland/Lowland communities, 10 b) Mainland/Highland communities, 12 c) Island/Lowland communities, 5, and d) Island/Highland communities, 4. The analysis reveals common threads of lack of infrastructure, accessibility and reliability concerning information and communication technology (ICT) implementation and containment in the community. There is a plethora of reasons for wanting more reliable and frequent Internet connections. Reasons range from educational opportunities, language opportunities, governmental inclusion, information/news outlets, and medical and weather initiative capabilities. This study provides in depth macro-summaries of each participating country’s user needs analysis in total. It also includes the actual analysis of each test site based on over 31 sites spanning 10 European nations. In addition, generalizations, comparisons and differences have been composed, to provide a framework for European trends in rural ICT access

This paper aims to capture the importance of demographic dimension in thesustainable development process of the rural space. From a series ofstatistics data we realized an analysis of demographic indicators, which ithelped us to trace the development trends characteristic for our area ofstudy. To understand the evolution in time and the implications of humanresource in the process of development it was necessary referencing themwith national or local historical events. Demographic dimension analysishighlights the development stage of rural space and help the formulation ofthe future local policies that regard the sustainable development.

Dissecting complex institutional webs and the roles they play (or should play) in development is an ongoing endeavor. To better understand the relationships between local and external institutions in small communities—specifically, whether these two sets of institutions act as complements or substitutes—we analyze subjective assessments of organizations and development indicators in nine rural Costa Rican towns. We expect to find that attitudes toward both local and external institutions are positively related to perceptions of development indicators. While the regression model we present yields a relationship between the perceived strength of local institutions and development indicators, we fail to find such a relationship with the importance respondents place on the presence of external organizations in their community. The results of a second regression model suggest that individuals may link the importance of external institutions with the specific services they provide. We con...

Este estudo objetivou analisar a efetividade das ações de assistência técnica e extensão rural (ATER) no âmbito da aquicultura no litoral sul Fluminense, considerando três eixos específicos, em concordância com a Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (PNATER): fortalecimento institucional (1), políticas públicas (2) e formação e construção de conhecimentos (3). Para isso foram analisadas as ações desempenhadas e os indicadores de ATER gerados pela Fundação
Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - FIPERJ através do Escritório Regional da Costa Verde ao longo do triênio 2014-2016.
Independentemente da atuação regional, verificou-se que o nível de efetividade das ações de ATER voltadas para aquicultura no litoral sul
Fluminense está condicionado principalmente à viabilização de planos e instrumentos de gestão estaduais e federais.

The aim of this study is to examine sustainability of rural tourism and world heritage tourism in mountainous areas. An empirical case study was conducted in Kannogawa Ward of Totsukawa Village, located along the Kumano-Kodo Kohechi Pilgrimage Route designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004. Since then, Kohechi has got some tourists. However, there were almost no accommodation facilities in Kannogawa Ward. Meanwhile, "Children rural mountain fishing village exchange project" which was one of measures to promote rural tourism was introduced by national government, for the fifth year grade pupils at elementary schools. More than 10 farmers in Kannogawa began accepting children from 2008. However, due to the aging of the farmers, the project sorting of promotion measures in national government, and a disaster caused by typhoon in 2011, only 2 farm inns and a cottage are currently maintained. Due to the promotional activities to foreign people conducted by Tanabe City Kumano Tourism Bureau, number of visitors who walk Kohechi has increased, although visits by children and families aimed at rural experiences have almost disappeared. Factors of continuing the management of 2 farm inns are that there are multiple members of the family who run the business, they are relatively healthy, and there are other sources of income, moreover, their passion and pleasure to interact with tourists are high. The results show that, although socioeconomic situation is severe in the study area, the promotion of rural tourism made existence of accommodation facilities that can respond to increase the number of World Heritage tourists, regional visualization, residents' understanding of tourists, local food materials, local and domestic fans at home and abroad possible. Rural tourism is a key not only for sustaining the pilgrimage route designated as World Heritage but for sustaining the rural communities located along the route in remote rural areas.

SUMMARY Following the paradigm shift in nature conservation policy towards the inclusion of local inhabitants in the planning and management of protected areas, tourism is emphasised as a means to achieve economic development in peripheral areas. Governance issues and the real impacts from tourism on development are thus often under scrutiny. This article focuses on the role of tourism in

Poor returns to cultivation and absence of non-farm opportunities are indicative of the larger socio-economic malaise in rural India. This is accentuated by the multiple risks that the farmer faces – yield, price, input, technology and credit among others. The increasing incidence of farmers’ suicides is symptomatic of a larger crisis, which is much more widespread. Risk mitigation strategies should go beyond credit. Long term strategies requires more stable income from agriculture, and more importantly, from non-farm sources. Private credit and input markets need to be regulated. A challenge for the technological and financial gurus is to provide innovative products that reduce costs while increasing returns. The institutional vacuum of organising farmers needs to be addressed through a federation of self-help groups (SHGs) or alternative structures.

Human societies have a long history of incorporating elements of the past into the present; never more has this been the case than today. For centuries, if not millennia, creative artists and writers, architects and fashion designers, publicists and advertisers have borrowed freely from the tangible and intangible heritage of other times and places. There is plentiful evidence of how fundamentally human achievement has depended upon the transmission of knowledge across cultures....In the context of increasingly rapid and global diffusion of tradition-specific images, ideas, and material culture, it is now often a default assumption that ancient objects and images are elements of a shared legacy of humanity.  In this spirit, a growing contingent of scholars and activists aggressively defend the free flow of ideas, images, and knowledge—within and between societies, ancient and modern—on grounds that this is essential to innovation and creativity. Proponents of the Open Access and A2K movements speak of the importance of sharing the world’s vast knowledge, while scholars such as Laurence Lessig, James Boyle, and Kembow McLeod (among others) point to the stifling effects of restrictions on open exchange. Frequently the advocates of open access draw attention to benefits that flow to the source communities and cultures (or their descendants), as well as to the recipients who draw inspiration from the cultural heritage of others. Even if economic benefits don’t flow equitably, so the argument goes, the open exchange of tradition-specific objects, practices, ideas, and knowledge may play an ambassadorial role, fostering cross-cultural understanding and respect....

Over the last two decades, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have proliferated in the local, national,
and international development arenas as a main service provider to society's most vulnerable citizens. In
terms of ensuring social development, policy advocacy and public campaigns are key tasks of such
organizations. Disaster relief, democracy building, conflict mediation, human rights work, cultural
preservation, environmental advocacy, policy formulation, research, and information sharing are all areas
where NGOs work (Lewis, 2010). Bangladesh is a fascinating and engaging case study in international
development. It was described as a "international basket case" as soon as it got independence in 1971, a
bottomless pit of foreign aid and external dependency, with a big and uneducated populace lacking the key
"fundamentals" of economic progress. Despite this, the country has defied the moniker, surmounted
countless challenges, and demonstrated tenacity. That was both unexpected and remarkable in terms of its
economic performance (Ahmad, 2021). In Bangladesh, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have
emerged as the saviors of countless people who are hungry. Clothing, education, and primary health care are
all necessities.
Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest thirteen countries. Bangladesh is having a difficult time satisfying
the demands of its rapidly growing population due to its status as the world's most densely populated
country and a lack of workforce capacity. While agriculture is the country's main source of revenue, it has
largely failed to provide meaningful job options for landless people. NGOs are striving to eradicate poverty by
engaging directly with the poor. The poor and disadvantaged, who have little, are their prime target
audiences. Their key responsibilities include organizing these people, instilling awareness in them, and
guiding them toward advancement. These organizations exist to meet the needs and desires of small-scale
farmers and women. Contribute to the larger process of national development planning (The lawyers and
Jurists, 2018)

Cross-sector partnerships, and collective impact, in particular, have
gained increased attention as community-level strategies for tackling
wicked, complex, social challenges such as child maltreatment.
To date, there has been limited independent research on collective
impact, especially in non-metropolitan areas with limited capacity.
This case study examines the conditions that supported the development
of a collective impact effort in a non-metropolitan community
to address child wellbeing. It finds that small communities
offer strengths that support collective impact as a social innovation
as well as challenges that create vulnerabilities to outside influence
that may stymie the development of locally developed social
innovations.

Visā Eiropā novērojamas urbanizācijas tendences un demogrāfiskie procesi, kuru rezultātā lauku teritorijas iztukšojas, noveco un, likumsakarīgi – tajās ir arvien grūtāk ne tikai atjaunot, uzlabot un nodrošināt nepieciešamo infrastruktūru un pakalpojumus, bet arī uzturēt tos pašreizējā līmenī. Lai minētos izaicinājumus risinātu, aktualizējas dažādas plānošanas pieejas, kas izvirza priekšplānā spēcīgu un ieinteresētu kopienu un citus, tieši vietējā teritorijā pastāvošus resursus, kas izmantojami attīstības veicināšanā.

Rokasgrāmatas mērķis ir padarīt teritoriju attīstības procesus izprotamus un realizējamus ikvienam, kas vēlas tajos piedalīties, lai sekmētu spēcīgu kopienu attīstību un plaukstošu ciemu izaugsmi.

Galvenā rokasgrāmatas mērķauditorija ir lauku ciemu iedzīvotāji, nevalstiskās organizācijas, vietējās rīcības grupas, pašvaldības un citas to attīstībā ieinteresētās puses, taču process ir piemērojams arī piepilsētas ciemu un pilsētu apkaimju izaugsmes veicināšanai,
kamēr vien to mērogs ļauj veiksmīgi pielietot turpmāk raksturotās ciemu plānošanā izmantojamās metodes.

Atbilstoši šai rokasgrāmatai organizētas ciemu attīstības viedums slēpjas sabiedrības, kas ir ciema vislabākais pārzinātājs un galvenais lietotājs, vadībā pār attīstības procesu. Rezultātā risinājumi izaugsmes
nodrošināšanai ir vispiemērotākie konkrētās teritorijas un tās iedzīvotāju realitātei.

This chapter utilizes a green criminological perspective to examine this key issue as it pertains to waste dumping in rural northwestern China. First, we offer a brief review of green criminology’s approach to waste crime and summarize the literature on top-down environmental regulation enforcement in China. Next, we describe the development of the medical waste regulation framework and highlight the current obstacles to enforcement in China. The chapter then utilizes a case study to illustrate how institutional incentives in the job performance evaluation system of bureaucrats shaped the under-enforcement of medical waste regulations at the grassroots level of rural governance. Our chapter concludes with a discussion of how the study expands our understanding of waste crime and environmental regulation enforcement in an illiberal context.

La población rural en Colombia ha sido históricamente relegada de las políticas públicas, y paralelamente, víctimas de fenómenos como la pobreza, la desigualdad y los efectos del conflicto armado y social. Así mismo, al analizar la población rural y detallar cada una de sus características y particularidades, se encuentra a la mujer rural como foco individual y colectivo, que evidencia con mayor rigor los fenómenos anteriormente mencionados. En este orden de ideas, un elemento a analizar en este escenario es la tenencia de la tierra, un tema que no se expresa sólo en la propiedad, sino en los hechos que desembocan la desigualdad de la tenencia y los impactos que ésta genera.

Documento elaborado como insumo para discusión en Semillero de Estudios Agrarios con Enfoque de Género. Noviembre 03, 2018.