Phase transition

We show that there can be no direct first order transition between a Fermi liquid and an insulating electronic (Wigner) crystalline phase in a clean two-dimensional electron gas in a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET); rather, there must always exist intermediate ``micro-emulsion'' phases, and an accompanying sequence of continuous phase transitions. Among the intermediate phases which we find are a variety of electronic liquid crystalline phases, including stripe-related analogues of classical smectics and nematics. The existence of these phases can be established in the neighborhood of the phase boundaries on the basis of an {\it asymptotically exact} analysis, and reasonable estimates can be made concerning the ranges of electron densities and device geometries in which they exist. They can occur in clean Si MOSFETs in the range of densities in which an ``apparent metal to insulator transition'' has been observed in existing experiments. We...

With such a general model, one cannot obtain numerical results, but one can obtain general results which appear to correspond to some of the peculiar properties of liquid helium. Eq. (1) is not the exact Hamiltonian; it can be derived from the Hamil- tonian of a system of ...

The ab initio studies presented here employed a pseudopotential-plane-wave method in order to obtain the minimum-energy configurations of various 2×2 GaN(0001) surfaces involving N, Al, Ga, In, and As atoms. Comparison of the various possible reconstructions allows predictions to be made regarding the most energetically favorable configurations. Such comparisons depend on the value of the effective chemical potential of each atomic species, which can be related directly to experimental growth conditions. The most stable structure as a function of chemical potentials is determined. Based on these results we have characterized the effect of N in the adlayer surface and the stability dependence with number of substitutions as a function of the model employed and the possible surfactant character of some of the added atoms. Surface phase diagrams as a function of the chemical potential have been calculated to show the phase transition between the different reconstructions.

ABSTRACT A Green-function method is employed within a random phase approximation to study the one-dimensional quantum Heisenberg model with long-range ferromagnetic interaction proportional to r-p. We have shown that for 1<p<2 there exists a phase transition at finite temperatures and estimate its critical temperature.

In this contribution, we report a systematic study of polydiacetylene (PDA) vesicles fabricated by mixing two types of monomers, 10,12-tricosadiynoic acid (TCDA) and 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA). These diacetylene (DA) monomers constitute the same head group but different alkyl chain length, which in turn causes structural mismatch within the PDA layers. The PCDA:TCDA ratios are 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0mol%. Morphologies and properties of these PDA vesicles are explored by utilizing laser light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, temperature-dependent nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) measurements. An increase in DA mole ratio to 50mol% leads to significant increase in particle size. The mixed PDA vesicles also exhibit irregular shape with rather rough surface. The mismatch of alkyl side chain causes the drop of phase transition temperature. For the system of mixed poly(PCDA50:TCDA50), ...

It is known that a single product shock measure in some of one-dimensional driven-diffusive systems with nearest-neighbor interactions might evolve in time quite similar to a random walker moving on a one-dimensional lattice with reflecting boundaries. The non-equilibrium steady-state of the system in this case can be written in terms of a linear superposition of such uncorrelated shocks. Equivalently, one can write the steady-state of this system using a matrix-product approach with two-dimensional matrices. In this paper we introduce an equilibrium two-dimensional one-transit walk model and find its partition function using a transfer matrix method. We will show that there is a direct connection between the partition functions of these two systems. We will explicitly show that in the steady-state the transfer matrix of the one-transit walk model is related to the matrix representation of the algebra of the driven-diffusive model through a similarity transformation. The physical quantities are also related through the same transformation.

Aligned stacks of monomethyl and dimethyl dimyristoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) lipid bilayers, like the much studied dimyristoyl PC (DMPC) bilayers, swell anomalously in a critical fashion as the temperature is decreased within the fluid phase towards the main transition temperature, T(M). Unlike DMPC bilayers, both monomethyl and dimethyl DMPE undergo transitions into a gel phase rather than a rippled phase below T(M). Although it is not fully understood why there is anomalous swelling, our present results should facilitate theory by showing that the formation of the phase below T(M) is not related to critical phenomena above T(M).

Vanadium dioxide shows a passive and reversible change from a monoclinic insulator phase to a metallic tetragonal rutile structure when the sample temperature is close to and over 68°C. As a kind of functional material, VO2 thin films deposited on fused quartz substrates were successfully prepared by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. With laser illumination at 400nm on the