Density

Background: The sealing ability of temporary restorative material is an important parameter for the success of endodontic therapy. Cavit-G and IRM have been widely used for the same purpose. A novel material Orafil-LC, light cured resin based material, has been recently introduced for sealing the access preparations and preventing the microbial re-colonization of root canal system. Aim: To compare the coronal sealing ability of Cavit G, IRM and Orafil-LC by means of methylene blue dye penetration method. Methodology: The root canals of fifty mandibular premolars were prepared with Ni-Ti rotary instruments under irrigation with 5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. Samples were obturated and divided into three experimental and two control groups. All three materials were manipulated according to manufacturer instructions and placed into 4mm deep access cavities. Samples were incubated, thermocycled and then placed in 2 % methylene blue dye for one week. Samples were sectioned bucco-lingually and viewed under stereomicroscope. Degree of dye penetration was evaluated and scored for each group. Results: Data from each group was compared using one way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (P<0.05). Cavit and Orafil-LC showed significantly lower dye leakage than IRM. Conclusion: Cavit and Orafil-LC have better coronal sealing ability than IRM

Può la densità essere lo strumento analitico di interpretazione dei fenomeni urbani e contemporaneamente un parametro progettuale di prefigurazione dello spazio architettonico? La densità nelle sue diverse accezioni e unità di misura, costituisce un nodo di grande rilevanza per l'interpretazione dei fenomeni urbani e degli spazi architettonici. Incoraggia una riconciliazione dello sguardo quantitativo con quello mirato alla lettura qualitativa, riavvicina discipline disgraziatamente disgiunte nell'attuale pratica, suggerisce mezzi e stili di vita che sono alla base del nostro habitat. Ciò che infatti ha da sempre caratterizzato la città non è solo la sua dimensione ed il numero degli abitanti, ma un secondo fattore fondamentale: la densità appunto, o meglio un valore di densità minimo in grado di produrre divisione del lavoro, varietà di funzioni e attività, complessità della struttura sociale. L'architettura progetta distanze oltrechè volumi, la densità ne è quindi un parametro centrale; l'urbanistica e la progettazione urbana, utilizzando il calcolo della densità come livello minimo di pianificazione, dovranno tendere a configurare in futuro le città, influenzandone gli aspetti non solo numerici, ma anche tipologici, morfologici e spaziali. Riscattato dalla computistica, il fattore densità, si trasforma allora in una variabile urbana in grado di definire la forma attuale della città, divenendone strumento di misurazione e di progetto.

Knowledge of the in‐situ sound velocity of drilling mud can be used in mud‐pulse acoustic telemetry for evaluating the presence and amount of gas invasion in the drilling mud. We propose a model for calculating the in‐situ density and sound velocity of water‐based and oil‐based drilling muds containing formation gas. Drilling muds are modeled as a suspension of clay particles and high‐gravity solids in water or oil, with the acoustic properties of these fluids depending on pressure and temperature. Since mud at different depths experiences different pressures and temperatures, downhole mud weights can be significantly different from those measured at the surface. Taking this fact into consideration, we assume constant clay composition and obtained the fraction of high‐gravity solids to balance the formation pressure corresponding to a given drilling plan. This gives the in‐situ density of the drilling mud, which together with the bulk moduli of the single constituents allow us to co...

This article reflects upon the impact that technology and innovation has had on urban development. From NASA&#39;s Landstat program, to Google maps and GPS, technlogy has had a significant impact on urban planning and land use law. The article begins with a discussion of the impact of the elevator and steel technologies on urban architecture and density, and then moves to changes in transportation such as the automobile and the development of public transportation systems. Green buildings, GIS, satellite data, online mapping, personal computers, the Internet and cell phones are all examined.

Densities (ρ), ultrasonic speeds (u), and excess molar volumes () of binary mixtures of some aromatic ketones in acrylonitrile have been measured over the entire range of composition at 308.15 K. From these experimental results, parameters such as the isentropic compressibilities K S , interaction parameter χ 12, Flory parameters, A i coefficients, standard deviations σ(Y E), and molar sound

Densities were measured for the binary mixtures of water (methanol or ethanol) and an ionic liquid (IL) 1,3diethylimidazolium diethylphosphate [EEIM][DEP] or 1-n-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium diethylphosphate [BEIM][DEP] at 1 atm and (293.15 to 333.15) K using a vibrating-tube densimeter. The molecular volume, standard entropy, and lattice energy of the two ILs were estimated with the Glasser theory. The excess volumes are negative for all binary mixtures studied in the whole composition range, and reach to the maximum at the mole fraction of IL being around 0.3. Besides, they decrease with increasing temperature for the aqueous solution of ILs, whilst a reverse trend is found for the IL solutions of methanol or ethanol at any concentration. The excess molar volumes were correlated successfully by a fiveparameter polynomial equation as a function of temperature and mole fraction of IL with average absolute relative deviation (ARD) of density within 0.02%.

The concentration of people in densely populated urban areas, especially in developing countries, calls for the use of monitoring systems like remote sensing. Such systems along with spatial analysis techniques like digital image processing and geographical information system (GIS) can be used for the monitoring and planning purposes as these enable the reporting of overall sprawl at a detailed level.In the present work, urban sprawl of the Ajmer city (situated in Rajasthan State of India) has been studied at a mid scale level, over a period of 25 years (1977–2002), to extract the information related to sprawl, area of impervious surfaces and their spatial and temporal variability. Statistical classification approaches have been used for the classification of the remotely sensed images obtained from various sensors viz. Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ and IRS LISS-III. Urban sprawl and its spatial and temporal characteristics have been derived from the classified satellite images. The Shannon's entropy and landscape metrics (patchiness and map density) have been computed in terms of spatial phenomenon, in order to quantify the urban form (impervious area). Further, multivariate statistical techniques have been used to establish the relationship between the urban sprawl and its causative factors. Results reveal that land development (160.8%) in Ajmer is more than three times the population growth (50.1%). Shannon's entropy and landscape metrics has revealed the spatial distribution of the urban sprawl over a period of last 25 years.

Purpose:  To investigate the effects of real and simulated age-related changes in crystalline lens yellowing on Farnsworth–Munsell (FM) 100 hue performance.Methods:  FM 100 hue total and partial error scores (PES) were measured in a group of younger (n = 10, mean age = 22.2 ± 2.65 years) and a group of older (n = 10, mean age = 54.5 ± 2.64 years) normal observers along with psychophysical estimates of crystalline lens optical density and pupil size. Three younger observers underwent repeated FM 100 hue testing under a variety of simulated age-related lens yellowing conditions, using filters with well-defined transmittance properties which attempted to mimic the real age-related lens yellowing changes of the older group.Results:  FM 100 hue total and PES were significantly higher in the older age group compared with the younger group (p < 0.01). Lens density measures were significantly higher in the older age group compared with the young group (p < 0.01), but showed less scatter than individual FM 100 hue error scores. Simulated lens yellowing in the three younger observers, equivalent to the level of that of the older observers, did not affect any of their FM 100 hue total or PES.Conclusions:  Simulation of age-related lens yellowing in younger observers has little effect on FM 100 hue error score. A variety of other factors such as pupil size, background illuminaton level, iris colour and macular pigment density may contribute to the age-related increase in FM 100 hue scores.

In Manizales Urban development, the physical
conditions of the territory have been a determining
factor in the consolidation of the city. These factors
have not been analyzed from the specific criteria of
territory, to understand precisely, the territory
development and property characteristics. Therefore, an
analysis for each administrative sector that make up the
urban area of the municipality, to discriminate and
structure surfaces, measure and compare them and to
understand the basic features of the development is
proposed. Opening the possibility of confronting the
specific surface conditions to detect specific trends that
define morphological urban features.

"Este artigo apresenta um diagnóstico das condições de insolação durante o inverno nas edificações de algumas quadras da Gleba A da favela Heliópolis, em São Paulo. O objetivo deste
trabalho foi avaliar a pertinência do uso desta informação, ligada a questões de salubridade, em projetos de urbanização de favelas que tenham como diretriz a melhoria das condições de
habitabilidade de cada moradia, tendo em vista o adensamento excessivo de que padecem a maioria das favelas na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Os resultados obtidos levaram às
seguintes conclusões: em média 35% dos domicílios não recebem sequer 1 hora de sol durante o inverno; em média 30% dos habitantes dessas quadras vivem nessas edificações; há uma
coincidência entre os domicílios que estão em condições críticas de insolação e aqueles que apresentam problemas, tais como utilização de redes clandestinas de esgoto e água potável,
ausência de unidade sanitária, ausência de rede de drenagem etc; a maior parte da população (61%) habita domicílios que possuem níveis de insolação adequados, mas que podem apresentar
outros tipos de problemas como, por exemplo, de coabitação domiciliar. Por fim, o estudo concluiu que, em um processo de urbanização, não é necessária a remoção de todas as unidades
consideradas inadequadas quanto aos critérios estudados, uma vez que o alargamento de algumas vias preexistentes já seriam suficientes para a readequação das quadras com
conseqüentes benefícios às moradias."

Palavras chave: domicílios em favelas; adensamento, acesso solar"""

In this study, in order to analyze Mollusca species and determining their relationship with the sediment factors, sediment samples were gathered during spring, summer, autumn and winter 2012 from 12 stations (ranging in depths 5, 10, 20 and 50 meters) in the Southern Caspian Sea from Behshahr to Ramsar (Mazandaran, Iran). The sediment factors (grain size, total organic matter and calcium carbonate concentration) were measured in laboratory. Two classes of Mollusca (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) were identified. Class Bivalvia had 3 species (Didacna protracta, Hypanis caspia, Abra ovata) which belong to 3 genera of 2 families and class Gastropoda had 4 species (Pergola sp., Anisus kolesnikovi, Abeskunus sphaerion, Ulskia ulskii) which belong to 4 genera of 3 families. Most dominant species of Bivalvia was Abra ovata (46.2 individuals/0.1m 2) and that of Gastropoda was Abeskunus sphaerion (58.66 individuals/0.1m 2). The mean of maximum and minimum density of Mollusca was observed in spring (29.67 individuals/0.1m 2) and winter (0 individuals/0.1m 2) respectively. The results of One Way ANOVA showed that density of Mollusca was different significantly with depth and season (P<0.05). Results of Pearson correlation showed that between density of Mollusca and salinity, %silt and clay, TOM and depth had been negative positive correlation and had been positive correlation with temperature.

The article analyzes innovative production technologies and the use of lining materials used for the production of insulated footwear. The study of the heat- conducting properties of natural, artificial and non-woven materials will make it possible to select heat-shielding materials in the design of insulated winter shoes in accordance with the requirements for the conditions for wearing shoes

The visual processing of text occurs spontaneously in most readers. Dyslexic persons, however, often report both somatic symptoms and perceptual distortions when trying to read. It is possible that the perceptual distortions experienced by those with dyslexia reflect a disturbance in the basic mechanisms supporting perceptual organization at the early stages of visual processing. Integration of information over extended areas of visual space can be measured psychophysically in a task that requires the detection of a path defined by aligned, spatially narrow-band elements on a dense field of otherwise similar elements that are randomly oriented and positioned. In the present study a contour integration task was used to investigate such perceptual organization in dyslexia. The detection of contours or paths composed of Gabor micropatterns was performed within a field of randomly oriented distracter elements in a 2-alternate forced choice (AFC) task. The stimuli were manipulated by ran...

tAverage maize yield in eastern Africa is 2.03 t ha−1as compared to global average of 6.06 t ha−1due tobiotic and abiotic constraints. Amongst the biotic production constraints in Africa, stem borers are themost injurious. In eastern Africa, maize yield losses due to stem borers are currently estimated between12% and 21% of the total production. The objective of the present study was to explore the possibility ofRapidEye spectral data to assess stem borer larva densities in maize fields in two study sites in Kenya.RapidEye images were acquired for the Bomet (western Kenya) test site on the 9th of December 2014and on 27th of January 2015, and for Machakos (eastern Kenya) a RapidEye image was acquired on the3rd of January 2015. Five RapidEye spectral bands as well as 30 spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) wereutilized to predict per field maize stem borer larva densities using generalized linear models (GLMs),assuming Poisson (‘Po’) and negative binomial (‘NB’) distributions. Root mean square error (RMSE) andratio prediction to deviation (RPD) statistics were used to assess the models performance using a leave-one-out cross-validation approach. The Zero-inflated NB (‘ZINB’) models outperformed the ‘NB’ modelsand stem borer larva densities could only be predicted during the mid growing season in Decemberand early January in both study sites, respectively (RMSE = 0.69–1.06 and RPD = 8.25–19.57). Overall, allmodels performed similar when all the 30 SVIs (non-nested) and only the significant (nested) SVIs wereused. The models developed could improve decision making regarding controlling maize stem borerswithin integrated pest management (IPM) interventions.