Law Enforcement

Law enforcement officers across the country are trained in various tactics
and techniques intended to increase the overall safety within a police citizen-contact. One common, albeit controversial tactic, is referred to as
“curb sitting”. The curb-sitting tactic is generally associated with officers
requiring criminal suspects to sit on a curb with their legs outstretched in
front of them. The tactic is believed to provide officers additional reaction
time to defend themselves from an attack but is also considered unnecessarily demeaning. The efficacy of the curb-sitting tactic has not previously been determined. The current study is the first to evaluate three
common variations of the curb-sitting tactic to determine which if any
seated position allowed officers more time to respond to an attack when
compared to a subject standing five feet away. Our results show that
a seated subject with their legs extended is associated with a significant
increase in time to cross five feet when compared to a standing subject.
Based on these results, the curb-sitting tactic appears to be an evidence-based method of increasing an officer’s time to respond to an attack.
Implications for law enforcement training and tactics, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed.

The focused of this study is on the use of traditional and digital photography in law enforcement work. The study also aimed to identify its effectiveness and problems encountered in the use of both type of photography and determine if there is a significant difference between the two variables. The researchers used a descriptive data to arrive at answers which were collected through an adapted survey questionnaire from police personnel in selected nearby police stations in Batangas City, Philippines assigned at the Intelligence, Administrative, Criminal Investigation, and Traffic divisions. Results of the study showed that law enforcers always use digital photography while less of traditional. Time required to reproduce hard copy of the images was the most observed problem for both. It was found that traditional photography is more effective than digital photography and their use and effectiveness differs. Researchers recommend that the police may seek assistance from police photography experts for further training to minimize difficulties involved.

Área do Direito: Civil; Processual Resumo: O ensaio aborda particularidades do Procedimento Extrajudicial Pré-executivo de Portugal (PEPEX), apresentando reflexões e provocações sobre sua possível implantação no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Procedimento Extrajudicial Pré-executivo – Portugal – PEPEX – Agente de execução – Brasil Abstract: The essay discusses particularities of the extrajudicial pre-executive procedure (EPEP) from Portugal, presenting reflections and provocations about its possible implantation in Brazil.

Abstract: While the use of mapping in criminal justice has increased over the last 30 years, most applications are retrospective - that is, they examine criminal phenomena and related factors that have al-ready occurred. While such retrospective mapping efforts are useful, the true ...

The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre.
              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre.
          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes.
            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.

The report Staying Home/Leaving Violence describes a research study that explores how women, leaving a relationship where they experience domestic violence, can remain safely in their own homes with their children, with the violent offender being removed. In this qualitative study, 29 women were interviewed about their experiences of leaving a violent relationship. Of these 29 women, nine remained in their own home. This article describes the factors that enabled these nine women to remain in their homes and comments on the policy and practice implications for health workers.

Information analysts must rapidly assess information to determine its usefulness in supporting and informing decision makers. In addition to assessing the content, the analyst must be confident about the quality and veracity of the information. Visualizations can concisely represent vast quantities of information, thus aiding the analyst to examine larger quantities of material; however, visualization programs are challenged to incorporate

Law and enforcement of the Land Public Transport Act 2010 (APAD) is a law that has been set by the Malaysian government to ensure the safety of road users. The offense of overloading depends on the behaviour of the transport company operator and the behaviour of the enforcement role among the road transport officers. However, there is no empirical evidence that shows the position and perception of the impact of legislation and enforcement of the Land Public Transport Act 2010 (APAD) on the offense to be overloading. Therefore, this study aims to study the effectiveness of the Land Public Transport Act 2010 on overloading cases. This study focuses on the State of Perak, especially the Kuala Kangsar Enforcement Station, which is a weighing station that determines the weight of a commercial vehicle in determining whether it commits overload or not. Therefore, this study focuses on the understanding and delivery of standard operating procedures, role of enforcement, and tonto. The results showed that the effectiveness of the Land Public Transport Act 2010 (LPTA) against overloading this case is related to the understanding and delivery of standard operating procedures for enforcement and enforcement role. However, tonto was found to be unrelated and influenced the effectiveness of the Land Public Transport Act (2010) on overloaded cases. This shows that, although the Land Public Transport Act 2010 is an instrument that influences the enforcement of overloading cases, if a large part of the enforcement personnel has a positive perception and understanding of the law then the performance or effectiveness of this act will definitely increase.

The illegal ivory trade recently intensified to the highest levels ever reported. Policing this trafficking has been hampered by the inability to reliably determine geographic origin of contraband ivory. Ivory can be smuggled across multiple international borders and along numerous trade routes, making poaching hotspots and potential trade routes difficult to identify. This fluidity also makes it difficult to refute a country's denial of poaching problems. We extend an innovative DNA assignment method to determine the geographic origin(s) of large elephant ivory seizures. A Voronoi tessellation method is used that utilizes genetic similarities across tusks to simultaneously infer the origin of multiple samples that could have one or more common origin(s). We show that this joint analysis performs better than sample-by-sample methods in assigning sample clusters of known origin. The joint method is then used to infer the geographic origin of the largest ivory seizure since the 1989 ivory trade ban. Wildlife authorities initially suspected that this ivory came from multiple locations across forest and savanna Africa. However, we show that the ivory was entirely from savanna elephants, most probably originating from a narrow east-to-west band of southern Africa, centered on Zambia. These findings enabled law enforcement to focus their investigation to a smaller area and fewer trade routes and led to changes within the Zambian government to improve antipoaching efforts. Such outcomes demonstrate the potential of genetic analyses to help combat the expanding wildlife trade by identifying origin(s) of large seizures of contraband ivory. Broader applications to wildlife trade are discussed.

This paper follows no specific theme and talks about various topics within law enforcement. Some topics have connections while others do not. Topics range from, the organization of the police, community policing, issues of the police, perceptions of the police and many more topics.

Forest fire is of both local and global concern. Large scale fires are not part of the natural disturbance of tropical rain forests but this threat has increased in the last few decades. Under global warming, Indonesia is projected to have higher temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns. Southern Indonesia is predicted to be drier whereas the north is likely to become wetter. Inter-annual climate variability associated with phenomena such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation may cause big decreases in rainfall. This paper reviews the nature and extent of fire problem and the effectiveness of the current policy and institutional provisions in Indonesia in addressing forest fires under projected future climate change. We then consider possible strategies for improving their effectiveness. The review results indicate that first, Indonesia has enacted a number of regulations and established various institutions to tackle forest and other wildfires, but these have proved ineffective. Second, under future climate change scenarios and current fire management practices, Indonesia's tropical rain forests could be more susceptible to fire. Third, effectiveness could be improved by addressing the underlying causes of fires, involving a wide range of stakeholders in formulating the regulations and enhancing law enforcement.► 2-methoxyestradiol as inhibitor of arthritis and osteoporosis.

The nature of the arbitration agreement in most legal systems (at least legal systems other than common law) is somewhat unclear. Presently, it is not possible to make any decisive statements as to which theory is the only correct one. On the other hand, it is necessary to examine each arbitration agreement invoked by the parties at the beginning of the proceedings and choose one of the current theories mentioned above. The classification of the arbitration agreement might, under certain circumstances, be the decisive element in determining the rules, i.e. procedural or substantive rules, applicable to the arbitration agreement. In civil law tradtion arbitration agreements may be defined as procedural agreements in broader sense, which does not have effects in proceedings only, but which are of substantial significance for qualitative evaluation of the substantive contractual relation between parties. Nevertheless, despite a mixed nature of arbitration agreements (as well as all jurisdictional agreements), jurisdiction is a procedural and not substantive category in the civil law tradition and jurisdiction remains the procedural condition (procedural requirement). Taking decision on jurisdiction in arbitration by partial award is in contradiction to the concept of jurisdiction as a procedural category, rather an interim award may be used for such decisions. Jurisdictional decisions taken in course of arbitration are, however, not substantive decisions and do not effect any Res Judicata. Some of civil law jurisdictions, completely in compliance with the concept of jurisdiction as procedural category, therefore deny to set-aside jurisdictional awards rendered prior to rendering award(s) on the merits of the dispute. Having any civil law dimension in arbitration, it may cause significant problems to the parties, if the arbitral tribunal decides on jurisdiction by a separate jurisdictional award.

Improving interventions with victims and offenders with disabilities requires analysis of the degree of prevalence of crimes in which these people are involved. For this purpose, data regarding interventions made by the Spanish Civil Guard between 2008 and 2010, in which 2099 people had some kind of disability, have been collected and analyzed, with particular regard to criminal offenses (felonies and/or misdemeanors). In this study, the relationship between the types of disability a person has and other variables like their connection to the incident, their gender, age, the relationship between victim and perpetrator, and the time and place of the events were all taken into consideration. The results show that most of the victims with disabilities served by the Spanish Civil Guard were male. The interventions were mainly aid and rescues. Criminal offenses were only 20% of the events.

Both international and federal law criminalize mental torture as well as physical torture, and both agree that “severe mental pain or suffering” defines mental torture. However, U.S. law provides a confused and convoluted definition of severe mental pain or suffering—one that falsifies the very concept and makes mental torture nearly impossible to prosecute or repress. Our principal aim is to expose the fallacies that underlie the U.S. definition of mental torture: first, a materialist bias that the physical is more real than the mental; second, a substitution trick that defines mental pain or suffering through a narrow set of causes and effects, ignoring the experience itself; third, a forensic fallacy, in which the due process requirements of specificity in criminal law become wrongly identified with defining characteristics of the crime of torture (an understanding that loops back to corrupt the law); and fourth, a mens rea requirement that excludes all mental torture not committ...

Действия на съдебният изпълнител при смърт на длъжника в хода на изпълнителното производство В хода на времето към мени разбира се и към колегисе отправяха множество въпроси във връзка с проблемите на наследяването в изпълнителното производство.

Law enforcement – is the basic, if not the only instrument of individual le-gal handling. Individual sub-normative regulatory of social relations and provi-sion of the required conditions and guarantees of its implementation – are the tasks which define the content of individual legal handling and are the subject to implementation in the context of law enforcement. The essence of individual regulation – is in issuing concretized individual rules based on legal norms. Via individual regulation the energy of legal norms is directed to particular subjects, while general normative rules turn into definite subjective rights, obligations and measures. However, individual handling in addition requires the implementation of newly created subjective rights and obligations by addressees of individual handling influence and in some cases due provision of their implementation.
According to these basic functions of law enforcement should be recog-nized the function of individual sub-normative regulation of social relations and the function of securing the rights.
Individual regulation is implemented via concrete definition of sphere of application and control of legal norms. While the purpose of the function of se-curing the rights, correspondingly, consists in provision of the issue and super-vening in-fact implementation of concretized and personalized authoritative or-ders, moving and development of procedural relations.
The full act of applying legal norm is completed with individual regulation and makes a unique “core” of law enforcement. But the term “law enforcement” is a more extended notion, the scope of which also includes the process of im-plementing multiple parallel-series related and interrelated acts of legal norms application, measures, dealing with control, monitoring and forced implementa-tion of concretized orders, and separate actions under act of norm application; inasmuch as each such act consists of several stages and requires the proceeding of heterogeneous operations performed in stages (in addition quite often per-formed by different subjects).
Therefore, the law enforcement can be defined as a sub-normative activity of authorized subjects, implemented on the grounds of expediency, relevance and justice, which consists in issuing concretized individualized authoritative orders (individual regulatory) and in provision of their issuing and in-fact im-plementation (securing the rights).
We can discriminate two forms of law enforcement: internal and external forms. Internal form is a structure of the activity, external is a way of its objecti-vation in the material world.
In the structure of act of legal norm application we can discriminate two func-tional stages. Different from stages of logical sequence, isolated according to the syllogism structure, and functional stages of “staged” law enforcement, the “func-tional” stages of act of legal norm application are isolated due to necessity to con-cretize the sphere of application and control of legal norm in the course of its appli-cation. In the first stage, which conditionally can be called the stage of legal propo-sition formation, we concretize the legal norm application sphere and in the second, final stage, we concretize the sphere of its norming. The traditional name of the second stage, the dispose stage, does not provoke fundamental objections. In such context, the legal position is a specific vision of a problem situation, conditioned by legal concepts, interest, functional role, etc., embodied in secured with evidences and/or arguments subjective conclusions or the system of conclusions regarding the availability (absence) of applicable grounds for making a definite decision and/or the content of legal norms to be applied (requires explanation). So, in the first stage one forms the legal proposition of a subject authorized for enforcement, i.e. takes place the formation of a de facto and de jure grounds of the case; in the next stage the legal proposition is implemented in authoritative act (i.e. individual act). At that one concretizes the sphere of norming the selected legal norm, by means of which the requirements (opportunities) abstractly defined in disposition (sanction) turn in-to subjective rights, obligations and liability of definite subjects.
The structure of the act of legal norm application and the structure of law enforcement are not identical: if the first one results in issuing concretized indi-vidualized authoritative order, then the latter may include optional stages of in-fact implementation of individual orders and control over their implementation.
Objectivation of law enforcement in the material world is implemented in the procedural-sign form. Procedural form, as scientific-judicial construction, is formed by corresponding regime, procedure and stages. Sign nature is brought out in spoken/written mediation of law enforcement (language is a secondary signal system) and in manifestation in implicative (sign) actions or inactivity.

A biztonság fogalma jelentősen átalakult az elmúlt évtizedekben. A kétpólusú világrend felbomlott, többpólusúvá vált és régi biztonságpolitikai kihívások helyett újak jelentek meg, melyek váratlanabbak, bizonytalanabbak, kiszámíthatatlanabbak. Továbbá más típusú védelmi képességeket igényelnek, mint az előző történelmi időszakokban. A nemzetközi szövetségi rendszerek, mint az ENSZ, az EBESZ, a NATO és az EU közös kül-biztonság-és védelempolitikája jelentős garancia a kollektív védelemben, de közel sem elégséges a nemzeti biztonsághoz. A háborúk helyett a válságreagáló és a béketámogató műveletek léptek előtérbe. A megváltozott szerkezetű és súlyozású biztonságpolitikai kihívások mind nagyobb része tartozik a nemzetbiztonsági illetve titkosszolgálatok illetékességi körébe. A hírszerzésnek és elhárításnak a megelőzésen alapuló védelmi és érdekérvényesítési szerepe döntő egy nemzet életképességében.