Human Physiology

Exercise has the potential to decrease negative side effects, lower societal medical costs, and increase quality of life. Exposure to physical exercise increased participation and led the way for a variety of pilot testing movement-based interventions with a diverse, rural, clinical mental health patient population in treatment for numerous clinical diagnoses. The original research (Reuille-Dupont, 2015) is briefly outlined before a discussion of theory used to determine and perform movement-based interventions for psychological and physical health goal treatments. Throughout the paper, psychological and exercise science theory and research are overlaid to explain the physical implications and psychological shifts of movement-based treatment. It is important to understand common terminology to engage clients and other health care practitioners in movement-based treatment for psychological and physical health. In addition, as specialists in understanding the body’s role in experience, it is the somatic psychologist’s responsibility to promote and advocate for “exercise as medicine” when possible. Included are visuals to help outline and overlap the disciplines for better understanding, increased awareness, and expanding the language somatic psychologists need to engage in multidisciplinary healthcare teams.

Keywords: physical movement treatment, movement for mental health, exercise science, somatic psychology

Background: Acrylamide, a potential toxicant and carcinogen, maybe formed in carbohydrate-rich food cooked at very high temperature. Its effect on gastric mucosa defense is not fully elucidated. Hence, the effect of acrylamide ingestion on gastric mucosal integrity was investigated. Methods: Fifty-four (54) Wistar rats (150-200g) were randomly divided into 3 groups; Group I (control) received 0.2mL distilled H20, Groups II and III received 7.5mg/kg body weight and 15mg/kg body weight acrylamide respectively. Both acrylamide and distilled water were administered orally for 28days. Thereafter, gastric secretion was obtained and analysed for gastric acidity. Gastric antioxidants status (superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione, catalase), lipid peroxidation, mucus content, nitric oxide, bicarbonate, prostaglandins-E and gastric mucus content were determined. Blood samples were also collected and evaluated for haematological indices. Histological changes, parietal and mucus cell counts were evaluated on gastric tissues. Results: Gastric secretion and acidity increased (P < 0.05) in the 15mg/kg acrylamide treated group. Glutathione, SOD, catalase, mucus content, bicarbonate, prostaglandins-E2, mucous cell count were reduced (P < 0.05) while parietal cell count, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide increased (P < 0.05) in both acrylamide treated groups compared to control. White blood cell count in group II was increased compared to control (P < 0.05). Acrylamide treated groups displayed gastric epithelial cells with poor architecture, lamina propria, submucosa inflammatory cell infiltration and vascular congestion. Conclusion: Acrylamide exposure degenerates gastric mucosal integrity in a dosedependent manner via reductions in gastric protective factors, which thus predisposes the gastric mucosa to erosions and lesions.

EEG intrahemispheric coherences (HCohs) in the resting state in twenty-four 4 Hz frequency windows between 1 and 51 Hz were studied in 18 children with &quot;non-verbal learning disorder&quot; (NLD) and compared to a group of 18 children with &quot;verbal learning disorder&quot; (VLD). New facts were found in the NLD group. These concern hemispheric balance, expressed as left minus right (L-R) homologous HCohs: 1a). In the high frequencies (25-51 HZ) the number of long-distance HCohs, higher in the right hemisphere (RH), is lower than HCohs, which are higher in the left hemisphere (LH). A reversed interhemispheric asymmetry is seen for short distance HCohs in that band. These asymmetries are not found in the VLD group, and the tendency is even reversed. 1b). In the low frequencies (1-27 Hz) all higher HCohs are more numerous in the RH, irrespective of interelectrode distance (IED). In these bands there are no NLD-VLD group differences; 2). In NLD there is a significant inverse relat...

Human intestinal helminths are described in this paper. They can be over a meter long, with an irregular cylindrical shape, resembling a rope. These anaerobic intestinal &quot;rope&quot; parasites differ significantly from other well-known intestinal parasites. Rope parasites can leave human body with enemas, and are often mistaken for intestinal lining, feces, or decayed remains of other parasites. Rope parasites can attach to intestinal walls with suction bubbles, which later develop into suction heads. Walls of the rope parasites consist of scale-like cells forming multiple branched channels along the parasite&#39;s length. Rope parasites can move by jet propulsion, passing gas bubbles through these channels. Currently known antihelminthic methods include special enemas. Most humans are likely hosting these helminths.

With the aim of studying the formation of brain mechanisms of voluntary activity regulation in junior schoolchildren and the role of these mechanisms in the acquisition of the skill of writing, a complex neuropsychological investigation was carried out. In the EEG of children with learning problems and a deficit of voluntary activity regulation (VAR), signs of the functional immaturity of

What is the essence of our humanity and how could this have arisen by evolution?
A plausible mechanism by which our essentially human qualities were developed by evolution is presented here for discussion.
We now live in a global environment and our demands so  damage the supporting biosphere as to  threaten our extinction.
To survive the present crisis we must develop a culture of kindness and consideration .
If our bodies work as I speculate, we humans are well served by believing in God and our purpose in the universe.

Obesity is a chronic pathological condition with a multifactorial aetiology, characterised by an excessive body fat accumulation with multiple organ-specific consequences. Emerging evidence highlights that obesity appears to be associated with multiple alterations in the endocrine system. However, the mechanisms underlying the interactions between obesity and this system remain still controversial. This review discusses the impact of obesity on various endocrine systems and, in particular, would provide a general overview on the biochemical changes that may occur in each of these axes in association with obesity.

Background: Estimation of stature from bones play an important role in identifying unknown bodies, parts of bodies or skeletal remains. Multiple anthropometric techniques have been used to estimate stature from skeletal remains by anthropologists, anatomists & forensic experts. Since olecranon process and styloid process of ulna are easily felt through the skin, it becomes easy to measure the length of the bone. Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between stature and ulna length and to derive a regression formula between the ulna length and height of an individual. Materials and Methods: 300 subjects (150 males & 150 females) aged between 21 and 25 years were included in this study. Measurements of ulna length were taken by using Dividing Calipers and the height was recorded using Stature meter. The data was subjected for statistical analysis using SPSS software Results: A positive correlation between height and ulna length was observed in both sexes and it was statistically significant. Regression equation for stature estimation was formulated using the ulna length for both sexes. Conclusion: Since simple and easily applicable methods are involved in the determination of stature, it is widely used. The present study thus helps in establishing identity of an individual when only some remains of the body are found as in mass disasters, bomb explosions and accidents.

Gastric ulceration was induced in rats by oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID). The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of L-arginine (NO precursor) and ginger powder on aspirin induced gastric ulcer. It was carried out on 24 adult albino rats divided into 4 groups; Control group, ulcer control group, L-arginine group and ginger treated groups. After 3 days of treatment, single oral dose of aspirin was administrated to induce gastric ulcer.Within 6 hours, animals were anesthetized; gastric secretion was collected to determine its volume, acidity and nitrate. Gastric lesions and ulceration were expressed as ulcer index.

Virtual Reality Head - Mounted Display (HMD) manufacturers claim that consumer electronics can finally deliver a high degree of presence in virtual and remote environments. Certainly, current consumer-grade HMD systems offer rich and coherent mediated experiences of such environments. However, the very concept of presence is still a subject of debate, and researchers’ investigation of the phenomenon of ‘presence’ is based primarily on qualitative (i.e. questionnaire-based) assessments. Some researchers attempted to develop real-time, quantitative methods to facilitate more objective investigation of presence in mediated environments. Most such methodologies are derived from attempts to correlate presence with cardiovascular and electrodermal activity in response to stressful stimuli [1]. Such methodologies often don’t comply with the underlying logic, fundamental to this approach: a high degree of presence manifests itself through similar responses to the stimulus observed in a physical and Virtual Environment (VE). Therefore, the lack of deviation from baseline measurement observed in a physical environment should be a manifestation of a high level of presence. We have argued theoretical grounds for the development of quantitative methodologies for measuring presence in VE. However, our hypothesis can be applicable to other contexts, such as presence in physical but remote location, augmented reality, and even a physical environment. We argue that the concept of presence requires further research and development and that the definition of presence should be addressed first. Presence is discussed in the context of brain function theory [2].
Three hypothetical experiments are proposed and described. The first experiment is designed to evaluate capacity of the medium for inducing presence. The second experiment evaluates factors loading on presence, through physiological deviations from baseline observed during controlled regression in quality of the VE properties. The third experiment is designed to evaluate brain function theory hypothesis in relation to Virtual Environments. Possible experiment results and their interpretation is discussed along benefits of adopting Open Science methodology in our research community.

The #1 top of the line Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual enables understudies and teachers to oversee time inside and outside of the A&P lab homeroom and works connected at the hip with Mastering A&P, the main online schoolwork and learning program for A&P. The thirteenth Edition highlights many new, full-shading figures and photographs in the survey sheets, just as patched up clinical application questions and basic reasoning inquiries that fortify the most significant ideas from lab.

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This dissertation presents both a theoretical understanding of Maharishi Gandharva Veda music and some exploratory research on its integrating effects for the listener.  Five different experiments investigated the hypothesis that Maharishi Gandharva Veda music would increase psychophysiological balance as indicated by improvements in affect, physiology, and behavior. Experiment 1 measured immediate pre-post effects of five live concerts (N= 697), using a self-report Likert rating scale describing balanced and imbalanced affect. Results indicated (1) the concerts significantly balanced affect, (2) females and males exhibited significantly different patterns of balance, and (3) greater pre-post effects occurred with evening performances.  Experiment 2 examined possible confounds of Experiment 1. Results showed no social compliance effects and that unfamiliarity with Maharishi Gandharva Veda music did not counteract its balancing effects.
Experiments 3-4 looked at effects on EEG, heart rate, and pulse in two case studies. In the first case, Maharishi Gandharva Veda music improved psychophysiological balance as indicated by increased global EEG alpha and theta activity and by changes in the subject’s Maharishi Ayur-Vedic pulse. This EEG pattern is similar to that produced in Maharishi’s Transcendental Meditation technique. In the second case frontal beta increased, possibly being associated with bliss during the subject’s deepest experience.
Experiment 5 measured immediate effects of Maharishi Gandharva Veda music on a psychiatric, institutionalized geriatric population. 27 subjects, randomly assigned to two groups, listened to 20 min selections of either Maharishi Gandharva Veda music or Western Baroque music five days a week for eight weeks. Previous investigators have shown that the Western Baroque selections had significant therapeutic effects. Dependent variables were the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Fairview Self-Help Scale, and structured observations. No significant differences were found between groups for the rating scales, indicating Maharishi Gandharva Veda music was at least as therapeutic in value as Western Baroque. Structured observations indicated the Maharishi Gandharva Veda group demonstrated greater improvement in social behavior.
Together, the five experiments suggest Maharishi Gandharva Veda music can be a powerful tool for balancing the individual’s mind, body, and behavior. Further research is needed to confirm these initial findings.

This introductory chapter explores the basic themes and concepts of biology, with emphasis on the core theme of evolution. It also introduces students to the thinking of scientists. Questions are therefore general; however, an effort has been made to include some from each skill level. As in the rest of this test bank, questions that feature art or those for which several questions follow upon some data or a scenario are placed together at the end of the chapter.

Neurotransmitters are chemical compounds, released from axon at the neuron ending upon appearance of depolarization
wave, which have the ability to transmit impulses in nervous system. Disturbed synthesis of neurotransmitters
in brain underlies one of the hypothesis concerning etiopathogenesis of mental disorders. Classical neurotransmitters
are acetylcholine, amino acids (glutamic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid) and biogenic amines (dopamine,
adrenalin, serotonin and histamine). In their synthesis in brain significant role play: the amount and kind of
consumed proteins being the source of some key amino acids (L-tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, glutamic acid,
histidine), coal hydrates, fatty acids, vitamins (B1, B6, B9, B12, C, E), mineral components (Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Mn,
Zn, J) and choline.

_The Physiology of Love and Other Writings_ is the first English annotated collection of Mantegazza’s selected works. In my extensive introductory essay, Mantegazza’s hybrid contributions from fiction, travel-writing, and ethnography to physiology, medicine, and politics are reevaluated as instances of a proto-cultural-studies approach attuned to the cross-fertilization of disciplines and the circulation of ideas in a period of European intellectual history that defied the notion of specialization.
Table of contents:
The Physiology of Love
And Selections from:
On The Hygienic and Medicinal Virtues of the Coca Plant and on Nervine Nourishment in General
One Day in Madeira
A Voyage to Lapland with my Friend Stephen Sommier
India
Epicurus: Essay in a Physiology of the Beautiful
The Neurosic Century
The Tartuffe Century
Head: Or, Sowing Ideas to Create New Deeds
Political Memoirs of a Foot Soldier in the Italian Parliament
The Year 3000: A Dream
The Psychology of Translation

Universe is made up of God Particles or Basic Building Blocks ( Fig -1) or mind and mass . To Understand life ( new definition ) we have to understand  sleeping and arousal phenomenon  in living animals , plants and  seed ,  molecules , atoms , particles and in Tachyons which are made up off two God particles . We are set of informations ( Code PcPs ) and that too changing ( fetus , infant , adolescence , adult , old age and finally death ) . Death set of informations ( code PcPs ) are different than life set of informations ( CodePcPs) . Life set of  Informations could be recreated only by Almighty B.B.B . Hence death is illusion. In all stages of set of informations of  particles , atoms, molecules  have arousal state of mind ( Eyes open ) . Hence Idols  are alive  by virtue of arousal -  sleep  phenomenon property ( property of life ) of God particles ( Mind and Mass ) . Life effects are higher thought expressions of B.B.Bs . When these thought expressions are inhibited death thoughts are  triggered , we observe death effects . ( autolysis of cells  and rigor mortis etc ). Hence concept of soul is myth. Hence Life means sleep and arousal phenomenon ( new definition ) . Hence statues are alive because they are in arousal state of mind . ( Open eyes ) till creation exists . After the creation is over,  all stages of God particles would come in sleeping state  in symmetry phase  ( close eyes –mind ) but alive ( new definition ) . Universe “I” is always Alive ( new definition ) whether it is in sleeping state of mind or arousal state of mind.

This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of sodium bicarbonate on the urinary excretion rate of aspirin, testing the hypothesis that sodium bicarbonate increases aspirin excretion. Aspirin overdose is a common medical emergency as deacylated aspirin, salicylate, is a metabolic poison that causes lactic acidosis. Sodium bicarbonate administration is currently the standard treatment because it increases urinary salicylate excretion. To elucidate this process, two experiments were carried out: the first investigating the effect of pH on drug absorption, and the second the effect of sodium bicarbonate on the excretion of aspirin in the form of salicylate. It was determined that pH and drug absorption are related and that an increasing urinary pH results in reduced aspirin absorption. Through the measurement of salicylate concentrations in the urine of participants, the effect of sodium bicarbonate on the excretion rate of aspirin was evaluated. The results showed a clear rise in urinary pH and salicylate excretion upon the administration of sodium bicarbonate. Therefore, the investigation proved that sodium bicarbonate effectively increases aspirin elimination in the form of salicylate and is an appropriate measure to combat aspirin-induced poisoning.

Health is a crucial element of life, thereby all the supporting factors of health assumed as crucial element as important as health it self. This study was focused on relation between physical, mental and spiritual health. Since, they have a strong correlation between each other. Number of person died because of suicide and depression and other mental disease whereas they have a healthy physical state, and vice versa. Number of person suffering illness caused by their unhealthy mental condition. And most startling fact, many researchers found that spiritual well-being involved in both physical and mental health. Spiritual well-being give the feeling of acceptance, satisfaction, happiness, self-control, and long term of hope. These feelings support mental health and more over mental health enhance physical health. Physical, mental and spiritual health work as harmony to achieve high quality of life and bring us health and happiness.