This study used cluster analysis to examine variability in Trail Making Test (TMT) performance in a sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans referred for mild traumatic brain... more
This study used cluster analysis to examine variability in Trail Making Test (TMT) performance in a sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans referred for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Three clusters were extracted, two of which were characterized by level of performance and the third with a unique performance pattern characterized by slow performance on the TMT B (Low B). Clusters did not differ on demographic or psychiatric variables. The Above Average cluster had better performance on measures of processing speed, working memory, and phonemic fluency compared with the Low B cluster. Results suggest that a subset of patients with mTBI perform poorly on TMT B, which subsequently predicts poorer cognitive functioning on several other neuropsychological measures. This subset may be vulnerable to cognitive changes in the context of mTBI and multiple comorbidities while a number of other patients remain cognitively unaf...
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There is increasing evidence that schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share a number of cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic markers. Shared features may be most prevalent among SZ and BD with a history of psychosis. This... more
There is increasing evidence that schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share a number of cognitive, neurobiological, and genetic markers. Shared features may be most prevalent among SZ and BD with a history of psychosis. This study extended this literature by examining reinforcement learning (RL) performance in individuals with SZ (n = 29), BD with a history of psychosis (BD+; n = 24), BD without a history of psychosis (BD-; n = 23), and healthy controls (HC; n = 24). RL was assessed through a probabilistic stimulus selection task with acquisition and test phases. Computational modeling evaluated competing accounts of the data. Each participant's trial-by-trial decision-making behavior was fit to 3 computational models of RL: (a) a standard actor-critic model simulating pure basal ganglia-dependent learning, (b) a pure Q-learning model simulating action selection as a function of learned expected reward value, and (c) a hybrid model where an actor-critic is "augment...
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A comparison was made among participants with schizophrenia and those with structural lateralized or diffuse brain damage in order to determine the extent to which the cognitive profile of the schizophrenia sample resembled the profiles... more
A comparison was made among participants with schizophrenia and those with structural lateralized or diffuse brain damage in order to determine the extent to which the cognitive profile of the schizophrenia sample resembled the profiles obtained from patients with left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse brain damage. The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery was used as the testing procedure. The data were subjected to discriminant analysis in order to obtain frequencies of predicted classification of the participants with schizophrenia into schizophrenia, left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse groups. Half of the participants with schizophrenia were classified into the schizophrenia group. The other half was evenly distributed across the left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and diffuse brain damage groups. There was not a disproportionately large number of participants classified into the left-hemisphere group. Comparisons among these four predicted groups were ac...
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The authors' goal was to determine whether cognitively impaired patients with schizophrenia exhibit age-related cognitive declines similar to those of patients with schizophrenia who do not have substantial cognitive impairment.... more
The authors' goal was to determine whether cognitively impaired patients with schizophrenia exhibit age-related cognitive declines similar to those of patients with schizophrenia who do not have substantial cognitive impairment. Correlation coefficients were computed between age and the Average Impairment Rating, a summary index of cognitive ability, in a group of 77 patients with schizophrenia. These patients were clustered into two groups: one with near-normal cognitive function (N=51) and one with severely impaired cognitive function (N=26). A group of patients with senile dementia (N=21) and another comparison group of nonschizophrenic patients (N=299) were used as reference groups. There were significant correlations between age and the Average Impairment Rating in all groups except the cognitively impaired patients with schizophrenia, in which a zero-order correlation was obtained. Patients with schizophrenia who have substantial cognitive impairment do not have the signif...
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This study used cluster analysis to examine variability in Trail Making Test (TMT) performance in a sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans referred for mild traumatic brain... more
This study used cluster analysis to examine variability in Trail Making Test (TMT) performance in a sample of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) veterans referred for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Three clusters were extracted, two of which were characterized by level of performance and the third with a unique performance pattern characterized by slow performance on the TMT B (Low B). Clusters did not differ on demographic or psychiatric variables. The Above Average cluster had better performance on measures of processing speed, working memory, and phonemic fluency compared with the Low B cluster. Results suggest that a subset of patients with mTBI perform poorly on TMT B, which subsequently predicts poorer cognitive functioning on several other neuropsychological measures. This subset may be vulnerable to cognitive changes in the context of mTBI and multiple comorbidities while a number of other patients remain cognitively unaf...
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Humans, Iraq War, Female, and 5 moreMale, Veterans, Cluster Analysis, Adult, and Neurosciences
Recent studies have examined heterogeneous neuropsychological outcomes in childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) using cluster analysis. These studies have identified homogeneous subgroups based on tests of IQ, memory, and other cognitive... more
Recent studies have examined heterogeneous neuropsychological outcomes in childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) using cluster analysis. These studies have identified homogeneous subgroups based on tests of IQ, memory, and other cognitive abilities that show some degree of association with specific cognitive, emotional, and behavioral outcomes, and have demonstrated that the clusters derived for children with TBI are different from those observed in normal populations. However, the extent to which these subgroups are stable across abilities has not been examined, and this has significant implications for the generalizability and clinical utility of TBI clusters. The current study addressed this by comparing IQ and memory profiles of 137 children who sustained moderate-to-severe TBI. Cluster analysis of IQ and memory scores indicated that a four-cluster solution was optimal for the IQ scores and a five-cluster solution was optimal for the memory scores. Three clusters on each battery...
Research Interests: Intelligence, Adolescent, Memory, Humans, Child, and 4 moreFemale, Male, Cluster Analysis, and Intelligence tests
It has been shown that verbal working and associative memory have different developmental trajectories with working memory, taking a linear course from early childhood to adolescence, whereas associative memory takes a curvilinear course... more
It has been shown that verbal working and associative memory have different developmental trajectories with working memory, taking a linear course from early childhood to adolescence, whereas associative memory takes a curvilinear course asymptoting at about age 12. This study made a determination of whether these trajectories tracked with 2 magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) variables: phosphocreatine level (PCr) and gray matter percentage (GM%). In a cross-sectional study, 94 children ranging in age from 6-14 years were administered tests of verbal working and associative memory and underwent an MRSI procedure evaluating 6 major brain regions. The study considered PCr levels and GM% in the 6 regions. Loess curves were constructed plotting the memory tests and MRSI variables across age, and trajectories were evaluated. PCr showed a linear increase with age, particularly in the left superior temporal lobe with this increase closely tracking improvement in working memory ...
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Intelligence tests are commonly administered to children following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) is a recently developed measure of intellectual ability that has a... more
Intelligence tests are commonly administered to children following moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) is a recently developed measure of intellectual ability that has a number of appealing features for assessing individuals with brain damage, but as yet has little validity information when applied to children with TBI or other forms of brain injury. It is therefore unclear whether RIAS scores are sensitive to brain injury and how they compare to older more well-established tests such as the Wechsler scales. The current article reports two studies that examine these matters in youth with TBI. The first study examined sensitivity of the RIAS to TBI in 110 children. Results indicated the TBI sample performed significantly worse compared with the standardization sample on all RIAS index scores. The second study included 102 children who were administered either the RIAS, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Editi...
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have a profound impact on a child's ongoing development. Various risk factors have been found to predict outcome, but considerable variability remains unexplained. This... more
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may have a profound impact on a child's ongoing development. Various risk factors have been found to predict outcome, but considerable variability remains unexplained. This study used a prospective, longitudinal design to examine recovery of memory function following TBI within the pre school period. Ninety-six children with TBI were divided according to injury severity (mild, moderate, severe), and compared to age and SES matched healthy controls (n = 35). Children were evaluated acutely and at 6,12 and 18 months post-injury using intellectual and memory measures. Results showed a relationship between greater injury severity and poorer intellectual ability. This dose-response relationship was not clearly evident for memory function within the acute phase of recovery, but developed over time, with greater memory impairments evident for children with more severe TBI by 12 months post-injury. Children with mild TBI exhibited few memory problems. Findings are discussed in the context of theories of plasticity and recovery of function.
Research Interests: Intelligence, Brain, Humans, Child, Female, and 5 moreAmnesia, Male, Glasgow Coma Scale, Follow-up studies, and Brain injury
Recent factor-analytic studies of the Halstead Category Test (HCT) indicate that its seven subtests form three factors including a Counting factor (subtests I and II), a Spatial Positional Reasoning factor (subtests III, IV, and VII), and... more
Recent factor-analytic studies of the Halstead Category Test (HCT) indicate that its seven subtests form three factors including a Counting factor (subtests I and II), a Spatial Positional Reasoning factor (subtests III, IV, and VII), and a Proportional Reasoning factor (subtests V, VI, and VII). The sensitivity and specificity of these factors to heterogeneous forms of brain damage was examined in a large sample of patients and a normal comparison sample. A prorated Impairment Index, which excluded the HCT error score, was used to assign participants with brain damage into mild, moderate, and severe impairment groups. Also, groups with various forms of neuropathology were contrasted. Results indicated that both the Spatial Positional Reasoning and the Proportional Reasoning factors were sensitive to brain damage. However, in all of the brain-damage groups, a greater percentage of errors were made on the Spatial Positional factor, suggesting that of the two it was more difficult for those with brain damage. The sensitivity and specificity of the Spatial Positional factor score for detection of brain damage was comparable to that of the total error score, which has been previously demonstrated to be an excellent indicator of brain damage. Findings provide further support for the validity of the HCT factors, and are consistent with the view that factor scores may be useful in interpreting the HCT.
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Approximately 50% of child protective service (CPS) referrals abuse drugs; yet, existing treatment studies in this population have been limited to case examinations. Therefore, a family-based behavioral therapy was evaluated in mothers... more
Approximately 50% of child protective service (CPS) referrals abuse drugs; yet, existing treatment studies in this population have been limited to case examinations. Therefore, a family-based behavioral therapy was evaluated in mothers referred from CPS for child neglect and drug abuse utilizing a controlled experimental design. Seventy-two mothers evidencing drug abuse or dependence and child neglect were randomly assigned to family behavior therapy (FBT) or treatment as usual (TAU). Participants were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 10 months postrandomization. As hypothesized, intent-to-treat repeated measures analyses revealed mothers referred for child neglect not due to their children being exposed to illicit drugs demonstrated better outcomes in child maltreatment potential from baseline to 6- and 10-month postrandomization assessments when assigned to FBT, as compared with TAU mothers and FBT mothers who were referred due to child drug exposure. Similar results occurred f...
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The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC-IV) is often used to assess children with traumatic brain injury (TBI); although limited information is available regarding its psychometric properties in these children. Two... more
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 4th edition (WISC-IV) is often used to assess children with traumatic brain injury (TBI); although limited information is available regarding its psychometric properties in these children. Two recent reports suggest that the Perceptual Reasoning Index is not uniquely sensitive to TBI, which differs from the Perceptual Organization Index of the WISC-III. The current study examined WISC-IV profiles in two independently gathered samples of children with TBI. Examination of profiles indicated similarities between the current findings and those reported in other studies, in that the greatest deficits were present on the Processing Speed Index and its component subtests of Coding and Symbol Search, while the Perceptual Reasoning index score was comparable to the Verbal Comprehension Index. Also, no significant index or subtest score differences were present when the current sample was compared to the children with TBI reported by Allen, Thaler, Donohue and Mayfield (2010 ). The present findings are consistent with two prior studies of the WISC-IV in children with TBI, providing additional evidence for profile differences between the WISC-III and WISC-IV. The results also suggest that WISC-IV profiles reported in prior studies are generalizable across TBI samples and study sites.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Family Therapy, Criminal Justice, Behavior Modification, Behavior, and 13 moreChild Welfare, Social Support, Adolescent, Substance Abuse Treatment, Humans, Child, Clinical research, Behavior Therapy, Drug abuse, Adult, Patient Care Team, Parent‐child Relations, and Substance-Related Disorders
High rates of co-occurrence between substance abuse and child neglect have been well documented and especially difficult to treat. As a first step in developing a comprehensive evidence-based treatment for use in this population, the... more
High rates of co-occurrence between substance abuse and child neglect have been well documented and especially difficult to treat. As a first step in developing a comprehensive evidence-based treatment for use in this population, the present case examination underscores Family Behavior Therapy (FBT) in the treatment of a mother who evidenced Substance Dependence, child neglect, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, and domestic violence. Utilizing psychometrically validated self-report inventories and objective urinalysis, treatment was found to result in the cessation of substance use, lower risk of child maltreatment, improved parenting attitudes and practices, and reduced instances of violence in the home. The importance of utilizing validity scales in the assessment of referrals from child welfare settings is discussed, and future directions are reported in light of the results.
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Research Interests: Program Evaluation, Psychology, Speech Language Pathology, Communication, Education, and 38 moreSocial Work, Psychometrics, Mental Health, Speech perception, Child Welfare, Victimology, Child Maltreatment, Speech Acoustics, Public Health, Curriculum, Staff Development, Clinical Practice, Voice, Humans, Child, Outcome, Program Development, Child Abuse, Female, Male, Data Collection, British Columbia, Voice Quality, Transsexualism, Victoria, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Middle Aged, Self Concept, Questionnaires, Cancer Education, Adult, Public health systems and services research, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Patient Centered Care, Self report, and Predictive value of tests(Social Work, Psychometrics, Mental Health, Speech perception, Child Welfare, Victimology, Child Maltreatment, Speech Acoustics, Public Health, Curriculum, Staff Development, Clinical Practice, Voice, Humans, Child, Outcome, Program Development, Child Abuse, Female, Male, Data Collection, British Columbia, Voice Quality, Transsexualism, Victoria, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Middle Aged, Self Concept, Questionnaires, Cancer Education, Adult, Public health systems and services research, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Patient Centered Care, Self report, and Predictive value of tests)
(Social Work, Psychometrics, Mental Health, Speech perception, Child Welfare, Victimology, Child Maltreatment, Speech Acoustics, Public Health, Curriculum, Staff Development, Clinical Practice, Voice, Humans, Child, Outcome, Program Development, Child Abuse, Female, Male, Data Collection, British Columbia, Voice Quality, Transsexualism, Victoria, Clinical Sciences, Aged, Middle Aged, Self Concept, Questionnaires, Cancer Education, Adult, Public health systems and services research, Sex Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Patient Centered Care, Self report, and Predictive value of tests)
Recent studies of autism and schizophrenia examining the factor structure of the subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised have identified a factor that is thought to assess social cognitive (SC) processes or social... more
Recent studies of autism and schizophrenia examining the factor structure of the subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised have identified a factor that is thought to assess social cognitive (SC) processes or social context. The objective of the current study was to determine whether a similar factor could be identified using confirmatory factor analysis of the 14 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) subtests in the standardization sample. A five-factor model that included an SC factor along with verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed factors provided the best fit of the data. The SC factor was composed of the Picture Arrangement, Picture Completion, and Object Assembly subtests when all 14 WAIS-III subtests were included. These results provide support for the construct validity of SC factors measured by the WAIS-III in the standardization sample, although additional research is necessary to determine its stability across age groups and clinical populations, as well as its sensitivity to various forms of brain dysfunction.
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Cognition, Social Cognition, Working Memory, and 17 moreAdolescent, Processing Speed, Humans, Social Context, Female, Confirmatory factor analysis, Construct Validity, Male, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Five Factor Model, Psychological Models, Factor structure, Neurosciences, Age Groups, and Perceptual organization
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Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with behavioral disturbances that can interfere with adjustment in the classroom. As such, standardized assessments of behavioral disturbances following TBI are useful in treatment... more
Pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with behavioral disturbances that can interfere with adjustment in the classroom. As such, standardized assessments of behavioral disturbances following TBI are useful in treatment planning and rehabilitation, although few studies have examined the sensitivity of standardized behavior assessments to behavioral abnormalities in this population. The present study compared the Behavior Assessment System for Children-Second Edition Teacher Rating Scale (BASC-2 TRS) profiles of 25 children who sustained TBI to those of 25 matched controls and to the BASC-2 standardization sample. Results indicated that teachers endorsed externalizing and school-related problems more severely and frequently than internalizing problems, with the greatest elevations on the Hyperactivity, Attention Problems, and Learning Problems subscales. In addition, BASC-2 scores appeared unrelated to IQ but were influenced by achievement functioning. Findings are cons...
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The current study examines the relationship between attention bias for positive emotional words and self-reported emotional experience. Previous research suggests that the experience of positive emotion momentarily broadens cognitive... more
The current study examines the relationship between attention bias for positive emotional words and self-reported emotional experience. Previous research suggests that the experience of positive emotion momentarily broadens cognitive processes, potentially ...
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Recent factor-analytic studies of the Halstead Category Test (HCT) indicate that its seven subtests form three factors including a Counting factor (subtests I and II), a Spatial Positional Reasoning factor (subtests III, IV, and VII), and... more
Recent factor-analytic studies of the Halstead Category Test (HCT) indicate that its seven subtests form three factors including a Counting factor (subtests I and II), a Spatial Positional Reasoning factor (subtests III, IV, and VII), and a Proportional Reasoning factor (subtests V, VI, and VII). The sensitivity and specificity of these factors to heterogeneous forms of brain damage was examined in a large sample of patients and a normal comparison sample. A prorated Impairment Index, which excluded the HCT error score, was used to assign participants with brain damage into mild, moderate, and severe impairment groups. Also, groups with various forms of neuropathology were contrasted. Results indicated that both the Spatial Positional Reasoning and the Proportional Reasoning factors were sensitive to brain damage. However, in all of the brain-damage groups, a greater percentage of errors were made on the Spatial Positional factor, suggesting that of the two it was more difficult for those with brain damage. The sensitivity and specificity of the Spatial Positional factor score for detection of brain damage was comparable to that of the total error score, which has been previously demonstrated to be an excellent indicator of brain damage. Findings provide further support for the validity of the HCT factors, and are consistent with the view that factor scores may be useful in interpreting the HCT.
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Two studies were conducted to evaluate potential malingering indexes on the Halstead Category Test. The aim of the first study was that of documenting that groups of individuals with established cognitive impairment did not score... more
Two studies were conducted to evaluate potential malingering indexes on the Halstead Category Test. The aim of the first study was that of documenting that groups of individuals with established cognitive impairment did not score positively on the proposed indexes. Of the indexes considered, it was found that these groups made very few errors on subtests I and II of the test and improved their performance on subtest VI relative to V. Subtests I and II are very simple and both subtest V and VI involve the same principle. It was proposed that malingerers would make excessive numbers of errors on subtests I and II, and would not show improvement on subtest VI over subtest V. The second study compared the performance of patients with brain damage to students who were either trained to malinger or encouraged to perform as well as they could on the Category Test. Comparisons were made on the malingering indexes among these groups showing that mean scores of the patients with brain damage on several of the indexes did not differ from those of the students encouraged to do well, but both of these groups did significantly better than the student malingerers. A discriminant analysis of the set of malingering indexes classified 20% of the student malingerers as brain damaged, and 3.4% of the patients with brain damage as malingerers. A stepwise analysis indicated that number of errors on subtests I and II and Total Errors were particularly sensitive to malingering.
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Schizophrenia, Cognition, Discriminant Analysis, and 16 moreHumans, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Cognitive impairment, Adult, Malingering, Analysis of Variance, Reproducibility of Results, Indexation, Sensitivity and Specificity, Neurosciences, Predictive value of tests, Brain Damage, Cognition disorders, and Case Control Studies
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Research Interests: Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Social Cognition, Working Memory, Social behavior, and 14 moreHumans, Confirmatory factor analysis, Male, Personal Construct Theory, Mathematical Computing, Awareness, Middle Aged, Social Functioning, Adult, Cognitive Ability, Five Factor Model, Social Behavior, Cognition disorders, and Perceptual organization
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Although factor scores are commonly used to interpret the Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised (WAIS-R), the WAIS-R factor structure has not been investigated in patients with schizophrenia. We used confirmatory factor analysis... more
Although factor scores are commonly used to interpret the Weschsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Revised (WAIS-R), the WAIS-R factor structure has not been investigated in patients with schizophrenia. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine five latent construct models in 169 males with schizophrenia. The WAIS-R standardization sample (ages 35-44; n = 250) was used as a comparison group. For both groups, all model fit indexes used to determine model adequacy supported models composed of Verbal Comprehension (VC), Perceptual Organization (PO) and Freedom from Distractibility (FFD) factors. However, the Digit Symbol subtest loaded on both the PO and FFD factors for patients with schizophrenia but only on the FFD factor for the WAIS-R standardization sample. Patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse on the FFD and PO factors compared to the VC factor, reflecting the well-characterized attention and problem solving deficits associated with schizophrenia. Also, patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than the WAIS-R sample on all factors. These results provide support for the validity of the WAIS-R factors in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affective impairments were examined in patients with and without deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Two Emotional Stroop tasks designed to measure automatic processing of emotional information were administered to deficit (n=15) and... more
Affective impairments were examined in patients with and without deficit syndrome schizophrenia. Two Emotional Stroop tasks designed to measure automatic processing of emotional information were administered to deficit (n=15) and non-deficit syndrome (n=26) schizophrenia patients classified according to the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome, and matched non-patient control subjects (n=22). In comparison to non-deficit patients and controls, deficit syndrome patients demonstrated a lack of attention bias for positive information, and an elevated attentional lingering effect for negative information. These findings suggest that positive information fails to automatically capture attention of deficit syndrome patients, and that when negative information captures attention, it produces difficulty in disengagement Attentional abnormalities were significantly correlated with negative symptoms, such that more severe symptoms were associated with less attention bias for positive emotion and a greater lingering effect for negative information. Results are generally consistent with a mood-congruent processing abnormality and suggest that impaired automatic processing may be core to diminished emotional experience symptoms exhibited in deficit syndrome patients.
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Research Interests: Schizophrenia, Attention, Humans, Male, Haloperidol, and 2 moreMiddle Aged and Adult(Middle Aged and Adult)
(Middle Aged and Adult)
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Research Interests: Schizophrenia, Comorbidity, Humans, Female, Male, and 4 moreRisk factors, Middle Aged, Adult, and Risk Factors
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Research Interests: Psychology, Psychological Assessment, Psychometrics, Traumatic Brain Injury, Adolescent, and 19 moreProcessing Speed, Learning and Memory, Humans, Child, Business and Management, Psychological, Female, Male, Reaction Time, Cognitive Process, Psychometric Properties, Brain injury, Cognitive Performance, Learning Disorders, Short Term Memory, Reproducibility of Results, Indexation, Reference Values, and Cognition disorders(Processing Speed, Learning and Memory, Humans, Child, Business and Management, Psychological, Female, Male, Reaction Time, Cognitive Process, Psychometric Properties, Brain injury, Cognitive Performance, Learning Disorders, Short Term Memory, Reproducibility of Results, Indexation, Reference Values, and Cognition disorders)
(Processing Speed, Learning and Memory, Humans, Child, Business and Management, Psychological, Female, Male, Reaction Time, Cognitive Process, Psychometric Properties, Brain injury, Cognitive Performance, Learning Disorders, Short Term Memory, Reproducibility of Results, Indexation, Reference Values, and Cognition disorders)
Research Interests: Psychology, Psychological Assessment, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, Child Development, and 13 morePrincipal Component Analysis, Humans, Child, Business and Management, Psychological, Neuropsychological Assessment, Female, Male, Psychometric Properties, Children and Adolescents, Reproducibility of Results, Indexation, and Perceptual organization
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The aim of the study was to examine effects of haloperidol on the relationships between neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe functioning and the schizophrenia syndromes of psychomotor poverty and disorganization. Twenty-one... more
The aim of the study was to examine effects of haloperidol on the relationships between neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe functioning and the schizophrenia syndromes of psychomotor poverty and disorganization. Twenty-one participants with schizophrenia were initially evaluated when clinically stable and chronically treated with haloperidol, and 19 were evaluated again after a 3-week haloperidol-free period. Participants were evaluated with the Trail Making Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Purdue Pegboard, and psychiatric rating scales at each evaluation. There were significant correlations between schizophrenia syndromes and the tests sensitive to frontal lobe function when participants were medicated but not when drug-free. No significant changes in symptom severity or motor function occurred from the medication to the medication-free evaluation. The results indicate that haloperidol mediates the relationship between tests sensitive to frontal lobe function and the schizophrenia syndromes of psychomotor poverty and disorganization. This mediation effect was not attributable to changes in overall symptom severity or motor function.
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Research Interests: Neuroscience, Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Science, Neuropsychology, and 21 morePrincipal Component Analysis, Problem solving (Cognitive Psychology), Laterality, Nonverbal Behavior, Cognitive Neuroscience, Problem Solving, Right Hemisphere Functions, Humans, Cerebrovascular Disease, Concept Formation, Male, Cognitive Process, Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Middle Aged, Adult, Spatial Reasoning, Left Hemisphere, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Neurosciences, Brain Damage, and Functional Laterality(Principal Component Analysis, Problem solving (Cognitive Psychology), Laterality, Nonverbal Behavior, Cognitive Neuroscience, Problem Solving, Right Hemisphere Functions, Humans, Cerebrovascular Disease, Concept Formation, Male, Cognitive Process, Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Middle Aged, Adult, Spatial Reasoning, Left Hemisphere, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Neurosciences, Brain Damage, and Functional Laterality)
(Principal Component Analysis, Problem solving (Cognitive Psychology), Laterality, Nonverbal Behavior, Cognitive Neuroscience, Problem Solving, Right Hemisphere Functions, Humans, Cerebrovascular Disease, Concept Formation, Male, Cognitive Process, Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Middle Aged, Adult, Spatial Reasoning, Left Hemisphere, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Neurosciences, Brain Damage, and Functional Laterality)
The authors administered the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery to schizophrenic groups with (n = 54) and without (n = 217) coexisting alcoholism, nonschizophrenic groups with alcoholism (n = 231), and a patient comparison... more
The authors administered the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery to schizophrenic groups with (n = 54) and without (n = 217) coexisting alcoholism, nonschizophrenic groups with alcoholism (n = 231), and a patient comparison group (n = 145) to determine the extent of additive cognitive impairment in schizophrenia associated with alcoholism and to compare cognitive function in alcoholism and schizophrenia. The additive effects of alcoholism on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia were subtle but were consistently identifiable. Cognitive dysfunction in alcoholism was less severe than in schizophrenia with or without alcoholism. The magnitude of additive effects of alcoholism on cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia was age related with a significant interaction between age and presence or absence of alcoholism on a global index of cognitive dysfunction.
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Working memory deficits have been identified in bipolar disorder, but there is evidence suggesting that these deficits may be markers for psychosis rather than affective disorder. The current study examined this issue by comparing two... more
Working memory deficits have been identified in bipolar disorder, but there is evidence suggesting that these deficits may be markers for psychosis rather than affective disorder. The current study examined this issue by comparing two groups of individuals with bipolar disorder, one with psychotic features and one without psychotic features, with a group of normal controls. Working memory was conceptualized as a multicomponent system that includes auditory and visuospatial short-term stores, executive control processes, and an episodic buffer that allows for communication between short- and long-term memory stores (Baddeley & Logie, 1999). Results indicated that only executive control processes significantly differentiated the psychotic and nonpsychotic bipolar groups, although visuospatial working memory differentiated both bipolar groups from controls. The results support the idea that some aspects of working memory performance are markers for psychosis, while others may be more general markers for bipolar disorders.
Research Interests: Psychology, Neuropsychology, Bipolar Disorder, Principal Component Analysis, Working Memory, and 16 moreExecutive Control, Executive Function, Humans, Hospitalization, Female, Male, Young Adult, Middle Aged, Adult, Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory, Psychotic Disorders, Memory Disorders, Neurosciences, Affective Disorder, and Acoustic Stimulation
Neuropsychological deficits are considered by many to be core features of schizophrenia. However, about 20% of patients with schizophrenia appear to have normal neuropsychological function. This study investigates this subgroup by... more
Neuropsychological deficits are considered by many to be core features of schizophrenia. However, about 20% of patients with schizophrenia appear to have normal neuropsychological function. This study investigates this subgroup by comparing a "neuropsychologically normal" schizophrenia group to a non-schizophrenic, non-brain damaged patient comparison (PC) sample, and to patients with definitive brain damage who performed normally on neuropsychological testing. All patients completed the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery and were classified as neuropsychologically normal or impaired using the Average Impairment Rating (AIR). In a sample of 113 patients with schizophrenia, 19.5% were classified as neuropsychologically normal. The brain damaged neuropsychologically normal group (BD-NN) consisted of 14.3% of 124 subjects. These groups were compared with a patient non-schizophrenic, non-brain damaged group who were selected on the basis of having an Average Impairment Rating in the neuropsychologically normal range. The neuropsychologically normal schizophrenic group performed less well than the non-brain damaged, non-schizophrenic patient comparison group on a number of tests, indicating that patients in this group may not be completely neuropsychologically normal, and would be better characterized as "high-functioning" or near normal. The results are discussed in regard to possible neurobiological differences between neuropsychologically impaired and intact schizophrenic patients, and implications for course and outcome.
Research Interests: Decision Making, Schizophrenia, Cognition, Humans, Female, and 5 moreMale, Cluster Analysis, The, Adult, and Retrospective Studies
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Although numerous studies have consistently revealed cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia, the relationships between such heterogeneity and clinical phenomenology are not clear. Clusters derived from cognitive heterogeneity studies... more
Although numerous studies have consistently revealed cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia, the relationships between such heterogeneity and clinical phenomenology are not clear. Clusters derived from cognitive heterogeneity studies may or may not be associated with symptom profile or severity of illness. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cognitive heterogeneity and demographic and clinical phenomenological measures. We examined cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia by empirically deriving clusters of patients based upon WAIS-R subtest scores and then analyzed the way in which these clusters related to demographic and symptom variables and to DSM-III-R diagnostic subtypes. Four cognitive clusters were identified that were consistent with previous research. These clusters were differentiated on the basis of educational level and occupational status but not on the basis of symptom profile, severity, or DSM-III-R subtypes. Results suggest that cognitive measures are independent of severity of the disorder and phenomenological symptom presentation in these subgroups of schizophrenic patients.
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Parental dissatisfaction with children appears to be associated with child maltreatment. However, little is known regarding the specific domains of parental dissatisfaction that may increase child maltreatment potential, particularly in... more
Parental dissatisfaction with children appears to be associated with child maltreatment. However, little is known regarding the specific domains of parental dissatisfaction that may increase child maltreatment potential, particularly in perpetrators of child maltreatment where substance abuse is present. In this study, responses to the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI) and a scale measuring parental satisfaction in 11 domains were examined in a sample of 82 mothers who were referred for treatment of substance abuse and child neglect by the local child protective service agency. Results indicated that mothers were relatively most satisfied with their children overall, and least satisfied in domains that were relevant to discipline (i.e., following house rules, compliance, reaction to redirection and punishment, completion of chores). Five of the 11 areas of parental satisfaction that were assessed evidenced negative correlations with child abuse potential, indicating that as satisfaction increased, abuse potential decreased. However, when correlation analyses excluded participants with elevated CAPI Lie scale scores (a measure of social desirability), only overall happiness demonstrated a significant negative correlation with child abuse potential. These results suggest that while associations are present among measures of parental satisfaction and child abuse potential, these associations are moderated to some extent by social desirability, which may help explain some of the inconsistencies reported in prior studies of parental satisfaction and child maltreatment potential.
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We studied the effects of aging and comorbid alcoholism on sensory-perceptual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Using sensory-perceptual tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery included in the Russell,... more
We studied the effects of aging and comorbid alcoholism on sensory-perceptual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. Using sensory-perceptual tests from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery included in the Russell, Neuringer, and Goldstein (1970) Perceptual Disorders Index, samples were compared of 54 patients with comorbid schizophrenia and alcoholism, 234 patients with schizophrenia but no history of alcoholism, 132 patients with chronic alcoholism and 171 patient controls. Data were analyzed by one-way analyses of variance followed by Scheffe multiple comparison tests. Numerous significant differences were found among groups, with the comorbid schizophrenia group doing more poorly than the other groups on measures of touch perception and suppression, finger agnosia, and fingertip number writing. Multiple regression analyses using the sensory-perceptual tests as predictor variables and age as the dependent variable indicated that the strength of association between age and the multivariate set of sensory-perceptual test scores was greater in the comorbid schizophrenia group than the noncomorbid schizophrenia, alcoholism and patient control groups. The preponderance of age-related deficits was left-sided, suggesting accelerated decline in right hemispheric function. A comparison of groups across ages on a single Perceptual Disorders Index score showed a substantially larger age effect in the comorbid schizophrenia group relative to the other groups.
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Factor structure of the Halstead Category Test was evaluated in patients with schizophrenia, heterogeneous forms of brain damage, and patient controls using confirmatory factor analysis. Analyses were performed including and excluding... more
Factor structure of the Halstead Category Test was evaluated in patients with schizophrenia, heterogeneous forms of brain damage, and patient controls using confirmatory factor analysis. Analyses were performed including and excluding subtests 1 and 2. In the first analysis, a three-factor model was optimal, with subtests 1 and 2 loading on one factor (Counting), 3, 4, and 7 loading on a second factor (Spatial Positional Reasoning), and subtests 5 and 6 loading on a third factor (Proportional Reasoning). Excluding subtests 1 and 2, a two-factor solution was optimal consisting of the Spatial Positional (subtests 3 and 4) and Proportional Reasoning (subtests 5 and 6) factors, with subtest 7 loading on both factors. Optimal factor structures for the three groups were identical. Correlations between factor scores were similar among groups. Factor scores also correlated significantly (p <.01 ) with all of the other cognitive measures. It was concluded that the Category Test is a multidimensional procedure with factors associated in a general way with other cognitive abilities.
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The WAIS-R Digit Span subtests require oral presentation of digits. Older adults with hearing impairments may have reduced recall due to deficits in hearing. It is also possible that older... more
The WAIS-R Digit Span subtests require oral presentation of digits. Older adults with hearing impairments may have reduced recall due to deficits in hearing. It is also possible that older adults' recall is influenced by recall superiority for auditory versus visual information (the auditory superiority effect). Auditory and visual versions of the Digits Forward and Backward tasks were administered to 30 younger adults (18-30 years) and 30 older adults (65-78 years). Although younger adults exhibited marginally better digit recall overall than older adults, all participants' scores were highest for the auditory presentation mode.
Research Interests: Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive Science, Experimental Psychology, and 25 moreArtificial Intelligence, Psychometrics, Speech perception, Measurement and Evaluation, Aging, Working Memory, Memory Studies, Adolescent, Cognitive Aging, Humans, Female, Male, Digit span, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Hearing Impaired, Visual Memory, Short Term Memory, Reversal Learning, Older Adult, Reference Values, Memory Cognitive Psychology, Neurosciences, and Verbal Learning(Artificial Intelligence, Psychometrics, Speech perception, Measurement and Evaluation, Aging, Working Memory, Memory Studies, Adolescent, Cognitive Aging, Humans, Female, Male, Digit span, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Hearing Impaired, Visual Memory, Short Term Memory, Reversal Learning, Older Adult, Reference Values, Memory Cognitive Psychology, Neurosciences, and Verbal Learning)
(Artificial Intelligence, Psychometrics, Speech perception, Measurement and Evaluation, Aging, Working Memory, Memory Studies, Adolescent, Cognitive Aging, Humans, Female, Male, Digit span, Aged, Middle Aged, Adult, Hearing Impaired, Visual Memory, Short Term Memory, Reversal Learning, Older Adult, Reference Values, Memory Cognitive Psychology, Neurosciences, and Verbal Learning)
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Special Education, Psychometrics, Intelligence, and 13 moreCognition, Higher Order Thinking, Factor analysis, Child, Educational, First-Order Logic, Intelligence tests, Attention Disorders, Educational & Psychological Measurement, Factor structure, Psychological Reports, WISC-IV, and Nino
The DSM-5 list of diagnoses concerning schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders is expected to be revised and graduated from mild to severe. The proposed changes for the diagnosis of schizophrenia affect demands for... more
The DSM-5 list of diagnoses concerning schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders is expected to be revised and graduated from mild to severe. The proposed changes for the diagnosis of schizophrenia affect demands for characteristic symptoms, clarify relation to pervasive developmental disorders, and eliminate the classic subtypes of schizophrenia. A dimensional assessment will be measured on a 0-4 point scale. It is recommended that the concept of attenuated psychosis syndrome is further investigated. The propositions affecting characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia might increase diagnostic reliability and validity, but it is estimated to exclude about 2 % of patients currently diagnosed with DSM-IV schizophrenia from fulfilling criteria for DSM-5 schizophrenia. It might generate a problem for future young patients if the changes concerning demands on characteristic symptoms turn out to be more restrictive, leaving out a percentage of patients with psychotic symptoms from a diagnosis of schizophrenia; which in practice opens possibilities for intensive treatment options. On the other hand, not including attenuated psychosis syndrome at the present might protect patients from stigmatization and pharmacological treatment on poor indication. The introduction of dimensional assessments may make schizophrenia subtyping redundant and has the potential to enrich clinical practice and bridge communication between child and adolescent and adult psychiatry. The most recent guidelines for assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia are from 2001. They provide differentiated recommendations regarding diagnostics, assessment of symptoms and functioning and treatment strategies. There is an urgent need for updated guidelines in this field, especially concerning specific treatment guidelines.
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The current study examined the construct and criterion validity of the Comprehensive Trail Making Test (CTMT) when used to evaluate children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants included 100 children and... more
The current study examined the construct and criterion validity of the Comprehensive Trail Making Test (CTMT) when used to evaluate children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants included 100 children and adolescents, 50 who had sustained TBI and 50 normal comparisons (NC). Analyses indicated that the CTMT factor scores were significantly correlated with tests of perceptual organizational ability, processing speed, and motor function and provided support for its construct validity. Additionally, correlations between the various CTMT scores suggested that a different pattern of associations was present in the TBI group compared to the NC group. Finally, the TBI group performed significantly worse (p < .001) on all of the CTMT scores, including each of the five CTMT trails as well as the factor and composite index scores. Results support the construct and criterion validity of the CTMT when used to assess children and adolescents with TBI.
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To establish empirical sub-types, based upon cognitive test results of individuals who had sustained traumatic brain injury. The study was retrospective, applying cluster analyses and associated statistical tests to an established... more
To establish empirical sub-types, based upon cognitive test results of individuals who had sustained traumatic brain injury. The study was retrospective, applying cluster analyses and associated statistical tests to an established database. Neuropsychological data from veterans with brain trauma were cluster analysed using the WAIS-R and Halstead-Reitan Battery (HRB). External validity of the cluster solutions was evaluated. The study was based upon use of an established database that contained cognitive test data and information regarding diagnosis and clinical history. The WAIS-R clusters described sub-groups with near normal function, preserved verbal but impaired problem-solving abilities or global impairment. The HRB clusters differed in level of performance with Near Normal, Moderately Impaired and Globally Impaired clusters. Cluster membership was associated with age and employment status, but not with neurological findings. The outcome of traumatic brain injury is heterogeneous and mainly associated with demographic considerations.
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The heterogeneity and uncertain significance of neurologic exam abnormalities in schizophrenia prompted us to evaluate their factor structure. We administered a modified version of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) to 103... more
The heterogeneity and uncertain significance of neurologic exam abnormalities in schizophrenia prompted us to evaluate their factor structure. We administered a modified version of the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) to 103 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia. Data were distilled by combining right- and left-side scores, and by eliminating superfluous, rarely abnormal and unreliable items from the analysis. Exploratory principal components analysis yielded four factors: repetitive motor tasks (fist-ring, fist-edge-palm, alternating fist-palm, dysdiadochokinesis); cognitive-perceptual tasks (memory, audiovisual integration, right-left orientation, face-hand test, rhythm tapping reproduction); balancing tasks (Romberg, tandem gait); and the palmomental reflex. Evaluation of the relationship between these factors and clinical and demographic variables revealed a robust correlation between the cognitive-perceptual factor and full-scale IQ score. This analysis is a step toward developing empirical subscales of a modified NES, which may provide insights into the nature of neurologic impairment in schizophrenia and may prove clinically useful.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Communication, Behavior Modification, Evidence Based Medicine, Behavior, and 13 moreFamily, Quality Assurance, Humans, Substance Abuse, Best practice, Personnel Selection, Behavior Therapy, Mentors, Volunteers, Medical Records, Substance-Related Disorders, Operation and Maintenance, and Health Personnel
Research Interests: Psychology, Family Therapy, Behavior Modification, Community-Based Mental Health Services, Evidence Based Medicine, and 17 moreClinical Trial, Family, Quality of life, Integrated assessment, Risk Taking, Adolescent, Humans, Substance Abuse, Behavior Therapy, Drug abuse, Adult, Patient Care Team, Problem Behavior, Educational Status, Treatment planning, Parent‐child Relations, and Substance-Related Disorders
Research Interests: Psychology, Family Therapy, Criminal Justice, Behavior Modification, Behavior, and 13 moreChild Welfare, Social Support, Adolescent, Substance Abuse Treatment, Humans, Child, Clinical research, Behavior Therapy, Drug abuse, Adult, Patient Care Team, Parent‐child Relations, and Substance-Related Disorders
Validity studies of neuropsychological tests have typically examined individuals with neurological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the construct validity of neuropsychological measures in patients with... more
Validity studies of neuropsychological tests have typically examined individuals with neurological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the construct validity of neuropsychological measures in patients with schizophrenia. We used Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (WAIS-R) factor scores that were generated from the population of interest as marker variables in the present analysis. The current study included 39 patients with schizophrenia who were evaluated with a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing attention, memory, and abstract reasoning abilities. Pearson correlations indicated significant relationships between (a) WAIS-R Verbal Comprehension factor and tests of sustained attention, verbal memory and remote memory; (b) WAIS-R Perceptual Organization factor and tests of visual memory and abstraction and problem solving; and (c) WAIS-R Freedom From Distractibility factor and neuropsychological measures of attention and concentration. These results provide support for the construct validity of the neuropsychological tests in patients with schizophrenia, and indicate that these tests evaluate essentially the same constructs in patients with schizophrenia as they do for patients with structural neurological disorders.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Assessment, Semantics, Psychometrics, Visual perception, and 22 moreAttention, Reading, Adolescent, Intergroup Conflict (Psychology), Evidence-Based Practice (Psychology), Color Perception, Emotions, Students, Humans, Business and Management, Color, Female, Male, Reaction Time, Comparative Analysis, Stimuli, Undergraduate Student, Adult, Reproducibility of Results, Reference Values, Test Reliability, and Attentional Bias(Attention, Reading, Adolescent, Intergroup Conflict (Psychology), Evidence-Based Practice (Psychology), Color Perception, Emotions, Students, Humans, Business and Management, Color, Female, Male, Reaction Time, Comparative Analysis, Stimuli, Undergraduate Student, Adult, Reproducibility of Results, Reference Values, Test Reliability, and Attentional Bias)
(Attention, Reading, Adolescent, Intergroup Conflict (Psychology), Evidence-Based Practice (Psychology), Color Perception, Emotions, Students, Humans, Business and Management, Color, Female, Male, Reaction Time, Comparative Analysis, Stimuli, Undergraduate Student, Adult, Reproducibility of Results, Reference Values, Test Reliability, and Attentional Bias)
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Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Cognition, Attention, Adolescent, and 11 moreLearning, Memory, Humans, Child, Female, Male, Cluster Analysis, Young Adult, Memory Disorders, Neurosciences, and Nino(Learning, Memory, Humans, Child, Female, Male, Cluster Analysis, Young Adult, Memory Disorders, Neurosciences, and Nino)
(Learning, Memory, Humans, Child, Female, Male, Cluster Analysis, Young Adult, Memory Disorders, Neurosciences, and Nino)
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Cognitive studies of patients with Schizoaffective Disorder typically indicate that the cognitive function of these patients resembles that of patients with Schizophrenic Disorder more than it does patients with nonpsychotic Mood... more
Cognitive studies of patients with Schizoaffective Disorder typically indicate that the cognitive function of these patients resembles that of patients with Schizophrenic Disorder more than it does patients with nonpsychotic Mood Disorder. In this study patients with Schizoaffective Disorder were compared with patients with Paranoid, Undifferentiated and Residual clinical subtypes on a number of measures of cognitive function. Multivariate analyses of variance indicated that the cognitive function of Schizoaffective and Paranoid patients had more intact cognitive function that did Undifferentiated and Residual patients. Application of cluster analysis indicated that there were relative high percentages of Schizoaffective and Paranoid patients in a "Neuropsychologically Normal" cluster. It was concluded that Schizoaffective Disorder as well as other clinical subtypes of schizophrenia are cognitively heterogeneous, and it was suggested that a subgroup of patients with Schizoaffective Disorder may not differ in cognitive ability from patients with nonpsychotic Mood Disorder.
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Schizophrenia, Multivariate Analysis, Humans, and 13 moreMale, Cluster Analysis, Middle Aged, Adult, Cognitive Ability, Cognitive Function, Reproducibility of Results, Psychotic Disorders, Intelligence tests, Reference Values, Mood Disorder, Neurosciences, and Cognition disorders
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Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Adolescent, Humans, Child, and 5 moreSensation, Female, Male, Intelligence tests, and Neurosciences
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Alcoholism and traumatic brain injury (TBI) often produce neuropsychological deficits. However, the extent and manner by which these factors interact is unclear. In this study, it was hypothesized that alcoholism would have compounding... more
Alcoholism and traumatic brain injury (TBI) often produce neuropsychological deficits. However, the extent and manner by which these factors interact is unclear. In this study, it was hypothesized that alcoholism would have compounding cognitive effects in individuals with TBI and alcoholism. Participants were divided into three groups, including a patient comparison (PC) group and groups with TBI with or without alcoholism histories. Participants were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and major components of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Comparing the groups on test performance, the TBI groups performed significantly worse than the PC group but did not significantly differ from each other. Thus, the effects of TBI on cognitive function overshadow preexisting deficits from the alcoholism.
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