Stroke order
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Mainland China
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- In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing 新字形), the upper left component is written 乛 (one stroke).
- In other regions, the upper left component is written 丅 (two strokes) which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
敢 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 弓十人大 (NJOK) or 一十人大 (MJOK), four-corner 18140 or 18440, composition ⿰⿱乛耳攵(G) or ⿰⿱丅耳攵(HTJKV))
- 㒈, 噉, 𡑒, 㜟, 𢕭, 㦑, 撖, 澉, 㺖, 䧩, 𣊟, 橄, 瞰, 𥕵, 𥼲, 𦗪, 𦪧, 𧗐, 譀, 豃, 𧸂, 𨅺, 𮡜, 𨬒(𰾳), 𩍉, 䭛, 䲎, 𪉿(𬸹), 𡪯, 𭗐, 䆻, 𥴊, 𫶔, 憨, 饏, 𠣽, 𭅞, 𠪚, 𤺍, 嚴/𫿞(厳/严), 闞(阚), 鬫
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 26
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13260
- Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1463, character 9
- Unihan data for U+6562
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Old Chinese
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撖
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*kʰɯːm, *kʰreːmʔ, *ɡraːmʔ
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澉
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*l̥ʰaːms, *klaːmʔ
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噉
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*l'aːmʔ
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敢
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*klaːmʔ
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橄
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*klaːmʔ
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瞰
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*kʰlaːms
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闞
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*kʰlaːms, *qʰreːmʔ, *hŋraːms
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憨
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*qʰaːm, *qʰlaːms
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譀
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*qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb
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巖
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*ŋraːm
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礹
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*ŋraːm, *ŋamʔ
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豃
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*qʰraːmʔ
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讝
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*kjam
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玁
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*hŋramʔ
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嚴
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*ŋam
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儼
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*ŋamʔ
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曮
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*ŋamʔ
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釅
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*ŋams
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *klaːmʔ) : semantic 爭 (“to fight”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm).
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
Note: Southern Sixian kam - variant used for the rhetorical/interrogative adverb.
Note:
- káⁿ - vernacular (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
- kám - literary (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, as well as the rhetorical/interrogative adverb in Taiwan);
- kiám/kán - variants used for the rhetorical adverb.
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
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Character
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敢
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Reading #
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1/1
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Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
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gǎn
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Middle Chinese
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‹ kamX ›
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Old Chinese
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/*[k]ˁamʔ/
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English
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dare
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Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
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Zhengzhang system (2003)
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Character
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敢
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Reading #
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1/1
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No.
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3674
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Phonetic component
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敢
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Rime group
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談
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Rime subdivision
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1
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Corresponding MC rime
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敢
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Old Chinese
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/*klaːmʔ/
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Notes
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說文從爪又,古聲,金文從爭甘聲, 此爲隸變
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敢
- bold; brave; daring
- to dare (to); to venture (to)
我們必須敢想,敢說,敢幹。 [MSC, trad.]
我们必须敢想,敢说,敢干。 [MSC, simp.]- Wǒmen bìxū gǎn xiǎng, gǎn shuō, gǎn gàn. [Pinyin]
- We must dare to think, speak up and act.
他不敢正眼看她。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]- Tā bù gǎn zhèng yǎnkàn tā. [Pinyin]
- He didn't dare to look at her in the face.
在那個風雨交加的夜晚,很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, trad.]
在那个风雨交加的夜晚,很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, simp.]- Zài nà ge fēngyǔ jiāojiā de yèwǎn, hěn shào yǒurén gǎn chūqù. [Pinyin]
- Very few people ventured to go out on that stormy night.
- to be sure; to be certain; to bet; to presume
- 敢肯定 ― gǎn kěndìng ― to be sure, to be certain
- 敢說/敢说 ― gǎn shuō ― to be sure, to be certain
我敢說你解決不了這個難題。 [MSC, trad.]
我敢说你解决不了这个难题。 [MSC, simp.]- Wǒ gǎn shuō nǐ jiějuébuliǎo zhè ge nántí. [Pinyin]
- I bet you can't do this puzzle.
- (polite) may I venture
- 敢問/敢问 ― gǎn wèn ― may I ask
敢問路在何方?路在腳下。 [MSC, trad.]
敢问路在何方?路在脚下。 [MSC, simp.]- From: 1986, 閻肅 Yan Su (lyricist) & 許鏡清 Xu Jingqing (composer),《敢問路在何方》"Dare I ask where is the road?"
- Gǎn wèn lù zài héfāng? Lù zài jiǎoxià. [Pinyin]
- Dare I ask where is the road? The road is beneath our feet.
- (literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how
- alt. forms: 豈/岂 (qǐ)
- 敢通按呢? [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― Kám thang án-ne? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― How could it be like this?
- (archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps
- (Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.
- alt. forms: 咁 (hán), 甘 (gān), 干
- 你敢有閒?/你敢有闲? [Taiwanese Hokkien] ― Lí kám ū-êng? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Are you free?
- (can it be possible that):
Dialectal synonyms of
難道 (“could it be that; is it possible that”)
[map]
Variety
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Location
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Words
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Classical Chinese
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莫非, 豈, 莫不是
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Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
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莫非, 豈, 難道, 莫不是
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Northeastern Mandarin
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Beijing
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難道, 難不成, 甭
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Taiwan
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難道, 難不成
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Central Plains Mandarin
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Xuzhou
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難說
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Cantonese
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Guangzhou
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唔通
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Hong Kong
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唔通
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Taishan
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唔成, 敢係, 唔得旨, 毋旨, 毋旨估
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Hakka
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Miaoli (N. Sixian)
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無成, 敢講, 敢係
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Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
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無成, 敢講, 敢係
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Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
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無成, 敢講, 敢係
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Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
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無成, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係
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Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
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無成, 毋成, 敢講, 敢係
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Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)
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無敢, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係
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Southern Min
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Xiamen
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敢, 總無
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Quanzhou
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敢, 總無, 攏無
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Zhangzhou
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敢, 總無
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Tainan
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敢
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Manila (Hokkien)
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敢
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Shantou
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未是
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Jieyang
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未是, 敢, 敢是
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Wu
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Shanghai
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只勿
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Shanghai (Chongming)
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難算得
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Xiang
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Changsha
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冇過
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敢
(Jōyō kanji)
- daring, brave, bold
- sad, tragic, pitiful
From Middle Chinese 敢 (MC kamX).
敢 • (kan)
- daring; brave; bold
敢 (eumhun 감히 감 (gamhi gam))
- hanja form? of 감 (“dare”)
敢: Hán Nôm readings: cám, cảm, dám
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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