Variants

The paper analyses the first three works published by Franca Mancinelli, outlining their thematic continuities as well as their foundational unity. By studying the chronological progress of specific themes, the article sheds a new light on the intertextual connections that can be found both within a single book as well as across the three works. The study of these links has the purpose of showing the singular structure as well as the formational dynamics at the basis of a poetic work by Mancinelli. With particular attention towards the declarations of a poetics by the author as well as the variants within the microtexts, the objective of the paper is to define the intentions behind the production of new poetic and prose versions of the author’s texts.  The process of rewriting finds its explanation through a thematic, stylistic and structural perspective, ultimately identifying a distinctive feature of Mancinelli’s style.

While there is nothing particularly special about Genesis 2:18-25 as affects language usage and variants that could significantly impact upon its translation, it has become one of the most contentious biblical passages for feminist interpretations of the biblical text. This article investigates Genesis 2:18-25 primarily from the perspective of Jungian individuation theory. It then merges the results of this analysis with the gains made by feminist interpretations of this passage in order further to deconstruct its androcentric application.

Книжка містить комплексний текстологічний аналіз роману Пантелеймона Куліша «Чорна рада», його української та російської версій. Докладно описано історію створення роману, цензурну та видавничу історії, розглянуто відмінності різних редакцій від основного тексту, окреслено різні проблеми тексту та інтерпретаційні можливості його прочитання з урахуванням усіх проміжних редакцій. Предметом дослідження є текст у його динамці, «розгорнутий» у часі. Від творчого задуму і перших начерків до останньої крапки та публікації з усіма проміжними етапами редаґування й видавання, з докладним вивченням усіх без винятку джерел цього тексту, кожного хоч трохи інформативного свідчення про роботу автора над твором і про обставини, завдяки яким роман дійшов до читача. В додатках подано редакції, що не ввійшли до основного тексту, Кулішева передмова до російської версії роману, яку він не опублікував, цензурні документи щодо статті «Об отношении малороссийской словесности к общерусской. Эпилог к “Черной раде”».

We have examined 146 variants of On ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l’argent du beurre hoping to find the dividing line between proverbs and anti-proverbs. To some utterances, we could stick the “proverb” or “anti-proverb” label (respectively 26 and 10 texts), but for the most part of the corpus (110 texts), we cannot tell if it is one or the other. It was not possible to discern the distinctive feature(s) of anti-proverbiality for the following reasons:
- the two categories show common features: scarcity of proper nouns, variability, similar number of additional phrases, similar distribution of stylistic labels
- probable shift of status of an utterance: an anti-proverb can become a proverb over the time; we suppose it did happen in the case of the form with “et le sourire de la crémière”
- lack of objective data clearly identifiable as proverbs and/or anti-proverbs.
Some tendencies can nevertheless be formulated: anti-proverbs
- are based on the expectation of the original form, this expectation being sometimes marked by the use of dots (presumably silence in oral transmission)
- show a lower number of occurencies
- use a more dispersed lexicon with many hapaxes
- the ideas suggested by anti-proverbs cover a much wider range than those of the proverbs.

The move to a computerised world has simplified in many ways the typesetting of complex documents, and yet the preparation of critical editions is still lacking: the commonly used word processors in the market do not allow typesetting critical apparatus where the lemmas are referred to by line numbers, and the price of dedicated software is very high. Today, publishers construct critical editions manually with the assistance of graphic designers. In this paper I suggest the use of a freeware, versatile typesetting system, LaTeX, which allows logically correct coding of critical apparatus in multiple languages. The system’s abilities are demonstrated with a critical edition of a few verses from Isaiah, which is supplemented by the source code.

Magyarország annyi parömiográfust és parömiológust adott a világnak, hogy ideje volt kapni egyet. Kaptunk is. Litovkina Anna személyében ugyanis orosz anyanyelvű szakember gyűjtötte össze a magyar közmondáskinccsel kapcsolatos tudnivalókat.
Ezt a méretei és tartalma alapján egyaránt impozáns művet talán leginkább lexikonnak nevezhetjük: eligazít alakváltozatok, frekvencia, stílus, jelentés, etimológia, kontextus, szinonimák, antonimák, a hasonló alakú vagy témájú közmondások, végül pedig a közmondással rokon szólások ügyében. Így ez a közmondástár a legigényesebb szótárakkal vetekszik, pedig jóval nehezebb a parömiográfus dolga, mint a lexikográfusé, mivel a proverbiumok jóval összetettebb egységek, mint a lexémák.

We have examined 146 variants of On ne peut pas avoir le beurre et l’argent du beurre hoping to find the dividing line between proverbs and anti-proverbs. To some utterances, we could stick the “proverb” or “anti-proverb” label (respectively 26 and 10 texts), but for the most part of the corpus (110 texts), we cannot tell if it is one or the other. It was not possible to discern the distinctive feature(s) of anti-proverbiality for the following reasons:
- the two categories show common features: scarcity of proper nouns, variability, similar number of additional phrases, similar distribution of stylistic labels
- probable shift of status of an utterance: an anti-proverb can become a proverb over the time; we suppose it did happen in the case of the form with “et le sourire de la crémière”
- lack of objective data clearly identifiable as proverbs and/or anti-proverbs.
Some tendencies can nevertheless be formulated: anti-proverbs
- are based on the expectation of the original form, this expectation being sometimes marked by the use of dots (presumably silence in oral transmission)
- show a lower number of occurencies
- use a more dispersed lexicon with many hapaxes
- the ideas suggested by anti-proverbs cover a much wider range than those of the proverbs.

To fill a gap in paremiology, this study, based on a 100-item corpus, deals with French anti-proverbs about food and drink (both being important subjects in France). The paper begins with a discussion of the difficulties involved in distinguishing proverb variants from anti-proverbs and then proceeds to describe those characteristics shared by the proverbs and anti-proverbs on these subjects: there are twice as many expressions about food as about drink and five times as many about alcohol as about soft drinks; furthermore, proverbs and anti-proverbs possess a similar distribution of usage labels and similar pairs of antonymic utterances. But there are notable ways in which the proverbs differ from the anti-proverbs: while proverbs tend to discourage excess, anti-proverbs celebrate excess; and while proverbs focus on wine, anti-proverbs celebrate beer. Anti-proverbs about food and drink are a characteristic part of the French anti-proverbial stock, sharing several peculiarities with the genre as a whole (e.g., including the proportion of compound proverbs in both corpuses, as well as the proportion of items that are most frequently used).

Although textual scholars agree that collation is a crucial component of the editing process, it often goes undefined and only briefly explained. This article defines the term, explains different kinds of collation, and explores some of its applications. We emphasize stemmatology and medieval textual traditions. By drawing from editorial examples and the theoretical frameworks of projects centred on works such as the Canterbury Tales, Troilus and Criseyde, Dante’s Commedia and the Greek New Testament, the article seeks to compare manual and computer-assisted approaches to collation methods. We delineate the scope of this activity and argue that computer-assisted collation minimizes the risk of missing out on relevant data. We examine the advantages of full-text collation over sample collation and conclude that no decisions about stemmatically significant variation can be made a priory and that variant distribution is the major factor weighing on significance.

Purpose The molecular mechanism of breast and/or ovarian cancer susceptibility remains unclear in the majority of patients. While germline mutations in the regulatory non-coding regions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have been described, screening has generally been limited to coding regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of BRCA1/2 non-coding variants. Methods Four BRCA1/2 non-coding regions were screened using high-resolution melting analysis/Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing on DNA extracted from index cases with breast and ovarian cancer predisposition (3926 for BRCA1 and 3910 for BRCA2). The impact of a set of variants on BRCA1/2 gene regulation was evaluated by site-directed mutagenesis, transfection, followed by Luciferase gene reporter assay. Results We identified a total of 117 variants and tested twelve BRCA1 and 8 BRCA2 variants mapping to promoter and intronic regions. We highlighted two neighboring BRCA1 promoter variants (c.-130del; c.-125C > T) and one BRCA2 promoter variants (c.-296C > T) inhibiting significantly the promoter activity. In the functional assays, a regulating region within the intron 12 was found with the same enhancing impact as within the intron 2. Furthermore, the variants c.81-3980A > G and c.4186-2022C > T suppress the positive effect of the introns 2 and 12, respectively, on the BRCA1 promoter activity. We also found some variants inducing the promoter activities. Conclusion In this study, we highlighted some variants among many, modulating negatively the promoter activity of BRCA1 or 2 and thus having a potential impact on the risk of developing cancer. This selection makes it possible to conduct future validation studies on a limited number of variants. Keywords BRCA1/2 non-coding variants · Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer (HBOC) · BRCA1/2 transcription regulation · Breast and/or ovarian cancer risk

While there is nothing particularly special about Genesis 2:18-25 as affects language usage and variants that could significantly impact upon its translation, it has become one of the most contentious biblical passages for feminist interpretations of the biblical text. This article investigates Genesis 2:18-25 primarily from the perspective of Jungian individuation theory. It then merges the results of this analysis with the gains made by feminist interpretations of this passage in order further to deconstruct its androcentric application. A INTRODUCTION

The revision of the proverb lore in the French-Hungarian and Hungarian-French Dictionary to be published in Hungary in the near future forced me to give quite quick and short answers to questions that should deserve due consideration, i.e.:
-How to determine the quantity and quality of proverbs that should be included in a (non-phraseological) bilingual dictionary?
-How to deal with proverbs no equivalent of which is known in the other language?
-To what extent are details needed/permitted about the different uses of individual proverbs?
-Under what and how many key words should a proverb appear?-Should we suppress the distinction between the labels proverb and proverbial expression because of the relationship between them?
-When the entry is divided into several parts for semantic or grammatical reasons, should we place the proverbs separately at the end of each part or together at the end of the entry?
I have no universal answer to these questions, but I may contribute to the common reflection by giving some ideas.
Die Revision der Sprichwörter im französisch-ungarischen und ungarisch-französischen Wörterbuch, welches in nächster Zukunft in Ungarn herausgegeben wird, hat mich gezwungen schnell und kurz solche Fragen zu beantworten, welche gehörige Erwägung verdienen würden, wie zum Beispiel:
-Wie sollte man die Quantität und die Qualität der Sprichwörter bestimmen, welche in ein zweisprachiges (nicht phraseologisches) Wörterbuch eingetragen werden?
-Wie Sprichwörter behandelt werden sollten, deren keine gleichdeutige Sprichwörter in der anderen Sprache bekannt sind?
-Bis zu welchem Maße Einzelheiten nötig/erlaubt sind über die Anwendung der einzelnen Sprichwörter?
-Unter welchen und wievielen Schlüsselwörtern sollten die Sprichwörter aufgenommen werden?
-Sollten wir die Unterscheidung zwischen der Bezeichnung Sprichwort und sprichwörtlicher Ausdrücke außer acht lassen, wegen der Verbindung unter ihnen?
-Wenn die Eintragung wegen semantischen oder grammatischen Gründen in mehrere Teile getrennt ist, sollten wir die Sprichwörter gesondert am Ende jeden einzelnen Teiles oder zusammen am Ende des Eintrages einfügen?
Ich habe keine allgemeine Antwort auf diese Fragen, doch ich möchte zu der gemeinsamen Reflexion durch Anregung einiger Gedanken Beitrag leisten.

Giorgio Pinotti, a refined connoisseur of Carlo Emilio Gadda, offers again in the new edition of the works of the Milanese writer, which Adelphi has been publishing for a few years, a text of Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana [That Awful Mess on Via Merulana] which is identical to the text which we are already familiar with, being based on the second reprint, revised and amended by the author, issued as a volume-publication in September 1957, soon after the first one, available from t...

The main purpose of this article is to consider the question: Do authors always decide on the final form of their works? To explore the answer, this essay describes relations between authors and editors in chief. To this end, the essay provides some examples of the various forms this activity can take, and reflects on what we can learn about a text’s creation after the author regards it as finished. The examples will be derived from the manuscripts of the Polish author Leopold Tyrmand. His literary output was studied by many scholars. So far, however, such analyses of his works were mainly of a literary nature — and only examined rarely from a philological point of view. Nevertheless, it would not be fair to blame the scholars for this lacuna: surely many of them would consider such an inquiry if they did not lack the proper source materials. As a result, in the research of Tyrmand’s literary output practically no examination of Tyrmand’s creative process, no closer examination of t...

Les proverbes ont généralement fait l'objet d'examens in vitro. Leur caractère foncièrement oral et l'exigence philologique traditionnelle d'un matériel écrit constituent néanmoins un paradoxe difficile à résoudre. Parémiographes et parémiologues se sont donc longtemps penchés sur des corpus écrits-dont, de surcroît, les unités parémiologiques étaient coupées de leur contexte, en quelque sorte mutilées. S'il se révèle bien difficile de remédier au premier problème, le deuxième lui, est désormais aisé à surmonter. Corpus de textes français du XVI e au XX e siècles, saisis sur support informatique et constitué d'environ 3.500 oeuvres (soit plus d'un milliard de caractères), dont à peu près 80 % d'oeuvres littéraires et 20 % d'ouvrages techniques illustrant les diverses disciplines scientifiques, FRANTEXT permet une consultation grâce à un logiciel spécialisé à cet effet. Aux fins de la présente étude, ce moyen informatique servira à démontrer la variabilité du proverbe et de son contexte, sujet peu étudié jusqu'à présent, particulièrement pour ce qui est des proverbes français, l'idée généralement acceptée étant que ce genre d'unité phraséologique représente le degré suprême du figement (fixation, cristallisation, etc.). De ce fait, les recueils et dictionnaires font souvent figurer les proverbes sans indiquer qu'il en existe des variantes. Voici le procédé suivi pour aboutir au corpus de travail.  J'ai essayé de limiter aussi peu que possible l'apparition des variantes. Ainsi, en définissant les trois séquences (mots) caractéristiques du proverbe recherché, j'ai souvent indiqué non le mot recherché en soi mais le mot et ses variantes morphologiques (p. ex. &caimer, c'est-à-dire toutes les formes fléchies de aimer et non seulement aime, ou bien &mlion, c'est-à-dire toutes les formes fléchies de lion et non seulement lion).  J'ai prescrit une co-occurrence des séquences recherchées dans une même phrase.  J'ai indiqué que la position relative des séquences était indifférente.  J'ai limité la distance d'occurrence maximale des séquences à vingt mots, des essais ayant prouvé que la définition d'une distance plus grande apporterait des résultats plus nombreux dans la consultation informatique mais que le surplus se constituerait d'énoncés non proverbiaux.

Variation among human translations is usually invisible, little understood, and under-valued. Previous statistical research finds that translations vary most where the source items are most semantically significant or express most 'attitude' (affect, evaluation, ideology). Understanding how and why translations vary is important for translator training and translation quality assessment, for cultural research, and for machine translation development. Our experimental project began with the intuition that quantitative variation in a corpus of historical retranslations might be used to project quasi-qualitative annotations onto the translated text. We present a web-based system which enables users to create parallel, segment-aligned multi-version corpora, and provides visual interfaces for exploring multiple translations, with their variation projected onto a base text. The system can support any corpus of variant versions. We report experiments using our tools (and stylometric analysis) to investigate a corpus of forty German versions of a work by Shakespeare. Initial findings lead to more questions
than answers.

Variation among human translations is usually invisible, little understood, and under-valued. Previous statistical research finds that translations vary most where the source items are most semantically significant or express most 'attitude' (affect, evaluation, ideology). Understanding how and why translations vary is important for translator training and translation quality assessment, for cultural research, and for machine translation development. Our experimental project began with the intuition that quantitative variation in a corpus of historical retranslations might be used to project quasi-qualitative annotations onto the translated text. We present a web-based system which enables users to create parallel, segment-aligned multi-version corpora, and provides visual interfaces for exploring multiple translations, with their variation projected onto a base text. The system can support any corpus of variant versions. We report experi- ments using our tools (and stylomet...

[PT] Neste artigo discute-se a origem, formação e desenvolvimento das palavras portuguesas mosco, moscovita, polaco, polonês, polônio, polono e ruteno, que denominam os naturais de Moscóvia, Polônia e Rutênia, respectivamente. A abundante documentação histórica transcrita, particularmente dos séculos XVI, XVII e XVIII, permitiu determinar as datas prováveis de primeira ocorrência de cada vocábulo e estabelecer, com a possível precisão, os seus étimos próximos e remotos.

[EN] This article discusses the origin, formation, and development of the Portuguese words – mosco, moscovita, polaco, polonês, polônio, polono and ruteno – to denote respectivelly the native to Muscovy, Poland and Ruthenia. The etymologist might be content to give the earliest recorded date of each word, with its previous history, whether of Portuguese descent or admitted to citizenship from other language.In this study we have intended to present, at the first time, a few examples of each form in writings of the 16th to 19th century.

Accessory bones, variants, and coalitions are not uncommon at the hand-wrist region. They are often overlooked because they are usually asymptomatic and found incidentally on imaging. However, they may sometimes present as a (painful) swelling or mimic a (sequel of a) fracture. Other symptoms may be attributed to impingement and exercise-related pain. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy, systematic imaging analysis, and the awareness of their existence are the clues to a correct identification. Plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play a pivotal role in the correct diagnosis. In general, signal intensity on MRI is similar to the normal bony structures. However, concomitant bone marrow edema may indicate the presence of impingement. Therefore, MRI sequences with fat suppression should be included in case of symptomatic findings. This article provides a kaleidoscopic overview of some of the prevalent bony anomalies of the hand-wrist region and their potential pathogeni...

Abstract: This research focused into the influence of hinterland logistics and transport connectivity on the port of Mombasa with the objective of determining the northern corridor inefficiencies and how they influence performance of port of Mombasa. Mombasa port with vast hinterland in the east and central Africa provided a better platform to describe the relationship. The researcher will employ a descriptive research to describe the state of affairs as it exists and a stratified sampling method to reach at most representative respondents in the study universe of fifty-eight respondents covering port users and clearing and forwarding agents, port officials and leading transport and logistics organizations: KSC and KMA. Questionnaires and interviews will be used by the researcher as instruments to collect data and finally analyse and synthesize for presentation using Microsoft Excel data analysis software for purposes of achieving objectives. The findings of the research effectively...

Tekst jest kontynuacją serii felietonów dotyczących szczepienia przeciwko COVID-19. W tych wcześniejszych felietonach przedstawiano, że po zaszczepieniu organizm człowieka nabywa odporności i osoba szczepiona albo na określoną chorobę nie zapadnie, albo przejdzie ją bardzo lekko. Niestety ta optymistyczna wizja musiała zostać zweryfikowana na skutek tego, że wirusy podlegają mutacji i ich zmutowane warianty mogą się okazać odporne na korzystne skutki szczepień. Artykuł opisuje szczegóły tego problemu.