Social Exclusion and Inclusion

A revised version of this paper is now published in:

Woodin, T. (2014) Co-operation, Learning and Co-operative Values.  Contemporary Issues in Education.  Routledge.

http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415725248/


"Education involves drawing out the powers of individuals to think, imagine, feel and act. In particular it is about the development of the powers of communication, debate, decision and the power to form associations between people to create organisations for the achievement of common projects. How those powers to organise are shaped through social, cultural, economic, political and legal processes, practices and procedures is critical to what kind of society results. In this sense, then, education directly addresses the question of what kind of society people want.

We explore the contribution of cooperative ideas and practices to achieve such an idea."

Modern social system depends upon a formal base. In other words, it exists on a technical and bureaucratic system. However, within the dialectical structure of existence it needs to correlate with its opponent. Hence, informality develops as part of the existence strategy of the urban poor in the modern economic and social structure especially in the developing world. In such a case, the integration of the formal and informal has positive outputs. On the other hand, informality may also become the tool for high amounts of illegal capital flow that leads to negative outputs.
In the case of Turkey, since 1950s, beginning with the industrialization process, the social, economical and spatial problems due to migration flows to the metropolitan cities have not been resolved yet by the formal system. As a result, especially by 1970s informal developments have taken more part in the economical, social and spatial aspects of urban life. Since the second half of the 20th century, authorities have made attempts to overcome informality and transform the informal to the formal. One of these attempts have dwelled upon the urban regeneration projects that are concentrated in the metropolitan cities.
Romans in Turkey, are one of the minority groups. Their existence in society mostly depends upon spatial and economical informality. The inhabitants of Ege neighbourhood located at Alsancak district within the city of Izmir are mostly Romans. Living at the edge of the formal Alsancak district gives them an opportunity to integrate their informal economical and spatial structure with the formal structure of Alsancak. This research aims to understand integrity between the informal and the formal of these two parts of the city. The paper will depend upon the interviews that have been carried with the residents of Ege neighbourhood. The paper aims to explain the integration and exclusion levels between these two parts of the city.

Removing the language barrier could bring great benefits not only to the scientific community. Therefore, it is necessary to strive to improve both the tools and procedures in which these tools are used, to ensure a reliable exchange of knowledge. The authors try to find out whether the existing and widely available technology (Google Translate) contributes to the facilitation of knowledge sharing among scientists. Humanity has been trying to construct and improve the technology of universal real-time translation for a long time. For many, it was inspired by sci-fi works, in which, probably, this idea appeared already in the 1940s (see Leinster’s “First contact”). This is an important topic because the language of science has long since become English, and for most of the scientific community it is not the mother tongue. Furthermore, we are now talking about the English languages of the world, or “world Englishes”, not to mention those who say “the language of science is bad English”. The paper tells a story which on the one hand constitutes a thoughtful anecdote, on the other may offer a good introduction to a serious scientific study. As it stands now, the main argument for including it is the story itself, with which we encourage further studies to scale our ideas in terms of a broader sample and comparability.

While the literature continues to list the positive values conveyed by sport, the sports world and schools, which are the fundamental place where young people are confronted with peers also through the rules, they are often subject of news about deviance and violence that have nothing to do with the sporting values. With this paper the authors are promoting a theory, based on empirical evidence, for which it is not enough to plays sports to internalize a system of rules and values to social integration. It is necessary to address the efforts made by experts, scholars, institutions and teachers not only for the promotion of sport - neces-sary to reduce the problems linked to the sedentarity of the population - but also to the promotion of a structured teaching of sport. Sporting values should be seen as an integral part of the skill set of every athlete. The reliability of the proposed theory is tested through the analysis of information contained in the database of a survey on youth condition carried out by the CNR in 2016. For this paper authors have been identified homogeneous youth groups with features regarding attitude for social inclusion and deviant behaviors that, linked by sports practice, outlined the importance for the teaching in the sports of a explicit-ly transmission of shared values for social integration.

The fundamental question of "who belongs?" is an increasingly acute one in every part of the globe. Matters of identity divide societies on every inhabited continent. Religion, ethnicity, skin color, age, sexual orientation, and race, among other identity groups, are shaping politics everywhere. Societies are polarizing around these fundamental axes, as demagogic political leaders promise to keep outsiders away. Xenophobia is on the rise, and anti-immigrant sentiment swells in a period of mass migration.

To what extent do societies, fracturing along these dimensions of difference, strive or even successfully bridge these social cleavages with fair and inclusive policies? In this, our fifth annual Inclusiveness Index report, we strive to answer this question, not simply by reference to particular policies or initiatives, but by examining the data to track how marginalized populations actually fare relative to dominant groups.

The Othering & Belonging Institute's Inclusiveness Index is one of the first indices that measures equity without regard for national wealth or economic conditions. One of the challenges in measuring inclusivity is that it is difficult to disentangle policies aimed at inclusivity from the investments and resources available to marginalized communities. They are often the same and can be conflated. We surmount this challenge by focusing on policies, laws, and outcomes rather than government expenditures or investments. The Inclusiveness Index is uniquely focused on the degree of inclusion and marginality rather than a more general assessment of group-based well-being.
In addition to assessing how inclusive various societies are, the Inclusiveness Index serves as a diagnostic tool. It helps us identify places and societies that are improving, in terms of developing a more inclusive polity and set of institutions, and those places where societies are fracturing and becoming more divided along these lines. The data tells the main story, but we also seek to surface stories and trends that lie beneath the data.

In our conception, inclusiveness entails access to power and public and private resources, and it improves the way society views marginalized group members. Inclusivity is realized when historically or currently marginalized groups feel valued, when differences are respected, and when basic and fundamental needs and rights- relative to those societies' dominant groups-are met and recognized. Our index focuses on social groups rather than individuals, as marginality often occurs as a result of a group membership.

We operationalize this definition of "inclusivity" by focusing primarily on the performance of groups that span salient social cleavages, such as gender, race, ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. We realize that such an approach cannot fully account for the unquantifiable or more qualitative aspects of belonging and inclusivity. For that reason, each version of the Inclusiveness Index report highlights stories and themes that go beyond the data.

Thus, each issue looks for patterns or stories that lay behind the data and touch on issues of inclusivity both across the globe and within the United States. Our 2016 report examined the global migrant crisis. Our 2017 report focused on the rise of ethnonationalism. Our 2018 report surveyed the reckoning brought about by the global #MeToo movement and the growing global water crises. For 2019 we took a closer look at the role of social media in spreading hate and falsehoods, and how global leaders are responding. And in this 2020 report, we focus on the responses nationally, and globally, to the COVID-19 crisis.

As always, a word of caution: our rankings are not the final word on inclusivity nor a definitive assessment of any national or state performance. Rather, they are intended to spark a conversation and generate further inquiry into how and why some places, communities, and nations are more inclusive than others.

Please be sure to send us your suggestions, feedback, and ideas. Additional information about this project, including past reports and downloadable data files, is available at belonging.berkeley.edu/inclusivenessindex.

This book investigates co-housing as an alternative housing form in relation to sustainable urban development. Co-housing is often lauded as a more sustainable way of living. The primary aim of this book is to critically explore co-housing in the context of wider social, economic, political and environmental developments. This volume fills a gap in the literature by contextualising co-housing and related housing forms. With focus on Denmark, Sweden, Hamburg and Barcelona, the book presents general analyses of co-housing in these contexts and provides specific discussions of co-housing in relation to local government, urban activism, family life, spatial logics and socio-ecology. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in a broad range of social-scientific fields concerned with housing, urban development and sustainability , as well as to planners, decision-makers and activists.

This article is based on a study that examined library services provision for people with visual impairments and in wheelchairs in academic libraries in Tanzania. The article looks at access to the information resources available and the layout of library buildings in five universities in Tanzania. The broader issues in this study were grounded in the importance of access to information as a fundamental right and, particularly, in university studies. The study drew on a pragmatism paradigm and the social model of disability of Oliver which emphasises universal access as the norm. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to conduct survey and observation-based research. The findings reveal that academic libraries provide services to people with visual impairments and in wheelchairs but these services are not inclusive or universal.The study therefore recommends that academic libraries, as manifest in the social model, should strive to provide inclusive services to all users including people with disabilities. To achieve this universal access requires the formulating of policy regarding provision of library services to people with disabilities, providing adequate budgets and staff training. In addition, practical measures are needed such as constructing library buildings with ramps and maintaining working lifts, acquiring Braille and large print information resources, as well as providing assistive equipment.

Based on in-depth oral interviews carried out in Mogadishu, Somalia, and countries neighboring Somalia in 2009 and 2013, our purpose in this study is to map the nature of prejudice and hate discourse used by Somalis against the Bantu Jareer and the Yibir, Gabooye, and Tumaal communities in Somalia. The hate discourse used against the Yibir, Gabooye, and Tumal outcast communities is premised on assumptions of their supposed unholy origin and their engagement in occupations and social activities that are despised by the so-called Somali noble groups. The prejudice and hate discourse against the Bantu Jareer Somalis is derived from their African origin and alleged African-like physical characteristics in comparison with the features of other Somalis.