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BY JENNIFER MCGAW PHELPS FOREWORD BY THE MOST REVEREND RICHARD E. PATES BISHOP EMERITUS OF THE DIOCESE OF DES MOINES TURNING TO GOD’S WORD
Nihil Obstat the Very Reverend Aquinas Nichols Censor Librorum Imprimatur X the Most Reverend Richard E. Pates Bishop of Des Moines February 18, 2014 The nihil obstat and imprimatur are official declarations that a book or pamphlet is free of doctrinal or moral error. No implication is contained therein that those who have granted the nihil obstat or imprimatur agree with the contents, opinions, or statements expressed. Copyright © 2015 by Turning to God’s Word. All rights reserved. Psalms references are to The Abbey Psalms and Canticles, prepared by the monks of Conception Abbey copyright 2010, 2018 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. Used with permission. All other Scripture quotations are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible—Second Catholic Edition (Ignatius Edition) copyright 2006 National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Cover photograph of Jesus Carrying His Cross at St. Augustin Catholic Church in Des Moines, Iowa, copyright © 2011 by Tom Knapp. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
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TURNING TO GOD’S WORD
SERIOUS BIBLE STUDY FOR SERIOUS CATHOLICS
table of contents
jesus’ passion: the story of redemptive suffering FORWARD BY THE MOST REVEREND RICHARD E. PATES
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for God so loved the world agony in the garden the son of man before the chief priests what is truth? via dolorosa: the way of sorrows crucifixion, death & resurrection
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INTRODUCTION LESSON 1 LESSON 2 ` LESSON 3 LESSON 4 LESSON 5
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INDEX OF SCRIPTURE CITATIONS
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INDEX OF TOPICS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
For God so loved the world that he gave his only-begotten Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. —the Gospel According to John 3:16
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foreword esus’ Passion: The Story of Redemptive Suffering is an excellent resource which goes well beyond a study of the movie, The Passion of the Christ. While designed to be a tool for Lenten reflection, this study brings together elements from Scripture, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, and quotations from the saints. Within these pages, the reader will discover a rich reservoir of tools with which to delve into the totality of Jesus’ Passion. Jennifer Phelps appropriately quotes the words of Pope John Paul II regarding “love as the key to understanding the power of Jesus’ redemptive suffering”: “Love is also the fullest source of the answer to the question of the meaning of suffering. This answer has been given by God to man in the cross of Jesus Christ.” However, that love, expressive as it is in the suffering of Jesus, must move each of us to a renewed vitality of love in our daily lives. Pope Francis reminds us that “when we stand before Jesus crucified, we see the depth of his love which exalts and sustains us, but at the same time, unless we are blind, we begin to realize that Jesus’ gaze, burning with love, expands to embrace all his people.” May our reflection on the Passion be the impetus through which we reach out in love to the people of God we encounter in the passing of each day. I am pleased to recommend The Story of Redemptive Suffering as a valuable tool for your study and reflection. Its power also will lead to transformation and the reality of love embedded in the giving of ourselves. The Most Reverend Richard E. Pates Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Des Moines
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FOREWORD
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JESUS’ PASSION
the story of redemptive suffering
for god so loved the world esus Christ’s life, death, and ResurrecBible study, but the study has been designed so tion have been inspiring artists and writthat participants who wish may view segments ers for the past 2,000 years, but not even of the film as part of their preparation for each Jesus’ many miracles have drawn more week’s lesson. Jesus’ Passion: The Story of Reinterest and speculation than the events demptive Suffering focuses on the texts from the of his Passion, the term used to describe the exScriptures that inspired the movie, and it also treme suffering that the Son of God willingly looks at the Catechism of the Catholic Church underwent for the salvation of all humankind. and other Church documents to examine how Pope St. John Paul II’s apostolic letter Salvi2,000 years of Church teaching relate to varifici Doloris (On the Christian Meaning of Human ous scenes in the film that are not specifically Suffering) explains why Jesus’ Passion is such a described in the Scriptures. popular theme: “Human suffering evokes comArtists and authors frequently exercise passion; it also evokes respect, and in its own way their creative license when depicting biblical it intimidates.” Particularly realistic depictions of events—Michelangelo’s paintings in the Sisthe brutal treatment that tine Chapel contain Jesus endured trigger elements not found in instinctive reactions either the Old or the Apart from the cross, of aversion and horror New Testament, and there is no other ladder at humanity’s capacDante’s Divine Comity for cruelty—natural edy is fictional poetry by which we may get to heaven. responses to the story based on his personal of Jesus’ agony and visions of heaven, —St. Rose of Lima (1586–1617) betrayal in the Garden hell, and purgatory. first canonized saint born in the Americas of Gethsemane; his triSince the earliest als before Herod, Pondays of the Church, tius Pilate, and the Jewish religious leaders; his devout Christians have made use of such artisscourging; his carrying of the cross; and his Crucitic works to meditate on biblical themes, espefixion and death. All of these events are recorded cially themes connected to the life of Jesus. A in detail in the New Testament, and all are vividly number of popular Catholic devotional prayers portrayed in the 2004 movie The Passion of the are based on Jesus’ Passion—including the sorChrist. The emotional experience of watching this rowful mysteries of the Rosary and the Stations movie or other visual dramatizations of the events of the Cross. No matter how many inspirational of Holy Week can lead Christians to reflect on Jebooks are written and how many films are made sus’ suffering in a more intimate way than is posabout the Son of God, however, there simply is sible when simply reading about his Passion. no substitute for reading the Bible—the inspired It is not necessary to watch the movie The Word of God—to learn about Jesus’ life and his Passion of the Christ in conjunction with this teachings.
JESUS’ PASSION — INTRODUCTION
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movie notes
mysterious & liberating love
watching the film is optional
The gruesome facts recorded in the Gospels about Jesus’ Passion frequently cause misunderstanding about God’s plan for salvation. Why is Jesus required to undergo such dreadful suffering? Is all that violence really necessary? The Scriptures themselves provide the answer. The Gospel According to Luke 24:25–26 records that shortly after his Resurrection, the risen Jesus explains to his disciples that his Passion and death had been prophesied in the Old Testament and that suffering is the means God chose to reveal his divine love for humanity: “O foolish men, and slow of heart to believe all that the prophets have spoken! Was it not necessary that the Christ should suffer these things and enter into his glory?” Centuries later, through the Scriptures and the Church, Jesus still is explaining the link between suffering and love. The Church calls God’s plan to bring about the salvation of the world the “divine economy.” Paragraph 260 in the Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches: “The ultimate end of the whole divine economy is the entry of God’s creatures into the perfect unity of the Blessed Trinity.” The Church uses the term Paschal mystery to refer to Jesus’ Passion as the fulfillment of the Jewish religious feast of the Passover. That feast commemorates the original Passover recorded in the book of Exodus 12:1–29, in which an unblemished Paschal lamb was slain and its blood used to identify homes of the descendants of the 12 tribes of Israel. In the final plague against the Egyptians, death “passed over” the Israelites whose dwellings had been marked with the blood of a lamb. In the New Testament, Jesus is the spotless Lamb of God slain to free humanity from slavery to sin and death. Paul writes about the mystery of Jesus Christ in his Letter to the Ephesians 3:8–9: “To me, though I am the very least of all the saints, this grace was given, to preach to the Gentiles the unsearchable riches of Christ, and to make all men see what is the plan of the mystery hidden for ages in God who created all things.” Pope St. John Paul II’s Salvifici Doloris (On the Christian Meaning of Human Suffering) sheds light on this spiritual mystery, explaining that the oft-quoted passage from the Gospel According to John 3:16—“For God so loved the world that he gave his only-begotten Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life”—describes how God gives his Son to free humanity from slavery to evil, “which bears within itself the definitive and absolute perspective on suffering.” It is for this reason that Jesus willingly cooperates in God the Father’s plan of liberating love for all men and women—“the world.” Salvific love enables Jesus to die on the cross. Such supernatural behavior is the result of theological virtue. God’s infinite love is the only thing powerful enough to ransom humanity from bondage to sin.
Each lesson in Jesus’ Passion: The Story of Redemptive Suffering corresponds to a segment approximately 25 minutes long in the movie The Passion of the Christ. Although written to stand alone, this Bible study may be used in conjunction with the movie. A license to show the film is available from https:// www.swank.com/religiousorganizations/movies-tv/onlineordering-passion-of-the-christ/. Lesson 1: Agony in the Garden covers material from the opening of the film until Mary says, “So be it.” Lesson 2: The Son of Man Before the Chief Priests continues from Pilate standing with a scroll to Jesus being taken from Herod’s court. Lesson 3: What Is Truth? covers the portion of the movie from Pilate and his wife discussing truth to Pilate washing his hands and saying, “Do as you wish.” Lesson 4: Via Dolorosa: The Way of Sorrows corresponds to the section of film beginning with the centurion riding away from Pilate to the flashback of Jesus saying, “No one comes to the Father but by me.” Lesson 5: Crucifixion, Death & Resurrection covers the final section of the movie beginning with Mary Magdalene burying her head in her hands at Jesus’ Crucifixion.
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redemptive suffering: what’s in it for us? One of the most incredible aspects of the Christian religion is Jesus’ repeated assurances to his followers that we will be able, by the grace of God available through the sacraments of the Church, to develop the theological virtues of faith, hope, and love. Indeed, in the Gospel According to Matthew 16:24, Jesus goes so far as to require that his disciples participate in his own loving sacrifice: “If any man would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me.” Paragraph 618 in the Catechism of the Catholic Church focuses on the mysterious way in which men and women can come to share in Jesus’ redemptive suffering: “But because in his incarnate divine person [Jesus] has in some way united himself to every man, ‘the possibility of being made partners, in a way known to God, in the Paschal mystery’ is offered to all men.” When Christians exercise the theological virtues, they enter into a partnership of sorts with God—the ultimate goal of this partnership is entering into the perfect unity of the Blessed Trinity. One of the best biblical accounts of redemptive suffering is Paul’s description in his Second Letter to the Corinthians 4:7–10 of his own personal experience and the hope that springs from it: “But we have this treasure in earthen vessels, to show that the transcendent power belongs to God and not to us. We are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not driven to despair; persecuted, but not forsaken; struck down, but not destroyed; always carrying in the body the death of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may also be manifested in our bodies.” A study of the Gospel accounts of Jesus’ Passion amounts to a detailed primer about love. By closely observing the way in which Jesus approaches his suffering, Christians obtain practical information about how to share in the redeeming love that manifests the power of God at work in the world. This awesome mystery continues to fascinate men and women in every generation. Jesus’ Passion is inseparable from God’s love.
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In order to discover the profound meaning of suffering, following the revealed word of God, we must open ourselves wide to the human subject in his manifold potentiality. We must above all accept the light of revelation not only insofar as it expresses the transcendent order of justice but also as it illuminates this order with love, as the definitive source of everything that exists. Love is the fullest source of the answer to the question of the meaning of suffering. This answer has been given by God to man in the cross of Jesus Christ. —Pope St. John Paul II Salvifici Doloris (On the Christian Meaning of Human Suffering)
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re.demp.tion to repurchase or to buy back The word redemption comes from the Latin re- meaning “back” and emere meaning “take,” “buy,” “gain” or “procure.” The “mystery of universal redemption” is addressed in paragraph 601 in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which looks at Paul’s teaching in his First Letter to the Corinthians 15:3: “Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures.” The Church elaborates on the belief that Jesus Christ’s death constitutes the ransom necessary to redeem or free humanity from the slavery of sin.
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index of scripture citations*
Old Testament Genesis 1:1—50:26 3:5 27 3:14–15 12 3:18 25 4:2–4 32 22:12–13 25 31:3–13 32 37:2–31 32 Exodus 1:1—40:38 3:1–6 32 3:13–14 13,18 12:1–14 14,27 12:1–29 7 12:43–49 39 26:31–34 40 28:32 37 Leviticus 1:1—27:34 17:10–11 26 24:10–16 18 24:16 18 Numbers 1:1—36:13 Deuteronomy 1:1—34:12 17:14–17 27 25:2–3 24 Joshua 1:1—24:33 Judges 1:1—21:25 Ruth 1:1—4:22 1 Samuel 1:1—31:13 16:1–13 32 2 Samuel 1:1—24:25 1 Kings 1:1—22:53 2 Kings 1:1—25:30 1 Chronicles 1:1—29:30 2 Chronicles 1:1—36:23 Ezra 1:1—10:44 Nehemiah 1:1—13:31 Tobit 1:1—14:15 Judith 1:1—16:25 Esther 1:1—11:1
Job 1:1—42:17 Psalms 1:1—150:6 **22:2 39 **22:19 37 **31:6 40 **31:24–25 40 **63:2 39 **63:10–12 39 **69:22 39 71:1 11 91:1–2 11 Proverbs 1:1—31:31 Ecclesiastes 1:1—12:14 Song of Solomon 1:1—8:14 Wisdom 1:1—19:20 Sirach 1:1—51:30 Isaiah 1:1—66:24 1:1—39:8 11 40:1—55:13 11 40:11 32 53:5 11 56:1—66:24 11 Jeremiah 1:1—52:34 18:1–11 20 32:6–15 20 Lamentations 1:1—5:22 Baruch 1:1—6:73 Ezekiel 1:1—48:35 34:15 33 34:2–4 33 37:12 30 Daniel 1:1—14:42 7:13–14 15,18 Hosea 1:1—14:9 Joel 1:1—3:21 2:12–13 38 Amos 1:1—9:15 Obadiah 1:1–21 Jonah 1:1—4:11 Micah 1:1—7:20
Nahum 1:1—3:19 Habakkuk 1:1—3:19 Zephaniah 1:1—3:20 Haggai 1:1—2:23 Zechariah 1:1—14:21 Malachi 1:1—4:6 1 Maccabees 1:1—16:24 2 Maccabees 1:1—15:39 New Testament Matthew 1:1—28:20 1:20–21 27 2:1–2 27 2:12–13 27 2:22 27 4:1–11 12,13 5:6 38,39 5:11—7:29 31 5:41 29 5:43–44 43 5:43–46 (28–33) 14:22–23 10 16:24 8 20:18–19 21 25:31–36 32 26:3–4 19 26:26–28 37 26:26–29 (34–41) 26:27–28 26 26:36–39 10 26:36–42 13 26:36–54 (9–14) 26:39 12,42 26:40–44 11 26:41 9 26:42 12 26:44 12 26:45–46 11 26:47–50 12 26:51–54 13
*Psalms reflect the numbering system followed in The Abbey Psalms and Canticles. Numbering in other translations may vary. **Psalm 22:2 (Abbey Psalms & NABRE) = Psalm 22:1 (RSV2CE) 39 **Psalm 22:19 (Abbey Psalms & NABRE) = Psalm 22:18 (RSV2CE) 37 **Psalm 31:6 (Abbey Psalms & NABRE) = Psalm 31:5 (RSV2CE) 40 **Psalm 31:24–25 (Abbey Psalms & NABRE) = Psalm 31:23–24 (RSV2CE) 40 **Psalm 63:2 (Abbey Psalms & NABRE) = Psalm 63:1 (RSV2CE) 39 **Psalm 63:10–12 (Abbey Psalms & NABRE) = Psalm 63:9–11 (RSV2CE) 39 **Psalm 69:22 (Abbey Psalms & NABRE) = Psalm 69:21 (RSV2CE) 39 TURNING TO GOD’S WORD
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index of scripture citations continued Matthew 27:3–7 9–10 27:11 27:15–23 27:15–31 27:24 27:24–26 27:27–31 27:32 27:46 27:51 27:51–54 Mark 1:1—16:20 1:12–13 2:5 14:22 14:53–59 14:53–65 14:60–65 14:61–62 14:62 14:64 14:64–65 15:21 15:21–22 15:31–32 15:33 Luke 1:1—24:52 1:38 2:8–20 2:35 4:1–13 4:13 9:23 16:19–31 18:38–39 21:37 22:50–51 23:1–12 23:26
(15–21) 20 27 27 (22–27) 25 27 27 30 39 40 39 12 18 33 17 (15–21) 18 43 18 18 18 30 (28–33) 37 37 20 32 24 12 12 30 40 18 9 13 (15–21) 29,30
Luke 23:26–32 23:27 23:27–32 23:28–30 23:31 23:34 23:35 23:40–43 23:43 23:45 23:46 24:25–26 John 1:1–21:25 1:14 2:13–22 3:16 4:7–26 4:23 6:53–54 6:69 8:32 10:14–15 10:14–18 10:16 10:17–18 11:49–50 12:1–6 12:23–27 12:31 12:32 13:1–20 14:6 14:15–17 15:12–13 15:18 18:1–6 18:1–14 18:7–11 18:10–11 18:12–14
(28–33) 29 29 29 29 37 34 38 40 40 40 7 14 17 4,7,42 38,39 20 26 18 20 32,33 (28–33) 33 33 19 19 11 13 36 27 33 27 33 27 13 (9–14) 14 13 14
John 18:12–27 20 18:12–38 (15–21) 18:28–38 21 18:32 21 18:33–40 24 18:33—19:16 (22–27) 18:36 24 18:37 20,22 19:1–4 25 19:5 24,43 19:5–6 25 19:6 25 19:7–9 26 19:10–11 26 19:12–16 27 19:15 25,27 19:17–22 37 19:17—20:8 (34–41) 19:19 38 19:21–22 38 19:23–24 37 19:25–27 37 19:28–29 39 19:28–30 38 19:30 40 19:31–42 39 19:34–35 41 20:1–8 40 20:6–8 44 Acts 1:1—28:31 20:7 40 Romans 1:1—16:27 8:26–27 11 16:13 30 1 Corinthians 1:1—16:24 3:16 40 11:23–29 36 11:25 37 15:3 8 15:3–8 40
all Scripture is inspired by God All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, and for training in righteousness, that the man of God may be complete, equipped for every good work. —2 Timothy 3:16–17
INDEX OF SCRIPTURE CITATIONS
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index of scripture citations continued 1 Corinthians 15:13–14 34 2 Corinthians 1:1—13:14 4:7–10 8 5:17 32 6:2 38 Galatians 1:1—6:18 Ephesians 1:1—6:24 3:8–9 7 Philippians 1:1—4:23 Colossians 1:1—4:18 1 Thessalonians 1:1—5:28 2 Thessalonians 1:1—3:17
1 Timothy 1:1—6:21 2 Timothy 1:1—4:22 3:16–17 Titus 1:1—3:15 Philemon 1:1–25 Hebrews 1:1—13:25 9:3–7 13:11–12 13:20–21 James 1:1—5:20 1 Peter 1:1—5:14 2 Peter 1:1—3:18
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1 John 1:1—5:21 4:10 2 John 1:1–13 3 John 1:1–15 Jude 1:1–25 Revelation 1:1—22:21 6:15–17 7:13–17 21:1–2 21:5
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index of topics Agony—12 Agony in the Garden (9–14) All Things New—32 Ascesis—32 Biblical Facts Vs. Film Fiction—10 Blasphemy—18 Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich—13 Christ—21 Crucifixion, Death & Resurrection (34–41) Date Discrepancies—11 Ecce Homo—24 For God So Loved the World (6–8) For the Forgiveness of Sins—37 Golgotha—29 Good & Bad Shepherds—33 Guilty or Not Guilty: What Does the Law Say?—18 Hatred, Hostility & Hope—27 A History of Combat with Evil—13 INRI—38 Into Your Hands I Commit My Spirit—40 Jesus’ Enemies—19 Jesus Is Crowned with Thorns—25 Jesus Is Lifted Up—36 Jesus Is Scourged at the Pillar—24 Jesus’ Relationship to the Psalms—11 Judas’ Demons—19 Mary & Jesus—37 Mary, Model of Obedience of Faith— 20 Mary’s Faith—27 The Meaning of Christ’s Kingdom—24 The Morning Star That Never Sets—41 Mysterious & Liberating Love—7 TURNING TO GOD’S WORD
Obedience Versus Disobedience—31 Original Sin & Disobedience—12 Passion—11 Pilate Washes His Hands—25 Precious Blood—26 Prophesy!—18 Redemption—8 Redemptive Suffering: What’s In It for Us?—8 Remember Me, Lord—38 Screaming & Crying—40 Sharing Jesus’ Burden—30 The Son of Man Before the Chief Priests (15–21) Son of Satan—27 Suffering Opens Us to Salvation—36 Taking Responsibility—19 Temptations In Two Gardens—12 There Came Out Blood & Water—41 Thirst in the Scriptures—39 This Is My Body—33 The Torn Curtain—40 Traditional Lenten Practices—30 The Truth Will Set You Free—20 Vanquishing the Tempter—13 Veronica’s Veil—31 Via Dolorosa: The Way of Sorrows (28–33) Watching the Film Is Optional—7 What Has Jesus Been Saying?—21 What Is Truth? (22–27) Why Is This Night Different?—14 Women Along the Sorrowful Way—29 A World Turned Upside Down—26 44
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related church teaching
CCC 60 (page 33): That Abraham’s descendants are trustees of God’s promise of a unified Church. CCC 144: An explanation of the link between listening and the obedience of faith. CCC 260 (page 7): The need to prepare now for the ultimate goal of the divine economy. CCC 272: The mystery of God’s reliance on the apparent powerlessness of Jesus to conquer evil. CCC 392 (page 31): About the devil’s sinful desire to mimic God the Father. CCC 397 (page 12): A look at what’s behind original sin and subsequent sin. CCC 443: The difference between the way that Jesus prays and the way that he taught his disciples to pray. CCC 457–460: The four positive effects for humanity that result from Jesus’ Incarnation. CCC 459 (page 33): That Jesus becomes our model of holiness through the Incarnation. CCC 460: An examination of Jesus’ use of the title “Son of man.” CCC 475 (page 10): Church teaching regarding Jesus’ human will and his divine will. CCC 478 (page 41): Church teaching regarding the Sacred Heart of Jesus. CCC 494 (page 31): About the Blessed Virgin’s fiat and her obedience of faith through grace. CCC 501 (page 37): The extension of the spiritual motherhood of the Blessed Virgin Mary. CCC 506 (page 37): The importance of Mary’s virginity as a sign of her faith. CCC 591: About why religious leaders in Jerusalem were unable to believe in Jesus‘ divinity. CCC 598 (page 19): Church teaching regarding the responsibility of all sinners for Jesus’ death. CCC 601 (page 8): About the mystery of Scripture foretelling God’s divine plan for human salvation. CCC 608: The relationship between the Lamb of God and the Suffering Servant. CCC 618 (page 8): That through Jesus’ suffering humanity enters into a partnership with God. CCC 638: Teaching that Jesus’ Resurrection is the crowning truth of the Christian faith. RELATED CHURCH TEACHING
CCC 694 (page 39): Church teaching regarding water as a symbol of the sacrament of Baptism. CCC 705: Church teaching that Jesus restores humanity’s likeness to God. CCC 781 (page 37): A discussion about how the New Covenant is ratified in Jesus’ blood. CCC 963 (page 37): About the Blessed Virgin Mary’s role as Mother of the Church. CCC 968 (page 27): Teaching that the Blessed Virgin Mary cooperates in Jesus’ mission. CCC 969 (page 20): Regarding the motherhood of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the order of grace. CCC 1010 (page 32): A discussion of how death takes on positive meaning for Christians. CCC 1021 (page 40):An explanation of Church teaching regarding the particular judgment. CCC 1225 (page 39): That Blood and water are symbols of Eucharist and Baptism. CCC 1323: Benefits that accrue from participation in the sacrament of the Eucharist. CCC 1329 (page 33): That the sacrament of the Eucharist is called the Breaking of Bread. CCC 1385 (page 36): The importance of receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist worthily. CCC 1544 (page 31): About how the priesthood of the Old Covenant is fulfilled in Christ. CCC 1850: An explanation of how it is that Jesus is able to overcome sin. CCC 2015 (page 32): Regarding how renunciation and spiritual battle are essential to holiness. CCC 2148: Various ways in which blasphemy is opposed to the second commandment. CCC 2180 (page 40): Church teaching regarding the Sunday obligation for Christians. CCC 2186 (page 40): Suitable activities in which Christians can engage on Sundays. CCC 2340: The things Christians have at their disposal as means for resisting temptation. CCC 2443–2447 (page 32): Preferential love for the poor; the spiritual and corporal works of mercy. CCC 2612 (page 9): That followers of Jesus are called to conversion, faith, and watchfulness. CCC 2708: Regarding lectio divina as an effective approach to prayer. CCC 2733 (page 11): About acedia as a form of spiritual depression. CCC 2849 (page 13): About Jesus’ ability to vanquish the tempter through prayer.
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