Innovative Publication

Abstract

Dipodascuscapitatus is a typical inhabitant of humans, especially on the skin, oral cavity, and respiratory tract. Fungi previously considered harmless colonizers (Opportunistic) are emerging as new fungal pathogens, particularly in an immune-compromised state. Infection caused by Dipodascuscapitatus is rare, and the treatment procedures are quite difficult. Here we reported the information on patients with chronic
diabetic conditions. The fungus was isolated from oral washings, the phenotypic identification was based on mycological methods, the molecular marker was based on 18S r RNA sequencing, and the susceptibility test was conducted by micro-dilution technique. The present study mainly focused on quantifying virulence factors, and their activity is expressed in the form of hemolysin protease (1.812 mg/ml). Fungal infections in these patients are often severe, rapid progressive, and challenging to identify, including diagnostic and therapeutic modalities required to provide better patient care.

Keywords: Non albicans Candida, Diabetics, Oral washings, Virulence factors, Drug resistance, Dipodascus capitatus

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between suspected COVID-19 symptoms and RT-PCR results in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Burkina Faso.
Materials and Methods: We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR routine diagnostic data in Burkina Faso. Data were collected from March 9, 2020 to September 30, 2020 in the framework of the COVID-19 surveillance. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and Kappa concordance were used to check the correlation between COVID-19 symptoms and the RT-PCR results.
Results: A total of 2217 participants were tested for COVID-19 using RT-PCR, of them 779 COVID-19 positive. The mean age of the participants was 38.7± 17.69 years. Suspected symptoms presented by participants were fever (40.4%), cough (38.6%), asthenia (27.3%), headache (23.6%), dyspnea (20.8%), and odynophagia (16.3%). The sensitivity of presence of at least a clinical sign compared to RT-PCR results was 62.13% and the specificity was 39.85%. The kappa agreement between the presence of COVID-19 suspected symptoms and RT-PCR results was 0.017. The presence of aguesia and/or anosmia in patients induced a positive predictive value of RT-PCR of 91.30%.
Conclusion: The correlation between the COVID-19 symptoms and RT-PCR results in the diagnosis of COVID-19 was very weak. The present study confirms that most clinical signs associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are not specific to COVID-19, hence the need to always combine RT-PCR or other biological tests with the clinical diagnosis. However, aguesia and anosmia are of interest with a high degree of RT-PCR positivity when present in a COVID-19 suspected patient.

Keywords: Diagnosis, Symptoms, Correlation, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, RT-PCR

Abstract

An ancient disease, Tuberculosis is one of the most challenging infectious disease contributing to mortality and morbidity worldwide. Tuberculosis elimination globally, by 2050, is a mammoth task as Mycobacterial infections have wide range of presentation, from the clinical to the subclinical or latent and pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. The virulence as well as evading property of Mycobacterium tuberculosisMtb) from the host's immune system confers upon it the ability to remain latent in the host cells. This forms the basis of classification of tuberculosis patient as having latent-TBI or active TB.
This review focuses on the role of miRNA as biomarkers of LTBI. The aim is to have an overview of the current knowledge about miRNA, its involvement in TB pathogenesis and its role as a reliable tool for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis.
miRNA are non-encoding endogenous RNAs which regulate gene expression by directing their target RNA for degradation or translational repression. Degraded RNA are released in the extracellular milieu, are present in various body fluids, such as blood, saliva, and urine, and are biomarkers for a number of diseases including cancer, Parkinsons’ disease, CAD, liver diseases, TB and other infectious diseases. miRNAs are differentially expressed during active TB and LTBI, and therefore can be used as biomarkers of disease progression and response to anti-TB therapy. This will further permit more specific therapeutic interventions in TB management.
A thorough search of available literature resources was performed on online databases such as Google Scholar, NCBI, Nature, Research gate, PubMed, Science Direct. It was found that miRNA are promising biomarkers to identify healthy latent TB individuals for further course of action and can be reliable tools for routine use in current clinical practice for specific therapeutic interventions to limit active TB population. They meet the criteria of ideal biomarkers, such as minimally invasive, accessibility, high specificity, and sensitivity.

Keywords: Biomarkers, Latent tuberculosis, miRNA, Pediatric, Diagnosis

Abstract

Lipomas are uncommon oral tumours that make up between 1 and 4 percent of benign oral tumours. It often presents as an asymptomatic, soft, smooth-surfaced, nodular, yellowish mass, and most commonly affects the buccal mucosa, tongue, and floor of the mouth. Although there is a lot of conflicting information in the literature on the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in detecting lipomas, it has been used as a diagnostic tool for soft-tissue lesions for more than ten years. Understanding the various sites of oral lipomas inside the oral mucosa is crucial for accurate diagnosis and successful therapy. The case report of a 49-year-old man with an oral lipoma that developed in the mandibular buccal vestibule, a rare position, is presented in this article along with ultrasonographic results and a thorough literature analysis. The paper offers insightful analysis for those working in the field of oral healthcare by looking at the clinical presentation, histological traits, and probable differential diagnoses.

Keywords: Oral lipoma, Ultrasonography, Mandibular vestibule, Liposuction

Abstract

Supernumerary teeth is a well recognised phenomenon now a days. Supernumerary teeth are those that exceed normal dental formula. Mesiodens is one of the most common examples of supernumerary teeth. It can be associated with syndromes or it can be non syndromic. In this article, the role of genetics in the development of mesiodens is discussed.

Keywords: Genetics, Heredity, Mesiodens, Supernumerary teeth, Non syndromic, Siblings

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to access and compare fracture resistance of tooth restored with Cention-N, Zirconomer and Filtek Z350 XT.
Materials and Methods: Seventy five extracted maxillary premolar were divided into five groups; (Group I) Unprepared intact teeth, (Group II) Teeth with class II mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) cavity prepared and unrestored, (Group III) Teeth with class II MOD cavity prepared and restored with Zirconomer (Shofu Inc), (Group IV) Teeth with class II MOD cavity prepared and restored with Cention N, (Group V) Teeth with class II MOD cavity prepared and restored with Universal Composite Restorative Material (Filtek Z350 XT). Specimen was individually tested in a universal testing machine for facture resistance.
Results: Filtek Z350 XT showed statistically significant fracture resistance as compared to Group II, Group III and Group IV (P<0> Conclusion: All the test restorative material showed acceptable fracture resistance under load. Long term clinical evaluation is required to access their behavior intraorally.

Keywords: Tooth fracture, Bicuspid, Dental Cavity Preparation, Filtek Z350, Glass ionomer cement, Alkasite

Abstract

Objectives: Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most common oral diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the oral health status of adults aged 18 years and above visiting the various outreach camps in the Ghaziabad District.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 336 participants of Ghaziabad District. Dental caries in form of DMFT and periodontal status was recorded based World Health Organization (WHO) criteria-2013. The Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
Results: In total, 336 respondents completed the survey among which 216 (64.3%) were males and 120 (35.7%) were females. Majority of the study subjects belonged to low socioeconomic background. The prevalence of dental caries was found to be 44.34 % and periodontal disease was 81.8% respectively. Individuals belonging to lower socioeconomic status has significantly higher caries prevalence when compared to upper and middle class individuals. (p ? 0.05)
Conclusion: Mounting evidence has demonstrated the essential role of oral health in a long and healthy life. The oral health status of the participants indicates low awareness in majority of the population of Ghaziabad District and only a small number of participants made routine dental visits. The findings can aid planning strategies for oral health care among the population.

Keywords: Oral health, Dental caries, Periodontal disease, Gingival bleeding, Cross-sectional study

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare canal transportation and centering ability of different nickle titanium systems using Cone beam computed tomography in curved canals.
Materials and Methods: Ninety mandibular molars with angle of curvature ranging from 10°– 40° were randomly allocated into six experimental groups containing 15 teeth in each group. Preinstrumentation scans were taken with CBCT with constant exposure parameters before and after instrumentation. Six grouped specimens were instrumented with Wave One, Twisted File, Hyflex CM, K3XF, ProTaper Next, NeoNiTi file respectively. Post instrumentation the specimens were scanned by CBCT to obtain postoperative images. The amount of root canal transportation and centering ability of the instrument were determined. Statistical analysis on collected data was performed using One way analysis of ANOVA, and post-hoc Tukey test (p<0> Results: K3XF group showed significantly higher transportation values in the apical third (2mm) than TF group (p=0.01) and Hyflex CM group (p=0.03). The coronal transportation values are higher than the apical values but with no significant difference between them (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in centering ratio values between the six groups (p>0.05) at any of the level.
Conclusion: All the file systems can be safely used, showing satisfactory preservation to the original canal shape with preference of TF files.

Keywords: Root Canal, Transportation, Centering, Nickle­ titanium instruments, Cone beam computed tomography, In vitro study

Abstract

Aim: To inculcate a better understanding and facilitate a better management of separation anxiety seen in children in dental clinic.
Conclusion: Separation anxiety is often seen in pediatric patients. Although, not much thought is given to it as parents presume the anxiety to be merely a byproduct of a new environment and unfamiliar faces. It was significant to compile separation anxiety seen in children with a special emphasis on its dental aspect which will aid pedodontists as well as general practitioners in a swift recognition of the symptoms followed by prompt management of pediatric separation anxiety patients in a dental setting.

Keywords: Separation anxiety, Children, Dental Setting, Management, Attachment

Abstract

This article provides an overview of the application of the intelligent technology in healthcare especially in the various specialities of dentistry and how much it has enhanced the quality of care being provided. Artificial intelligence is widely gaining popularity in various other sectors and is thought to be useful in the healthcare industry for diagnostic purposes and eventually with time programming, the technology to help healthcare personnels to carry out less invasive procedures.

Keywords: Learning, Machine learning, Computer, Dental, Dentistry, Machine intelligence

Ethics is the study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct. Ethics are the moral principles that an individual must follow irrespective of time or place. Bioethics is the branch of ethics that studies the implications
of biological and biomedical advances. Primary purpose of dental research is to generate new knowledge. However, this goal can never take precedence over the rights and interests of individual research subjects.

Abstract

The permanent replacement of missing teeth in the maxillary posterior tooth region becomes a tedious task when it is confounded with bone atrophies. To overcome this problem and achieve successful rehabilitation, maxillary sinus membrane elevation procedures have been advocated as the most reliable means. The lateral window technique and the crestal approach are two of the most common approaches. These technologically developed procedures have reported high success rates in cases of deficient residual bone. Over time, there have been many advancements in these techniques that led to the development of user-friendly kits like the Lateral approach Sinus (LAS) kit and the Crestal approach Sinus (CAS) kit. In this case series, we have reported two cases, treated with either of these approaches and have compared the same. We aim at highlighting their ease of application in the clinical field and the promising results obtained with their use. Our clinical experience disclosed that maxillary sinus membrane advancement using both the kits have proven to be a reliable technique for implant placement in sites where insufficient bone is available.

Keywords: Crestal approach sinus lift, Hard tissue augmentation, Lateral window approach sinus lift, Platelet­ rich fibrin membrane, Transalveolar approach sinus lift

Abstract

Introduction: Vertical thickness of the upper lip is an aesthetic determinant in a smiling face for both orthodontists.
Aim and Objectives : To evaluate the vermillion height and lip area in adult patients with various sagittal malocclusion groups following 1 premolar extraction.
Materials and Methods: Pre and post treatment lateral cephalograms of 50 adult patients aged between 17 to 21 years were taken. The sample was divided into 2 groups: Group I (Angles Class I Bidental protrusion) & Group II (Angles Class II div 1) with 25 subjects in each group. 2 angular and 10 linear measurments were recorded for both the groups.
Results: There were no significant differences in the vermilion height and upper lip area changes in group I, except for lower lip area. In group II significant difference were found in upper and lower lip area. When Group I and Group II were compared, only significant difference was found in lower lip area whereas vermillion height and upper lip area were found to be clinically non-significant.
Conclusion: Extraction of four premolars can be extremely successful in improving features of the smile for the patients who have undergone treatment for Class II division 1 malocclusion and Class I Bidental protrusion. This provides a stronger evidence-based rationale for this treatment modality.

Keywords: Vermillion height, Lip area, Bidental protrusion, Class II div 1

Abstract

Introduction: Hyperpigmentation is a medical term used to describe darker patches of skin from excess melanin production. This can be caused by everything from acne scars and sun damage to hormone fluctuations. The first-line treatment for hyperpigmentation involves topical formulations of conventional agents such as hydroquinone, kojic acid, and glycolic acid followed by oral formulations of therapeutic agents such as transexamic acid, melatonin, and cysteamine hydrochloride. Despite the availability of multiple treatments for the condition, hyperpigmentation continues to present clinical management challenges for dermatologists. The study aims to compare the therapeutic efficacy, to compare the therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of glycolic acid peels and salicylic acid peels for hyperpigmentation treatment.
Materials and Methods: 200 patients were selected and graded on Fitzpatrick scale. A split face peel on right side by Glycolic Acid and left side by Salicylic Acid was done and procedure was repeated after 2 week and then third sitting of PRP was done. Patients were scaled on Fitzpatrick scale at baseline and after 3 sitting (PRP).
Result: Salicylic recorded a mean value of 3.10 at baseline while glycolic acid recorded 2.92 at baseline. After 3 sitting Salicylic Acid recorded a mean reduction value of 0.29 while that of Glycolic Acid mean reduction value was 0.71and this was stastically significant reduction.
Conclusion: Patients with Salicylic Acid peels showed significantly better response than Glycolic Acid peels.

Keywords: Glycolic Acid peels, Salicylic Acid peels, Hyperpigmentation

Abstract

Background: Oral health is an important aspect affecting general health and quality of life. All children have different health considerations including oral health. Children have their own basic nature and this behaviour variability may influence their understanding and acceptability towards maintenance of oral hygiene. Some children may not follow the proper oral hygiene regimes due to variable behaviour which can drastically affect their oral status. Thus, the behaviour of child can act as an obstacle in maintaining oral hygiene.
The present study was aimed at finding the association of child behaviour with dental caries and oral hygiene status.
Materials and Methods : A convenient sample of 100 children aged 6-11 years visiting the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry were taken for the study. A questionnaire was designed to assess the behaviour of children. Oral hygiene Index and Caries Index of the samples to be studied were recorded. The obtained data was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis
Result: A statistically significant association was found between child behaviour and dental caries(deft). Also, different types of behaviour pattern showed difference in oral hygiene and caries index. a correlation between oral hygiene and child behaviour was also found.
Conclusion: Oral health status has a multifactorial etiology with child behaviour as an influential factor. Especially in young children, it may directly or indirectly influence caries risk and oral hygiene status. If identified in initial phase, working upon it may help in promoting better oral health of children in the long run.

Keywords: Behaviour pattern, Child behaviour, Dental caries, Oral hygiene, Risk factors

Abstract

Objective: To assess the position and inclination of upper and lower incisors and bases in different groups of skeletal malocclusions.
Materials and Methods:  45 pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were included. They were divided into his three groups of skeletal class I, class II, and class III. A variety of linear and angular measurements were used to assess both the position and inclination of the maxillary and mandibular bases, incisors, and the relationship between the incisors.
Results: There was a significantly stronger correlation between anterior-posterior skeletal mismatch and maxillary alveolar bone compensation in skeletal classes I, II, and III. Except for maxillary vertical skeletal discrepancy (MP-SN) and alveolar compensation, there was a weak correlation between maxillary and mandibular vertical skeletal discrepancy and alveolar compensation. The anterior-posterior position of the skeletal jaw had a greater effect on alveolar bone changes than the vertical inclination of the skeletal jaw in the Grad variant.
Conclusions: There may be a relationship between alveolar bone changes and skeletal anteroposterior and vertical position, inclination and intermaxillary relationship.

Keywords: Alveolar compensation, Skeletal malocclusion, Cephalometric

Abstract

Introduction: Nowadays, various novel techniques have been documented to modify behaviour of the child and reduce dental anxiety in paediatric patients. Recently developed distraction methods have advancements that involve intellectual distraction games. This approach enables the clinicians to treat children with minimal resources and is readily accessible in the market. Several studies have also evaluated the productiveness of virtual reality (VR) as an audio-visual distraction aid in guiding anxious children.
Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality eyeglasses vs intellectual colored game as a distraction aid to reduce anxiety of children undergoing dental procedure.
Materials and Methods: This was an in vivo interventional comparative study. A total sample of 90 children was selected aged between 4-7 years. They were randomly divided by chit method into three different groups with 30 children in each group: Group I (Control), Group II (VR) and Group III (ICG). Child’s anxiety level was assessed using a combination of physiological parameter (pulse rate and oxygen saturation) and behavioral measures including subjective assessment (Venham’s anxiety rating scale) and objective assessmemt (Facial Image Scale). Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21, IBM Inc.
Results: The study displayed a high statistically significant reduction in anxiety with VR & ICG Group when compared to Control group (p<0> Conclusion: Mental distraction (Intellectual coloured game) was proven to be a more promising distraction aid due to certain limitations of Virtual reality distraction.

Keywords: Mental distraction, Intellectual coloured game, Virtual reality, Dental anxiety, Behaviour management

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate and compare the resultant stress on the root and PDL of a Maxillary Central Incisor with various crown-root angles. Settings and Sample Population: Finite Element Models of Maxillary Central Incisor were used for simulation of stress on the root and PDL.
Materials and Methods: Three FEM models of a Maxillary Central Incisor with different crown-root angles (170?, 175? and 180?) were constructed and subjected to a force of 2N respectively. The resultant stress generated in the periodontal ligament and root surface were recorded and compared between the models.
Result: The model with the maximum change in crown-root angle (180?) showed the maximum stress in both PDL and root surface. The stress recorded on the root surface was more on the cervical 2/3rd in the palatal region of the tooth as compared to the labial region. Maximum stress in the PDL was seen only in the cervical 3rd of the third model.
Conclusion: With increase in the crown-root angles of a tooth, the stress in the PDL and on the root surface increases.

Keywords: Maxillary Central Incisor, Crown­ Root Angle, Finite Element

Abstract

In present times, artificial intelligence (AI) has diversified in the fields of healthcare, education, finance, and cyber security. AI is expected to eliminate behavioural and perceptive bias in human interactions and bring forth a diversification in the working ethos across industries. Although the areas of IT, manufacturing, gaming, astronomy, data security are utilising the multitude of advantages offered by AI, there are several untapped areas where AI could be highly beneficial. Presently in healthcare, AI is in its nascent stages of development and it may take a few years for its complete integration in the field of medicine and dentistry. However, it offers promising prospects in terms of improved diagnosis, timely management, superior outcomes and cost reduction. The aim of this article is to review the current applications of AI in dentistry and its potential scope in the future.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, History

Abstract

The development of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology altered the practise of oral and maxillofacial radiology. When compared to medical computed tomography, CBCT was quickly adopted in dentistry settings due to its small size, relatively reduced cost, and decreased ionising radiation exposure. CBCT referrals are still being made incorrectly due to a lack of sufficient education among dentists and specialists. Furthermore, in order to get high-quality pictures, operators may raise the radiation dose, exposing the patient to unnecessary hazards. The objective of this review is to give an insight into 3D imaging with CBCT technology and a prudent radiation monitoring during CBCT for the benefit of both patients and dentists.

Keywords: Cone­beam computed tomography, Dentistry, Radiation Safety, Dosimeters, Effective dose

Vital pulp therapy, a modality initiated to preserve and maintain pulp tissue that has been compromised by caries, trauma or restorative procedures in a healthy state, is directed towards preservation of pulpally involved
permanent tooth based on the premise that pulp has an innate regeneration capacity for repair against microbial and mechanical stresses as suggested by Kakehashi et al, 1965.

Abstract

Background: Jigsaw technique as a teaching modalities is an important and fascinating mode of teaching students a particular topic in an effective and interesting manner. Though the effectiveness of Jigsaw implementation is documented by many researchers, not only for medical science subjects but also for various topics in chemistry, engineering and nursing courses, it’s application and feasibility is often being questioned. Many researchers find the implementation of Jigsaw a daunting task, which requires a lot of time, planning and number of resource person.
This article emphasises upon feasibility of Jigsaw implementation and its effectiveness in spite of all odds like limitation of resource faculty, time, space etc.
Methodology: In this study Jigsaw planning was done impromptu for revision of the topic “Enzyme” for students of biochemistry in first MBBS.
49 out of total 62 students of batch A reported for tutorial session. They were divided into 6 experts groups[EG1-EG6]. Each EG was given one sub topic out of above. They were instructed to discuss it among their peers in EG. Later one student from each EG was mobilised to create home group[HG].
Total 8 HG were thus created and the students were asked to discuss their subtopic in HG in sequential manner; which means first of all student from EG-1 discusses the sub topic to rest of the members of his/her own HG, next the student from EG 2 explains the sub topic to rest of the members of his/her own HG. This fashion all the sub topics were sequentially discussed in all the HG parallelly and the whole topic of enzyme was discussed in each HG in peer assisted learning fashion. Students were later asked to write reflection on this activity.
Same activity was repeated for batch B students.
Result: During analysis of reflection it was found that this exercise was appreciated by majority of students, and they perceived this activity as an interesting and effective modality of teaching learning. They even wanted repetition of Jigsaw activity in future for various other topics.
Conclusion: It is concluded that in-spite of limitation of time and limited faculty backup, Jigsaw can be effectively implemented for benefit of students in a short notice.

Keywords: Jigsaw method, Expert group, Home group, Enzyme, Impromptu conduct.

Abstract

Background: The COVID 19 pandemic has disrupted the educational system and lead to a drastic shift of professional undergraduate teaching for nursing students into online mode. The definition of satisfaction in online learning is complex and multidimensional and includes manufacturers such as communication student participation in online discussion flexibility workload technology support and feedback. Satisfaction with online learning is based on three learning theories: -social cognitive theory interaction equivalency theory and social integration theory. There is a growing body of literature showing that satisfaction has a positive relationship with student engagement and academic performance the quality of learning is effectiveness success and institutional cost-effectiveness.
Objectives: To assess the students’ level of perception regarding online learning. To determine the level of satisfaction regarding online learning.
Materials and Methods: A descriptive study of 138 sample nursing students. Qualitative research approach was used in this study and convience sampling techniques was used Research methodology means an agreement that depicts how, at what times and information is to be collected and scrutinized. It involves all the approach, to answer the research problem. The techniques used to structure a study and to gather and analyze information in a systematic fashion is referred as the research methodology. It includes the steps, action and approaches for the gathering and analyzing the data. The present study adopts a qualitative research approach.
Result: The data analysis was done with the help of descriptive inference statistics for level of satisfaction. 88(63.76%) of undergraduate nursing student had moderate level of satisfaction regarding online learning. 30(21.73%) undergraduate nursing student had poor level of satisfaction regarding online learning and 20(14.49%) undergraduate students had good level of satisfaction. For perception the majority i.e., 90(65%) of undergraduate nursing student had poor perception, 43(32%) of undergraduate nursing student had moderate perception and 5(3.6%) of undergraduate nursing student had good perception regarding online learning.
Conclusion: Nursing is the practice where we can learn theoretically as well as practically. The online learning has played a major role in the development of the skill and knowledge of the nurses and nursing student, in order to that the study which we have conducted says that The e-learning has affected the level of perception and satisfaction among the nursing undergraduate student.

Keywords: Online learning, Undergraduate nursing, COVID- 19.

Abstract

Background: Compassion is one of the most important qualities expected and anticipated by patients from their healthcare professionals. Empathy is the ability to recognize and respond to others’ emotions. What differentiates compassion from empathy is the creation of a strong desire to reduce suffering.
Objectives: To assess and compare compassion levels in students of MBBS, BSc Nursing and Bachelors in Physiotherapy (BPT) in a medical college.
Methodology: This is a descriptive study done at the NRI Medical College in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh state in India, The study involved students of 6 Semester MBBS (126), BSc Nursing 4 year (89) and 4 year BPT (48). The study instruments included the Compassion Score questionnaire & Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) 3 which are both available freely in the public domain.
Results: Compassion scores in male students had a mean of 58.6 (range 22 to 78 and SD 9.2). Compassion scores in female students have a mean of 59.0 (range 29 to 80 and SD 9.1). Overall compassion scores were highest in MBBS students, both males and females when compared to Nursing and Physiotherapy students. Empathy scores also followed the same statistically significant pattern. Among compassion components, kindness was highest in BPT students while common humanity was higher in the medical students.
MBBS students were seen to have significantly higher scores in all three negative components; indifference, separation and disengagement. It is proposed that the nature of training of nursing and physiotherapy students involves practical hands-on involvement in day to day care of their patients, while medical students are more involved in academic pursuits and less involvement with their patients during undergraduate training.
Conclusion: Efforts must be made to encourage all healthcare students to inculcate empathy and compassion when communicating with patients. Empathy can be enhanced by adding training courses and workshops to the curriculum to teach empathy to develop interpersonal skills. There is a need to use innovative and creative approaches like simulation, role playing, storytelling and reflective discussion.

Keywords: Compassion, Empathy, Indifference, Separation, Disengagement.

Abstract

Background: Gamification has been introduced in the nursing curriculum as one of the newest and most innovative teaching methods by blending the games with the concepts. In this method, they are applying the game elements in a non-game environment. Evidence cited in the empirical research shows that it increases students' class engagement, motivation, problem-solving ability, and competencies to a large extent. However, not many research studies have been conducted exploring the impact of gamification on the teaching and learning of nursing subjects.
Objectives: 1) Identify the application of gamification as an innovative teaching-learning strategy in nursing curriculum 2) Explore the student satisfaction, motivation, and class engagement while using gamification as a learning method 3) Impact of gamification on the academic performance of nursing students.
Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using online databases available in Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, and ProQuest. The studies included were descriptive surveys, systematic reviews, quasi-experimental, and mixed research methods. The key search concepts explored were ‘Gamification and nursing education’, ‘gamified as a learning tool in nursing education’, ‘gamification and academic outcomes of nursing students', and 'gamification as a teaching strategy in nursing education'.
Results: The available evidence from the research studies indicates positive results in using gamification can be a used as a learning strategy and shows that it can bring about increased class engagement, clarification and understanding of difficult concepts, and improve interaction and communication in nursing courses. However, challenges remain in terms of lack of clarity on the competencies to be examined the learning outcomes and the efficacy of its application in the professional field, and the underlying costs.
Conclusion: Gamification can be introduced as an innovative technology in the teaching-learning process. Further studies are required to provide more evidence in its application to various nursing courses and the learning outcomes to be examined.

Keywords: Gamification, Nursing education, Digital learning, Competencies, Student engagement, Classroom teaching.

Scientifically, Self- directed learning (SDL) is a process which allows learners to take control of the process of learning. This process of learning involves the identification of the goals, selection of strategies for effective learning and then followed by evaluation of learning performance and outcome. SDL helps to develop independent learning skills, increased responsibility, assertiveness and accountability among students which are key attributes to a Medical Professionals’ career.

Abstract

Utilizing the technology made our life very easier and brought the globe in our hand which has got both pros and cons. Young generation is more of techno oriented than the values that makes them to be depending on the social medias easily that affects the domains of health. A study was conducted to assess the Social media addiction among the paramedical students. Quantitative research approach with non experimental, descriptive research design was used. Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to select 140 para medical students who fulfills the inclusion criteria. Self administered structured questionnaire was used. Modified social media addiction likert scale was used with 20 items. Findings of the study shows that vast majority (103(74%)) of the students were addicted to the social media. To conclude, it is the high time for the policy-makers to restrict on this and make provision to improve the interaction skills.

Keywords: Social media addiction, Social interactions.

Abstract

Aim: This article aims to discuss the conglomeration of the National Education Policy 2020 with the University Grants Commission and the other accreditation guidelines that are already existing and the directions for the future. It is neither for nor against the policy and doesn’t express any political views.
Background: National Education Policy released in 2020 has been discussed a lot in many forums, media, and publications. Anything introduced new would always have to face lots of critiques and challenges before it gets implemented. The governance of universities and institutions have become more formal and standardized with enormous documentation procedure. The release of the National Education Policy invoked mixed feelings amongst the academic administrators and those working on the accreditation side, as they envisioned more challenges and documentation to be faced in the future.
Results: The parameters of the National Education Policy were compared with the parameters of NIRF, NAAC, and UGC guidelines.
Conclusion: The conglomeration of the policy documents discussed in this article concludes that most of the points of the national education policy are already being followed by the institutions and it’s not completely new to be perceived as a huge challenge.

Keywords: National education policy, Higher education, Accreditation, NAAC, NIRF, University grants commission.

Abstract

Background: Ongoing education plays a crucial role in enhancing the competence of clinical laboratories Sciences Specialists (CLSs). However, CLSs often encounter obstacles when trying to learn in involved clinical settings. To tackle these challenges and cater to the specific learning requirements of medical technologists, we developed a learner-centred electronic book (e-book) that fosters self-directed learning among them.
Materials and Methods: To assess the e-book's effectiveness as continuing education (CE) material for CLSs, a cross-sectional study was carried out at two medical centres in Riyadh. The e-book's content was tailored to meet the specific practice requirements and learning needs of CLSs. The study employed The New World Kirkpatrick Model, which includes four levels (reactions, learning, behaviors, and results), to evaluate the impact of the e-book on the participants' learning. A total of 280 medical technologists took part in the study, completing a questionnaire and a post-test, which provided valuable insights into their learning patterns, satisfaction with the e-book, and the learning outcomes they experienced after using it.
Results: After using the e-book, a majority of readers reported positive learning experiences and improvements in their learning outcomes, encompassing knowledge acquisition and changes in behavior. Furthermore, the e-book successfully presented a new continuing education (CE) activity and reached CLSs from diverse laboratory settings.
Conclusion: The affordable and learner-focused e-book efficiently addressed the obstacles to continuing education (CE) faced by CLSs. The interactive and flexible nature of e-learning was especially beneficial in enabling learners to actively participate in clinical scenarios related to laboratories. This research holds the potential to serve as a foundation for medical educators to develop e-learning model for CE.

Keywords: Continuing education, e-book, Independent learning, Professional development, Clinical laboratories sciences specialists (CLSs).

Abstract

Background: Stress plays a role in altering people's lifestyles. When individuals experience stress and its associated pressures and anxiety, they often respond by engaging in unhealthy behaviors that can have a negative impact on their health. Assessing the impact of perceived stress is crucial in motivating students to adopt positive health behaviors as long-term coping strategies.
Aim of the Research: Study the link between perceived stress and lifestyle behaviors among medical students. Additionally, to explore how health-related behaviors impact the association between perceived stress and lifestyle in the same group of medical students.
Materials and Methods: To investigate the impact of perceived academic stress on the lifestyle habits of the medical students and to explore how health-related lifestyle factors mediate the relationship between increased perceived stress and changes in lifestyle. Perceived stress will serve as the independent variable in this non-experimental, descriptive cross-sectional study, where the focus is on observing the effects of academic stress on the lifestyle habits of the participants.
Results: Significant association between levels of stress and both real change of lifestyle and perceived change of lifestyle risk factors were increased.
Conclusion: Promoting positive health behaviors among students for coping purposes is crucial. By helping young individuals develop these coping techniques for handling stressful situations, we offer them the chance to enhance their appearance, boost body image and self-esteem, improve academic and work performance, lower the risk of depression, and ultimately enhance their overall quality of life.

Keywords: Stress, Academic distress, Lifestyle, Medical students Lifestyles.

Abstract

Background: In the 21 century`s hi-tech world, imparting the scientific medical health educational instruction is changing fast, which is inclined through several indeed many factors which includes altering health care milieu, role-of Doctor of Medicine, transformed societal prospects, swiftly varying remedial-medicinal, medical and therapeutic-science, plus range of didactic (pedagogical) methods, techniques, and prototype models.
Materials and Methods: Changes and transformations in `societal-expectations` set `patient-safety` in front of, also raise `ethical-issues` of learning connections plus measures over live subjects, through venerable teaching is any more suitable. Aims of education through technology in medicine comprise, providing `knowledge-acquisition’, civilizing resulting, development of perceptual disparity, enhancing quality-skills harmonization, working for unusual or grave measures, knowledge side imparting guidance, plus humanizing psycho motor skills – perceptual abilities and motor controls. Thus, various technologies could address the above objectives.
Results: Newer technologies like podcast s, videos through flipped class-work-learning’s cellular-mobiles yapps, videogames, computer-simulations model-prototypes, amateur trainers, incorporated model-simulators, virtual-reality, plus smart-wearable devices-Google glass, are few techniques accessible to tackle the varying educational-instructive milieu.
Conclusion: This study addresses the application of technology which yields the infrastructural network plus basis for understanding several confronts given that `medical education` pro (in support of the) prospect.

Keywords: Computer aided learning, Health education, Medical education, Smart cellular and mobile phones, Learning.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of medical education, the need to embrace innovative teaching and learning methods has never been more critical. 1 As India grapples with complex healthcare challenges, transforming medical education becomes pivotal in shaping a competent,
compassionate, and future-ready healthcare workforce. 2 By harnessing the power of innovation in pedagogy, India can pave the way for a brighter and healthier tomorrow.

Abstract

Background: Many studies have revealed the impact of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in various educational domains. They have been shown to improve the overall learning and knowledge retention of students. The purpose of this study was to explore the usability and estimate the impact of VR & AR on pharmacology teaching and learning using the Oculus™ VR headset.
Materials and Methods : We enrolled 100 second-year medical student volunteers who were divided into 10 groups of 10 each. Each student experienced three different VR exercises using the Oculus™ VR for a total of 20 minutes, after which they were provided with a 12-point feedback form.
Results: More than 90% of the students responded positively to VR being a good replacement for conventional teaching techniques. 8% of the students reported uneasiness, dizziness, nausea, and drowsiness, both during and after the session.
Conclusion: The use of virtual reality and augmented reality holds promise in evolving the Pharmacology classroom to a more interactive and immersive experience.

Keywords: Medical education, Pharmacology, Medical students, Virtual reality, Simulation.

Abstract

Background: The quality of the occupied population can be raised through education. People are actively looking into more effective teaching methods to increase the impact of their educations.
Materials and Methods: The flipped classroom model is an innovative teaching methodology that involves the problem of traditional instructional methods, where students are exposed to lecture materials and content outside of the classroom through pre-recorded videos, readings, or online resources, while in-class time is dedicated to interactive activities, discussions, and problem-solving.
Result: The study employed a comparative strategy, comparing student performance and engagement in a traditional classroom setting versus a flipped classroom setting. The research also sought to gather insights from students regarding their perceptions and experiences with the flipped classroom approach.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that the flipped classroom model positively impacts student learning outcomes and enhances student engagement and participation. These results provide valuable insights for educators and representatives looking for to implement innovative teaching methodologies. This research study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the flipped classroom approach on student learning outcomes.

Keywords: Traditional student erudition, Flipped classroom, Comparative study, Teaching procedures, Engagement, Student observations.

Abstract

Infection control is a critical facet of healthcare, infection control aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and safeguard both patients and all healthcare workers in health care institutions. Education technology has appeared as a powerful tool for enhancing infection control practices through various innovative approaches, including online courses, virtual reality, simulation training, and mobile applications. This review article discusses the advantages of education technology in infection control, the challenges and barriers faced in implementation, and provides recommendations for maximizing its potential in empowering effective strategies. The findings underline the importance of integrating education technology into infection control programs to enhance knowledge achievement, skill development, and behavior change among healthcare professionals.

Keywords: Education strategies, Infection control, Online courses, Virtual reality, simulation, Mobile submissions.

Abstract

Medical education has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, driven by technological advancements and a growing emphasis on learner-centered approaches. This descriptive literature review aims to explore modern techniques of teaching and learning in medical education. The review synthesizes relevant literature to provide an overview of innovative instructional methods, such as simulation-based training, flipped classrooms, problem-based learning, and digital platforms. Furthermore, it discusses the benefits and challenges associated with these techniques and highlights the need for faculty development to effectively implement and integrate them into medical curricula. The findings underscore the importance of embracing modern teaching approaches to enhance the learning experience and prepare medical students for the complex healthcare landscape.

Keywords: Teaching and learning, Medical education

It is felt that there has been a decline in the quality of medical training with the increase number of medical colleges and insufficient medical teachers. Therefore, there is a need to implement strict regulations and norms to ensure that medical graduates are competent to practise.
Indian medical graduates should undergo an exit test which motivate graduates to be of equal standards, nationally.

Abstract

Background: Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can be a valuable tool for the evaluation of lymphadenopathies. The purpose of this study was to study the diagnostic role of FNAC in lymph node lesions and to find out the pattern of lymphadenopathy among patients visiting Tertiary care hospital.
Materials and Methods: Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytopathology was carried out. Giemsa staining of all FNAC smears was done and Ziehl-Neelsen staining (ZN Stain) was done to confirm the diagnosis if required.
Result: Lymph nodes were evaluated for location, consistency, size, mobility. Commonest site involved was cervical region (91.38%), most frequently encountered size was 1 - 2 cm (35.64%), majority of lesions were firm (87.35%), and most of the lymph nodes (95.40%) were mobile. Out of 166 diagnosed cases by FNAC, 95.78% were diagnosed as benign lesions and 4.22% as malignant lesions. 30.72% benign lesions were of reactive hyperplasia and 27.11% were of granulomatous lymphadenitis. All malignant lesions were the secondary lesions.
Conclusion: We conclude that FNAC of lymph nodes is a very common, simple, safe, economical, and quick diagnostic technique that eliminates the need for an open biopsy, anesthetic, surgical complications, and hospital stays.

Keywords : Fine needle aspiration cytology, Lymph node, Lymphadenopathy