n-
- (SI prefix) Abbreviation of nano-.
Abbreviation of normal.
n-
- (organic chemistry) normal-form of a functional group (or molecule), being the long-chain form (unbranched chain)
- s- (secondary form)
- t- (tertiary form)
Related to nia (“I, me”).
n-
- (prefixed to nouns, used before consonants) my
- (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants) I
- (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants) I (exclusive we)
- ën- — Buzuku
- m- — before labials
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁én (“in”).[1][2]
n-
- intensive prefix. on, to, at
- ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN
- ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (2000) A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
n-
- Alternative form of ãn-
From Proto-Oceanic *na
n-
- The noun article. Added to nouns and verb stems to affirm nominal use. Has an element of definiteness. Also used in derivation.
This form used before vowels. Before consonants, the form na- is used.
From Middle Dutch ne, en, from Old Dutch ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne.
n-
- Used to negate the pronoun or adverb which follows it, yielding the same part of speech
- forms intransitive or reflexive verbs from existing verbs
- Alternative form of m- (noun-forming prefix) before labial consonants
- Satzinger, Helmut (2017) “A Lexicon of Egyptian Lexical Roots (Project)” in Quaderni di Vicino Oriente, volume 12, pages 213–223
n- (adverbial)
- (before a vowel) Alternative form of in
- A-g n-ò dimándi. ― I have a lot (of them).
Abbreviation of normale.
n-
- (organic chemistry) n-; (normal-form)
n-
- I (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)
From Arabic نَ (na, first-person plural imperfect prefix). The use also for the first-person singular is found in Maghrebi Arabic dialects.
n-
- First-person prefix in the imperfect conjugation
- n- + kiteb (“he wrote”) → nikteb (“I write”)
n-
- Alternative form of il-
- Used after a vowel and before the letter n. For details on usage, see the main lemma.
- m-, l- (from assimilation to following consonants)
Inherited from Latin in-.
n-
- in
n-
- Alternative form of ni-
n- appears before stems that begin with the vowels oo and ii.
n- (class A infixed pronoun)
- us
Old Irish affixed pronouns
See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
Person
|
Infixed
|
Suffixed
|
Class A
|
Class B
|
Class C
|
1 sing.
|
m-L
|
dom-L, dam-L
|
-um
|
2 sing.
|
t-L
|
dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L
|
-ut
|
3 sing. m.
|
a-N, e-N
|
d-N
|
id-N, did-N, d-N
|
-i, -it
|
3 sing. f.
|
s-(N)
|
da-
|
-us
|
3 sing. n.
|
a-L, e-L
|
d-L
|
id-L, did-L, d-L
|
-i, -it
|
1 pl.
|
n-
|
don-, dun-, dan-
|
-unn
|
2 pl.
|
b-
|
dob-, dub-, dab-
|
-uib
|
3 pl.
|
s-(N)
|
da-
|
-us
|
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.
|
n- (class B & C infixed pronoun)
- Alternative form of d-
- (before a vowel) ny-
- (before labial consonants) m-
From Proto-Bantu *n-.
n- (plural n-)
- n class(IX/X) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting animals and miscellaneous nouns as well as their plurals, and plurals of some u class(XI) nouns
- nguo nzuri ― a nice piece of cloth/nice clothes
- ulimi (“tongue”) → ndimi (“tongues”)
Foreign borrowings that cannot fit other classes morphologically usually behave as n class(IX), but do not take this prefix.
Except for nouns where the stem is of one syllable, n can only be followed by g, d, j, y, and z in Swahili. As a result of this, when the stem starts with a vowel, n- changes to ny-, when it starts with a b or v it changes to m-, and *nw-, *nl-, and *nr- becomes mb-, nd-, and nd- respectively. In front of any stems where these rules cannot be applied, it disappears.
- (before /β/, /m/, /h/ or /p/) m-
- (before a vowel) ny-
From Proto-Bantu *ǹ-.
- IPA(key): /n̩-/, (after /ɡ/ or /k/) [ŋ̩-], (after a vowel) /n-/
n-
- I, 1st person singular subject concord
- n- + -kora (“to do”) → nkora (“I do”)
- positive imperative form of -n- (“me; 1st person singular object concord”)
- n- + -ha (“to give”) → mpa (“give me”)
- Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413
Cognate to prefixes analyzed as object nominalizers, switching nominalized forms from nouns of action to nouns referring to the patient argument. The Caura River form has a rather different scope of use.
n-
- Marks that (person markers on) a derivation from a transitive verb refer to the agent argument of the verb rather than the patient argument; used with verbs adverbialized with -e or nominalized with -dü or -'jüdü.
This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.
- ni- (allomorph before a consonant)
n-
- Marks a nonderived transitive verb as having a third-person agent/subject and patient/object.
- Marks a nonderived intransitive verb with agent-like or patient-like argument as having a third-person argument/subject.
The form n- is used with stems that start with a vowel; ni- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized.
This person marker is used with all types of verbs when marked with originally nonderived tense/aspect/mood markers, excepting only the admonitive -'no and prohibitive -i negative command suffixes and the uncertain future marker -tai, which require the transcategorical third person marker y-, and the distant past markers, which require the distance-specific person morpheme kün-.
Though in all other circumstances Ye'kwana third-person prefixes also cover the first person dual exclusive, this prefix is not used when the patient of a transitive verb is first-person-dual-exclusive.
Ye'kwana personal markers
|
pronoun
|
noun possessor/ series II verb argument
|
postposition object
|
series I verb argument
|
transitive patient
|
intransitive patient-like
|
intransitive agent-like
|
transitive agent
|
first person
|
ewü
|
y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1
|
w-, wi-
|
first person dual inclusive
|
küwü
|
k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
|
k-, kii-, ki-1
|
second person
|
amödö
|
ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh-
|
m-, mi-
|
first person dual exclusive
|
nña
|
y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1
|
chö-
|
∅-
|
n-, ni-
|
third person
|
tüwü
|
n-, ni-
|
distant past third person
|
—
|
kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini-
|
coreferential/reflexive
|
—
|
t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te-
|
—
|
reciprocal
|
—
|
—
|
öö-
|
- With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.
|
|
series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
|
first person > second person
|
mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni-
|
first person dual exclusive > second person
|
second person > first person
|
k-, kü-, ku-, ki-
|
second person > first person dual exclusive
|
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person
|
see person X in the chart above
|
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “n-”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[3], Lyon, pages 152, 182–184, 190–191, 200, 202–203
From Proto-Bantu *n-.
n-
- Class 9 simple noun prefix.
The variant form m- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b, f, m, p, v).