Ramadhan J Mstafa
University of Bridgeport, Computer Science & Engineering, Graduate Student
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Facial expressions contain a lot of information about the feelings of a human. They play an important role in human–computer interaction. In this paper, we propose a person independent facial expression recognition algorithm based on... more
Facial expressions contain a lot of information about the feelings of a human. They play an important role in human–computer interaction. In this paper, we propose a person independent facial expression recognition algorithm based on 3-Dimensional (3D) geometrical facial feature positions to classify the six basic expressions of the face: Anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise. The algorithm is tested on BU-3DFE database and provides encouraging recognition rates.
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In the modern world, video steganography has become a popular option for secret data communication. The performance of any steganography algorithm is based on the embedding efficiency, embedding payload, and robustness against attackers.... more
In the modern world, video steganography has become a popular option for secret data communication. The performance of any steganography algorithm is based on the embedding efficiency, embedding payload, and robustness against attackers. In this paper, we propose a new video steganography algorithm based on the multiple object tracking algorithm and Hamming codes. The proposed algorithm includes four different stages. First, the secret message is preprocessed, and Hamming codes (n, k) are applied in order to produce an encoded message. Second, a motion-based multiple object tracking algorithm is applied on cover videos in order to identify the regions of interest of the moving objects. Third, the process of embedding 3 and 6 bits of the encoded message into the 1 LSB and 2 LSBs of RGB pixel components is performed for all motion regions in the video using the foreground mask. Fourth, the process of extracting the secret message from the 1 LSB and 2 LSBs for each RGB component of all moving regions is accomplished. Experimental results of the proposed video steganography algorithm have demonstrated a high embedding efficiency and a high embedding payload.
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Due to the significant growth of video data over the Internet, video steganography has become a popular choice. The effectiveness of any steganographic algorithm depends on the embedding efficiency, embedding payload, and robustness... more
Due to the significant growth of video data over the Internet, video steganography has become a popular choice. The effectiveness of any steganographic algorithm depends on the embedding efficiency, embedding payload, and robustness against attackers. The lack of the preprocessing stage, less security, and low quality of stego videos are the major issues of many existing steganographic methods. The preprocessing stage includes the procedure of manipulating both secret data and cover videos prior to the embedding stage. In this paper, we address these problems by proposing a novel video steganographic method based on Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) tracking using Hamming codes (15, 11). The proposed method consists of four main stages: a) the secret message is preprocessed using Hamming codes (15, 11), producing an encoded message, b) face detection and tracking are performed on the cover videos, determining the region of interest (ROI), defined as facial regions, c) the encoded secret message is embedded using an adaptive LSB substitution method in the ROIs of video frames. In each facial pixel 1 LSB, 2 LSBs, 3 LSBs, and 4 LSBs are utilized to embed 3, 6, 9, and 12 bits of the secret message, respectively, and d) the process of extracting the secret message from the RGB color components of the facial regions of stego video is executed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves higher embedding capacity as well as better visual quality of stego videos. Furthermore, the two preprocessing steps increase the security and robustness of the proposed algorithm as compared to state-of-the-art methods.
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Nowadays, video steganography has become important in many security applications. The performance of any steganographic method ultimately relies on the imperceptibility, hiding capacity, and robustness. In the past decade, many video... more
Nowadays, video steganography has become important in many security applications. The performance of any steganographic method ultimately relies on the imperceptibility, hiding capacity, and robustness. In the past decade, many video steganography methods have been proposed; however, the literature lacks of sufficient survey articles that discuss all techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive study and analysis of numerous cutting edge video steganography methods and their performance evaluations from literature. Both compressed and raw video steganographic methods are surveyed. In the compressed domain, video steganographic techniques are categorized according to the video compression stages as venues for data hiding such as intra frame prediction, inter frame prediction, motion vectors, transformed and quantized coefficients, and entropy coding. On the other hand, raw video steganographic methods are classified into spatial and transform domains. This survey suggests current research directions and recommendations to improve on existing video steganographic techniques.
Research Interests: Computer Science, Watermarking, Cryptography, Steganography, IEEE, and 11 moreInformation Hiding, Crab Biology and Taxonomy, Robustness (evolution), Robustness, Encoding, Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, Algorithm Design and analysis, Theory of Computation and Algorithms, Imperceptibility, Computer Sciences, and Payloads
Due to the significant growth of video data over the Internet, it has become a popular choice for data hiding field. The performance of any steganographic algorithm relies on the embedding efficiency, embedding payload, and robustness... more
Due to the significant growth of video data over the Internet, it has become a popular choice for data hiding field. The performance of any steganographic algorithm relies on the embedding efficiency, embedding payload, and robustness against attackers. Low hidden ratio, less security, and low quality of stego videos are the major issues of many existing steganographic methods. In this paper, we propose a DCT-based robust video steganographic method using BCH codes. To improve the security of the proposed algorithm, a secret message is first encrypted and encoded by using BCH codes. Then, it is embedded into the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of video frames. The hidden message is embedded into DCT coefficients of each Y, U, and V planes excluding DC coefficients. The proposed algorithm is tested under two types of videos that contain slow and fast moving objects. The results of the proposed algorithm are compared with three existing methods. The results demonstrate better performance for the proposed algorithm than for the others. The hidden ratio of the proposed algorithm is approximately 27.53%, which is evaluated as a high hiding capacity with a minimal tradeoff of the visual quality. The robustness of the proposed algorithm was tested under different attacks.
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Internet proliferation and technological progress have made multimedia information quickly accessible, but they have also posed a threat to privacy and security. Researchers have been interested in digital images due to their capacity to... more
Internet proliferation and technological progress have made multimedia information quickly accessible, but they have also posed a threat to privacy and security. Researchers have been interested in digital images due to their capacity to store large amounts of data due to the possibility of protecting sensitive information through digital steganography. Despite their visual imperceptibility, robustness, and ability to embed information, existing image steganography techniques face several challenges. To overcome these challenges, a novel image steganography approach based on a blind model strategy has been proposed for hiding covert messages. The model consists of two stages: embedding and extracting. In the embedding stage, a suitable cover image is selected using the FAST feature point detector. A text message is then converted to a QR code and embedded in the feature points' neighbors using knight tour steps in a chess game. The result is a stego image that appears identical ...
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Recently, many diseases have negatively impacted people’s lifestyles. Among these, knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been regarded as the primary cause of activity restriction and impairment, particularly in older people. Therefore, quick,... more
Recently, many diseases have negatively impacted people’s lifestyles. Among these, knee osteoarthritis (OA) has been regarded as the primary cause of activity restriction and impairment, particularly in older people. Therefore, quick, accurate, and low-cost computer-based tools for the early prediction of knee OA patients are urgently needed. In this paper, as part of addressing this issue, we developed a new method to efficiently diagnose and classify knee osteoarthritis severity based on the X-ray images to classify knee OA in (i.e., binary and multiclass) in order to study the impact of different class-based, which has not yet been addressed in previous studies. This will provide physicians with a variety of deployment options in the future. Our proposed models are basically divided into two frameworks based on applying pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNN) for feature extraction as well as fine-tuning the pre-trained CNN using the transfer learning (TL) method. In addi...
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Gender classification is attractive in a range of applications, including surveillance and monitoring, corporate profiling, and human-computer interaction. Individuals' identities may be gleaned from information about their gender,... more
Gender classification is attractive in a range of applications, including surveillance and monitoring, corporate profiling, and human-computer interaction. Individuals' identities may be gleaned from information about their gender, which is a kind of soft biometric. Over the years, several methods for determining a person's gender have been devised. Some of the most well-known ones are based on physical characteristics like face, fingerprint, palmprint, DNA, ears, gait, and iris. On the other hand, facial features account for the vast majority of gender classification methods. Also, the iris is a significant biometric trait, because the iris, according to research, remains basically constant during an individual's life. Besides that, the iris is externally visible and is non-invasive to the user, which is important for practical applications. Furthermore, there are already high-quality methods for segmenting and encoding iris images, and the current methods facilitate se...
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The rapid transmission of multimedia information has been achieved mainly by recent advancements in the Internet's speed and information technology. In spite of this, advancements in technology have resulted in breaches of privacy and... more
The rapid transmission of multimedia information has been achieved mainly by recent advancements in the Internet's speed and information technology. In spite of this, advancements in technology have resulted in breaches of privacy and data security. When it comes to protecting private information in today's Internet era, digital steganography is vital. Many academics are interested in digital video because it has a great capability for concealing important data. There have been a vast number of video steganography solutions developed lately to guard against the theft of confidential data. The visual imperceptibility, robustness, and embedding capacity of these approaches are all challenges that must be addressed. In this paper, a novel solution to reversible video steganography based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Quick Response (QR) codes is proposed to address these concerns. In order to increase the security level of the suggested method, an enhanced ElGamal cryptosystem has also been proposed. Prior to the embedding stage, the suggested method uses the modified ElGamal algorithm to encrypt secret QR codes. Concurrently, it applies two-dimensional DWT on the Y-component of each video frame resulting in Approximation (LL), Horizontal (LH), Vertical (HL), and Diagonal (HH) sub-bands. Then, the encrypted Low (L), Medium (M), Quantile (Q), and High (H) QR codes are embedded into the HL sub-band, HH sub-band, U-component, and V-component of video frames, respectively, using the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique. As a consequence of extensive testing of the approach, it was shown to be very secure and highly invisible, as well as highly resistant to attacks from Salt & Pepper, Gaussian, Poisson, and Speckle noises, which has an average Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) of more than 0.91. Aside from visual imperceptibility, the suggested method exceeds current methods in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) average of 52.143 dB, and embedding capacity 1 bpp.
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Deep sequential (DS) models are extensively employed for forecasting time series data since the dawn of the deep learning era, and they provide forecasts for the values required in subsequent time steps. DS models, unlike other... more
Deep sequential (DS) models are extensively employed for forecasting time series data since the dawn of the deep learning era, and they provide forecasts for the values required in subsequent time steps. DS models, unlike other traditional statistical models for forecasting time series data, can learn hidden patterns in temporal sequences and have the memorizing data from prior time points. Given the widespread usage of deep sequential models in several domains, a comprehensive study describing their applications is necessary. This work presents a comprehensive review of contemporary deep learning time series models, their performance in diverse domains, and an investigation of the models that were employed in various applications. Three deep sequential models, namely, artificial neural network (ANN), long short-term memory (LSTM), and temporal-conventional neural network (TCNN) along with their applications for forecasting time series data, are elaborated. We showed a comprehensive...
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ElGamal cryptosystem is one of the well-known public-key algorithms for its ability to generate different ciphertexts for the same plaintext on successive runs. However, this algorithm results in a ciphertext occupying a larger memory... more
ElGamal cryptosystem is one of the well-known public-key algorithms for its ability to generate different ciphertexts for the same plaintext on successive runs. However, this algorithm results in a ciphertext occupying a larger memory space than its plaintext due to its encryption nature. As a result, it is pretty infeasible to use data that require their encrypted form to have the same size, such as image data. To overcome this issue, we propose an enhanced ElGamal cryptosystem that can be used for any given digital data message, including image, text, and video. The proposed approach mainly tests image data, consisting of three stages: key pair generation, image encryption, and image decryption. First, we generate as many random bytes as required for encrypting or decrypting images using the sender or receiver's public key information. Then, we use an XOR operation between each pixel in the image and each randomly generated byte to obtain the encrypted or decrypted image. Experimental results revealed that the proposed approach gives excellent results in various evaluation metrics tested on four different color images.
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Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a degenerative joint disease, which significantly affects middle-aged and elderly people. The majority of KOA is primarily based on hyaline cartilage change, according to medical images. However, technical... more
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a degenerative joint disease, which significantly affects middle-aged and elderly people. The majority of KOA is primarily based on hyaline cartilage change, according to medical images. However, technical bottlenecks such as noise, artifacts, and modality pose enormous challenges for an objective and efficient early diagnosis. Therefore, the correct prediction of arthritis is an essential step for effective diagnosis and the prevention of acute arthritis, where early diagnosis and treatment can assist to reduce the progression of KOA. However, predicting the development of KOA is a difficult and urgent problem that, if addressed, could accelerate the development of disease-modifying drugs, in turn helping to avoid millions of total joint replacement procedures each year. In knee joint research and clinical practice there are segmentation approaches that play a significant role in KOA diagnosis and categorization. In this paper, we seek to give an in-dep...
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Information hiding has brought a lot of attention in recent years. In much of this research tasks, different techniques were considered where data could be prevented from stealing. This will avoid any possible risk it may happen to our... more
Information hiding has brought a lot of attention in recent years. In much of this research tasks, different techniques were considered where data could be prevented from stealing. This will avoid any possible risk it may happen to our data. Due to the challenges involved in designing different security algorithms using hiding based aspects such as the nature of wireless communication, literature has proposed new algorithms in order to increase the security of the data. Steganography has been used to hide data using media cover to deal with the right target. However, these techniques have different issues regarding the visual quality, capacity, and robustness. Based on this, we proposed a new method of steganography to make the balance between all factors by using the feature points. The proposed method also improves the layer of security for the hidden data due to applying Arnold Cat algorithm on secret message prior to the embedding stage.
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Digital communication has become a vital part of daily life nowadays, many applications are using internet-based communication and here the importance of security rose to have a secure communication between two parties to prevent... more
Digital communication has become a vital part of daily life nowadays, many applications are using internet-based communication and here the importance of security rose to have a secure communication between two parties to prevent authorized access to sensitive data. These requirements led to a number of research in information security that has been done in the past two decades. Cryptography and steganography are the two main methods that are being used for information security. Cryptography refers to techniques that encrypt a message to be sent to a destination using different methods to be done. On the other hand, steganography is the science of hiding information from others using another cover message or media such as image, audio, video, and DNA sequence. This paper proposed a new method to hide information in an image using the least significant bit (LSB) based on Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) sequence. To accomplish this, the proposed scheme used properties of DNA sequence when...
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Research Interests: Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision, Multimedia Security, Digital Watermarking, and 15 moreSteganography, Digital Image Data Hiding Techniques, Information Hiding, ECC, DWT, Discrete Cosine Transform, Embedding, Robustness, Multiple Object Tracking, DCT, Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, Discrete wavelet transform, Imperceptibility, Embedding capacity, and Computer Sciences
In the past decade, the science of information hiding has gained tremendous significance due to advances in information and communication technology. The performance of any steganographic algorithm relies on the embedding efficiency,... more
In the past decade, the science of information hiding has gained tremendous significance due to advances in information and communication technology. The performance of any steganographic algorithm relies on the embedding efficiency, embedding payload, and robustness against attackers. Low hidden ratio, less security, and low quality of stego videos are the major issues of many existing steganographic methods. In this paper, we propose a novel video steganography method in DCT domain based on Hamming and BCH codes. To improve the security of the proposed algorithm, a secret message is first encrypted and encoded by using BCH codes. Then, it is embedded into the discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients of video frames. The hidden message is embedded into DCT coefficients of each Y, U, and V planes excluding DC coefficients. The proposed algorithm is tested under two types of videos that contain slow and fast moving objects. The experiential results of the proposed algorithm are compared with three existing methods. The comparison results show that our proposed algorithm outperformed other algorithms. The hidden ratio of the proposed algorithm is approximately 27.53%, which is considered as a high hiding capacity with a minimal tradeoff of the visual quality. The robustness of the proposed algorithm was tested under different attacks.
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Video steganography has become due to the significant growth of video data over performance of any steganography algorithm factors: embedding efficiency and embedding paper, a high embedding payload of vide algorithm has been proposed... more
Video steganography has become due to the significant growth of video data over performance of any steganography algorithm factors: embedding efficiency and embedding paper, a high embedding payload of vide algorithm has been proposed based on the improve the security of the algorithm, a secre encoded by , , coding. Then, it is em discrete wavelet transform (DWT) coefficients As the DWT middle and high frequency region to be less sensitive data, the secret message is em the middle and high frequency DWT coefficien algorithm is tested under two types of videos and fast motion objects. The results of the pr are compared to both the Least Significant B algorithms. The results demonstrate better per proposed algorithm than for the others. The h proposed algorithm is approximately 28%, whi a high embedding payload with a minimal t quality. The robustness of the proposed algo under various attacks. The results were consiste Keywords—Video Steganography; BCH Embedding Efficiency; Embedding...
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Nowadays, video steganography has become important in many security applications. The performance of any steganographic method ultimately relies on the imperceptibility, hiding capacity, and robustness. In the past decade, many video... more
Nowadays, video steganography has become important in many security applications. The performance of any steganographic method ultimately relies on the imperceptibility, hiding capacity, and robustness. In the past decade, many video steganography methods have been proposed; however, the literature lacks of sufficient survey articles that discuss all techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive study and analysis of numerous cutting edge video steganography methods and their performance evaluations from literature. Both compressed and raw video steganographic methods are surveyed. In the compressed domain, video steganographic techniques are categorized according to the video compression stages as venues for data hiding such as intra frame prediction, inter frame prediction, motion vectors, transformed and quantized coefficients, and entropy coding. On the other hand, raw video steganographic methods are classified into spatial and transform domains. This survey suggests current research directions and recommendations to improve on existing video steganographic techniques.
Research Interests:
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–Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a new network technology where the cars are used as mobile nodes to form a communication network. In VANET, routing protocols have a significant role in terms of the performance because they determine... more
–Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a new network technology where the cars are used as mobile nodes to form a communication network. In VANET, routing protocols have a significant role in terms of the performance because they determine the way of sending and receiving packets between mobile nodes. In this paper, we examine and analyze the performance of Ad-hoc On-Demand (AODV), Ad-hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) and Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocols over two different traffic connections; TCP and Constant Bit Rate (CBR) using different speeds and packet sizes. The performance measurements; Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End to End Delay and Average Throughput are examined with respect to speed and packet size. The objective of this study is to find the best routing protocol over all circumstances. Based on our validated results, DSR performs the best among all evaluated protocols.
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In this paper, in order to improve the security and efficiency of the steganography algorithm, we propose an efficient video steganography algorithm based on the binary BCH codes. First the pixels’ positions of the video frames’... more
In this paper, in order to improve the security and efficiency of the steganography algorithm, we propose an efficient video steganography algorithm based on the binary BCH codes. First the pixels’ positions of the video frames’ components are randomly permuted by using a private key. Moreover, the bits’ positions of the secret message are also permuted using the same private key. Then, the secret message is encoded by applying BCH codes (n, k, t), and XORed with random numbers before the embedding process in order to protect the message from being read. The selected embedding area in each Y, U, and V frame components is randomly chosen, and will differ from frame to frame. The embedding process is achieved by hiding each of the encoded blocks into the 3-2-2 least significant bit (LSB) of the selected YUV pixels. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm have a high embedding efficiency, high embedding payload, and resistant against hackers.