Embedding

Data imbalance is a frequently occurring problem in classification tasks where the number of samples in one category exceeds the amount in others. Quite often, the minority class data is of great importance representing concepts of interest and is often challenging to obtain in real-life scenarios and applications. Imagine a customers’ dataset for bank loans-majority of the instances belong to non-defaulter class, only a small number of customers would be labeled as defaulters, however, the performance accuracy is more important on defaulters labels than non-defaulter in such highly imbalance datasets. Lack of enough data samples across all the class labels results in data imbalance causing poor classification performance while training the model. Synthetic data generation and oversampling techniques such as SMOTE, AdaSyn can address this issue for statistical data, yet such methods suffer from overfitting and substantial noise. While such techniques have proved useful for synthetic...

— In this time, due to fast improvement in communication technology through a internet accessing is easier. The main disturbance of digital content is to protect distribution and unauthorized copying. Audio watermarking has been proposed as solution to this issue. Audio watermarking is a technique that hides copyright information into audiosignal without affecting original quality of audio signal. In this paper proposes audio watermarking technique to embedding and extraction procedure in DCT domain.

Can soil be considered as just a component of terrestrial ecosystems and agro-ecosystems or is it an ecosystem in itself? The present piece of opinion suggests that we should refer to the original definition of the ecosystem given by Tansley and apply it to the soil viewed as a multi-scale assemblage of ecological systems.

'Narrative Theory' is an online introduction to classical structuralist narratological analysis. The sixth section deals with the structural positioning of narrators with respect to the narrative act and the fictional world(s) contained by the narrative. Contents: 1. Author, narrator, and narrative person; 2. Kinds of narrative positions; 3. Intradiegetic narratives; 4. Crossing the Limits; 5. Narrative person.

Keywords: Narratology, Narrative, Embedding, Fictional worlds, Fictionality, Narrating, Literary theory, Discourse analysis

In this paper, we will study dynamics of an important physiological control system—human gait in disease and aging. The investigation of fluctuations overlying periodic motion in human walking may provide valuable information about neuromuscular system generating both normal and pathological walking patterns. Using nonlinear dynamics analysis, we analyzed walking gaits of the young, elderly and aged subjects with Parkinson’s disease. This inquiry demonstrates that nonlinear time-series analysis methods based on time-delay embedding may provide useful insight into the neuromuscular control of human locomotion.

In the era of modern technology, there is a need of safe and secure communication. The art of impregnable communication through a safe medium like images is known as steganography. The process that detects the embedded data in the medium is called as Steganalysis. In this review paper, we have studied various methodologies proposed by the researchers in the field of steganography. The main objective of image steganography is to hide the existence of data from unauthorized action. Image steganography is a technique that provides a safe way to the secret embedded data to the target user. To hide the secret data in the images various techniques are proposed by the researchers, some are complex and other produce good results. Each methodology has good and bad points, so techniques are compared as well.

The Iraq War of 2003 brought unprecedented access to combat operations for journalists who embedded with the military. The popularity of the program—it is estimated that between 500 and 750 reporters were embedded at the height of the war—was rivaled only by the controversy that arose from it. Although many embedded reporters argued that they were able to maintain objectivity and independence, journalism scholars and professionals leveled criticism at what they saw as professional and ethical lapses in journalistic standards involved with the practice. This project identifies the basis for these criticisms, and argues that the embedding program as it was practiced during the Iraq War was inconsistent with the professional standards long held by journalists.

This paper argues that we need to re-think the semantics/pragmatics distinction
in the light of new evidence from embedding of irony. This raises a new version
of the old problem of ‘embedded implicatures’. I argue that embedded irony
isn’t fully explained by solutions proposed for other embedded implicatures.
I first consider two strategies: weak pragmatics and strong pragmatics. These
explain embedded irony as truth-conditional content. However, by trying to
shoehorn irony into said-content, they raise problems of their own. I conclude by
considering how a modified Gricean model can explain that irony embeds qua
implicature. This leads us to prefer a local implicature model. This has important
consequences for how we draw the semantics/pragmatics distinction.

Nearly all nontrivial real-world systems are nonlinear dynamical systems. Chaos describes certain nonlinear dynamical systems that have a very sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems are always deterministic and may be very simple, yet they produce completely unpredictable and divergent behavior. Systems of nonlinear equations are difficult to solve analytically, and scientists have relied heavily on visual and qualitative approaches to discover and analyze the dynamics of nonlinearity. Indeed, few fields have drawn as heavily from visualization methods for their seminal innovations: from strange attractors, to bifurcation diagrams, to cobweb plots, to phase diagrams and embedding. Although the social sciences are increasingly studying these types of systems, seminal concepts remain murky or loosely adopted. This article has three aims. First, it argues for several visualization methods to critically analyze and understand the behavior of nonlinear dynamical systems. Second, it uses these visualizations to introduce the foundations of nonlinear dynamics, chaos, fractals, self-similarity and the limits of prediction. Finally, it presents Pynamical, an open-source Python package to easily visualize and explore nonlinear dynamical systems' behavior.

The starting point for this paper is a critical discussion of claims of psychological reality articulated within Borg's (forth.) minimal semantics and Carpintero's (2007) character*-semantics. It has been proposed, for independent reasons, that their respective accounts can accommodate, or at least avoid the challenge from psychological evidence. I outline their respective motivations, suggesting various shortcomings in their efforts of preserving the virtues of an uncontaminated semantics in the face of psychological objection (I-II), and try to make the case that, at least for a theory of utterance comprehension, a truth-conditional pragmatic stance is far preferable. An alternative from a relevance-theoretic perspective is offered in terms of mutual adjustment between truth-conditional content and implicature(s), arguing that many " free " pragmatic processes are needed to uncover the truth-conditional content, which can then warrant the expected implicature(s) (III). I finally illustrate the difficulties their accounts have in predicting the correct order of interpretation in cases of ironic metaphor, i.e. metaphor is computed first, as part of truth-conditional content, while irony is inferentially grounded in metaphorical content (IV).

Numerous offices are currently utilizing AI calculations to settle on high-stake choices. Deciding the correct choice unequivocally depends on the accuracy of the info information. This reality gives enticing motivations to lawbreakers to attempt to mislead AI calculations by controlling the information that is encouraged to the calculations. Then, conventional AI calculations are not intended to be protected when going up against startling data sources.  In this exposition, we address the issue of antagonistic AI; i.e., we will likely form safe AI calculations that are hearty within the sight of loud or adversarial controlled information. Ill-disposed AI will be additionally testing when the ideal yield has a mind boggling structure. In this paper, a sign cannot concentrate is on antagonistic AI for anticipating organized yields. To start with, we build up another calculation that dependably performs aggregate classification, which is an organized expectation issue. Our learning strategy is efficient and is defined as a raised quadratic program. This procedure verifies the expectation calculation in both the nearness and the nonappearance of an enemy. Next, we explore the issue of parameter learning for hearty, organized forecast models. This strategy builds regularization capacities dependent on the impediments of the foe.

In this exposition, we demonstrate that strength to antagonistic control of information is proportionate to some regularization for huge edge organized expectation, and the other way around. A customary enemy consistently either does not have enough computational capacity to structure a definitive ideal assault, or it doesn't have sufficient data about the student's model to do as such. In this manner, it frequently endeavors to apply numerous irregular changes to the contribution to an expectation of making a leap forward. This reality suggests that on the off chance that we limit the normal misfortune work under antagonistic clamor, we will acquire power against unremarkable enemies. Dropout preparing takes after such a commotion infusion situation. We infer a regularization technique for huge edge parameter learning dependent on the dropout system. We stretch out dropout regularization to non-straight parts in a few unique ways. Experimental assessments demonstrate that our procedures reliably beat the baselines on various datasets. This exploration work incorporates recently distributed and unpublished coauthored material.

One of the most discussed challenges to metaethical expressivism is the embedding problem. It is widely presumed that the reason why expressivism faces this difficulty is that it claims that moral sentences express non-cognitive states, or attitudes, which constitute their meaning. Accordingly, it is presumed that metaethical views which do not make this claim evade the problem in question. In this paper, it is argued that the reason why the embedding problem constitutes a challenge to expressivism is another than what it usually is thought to be. Further, when we have seen the real reason why expressivism is vulnerable to this difficulty, it is plausible to argue that it makes up a challenge to certain other metaethical views as well.

It is almost universally accepted that the Frege-Geach Point is necessary for explaining the inferential relations and compositional structure of truth-functionally complex propositions. I argue that this claim rests on a disputable view of propositional structure, which models truth-functionally complex propositions on atomic propositions. I propose an alternative view of propositional structure, based on a certain notion of simulation, which accounts for the relevant phenomena without accepting the Frege-Geach Point. The main contention is that truth-functionally complex propositions do not include as their parts truth-evaluable propositions, but their simulations, which are neither forceful nor truth-evaluable. The view makes room for the idea that there is no such thing as the forceless expression of propositional contents and is attractive because it provides the resources for avoiding a fundamental problem generated by the Frege-Geach Point concerning the relation between forceless and forceful expressions of propositional contents. I further argue that the acceptance of the Frege-Geach Point mars Peter Hanks' and François Recanati's recent attempts to resist the widespread idea that assertoric force is extrinsic to the expression of propositional contents. Rejecting this idea, I maintain, requires a deeper break with the tradition than Hanks and Recanati have allowed for.

Compound figures are a rich, and under-explored area for tackling fundamental issues in philosophy of language. This paper explores new ideas about how to explain some features of such figures. We start with an observation from Stern (2000) that in ironic-metaphor, metaphor is logically prior to irony in the structure of what is communicated. Call this thesis Logical-MPT. We argue that a speech-act-based explanation of Logical-MPT is to be preferred to a content-based explanation. To create this explanation we draw on Barker’s (2004) expressivist speech-act theory, in which speech-acts build on other speech-acts to achieve the desired communicative effects. In particular, we show how Barker’s general ideas explain metaphor as an assertive-act, and irony as a ridiculing-act. We use Barker’s notion of proto-illocutionary-acts to show how metaphorical-acts and ironic-acts can build one on the other. Finally, we show that while an ironic-act can build on a metaphorical-act, a metaphorical-act cannot build on an ironic-act. This restriction on how they can be composed establishes Logical-MPT via a different route.

More realistic approaches are needed to understand the complexity of ecological systems. Emergent properties of real systems can be used as a basis for a new, neither reductionist nor holistic, approach. Three systems, termed here BUBBLEs, WAVEs and CRYSTALs, have been identified as exhibiting emergent properties. They are non-hierarchical assemblages of individual components, with amplification and connectedness being two main principles that govern their build-up, maintenance and mutual relationships. Examples from various fields of biological and ecological science are referred to, ranging from individual organisms to landscapes.

Outlines the objectives of this book and the reasons for pursuing these. In doing so, it specifies the aim of each chapter and provides a brief account of its contents. It is argued that in order to better assess the nature of our current environmental challenges,  We need to consider their basic historical origins;  We should take account of the limitations of available economic measures and methods for valuing environmental change;  We ought to be aware of the imperfections of scientific predictions about the nature, course and consequences of biophysical attributes altered by environmental change (such as increasing levels of atmospheric CO2); and  We should recognize that social embedding (of different types) is a serious impediment to humankind responding effectively to actual or predicted environmental change, especially human-induced environmental change, including human-generated climate change. The importance of each of these assertions is demonstrated and illustrated.

This paper reports on preliminary findings from an ALTC funded project on how to build curricula that meet the needs of business students and employers of business graduates. The project grew out of an Australian Business Deans Council Teaching and ...

2008. In World Archaeology, Vol. 40(3): 373–389
Taking ‘tradition’ as the process of ‘handing down’, which encompasses the ideas of duration,
continuity, practice and ritual, this paper examines the Neolithic lifeworld at C¸ atalho¨ yu¨ k with
particular attention to the figurine corpus and plastered installations. Specifically, I focus on two
material preoccupations that have intense signification across various media, are repeated in
different scales and occur over many generations at C¸ atalho¨ yu¨ k. The first is termed headedness or a
particular tension surrounding heads, head removal and circulation, and the post-cranial body, that
applies both to humans and animals. The second is the desire for embedding and re-fleshing the
remains of animals and ancestors. I argue that both themes are connected to desires about
permanence, restoration and ultimately improving upon the fragilities of fleshed matter through a
focused curation of the skeletal elements. Both of these material concerns had salience across
domains from living bodies to aesthetic renderings, traversed both animal and human worlds,
connected generations together, occurred at different scales and had resonance beyond the site to
wider Neolithic traditions.