Territory

Nineteenth-century philologist and Biblical critic William Robertson Smith famously concluded that the sacred status of holy places derives not from their intrinsic nature but from their social character. Building upon this insight, Mecca and Eden uses Islamic exegetical and legal texts to analyze the rituals and objects associated with the sanctuary at Mecca.

Integrating Islamic examples into the comparative study of religion, Brannon Wheeler shows how the treatment of rituals, relics, and territory is related to the more general mythological depiction of the origins of Islamic civilization. Along the way, Wheeler considers the contrast between Mecca and Eden in Muslim rituals, the dispersal and collection of relics of the prophet Muhammad, their relationship to the sanctuary at Mecca, and long tombs associated with the gigantic size of certain prophets mentioned in the Quran.

Cet article propose une synthèse sur les différentes formes de cartographie participatives, qui ont émergé à partir des années 1980 dans le cadre de l’aide au développement, et se sont épanouies dans un tout autre contexte technique, avec les cartes numériques créées à l’aide d’interfaces de programmation, associées à un internet contributif, le Web 2.0. Dans un second temps, nous abordons les enjeux de ces cartographies, en montrant qu’elles matérialisent un transfert de pouvoir, mais ne sont pas exemptes de biais et de contraintes. Enfin, l’analyse porte sur le défi qu’elles représentent pour la cartographie en tant que discipline technique et académique, et leur intérêt pour une approche géographique des territoires.

Participative cartography, undisciplined cartographyThis article provides a synthesis of the various forms of participative cartography that emerged in the 1980s in the framework of development assistance, and flourished in a completely different context, with the digital maps created through application programming interfaces, associated with a collaborative and participatory internet, the Web 2.0. Secondly, we address the key issues of these cartographies, by showing that they materialize a transfer of power, but are not free from bias and constraints. Finally, the analysis relates to the challenge they represent for cartography as a technical and academic discipline, and their interest for a geographical approach of territories.

This article is the result of a larger study that investigates elements of the Kichwa cosmological system.
The theme has been explored since the 80s from the so called perspectivist ontological turn that combines
theoretical models resulting from different ethnographic works with a common interest to propose
alternatives to the traditional dualism between nature / culture. Based on an ethnographic methodology
based mainly on the perceptions of local people, the article aims to show descriptively how certain cultural
markers: shamanism and body building, local mythic and territorial perception are retracted. From
the data collected, it is concluded that said retraction is due to the attractiveness of modernity and its technologies,
mainly towards the new generations. On the other hand we have the pause in the generational
transfer of traditional knowledge. This is inserted in a particular socio-economic dynamic in a territory
located outside the urban centers of modern development.

La región de Valparaíso – Chile- es una zona geográfica de transición climática (EM-DATA, 2015), la cual se encuentra expuesta a la afección de diversos siniestros socioambientales. Cerca del 50% de éstos se han concentrado en la región los últimos 15 años. Sin embargo, aunque en el campo socio-ambiental se han llevado adelante diversas iniciativas que problematizan la afectación de la flora y fauna y los conflictos sociales, el estado de la situación actual, así como su relación con las comunidades y personas afectadas es todavía incipiente1. El área de propuestas país de la Fundación para la Superación de la pobreza, ante esta situación decide poder dar cuenta del perfil regional de desastres socioambientales y su relación con la pobreza, con el objeto de contar con una mirada general y al mismo tiempo, discernir sobre el comportamiento de los desastres y su mecanismo de incidencia en la pobreza. A partir de una metodología basada en el análisis secundario, los eventos que se convierten en desastres, tienen una fuerte connotación climatológica. En un marco más amplio la Vulnerabilidad socioambiental de la región de Valparaíso está transitando desde la zona septentrional hacia el centro y sur en forma de un reloj de arena. La relación entre afectación y pobreza da cuenta de tres eventos que operan como mecanismo de incidencia en la misma: la escasez hídrica, la contaminación y los incendios, como los característicos incidentes en la pobreza y vulnerabilidad socioambiental.

This paper explores the spatial dimensions of a northern landscape – the Flodden battlefield. This is the focal site of the Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum; the centre to a network of 40 other sites around the United Kingdom which together interpret the Flodden story. However, this distributed network does not fit easily with the foundational ecomuseum concept of 'territory' as the boundary around a shared heritage, memory and community. The relative merits of three concepts of ecomuseums are discussed in relation to the Flodden 1513 Ecomuseum. Inspired by Doreen Massey's interpretation of space, this study explores multiple dimensions of Flodden space through four semiautobiographical journeys to the Flodden battlefield during the author's life: as a family holiday; a teenager with interest in military strategy; an early career field geologist; a project manager working with the local community and artists. The article concludes by suggesting the word territory may not be appropriate for ecomuseums: it suggests that Peter Davis's favoured term place may be an improvement; however, it ends by proposing that space may be an even better word for the geographic context of ecomuseums.

Why have Arab states chosen to solidify their boundaries through International Court of Justice (ICJ) adjudication? What patterns of discourse emerge in reading the pleadings and what can we conclude more broadly about international law's legitimacy in this 'post' colonial era? The following article demonstrates the value of applying critical methodologies to territorial adjudication. In particular, the article reveals how the dichotomy between law and politics is the central linguistic device structuring both legal speech and its silences. Discursive strategies are highlighted to show the extent to which Third World-and especially Arab-experiences continue to be silenced by the conventions of ICJ speech.

El crecimiento demográfico de Lambayeque en las últimas ocho décadas ha
acelerado un proceso de crecimiento urbano que debilita las relaciones y los intercambios
entre las poblaciones y los ecosistemas o las políticas ambientales.
La costa norte peruana es muy vulnerable al cambio climático, los desastres
naturales y las tensiones sociales, hechos que se agravan por las altas tasas de
pobreza en las zonas rurales. Frente a esta situación, proponemos recuperar la
conciencia del lugar a través de nuevas estrategias para restaurar, en la práctica
contemporánea, la sensibilidad ambiental para proteger el patrimonio común, es
decir, la cultura, el paisaje rural y urbano, la producción local y el conocimiento.
El enfoque territorialista es el punto de partida para la integración de aspectos
humanos, ambientales, geográficos y de biodiversidad, junto con los más específicamente
arquitectónicos. Todos estos insumos nos permiten construir un
proyecto de escala territorial que responda a la preservación de la identidad y el
aumento de los valores patrimoniales para asegurar el desarrollo autosostenible
localmente.



Lambayeque’s growth over the last eight decades accelerates a urban consolidation
process that weakens relationships and exchanges between populations,
regardless ecosystems or environmental policies. North Peruvian coast
is highly vulnerable to climate change, natural disasters and social tensions,
increased by high rates of poverty in rural areas. Against this situation, we
propose to regain the sense of place through new strategies to restore, in
today’s practise, the environmental sensibility to protect the common heritage,
meaning: culture, rural and urban landscape, local production and knowledge.
The territoriality approach is the starting point to for human, environmental,
geographic, and biodiversity issues integration, together with architectural aspects.
All these different inputs allow us to build a territorial scale project with
focus on identity preservation and increase of patrimonial values to ensure local
self-sustainable development.

Neste artigo compósito, proponho uma leitura não-antropocêntrica da história territorial brasileira. Na Parte I, procuro reconstruir teoricamente o conceito de território de modo a 'subjetificar' toda e qualquer coisa terrena, descentrando a agência histórica. Para isso, sugiro encarar o território como um campo vital contínuo (i.e., sem 'buracos'), diversificado e todo-abrangente de que os seres humanos participam, como condição necessária de sua existência terrena. A partir dessa perspectiva, estar no território significa 'vibrar' na mesma faixa de frequência vital dos outros seres e coisas naturais, influenciando suas atividades e sendo influenciado por elas. Desenvolvida essa teoria, passo a utilizá-la, na Parte II do artigo, para a construção de uma breve narrativa acerca do encontro e das adaptações recíprocas entre florestas costeiras, ameríndios, colonos neoeuropeus e formigas cortadeiras, durante a colonização portuguesa. A título de conclusão, ressa...

A pesar del escaso desarrollo de la política pública de ordenamiento territorial en Colombia, existen importantes mecanismos que regulan la ordenación del territorio, como los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), instrumentos determinantes si se atiende la connotación de las decisiones que en estos se adoptan. Estos planes deben contar con un ingrediente cualificado de participación ciudadana, que se traduce en sinónimo de validez de la planificación. Por otra parte, el innegable avance del concepto de gobernanza se hace presente en diversos ambientes, abriéndose camino como una propuesta actual y relevante en materia de relaciones entre lo público y lo privado para la gestión de soluciones comunes a las problemáticas de interés en los territorios. Este estudio

How can we analyze this link between the ethical valuation of product quality and the socio-economic characterization of consumers? What are the impacts of this relationship on the dynamics of these systems and more broadly on sustainable development in its various dimensions?
Two recent contributions seem to provide some answers to this question:
- “Enrichissement” (Enrichment) by Luc Boltansky and Arnaud Esquerre (2017).
- “The sum of small things” by Elisabeth Currid-Halkett (2017)
We will first review the essential elements of the two analyses, focusing on their relationship to the agri-food qualification, before highlighting both their commonalities and their mismatch, and the questions they raise about the dynamics of ethical consumption and its impact on the possibility of a sustainable development trajectory.

Se buscó identificar los contenidos de las percepciones subjetivas que la clase media profesional originaria de la región de Los Lagos tiene sobre sus territorios de origen, y cómo se vinculan con estrategias de movilidad espacial en tres momentos de sus trayectorias de vida: formación secundaria, acceso a la educación universitaria y etapa de inserción laboral. Se analizaron cualitativamente 43 entrevistas con el software Atlas.ti, ahondando en la relación entre ciudades intermedias e hinterland, y región de origen con regiones con presencia de ciudades metropolitanas. Se observa que las percepciones se asocian a estrategias concretas de movilidad espacial, y que los niveles territoriales de las tensiones, fuerzas centrifugas y centrípetas, varían según el momento del ciclo vital de los sujetos.

El proyecto Red de EcoTurismo Comunitario Litoral consiste en la activación y puesta en marcha de los nodos pertenecientes a una nueva propuesta de inclusión social y económica de comunidades de la cuenca del Río Paraná, a través de actividades de ecoturismo comunitario. Esta propuesta es parte del proyecto Cuidadorxs de la Casa Común (CCC), desde donde se llevan adelante líneas de acción tendientes a insertar e incluir a las poblaciones con menos posibilidades al mercado laboral para desplegar y potenciar sus saberes en relación al trabajo y el hacer, generando estrategias laborales que apunten a la inclusión social y la promoción integral de las personas, como así también a incrementar sus ingresos. La revalorización de los derechos de los sectores vulnerados comprende la defensa del acceso y goce a un ambiente sano y saludable; revirtiendo la lógica que reproduce la marginación económica y social con la degradación ambiental. En este sentido, se debe garantizar la posibilidad de habitar en un ambiente saludable y compatible con actividades económicas sustentables ambientalmente. El objetivo principal del proyecto es trabajar comunitariamente en un proyecto sustentable sociocultural, económica y ambientalmente, relacionado al cuidado de la Casa Común. Se trata de generar una alternativa laboral sustentable que permite mejorar la calidad de vida de personas que se encuentran en situación de vulnerabilidad psico social. En la región litoral el proyecto se lleva adelante junto con la Asociación Civil TALLER FLOTANTE.

Automata (2014), is a dystopian film that reveals postmodern tendencies around the materialization and conceptualization of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s  philosophical notions like territority, deterritorialization, reterritorialization. Deterritorialization becomes the key element of the film as it describes displacement, emplacement and replacement of human and automata in both geographical and individual aspects. Humans emigrate from radioactive places to narrow zones, also from human to automaton which becomes more human than human. On the other hand automata move over inversely from narrow zones to radioactive places, from slavery to freedom and from automata to human.
This paper discusses the future design of Automata, in which human beings and automata, the innate and design reciprocate roles, focusing on its content built by many deterritorializations and reterritorializations between biological, geographical, intellectual and ideological territories. It explores the film as a cultural text revealing a postmodern discourse through its transitions between territories and searches the meaning of this transition as a postmodern fact both in positive and negative aspects. It searches viability and importance of these notions in a postmodern reality and analyzes how Automata uses them through its content.

Despite the fact that spatial planning forms one of the key constituents of territorial politics, territory and territoriality have been largely neglected in the studies of European spatial planning. This article seeks to address this shortcoming by considering spatial planning through the recent research on territories and territorial politics in political geography. The article suggests that European spatial planning ought to be conceptualized as a political technology of territory of the European Union, whose effectiveness is not dependent on the acquisition of formal policy status but stems from its capacity to fuse populations and geographical areas into manageable entities, from its reputation as apolitical management of space as well as from its resonance with current political tastes.

This paper refers to a research project on the cycling mobility micro-economic effects in the highland of Navelli located in the Apennines Inland of Abruzzo (Italy), one of the greenest Region in Europe (30% of its territory consists of parks and protected areas). The study proposes a green economic development model based on cycling tourism, territorial/architecture enhancement, built heritage recovery and micro entrepreneurial activities in the receptive field. To this purpose, a main cycling path is mostly realized through an ancient sheep track and associated with complementary cycle trail is designed. The study results are illustrated and discussed in terms of economic (costs, revenues income) social and environmental benefits.

Identificada a importância de Goa no contexto político-militar do subcontinente indiano, assim como a necessidade de dotar o recém-criado Estado da Índia de uma praça com um hinterland significativo, Afonso de Albuquerque decidiu-se, em 1510, pela sua conquista. Vinte anos depois, Goa seria elevada a capital, consolidando-se uma estratégia de ocupação territorial com base num sistema defensivo em crescimento concêntrico e gradual. Goa transformar-se-ia na principal peça de afirmação da Coroa portuguesa no Índico no século XVI. É proposta a leitura deste antigo sistema defensivo, hoje a memória da construção de um território, de uma comunidade com a sua identidade, correspondendo a um conjunto integrado de bens com valor patrimonial. A sua legibilidade é, por isso, determinante para a identificação da especificidade de Goa no contexto da Ásia do sul, com o desenho a assumir-se como discurso e ferramenta elementar de investigação.
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Identified the importance of Goa within the politico-military context of the Indian subcontinent, as well as the need to equip the newly created State of India with a fortified city with a significant hinterland, Afonso de Albuquerque decided to conquer it in 1510. Twenty years later, Goa was promoted to the status of capital, consolidating a strategy of territorial occupation based on a defensive system in concentric and gradual growth. Goa would become the main statement of Portuguese Crown in the Indian Ocean in the sixteenth century. It is proposed a look at the old defensive system, which today is the legacy of a constructed territory, and the identity of a community, comprising an integrated ensemble of assets with heritage value. The objective is, therefore, to determine the specific nature of Goa within the context of South Asia, with drawing as a discourse and the key research tool.

En questionnant la capacité des acteurs publics à gouverner les squats et les bidonvilles qui persistent dans les régions de Paris et de Madrid, l'ouvrage explique les mécanismes du gouvernement différentiel des illégalismes de logement des années 1960 à nos jours. La recherche montre que les squats et les bidonvilles sont gouvernés, mais de façon discontinue et par des politiques aux formes diverses. Elle démontre que l'ingouvernabilité est construite par les acteurs publics pour justifier le couplage d'une « inaction publique »-que l'auteur conçoit comme stratégique (et non défaillante)-et de politiques de l'exception. L'ingouvernabilité constitue ainsi à la fois un répertoire discursif justifiant le retrait de l'action publique et un mode de gouvernance qui entretient les politiques de l'urgence, policières et humanitaires, et autorise les bricolages partiels et ponctuels. Mais lorsque les acteurs publics y trouvent des intérêts pour se positionner comme leaders de la gouvernance métropolitaine multiniveaux, des politiques publiques autonomes peuvent s'institutionnaliser autour d'administrations, d'instruments et de budgets propres. Dans tous les cas, les politiques sélectionnent et contraignent des bénéficiaires qui sont relogés ou dont l'habitat est temporairement légalisé, tout en refoulant des victimes, expulsées de lieurs lieux de vie sans proposition de relogement. Les politiques produisent autant d'illégalité qu'elles n'en résorbent. Derrière ces invariants, notamment issus des effets propres des instruments, l'ouvrage identifie quatre variables clés pour expliquer la diversité des effets de l'instrumentation des politiques : les niveaux d'institutionnalisation, les logiques sectorielles, les échelles d'action et le comportement des cibles qui contribuent à la conception des instruments, en neutralisent les contraintes et en détournent les ressources. L'ouvrage explicite alors les conditions dans lesquelles des protestataires peuvent faire changer l'action publique.

Abstract

Addressing the issue of ungovernability of squats and illegal settlements in the Capital Regions of Paris and Madrid, the book explains the mechanisms of differential government of housing illegalisms since the sixties. The book shows that squats and illegal slums are governed, but in a discontinuous way and by diverse forms of policies. It demonstrates that ungovernability is built by public actors in order to justify alternatively inaction and policies of exception. Ungovernability is a discursive repertory that justifies the disengagement of policies. But it is also a mode of governance that supports emergency policies, implemented by police agencies and NGOs, and that allows policy makers to set up only local and temporary rehousing and social programs. However, as policy makers are rent-seekers, when they find interests to become leaders of the competitive multilevel urban governance, they activate agendas and implement institutionalized and autonomous policies. They create specific administrations, instruments and budgets. Policies select and constraint beneficiaries and evict victims. Thus, policies produce as much illegality as they resolve it. Beside these invariants produced by the sui generis own effects of policy instruments, the book identifies four key variables whose combinations explain the policy outcomes diversity: the level of institutionalization, the sectorial logics, the scale of actions, and the behaviour of targeted groups who participate to the instruments conception. Squatters and slum dwellers resist, they neutralize constraints and divert resources. Finally, the book elaborates a model that identifies the conditions in which challengers and social movements can change public policies.

El territorio, abordado como una construcción social, está a merced de procesos y dinámicas que le imprimen los actores locales y regionales que actúan e interactúan en la dimensión social, política, económica, ambiental y cultural. El territorio es también el resultado de su historia, de sus problemáticas y potencialidades. Ante la visión inerte de los recursos naturales y de la naturaleza en general, comprender esos elementos para actuar en la construcción de un proyecto territorial de cambio social es fundamental. En otras palabras, pesan mucho las relaciones sociales entre grupos, organizaciones y clases sociales, y entre éstos y los recursos naturales del territorio, así como sus equipamientos, infraestructuras, bienes públicos, etcétera.
El territorio de Los Altos gira en torno a la incidencia que tiene el municipio y la ciudad de Quetzaltenango. Su importancia como segunda ciudad del país reside en la prestación de servicios tanto públicos como privados y que se consolida como un centro de atracción regional. De igual importancia son las relaciones económicas que se tienen con algunas ciudades del sureste de México, principalmente con la ciudad de Tapachula. Los sectores comercial, de construcción y educativo
siguen en crecimiento, dando como resultado un proceso de conurbación y aglomeración urbana de esa ciudad con los municipios de Salcajá, Olintepeque, La Esperanza y San Mateo, asumiendo, a la vez, la categoría de ciudad intermedia.  Este proceso tiene como resultado una franja enorme de territorio caracterizado como periurbano.

From the Arctic to the South China Sea, states are vying to secure sovereign rights over vast maritime stretches, undersea continental plates, shifting ice flows, airspace, and the subsoil. Conceiving of sovereign space as volume rather than area, the contributors to Voluminous States explore how such a conception reveals and underscores the three-dimensional nature of modern territorial governance. In case studies ranging from the United States, Europe, and the Himalayas to Hong Kong, Korea, and Bangladesh, the contributors outline how states are using airspace surveillance, maritime patrols, and subterranean monitoring to gain and exercise sovereignty over three-dimensional space. Whether examining how militaries are digging tunnels to create new theaters of operations, the impacts of climate change on borders, or the relation between borders and nonhuman ecologies, they demonstrate that a three-dimensional approach to studying borders is imperative for gaining a fuller understanding of sovereignty.

Contributors. Debbora Battaglia, Franck Billé, Wayne Chambliss, Jason Cons, Hilary Cunningham (Scharper), Klaus Dodds, Elizabeth Cullen Dunn, Gastón Gordillo, Sarah Green, Tina Harris, Caroline Humphrey, Marcel LaFlamme, Lisa Sang Mi Min, Aihwa Ong, Clancy Wilmott, Jerry Zee

Esta tese explora algumas das possíveis relações entre turismo e identidades religiosas, e pretende contribuir com a ampliação das perspectivas teóricas sobre desenvolvimento do turismo e culturas. Partiu da percepção de que em muitos destinos turísticos no mundo o que efetivamente se visita são templos e festivais religiosos locais, mesmo que a escolha da viagem não tenha sido prioritariamente pautada nas crenças religiosas do turista. Este é também o caso da Bahia, estado brasileiro que concentra a maior população afro-descendente no Brasil, e onde o visitante consome diversas formas de expressão do Candomblé e do Catolicismo, mesmo quando não tem sua própria identidade religiosa relacionada a estas matrizes. Além disto, no Brasil divulga-se recorrentemente como turismo religioso a visitação a catedrais, igrejas e procissões católicas, menosprezando outras possíveis manifestações religiosas. Considerando que em alguns territórios brasileiros diferentes religiões expressam-se de forma muito notável para o olhar turístico, e que os próprios organismos de gestão pretendem promover o turismo com base na diversidade cultural, este estudo explica por que o turismo nem sempre se desenvolve relacionado às diversas identidades religiosas, mesmo quando são intensamente expressivas no território. Entendendo que a ênfase por parte dos organismos de gestão do turismo em apenas uma ou outra religião implica em limitações para a vivência turística, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de compreender relações entre desenvolvimento do turismo e diversidade religiosa. Para tanto realiza explorações iniciais na literatura disponível, o que revela que os conceitos de turismo religioso e de turismo cultural não têm potencial explicativo suficiente para fins desta tese. Visando suprir esta lacuna teórica, o presente estudo define um conceito próprio, o de „turismo em territórios de grande densidade religiosa‟, modelado especialmente na transdisciplinaridade entre os campos do conhecimento da geografia, antropologia e gestão do turismo. De posse do novo conceito, busca um território de grande densidade religiosa onde o desenvolvimento do turismo ocorre de forma mais inclusiva da diversidade religiosa. Este foi o caso do turismo no Novo México, estado que possui uma das maiores populações de Índios Americanos nos EUA, e onde as comunidades tribais são ativas na gestão do turismo que ocorre em seus territórios soberanos, modelando as possibilidades de desenvolvimento do turismo. Sendo o contexto propício para operacionalizar o conceito proposto, o caso do Novo México permite sustentar a tese de que o desenvolvimento do turismo está relacionado à habilidade que seus organismos de gestão têm para capturar as formas de expressão das identidades religiosas, que são, por sua vez, moldadas na trajetória histórica através de constantes dinâmicas de afirmação de poderes e de resistência. O estudo conclui que turismo pode ser compreendido como um mecanismo de poder em territórios de grande densidade religiosa, no qual o discurso construído sobre as identidades culturais é um dos principais elementos definidores da vivência turística. Aponta como os organismos de gestão podem capturar as formas de expressão das diversas identidades religiosas melhorando a vivência turística para turistas e para comunidades locais. Evidencia que o discurso dos organismos de gestão confere ao turismo a dupla característica de ser ao mesmo tempo um mecanismo que reflete e traduz a diversidade religiosa do território para o turista, e um mecanismo que interfere na afirmação ou transformação das relações de poder presentes no território.

Contemporary debates around the ontological turn have pitted efforts to take indigenous ontologies seriously against demands to make visible the forms of dispossession and environmental suffering that characterize the (post)colonial and capitalist present. Meanwhile, a growing array of governmental projects seeks to identify and protect indigenous ontologies in the face of capitalist development processes, including through forms of collective tenure. How can we make sense of such initiatives, and what kind of territories do they encounter and produce? This paper engages this question ethnographically through an examination of everyday life in a legally recognized Native Community Land in the Bolivian Chaco. Drawing on Bolivian Aymara scholar Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui's notion of ch'ixi, I argue that indigenous territories are neither ontologically separate from, nor entirely subsumed by, capitalist development processes. Rather, they are subject to multiple land values, ontologies, and investments. A contested indigenous land titling process, capitalist labor relations, hydrocarbon compensation money, and efforts to maintain relations with spirit beings are all interwoven in the fabric of Guaraní everyday life. Such ch'ixi landscapes emerge at the confluence of capitalist efforts at rendering territories investable, governmental efforts at managing dispossession, and Guaraní efforts to maintain life and exercise territorial sovereignty amidst contradictory processes of (post)colonial governmentality.

The pervasive and important territorial dimensions of property are understudied, given the tendency to view territory through the lens of the state. Viewing both property and territory as relational, and mutually recursive, I introduce the practical work of property’s territory, the historical moment in which it was produced, the powerful metaphors that work through it, and the habits and everyday practices it induces.  The territory of property, I suggest, has a specificity, a presence, and a consequentiality all of which demand our attention.

This text proposes a diachronic analysis of the relation between hemp and industry in Italy. It first retraces the history of hemp in modern times. As a strategic fibre for navigation, a material used invarious dimensions of rural life, or finer cloth, textile hemp spanned different worlds and maintained a complex relation with industrialisation until the collapse of Italian canapicoltura during the second half of the 20th century. I will then focus on the case study of a contemporary recovery of hemp farming in the Susa Valley (Piedmont). Here, hemp is a material from which actors imagine a bottom-up reconstruction of the local economy, in the aftermath of deindustrialisation and environmentalist criticism of the harmful effects of economic development. The text is based on an analysis of the historical literature of hemp in Italy, and on ethnographic data collected in Piedmont between 2018 and 2019. This variation in scale and temporality of analysis allows me to highlight long-term lines of inquiry into the social life of hemp: the blurred forms of connection between agriculture and industry, the importance of the technological questions and the role of economic pasts.

В статье рассматривается проблема определения статуса «кня-
жества Силенд» в международном праве. На основе анализа тре-
бований современного международного права, предъявляемым к
государствам как субъектам международного права, автор прихо-
дит к выводу, что «княжество» не является государством, посколь-
ку не имеет постоянного населения и определенной территории,
а его государственная власть не осуществляется эффективно. В
настоящее время Силенд не признан в качестве государства ни
одним государством либо международной межправительствен-
ной организацией. Кроме того, возникают достаточные сомнения
в его способности выступать и поддерживать отношения с други-
ми государствами.

Actualment es reconeix el paper fonamental del turisme d'interior per tal de dinamitzar els territoris i reforcar o generar identitat. El llibre que el lector te en les seues mans mostra a traves de tres casos d'estudi, situats a Catalunya, Galicia i Murcia, com els espais interiors es reinventen a nivell turistic i utilitzen els seus recursos patrimonials, paisatgistics, culturals, gastronomics i identitaris per tal de situar-se en l'imaginari dels viatgers i turistes. Aquest volum, resultat d'un projecte de recerca del grup TUDISTAR, permet visualitzar els processos que es donen en els espais rurals interiors i contribueix, mitjancant les metodologies utilitzades, al desenvolupament d'aquest camp de recerca, al mateix temps que aporta estrategies per a la creacio de productes turistics.

On the 6th of December 1992 during a political rally of two hundred thousand participants in the town of Ayodhya, in Uttar Pradesh, India, Hindu nationalist militants demolished the Babri Masjid, a 16th Century mosque. The event shocked the country and the rest of the world, culminating in vast communal conflicts throughout the country.

The demolition of the Babri Masjid cannot be seen as an isolated incident as it marked a climactic point in a series of strategically orchestrated events, mostly violent, within the Ram Janmabhumi movement. Launched and led by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), the movement – a political movement cast in religious form – was an attempt towards the violent mobilisation of Hindus by this militant section of radical Hindu nationalist ideologues for the demolition of the Babri Masjid and the subsequent construction of a temple for the Hindu God Ram on that site.

Within the extensive landscape of discourse related to the Ram Janmabhumi movement, very rarely have the spatial dimensions been considered or analysed. This is what marks the inception of the article. The paper argues that examining the spatial dimensions of the sites and events within the Ram Janmabhumi movement will allow for understanding the role of spatial agents in the politics of orchestration, production and proliferation of conflict. This should have wider implications on the instrumentalization of space in the politics of communalism, religious nationalism and mass mobilisation as well as its role as a social agent.

The article first attempts to define the Hindu nationalist notion of territory and the construction of a specific spatiality, arguing how this idea of territoriality is intrinsically connected to the formation of a specific unified Hindu identity. Secondly, the paper discusses the televised serial, the Ramayan and its spatial implications, whose success prepared the environment for the Ram Janmabhumi movement. Thirdly, the paper examines the spatial implications and territorial aspects of the Ram Rath Yatra – a political rally in the form of a religious procession – which proved to be a crucial moment in the movement. Finally, the paper analyses the Babri Masjid as a space of conflict.

The politics behind Ram Janmabhumi movement’s success in mobilising support across India’s majority Hindu society can be seen as the championing of religious symbols through a series of improvised manoeuvres and the instrumentalization of spaces and spatial practices in the strategic orchestration of conflicts. This analysis is suggested to have wider implications in reading the role of spatial agents and religious symbolism particularly in the strategizing of conflict and political mobilisation.

This work deals with disputes around the Earth and future from a small community of inland Acará (PA)
named São Francisco do Cravo. Methodologically, i made a triadc option to approach the subject, reflecting on
the peasant community, agribusiness palm oil company and the State, namely, São Francisco do Cravo, the
Biopalma SA and different levels of government in Brazil, taking the concept of territory by Oliveira (2003) and
the Situational Analysis presented by T. Murray Li (2014) theoretical that assisted in the management of field
information, documentary sources and interviews carried out over these three years of research. I understand that
reflect the implantation and advancement of Amazonian agribusiness in the Amazon, particularly in the northeast
of Para, means considering the projects and models that have been identified as alternatives for the development
of the region. The peasantry present in the community, in turn, manifests in their practices the will to remain on
the land and continue reproducing as a class and way of life (SHANIN, 2008), from small-scale agriculture
based on family work. In the meantime, it is sought here to reflect on how the ongoing land disputes constitute
and lead to disputes over the future

´´´´
Este trabalho versa sobre disputas em torno da terra e futuro a partir de uma pequena comunidade do
interior de Acará (PA) chamada São Francisco do Cravo. Com base em trabalhos de campo, memórias da
comunidade e documentos, no diálogo com questões de ampla escala como a governança climática global,
mudanças no uso da terra e fontes de energia, procuro ampliar o escopo de análise sobre agronegócio do dendê
na Amazônia enquanto projeto com incidências não só na atualidade, mas no futuro que se pretende impor à
região, questionando os caminhos que são facilitados e dificultados (MURRAY LI, 2014), tendo no território um
conceito chave enquanto luta entre classes pela socialização da natureza (OLIVEIRA, 2003), memória social e
processo (CASTRO e MARIN, 1999). Durante os capítulos, desta forma, se busca abordar as relações
interescalares e de complexidade intercalando a situação da comunidade, a conjuntura atual e as condições
estruturais de reprodução do sistema socioeconômico hegemônico, assim como a reprodução camponesa, para
daí buscar entender como as disputas pela terra na atualidade são também disputas pelo futuro e que contradições
emergem destes processos

“Ruralize the urban: urbanize the rural:… Replete terram [fill the earth].” Alluding to a passage in Genesis, these words appear on the frontispiece of Spanish Civil Engineer Ildefonso Cerdá’s colossal General Theory of Urbanization (1867). They capture the fervor with which he sought to construct a spatial order which would replace both city and territory and would overcome all historical boundaries and spatial distinctions. This new domestic template, the urbe, was to stretch across the earth, spanning both land and sea and uniting civilizations in a single spatial entity of private property and perpetual circulation. While more a biographer than the inventor of this new space unfolding across Europe, Cerdá’s frequent reference to the sea in describing the urbe (‘mare magnum’) extends beyond simple metaphor; it serves as an ontological model for constructing a fluid space whose power lies in its transcending of limits. In its oceanic pretensions, the birth of the urban, Cerdá imagined, would see the distinction between city and territory as a relic of the past, yielding in its place a hybrid spatiality that would erode the specificity of both. While recent scholarship has begun to theoretically address the urban (Brenner, Schmidt, Merrifield, et. al.), the historical, social and political construction of this spatiality has yet to receive much attention, and its ontological relation to ocean space, even less. This paper seeks to examine the urban in this context: if today we know the spaces the territorialization of the ocean has produced, what kinds of spaces may have resulted from a ‘maritimization of the land’? How does this help us to grasp the spectacle of our present as we extend urban spaces and technologies of circulation outward into the ocean? This essay will explore the question of ‘maritimization of land’ to show a history in which, some 200 years ago, territory, understood as a political technology, was fundamentally reformed through its augmentation by a spatiality that developed over the course of three centuries of maritime activities. The resulting adaptation of territory gave it the ability to mediate, shape and control spaces and processes across multiple scales simultaneously. The outcome of this territorial reform was the construction of a wholly new spatial order that we’re only recently beginning to grasp: the urban.