Rhetoric

Article Marking and responding to the " participatory turn " in rhetorical criticism, the essays in this issue engage the synergies, tensions , and consequences that arise from intertwining rhetorical and qualitative approaches to research. From fleeting encounters to developed relationships with communities, the scholars in this special issue participate with(in) a broad range of rhetorical phenomena, engage in a diverse set of participatory research practices, and demonstrate a range of insights gained from in situ engagement with their topics of interest. This issue develops three pathways, each marking a possible point of productive engagement between rhetorical criticism and qualitative inquiry. First, in (re)introducing rhetorical fieldwork , the issue marks a landmark moment for rhetorical criticism , a time when a participatory approach to rhetorical criticism has become recognized as a valuable way to analyze embodied and emplaced rhetoric. Second, acknowledging this participatory turn necessitates some reflection on the points of overlap, tension, and mutual benefit that emerge when qualitative inquiry and rhetorical criticism look to one another for theories and critical approaches. In particular, the essays highlight how in situ rhetorical fieldwork not only falls within the bricolage of qualitative research, but also how it contributes valuable theoretical, methodological, and praxis-oriented insights to qualitative inquiry. Third, given the value of seeing exemplars of this sort of work, the selected articles offer a range of participatory approaches to critical/cultural studies that draw on a broad cross-section of qualitative and rhetorical theories and methodologies. By advancing these three pathways of conversation within this issue, the individual contributions , as well as the volume as a whole, provide a focal point for additional efforts to more robustly theorize hybrid research approaches like rhetorical fieldwork. We conclude this special issue by focusing on and jump-starting those efforts to further theorize the ways that qualitative and rhetorical inquiry can mutually inform and enhance one another, arguing for a transdisciplinary approach to criti-cal/cultural scholarship propelled by the overarching goal of answering critical questions with the best tools available. We do so by synthesizing some of the theoretical and method-ological resonances found in the essays that compose this issue. First, we return to five of the overlapping points of conversation between rhetorical criticism and qualitative inquiry that we identified in the introduction, discussing how the essays in this issue speak to these connections. Next, we contend that blending qualitative research practices with rhetorical approaches to scholarship can revitalize rhetorical praxis, especially in regard to the critical implications of rhetorical scholarship. Third, we identify some substantive contributions that attentiveness to the assumptions of rhetorical scholarship can offer to qualitative inquiry. Last, we advocate for a 655821C SCXXX10.1177/1532708616655821Cultural Studies <span class="symbol" cstyle="symbol">↔</span> Critical MethodologiesMiddleton et al. Abstract This essay concludes the special issue on the intersections between qualitative and rhetorical inquiry by responding to each of the essays. We highlight the productive tensions between rhetorical and qualitative inquiry, examine the benefits that qualitative inquiry brings to rhetorical fieldwork while also revealing how rhetorical inquiry can contribute to qualitative inquiry. We ultimately argue that rhetorical fieldwork is form of transdisciplinary research that resists replicating rhetorical and qualitative research by subsuming one approach under the other and instead creates a new form of hybrid research that adopts and adapts both research lineages.

This textbook is chiefly dedicated to interpretation students and possibly to other peaple interested in interpreting studies. In eight chapters, it deals with various theoretical and practical problems concerning the profession of interpreter. These are consequently formulated as instructions with the aim of improving the preparation of future interpreters. Thus the aim of the textbook is to provide students with a support in acquiring the appropriate culture in the public speaking. The publication itself results from pedagogical practice of interpretation teachers from their own experience with active interpreting as well as with training of public speaking in their mother tongue.
The first chapter is entitled Translation as a conscious activity. It describes the differences between translation and interpretation. It also outlines the cultural and historical context of interpretation as both a practice-oriented activity and a scientific discipline, from the first attempts at collecting, summarizinge, systemizinge and classifying the knowledge gathered to the current discussions over specific problems and issues.
The second chapter – Interpretation as communication – analyzes the specific aspects of this kind of rendition and the competences, including personality traits, which interpreters should possess as a consequence.
The third chapter – Interpreter as orator – focuses on interpreters as autono-mous authors of an utterance. It also outlines the paralinguistic and extralinguistic elements of communication, shows students how to cope with stress and other elements influencing their public performance.
The fourth chapter – Communication situations in interpreting – deals with communication situations which imply the use of interpretation – in all social sectors – with preference given to the Slovak language. It also analyzes the particular aspects of political public speaking.
The fifth chapter – The Slovak language as a communication code – is dedica-ted to the mother tongue and its cultivation. It points out some mistakes and styleistic flaws in Slovak public speaking and it also displays the linguistic characte-ristics of the Slovak language as a source language in the interpretation process.
The sixth chapter entitled Message of Antiquity for modern rhetorici focuses on the rhetorical theories of Classical Antiquity concerning public speaking. It contains an overview of the major Greek and Roman orators and it describes the development of rhetoric and homiletics in the course of the first centuries of Christian era up to the Middle Ages.
The seventh chapter – The rhetorical minimum for an interpreter – is a prac-tical manual of sorts. It contain information and tips to prepare efficiently for a public speech, which is intended as a training activity for interpretation lessons.
Finally, the eighth chapter – Common Latin expressions and maxims in the speech of today’s orator – is a sort of selective dictionary comprising Latin words and phrases used in contemporary Slovak. It also includes explanations of their origin and examples of their usage.
The textbook The Interpreter as a speaker is based on translation theory, communication theory, psycholinguistics, pragmalinguistics, as well as, general and specific rhetorical knowledge. Its goal is to help students improve their rhetorical skills. It also deals with some of the ethical aspects of the profession – the responsibilities of an interpreter, the extent to which modifications in the rendition are admissible, professional standards, etc. In addition to an excellent knowledge of the source and target languages, interpretation students need to develop good communication and public speaking skills.
This publication aims at eliminating scarcity and errors in the use of spoken language and in public speaking. The absence of efficient rhetorical preparation at university and in schools in general is a major flaw of any education system. Moreover, by writing this textbook the authors aim at filling the existing gap in the book market since there has not been written so far a similar manual of the kind in Slovakia.

On June 17, 2015, white supremacist Dylann Roof walked into Mother Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Charleston, South Carolina with a .45 caliber Glock handgun while members conducted their Wednesday night bible study. After sitting through the mid-week bible study, near the close of the meeting and after praying with them, Roof shot and killed nine people who became known as the Emmanuel Nine. Black pain again was on full display in the media, and so were calls for forgiveness.
In this essay, we examine the rhetoric of forgiveness and how forgiveness, as a trope, performs in public when expressed through black pain.  Further, we maintain that the wider public not only expects a rhetoric of forgiveness when racial ghosts of the past (and present) manifest in ways that cause black pain but also those grief-stricken black families must offer the forgiveness in non-threatening and expeditiously ways that eases public consciences. This leads us to examine the rhetoric of (un)forgiveness and how it functions through black pain as well.

This paper argues that there is currently no single definition of new materialism but at least three distinct and partly incompatible trajectories. All three of these trajectories share at least one common theoretical commitment: to problematize the anthropocentric and constructivist orientations of most twentieth-century theory in a way that encourages closer attention to the sciences by the humanities.

This paper emerges from our desire to offer a response to criticisms but not in order to defend new materialism in general. Instead, we hope to help redirect each arrow of critique toward its proper target, and on this basis to advocate for the approach we call “performative” or “pedetic” new materialism.

Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) is a transdisciplinary family of theoretical and methodological approaches, focusing on the analysis and critique of discursive practices in relation to broader
ideological processes, as well as the material conditions that shape and are shaped by them (see Wodak and Meyer, 2016; Flowerdew and Richardson, 2017). A CDS approach can be seen as an extension of the Critical Linguistics framework (Fowler et al., 1979; Kress and Hodge, 1979) that  developed  in  and  out  of  Western  European  contexts.  The  main  premise  of  the  analyses developed from this perspective considers language not as a neutral descriptor of reality, but as
an important instrument in the structuring of power relations in societies. Consequently, CDS strives to uncover how the legitimation of particular control mechanisms occurs, among others, through specific linguistic practices. In spite of its Western European core, and due to its decidedly problem- oriented nature, as well as the constant refinement and broadening of its analytical tools, CDS has progressively become appealing to the larger European continent, as well as to other Western and non- Western contexts such as the US, Australia, or China (Shi-
Xu, 1999; Tracy et al., 2011).

شهر آکنده از دلالت‌های معنایی است که هم به‌واسطه‌ طراحان آن و هم شهروندان رمزگذاری و توسط شهروندان، رمزگشایی می‌شود. بنابراین شهر را می‌توان به‌عنوان یک «متن» خواند. ازاین‌رو نشانه‌شناسی شهری روشی است برای بررسی زبان‌شناسانه‌ فضای شهری که به واکاوی معنای فضای شهر می‌پردازد. این پژوهش در پی یافتن فنون و روش‌هایی است که می‌تواند منجر به فضاهای شاعرانه در شهر شود. ازاین‌رو با روش نشانه‌شناسی به واکاوی یک نمونه فضای شهری که دارای این ویژگی بوده پرداخته‌شده است. درنهایت پژوهش به بررسی مفاهیم نشانه‌شناختی مانند برجسته‌سازی ادبی، هنجار‌گریزی، خودکارشدگی و قاعده افزایی در یک نمونه موردی فضای شهری، باغ بلند شیراز، اثر مهرداد ایروانیان پرداخته است. در پایان پژوهش به روش‌هایی که وی برای ایجاد فضای شاعرانه به کار بسته است مانند
آشنایی‌زدایی به‌واسطه‌ انحراف از زبان معیار، ایجاد تعلیق و ایهام از طریق تصرف در محور هم‌نشینی دست‌یافته است.
According to Aristotle, poetics and art, were considered an imitation of reality but according to Bachelard, they were phenomenology of the imagination. Bachelard showed how houses are receptive to human characteristics and complexities, a house and its occupants usually match the architectural space, and residential space gives excellence to geometric space. House, in his opinion is a sheltered nest of dreams and imagination. Poetic imagination is always "text" and thus be interpreted and in reading the meaning of architecture and the city, both are studied as text. Thus poetics of urban space and architecture can be investigated from phenomenological, ethnographic and semiotics (Semio-logical) methods. Urban spaces in a semiotics approach, usually emphasize on the aspects of semantic systems. The city is filled with semantic significations which is encoded by both designers and citizens and then is decoded by the citizens. The city can be understood as a text by considering varying semiotics natures of the urban space. The question is, How to create a poetic urban space.
The aim of this research is to find techniques that can lead to poetical features in urban spaces. The urban semiology is a method to linguistic analysis meaning of urban space. The article analysed a case study of urban space that has this features by semiology approach. The case study is Bagh-e Boland (Chamran Park) in Shiraz city, designed by Mehrdad Iravanian (b. 1957). Bagh-e Boland is an urban space which allows its audience to interpret and explore the meanings. After an introduction to urban and architectural semiotics, a sociosemiotic analysis is carried out to uncover the meaning system of this built environment. In this case, the park is viewed as structured by poetical characteristics and as a text. The park has been investigated by syntagmatic and paradigmatic, synchronic analysis.
At the level of the design strategy, Iravanian has used three strategies to create a poetic space: intertextuality, defamiliarization, and metaphor. For intertextuality he linked his text with non-architectural texts such as sculptures or history of site. He has deviated from the standard language, has changed automatized meaning of the space and thereby has defamiliarized space. He has done this by increasing the scale forms, creating synchronicity spatial elements, and change in composition of the constructions. In addition, multiple meanings have been added to the space by using the architectural metaphor, amphiboly and metonymy. He suspended architectural elements and applied familiar construction and building materials in another way. He has provided metaphor by naming spaces, captured in the axis of the syntagmatic of spaces and usage of dual oppositions. Urban spaces are highlighted by exaggerating the textures used in floor, walls and furniture. It should be noted at the end that this spaces can be analyzed with other approaches, however looking at the language of this article is merely an urban space. Also intertextuality vision to text can disclose techniques of createing new meaning in space. Thus, an urban space, can help in motivation of thought, the audience, and the pleasure of discovery.

Autor artykułu podejmuje się wieloaspektowej interpretacji kontrowersyjnego neologizmu „miękiszon”, którego minister sprawiedliwości Zbigniew Ziobro użył, jak podejrzewali dziennikarze i medioznawcy, do sprowokowania premiera Mateusza Morawieckiego. W swej analizie autor tego studium posługuje się narzędziami pragmalingwistyki, retoryki i teorii dyskursu, by udowodnić performatywny i wulgarny charakter tego neologizmu. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi również próbę spopularyzowania pragmatyczno-retorycznej metody interpretacji tekstu.