Rank

In his manifesto, Duncan Kennedy aptly identified hierarchies within legal scholarship and the legal profession, but his conclusion -- hierarchies in law are wrong and must be resisted -- is misplaced. Kennedy’s Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy: A Polemic Against the System, claims law schools breed a hierarchical system, where rank plays an important part in how law schools relate to each other; how faculty members relate to each other and to students; and how students relate to other students. This system trains students to accept and prepare for their place within the hierarchy of the legal profession. According to Kennedy, such training teaches students the necessity of embracing the ideas and opinions of those above their status in the hierarchy in order to succeed. To Kennedy and others, this is a recognizable danger with the potential to perpetuate injustice. While Kennedy’s observation of a hierarchical system’s potential to breed injustice is correct, his c...

The Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME) extending from Bissagos Island (Guinea Bissau) in the north to Cabinda (Angola) in the south defines the shared transboundary waters off the coast of western Africa, which embodies some of the major coastal upwelling sub-ecosystems of the world and is an important centre of marine biodiversity and marine food production. The GCLME is characterized by distinctive bathymetry, hydrography, chemistry, and trophodynamics and represents the number 28 Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) ranked among the most productive coastal and offshore waters in the world with rich fishery resources. However, over-exploitation of fisheries, pollution from domestic and industry sources, habitat destruction and poorly planned and managed coastal developments and near-shore activities are resulting in a rapid depletion of the rich fisheries resources and degradation of vulnerable coastal and offshore habitats putting the economies, productivity and health of the populace at risk. Recognizing the urgency of the fisheries decline and the environmental and socio-economic consequences for the region, the 16 countries bordering the ecosystem have mobilized complementary resources to the funding from the Global Environment Facility and United Nations Industrial Development Organization to implement priority management actions agreed in the preliminary Strategic Action Programme for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and restoration of degraded habitats for the advancement of the achievement of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Johannesburg Plan of Implementation targets for recovery of fish stocks.

City size distributions, defined on the basis of population, are often described by power laws. Zipf's Law states that the exponent of the power law for rank-size distributions of cities is near −1. Verification of power law scaling for city size distributions at continental and global scales is complicated by small sample sizes, inappropriate estimation techniques, inconsistent definitions of urban

The results of several recent epidemiological surveys, shows that male sexual dysfunctions (e.g. erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation) are extremely prevalent in the general population. These sexual disorders are strongly associated with aging and are influenced by a variety of medical, psychiatric, life style factors and have a significant relationship with mood, state and interpersonal functioning and overall quality of life. An emerging point of view in the last two decade shows that a combination of psychological (e.g. temperamental and personality trait), physiological (e.g. endocrine data) and ecological (e.g. social status) variables seem to be the most relevant factors to explain the develop of this difficulties. Recent epidemiological paper point out the relationships between depression, low dominance score and erectile dysfunctions. In this context, the rank theory of depression (known also as defeat theory or resource loss theory) suggests that depression is hig...

In his manifesto, Duncan Kennedy aptly identified hierarchies within legal scholarship and the legal profession, but his conclusion--hierarchies in law are wrong and must be resisted--is misplaced. Kennedy’s Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy: A Polemic Against the System, claims law schools breed a hierarchical system, where rank plays an important part in how law schools relate to each other; how faculty members relate to each other and to students; and how students relate to other students. This system trains students to accept and prepare for their place within the hierarchy of the legal profession. According to Kennedy, such training teaches students the necessity of embracing the ideas and opinions of those above their status in the hierarchy in order to succeed. To Kennedy and others, this is a recognizable danger with the potential to perpetuate injustice. While Kennedy’s observation of a hierarchical system’s potential to breed injustice is correct, his conclusion is not inevitable. Instead of focusing on the supposedly evil nature of the hierarchical system, Kennedy might have acknowledged the influence that hierarchies must have in training and supporting lawyers who do seek justice. A solution to injustice is not resisting hierarchies, as Kennedy suggests; rather, a better solution is to set hierarchies in place that promote justice, to which lawyers can be subordinate.

Principality of typings is the property that for each typable term, there is a typing from which all other typings are obtained via some set of operations. Type inference is the problem of finding a typing for a given term, if possible. We define an intersection type system which has principal typings and types exactly the strongly normalizable #-terms. More interestingly, every finite-rank restriction of this system (using Leivant's first notion of rank) has principal typings and also has decidable type inference.