Lithium-Ion Battery

To improve the electrochemical performance of the LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 high voltage cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries, silicon-doped LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5−x Si x O 4 samples (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.35) were prepared by different synthesis routes (solid-state reaction and ball milling) and characterized. The X-ray diffraction investigation and structural and profile Rietveld refinement put into evidence that effective spinel doping is obtained by the ball milling route: a solubility limit is achieved for x = 0.10 and silicon preferentially occupies the 8a tetrahedral site of the spinel structure, thus causing lithium to occupy both the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. In contrast, segregation of lithium silicates in the solid-state synthesis is observed. SEM images show that, independent on the synthesis method, silicon controls the particles morphology and grain size. The doped samples show improved electrochemical performances, which can be ascribed to the role of silicon in increasing cations disorder and controlling particles size.

In order to improve the cycling performance of LiMn
2
O
4
based cathode materials, we have synthesized a new
composition LiCo
0.4
Al
0.1
Mn
1.5
O
4
by sol-gel method. In the path of the material synthesis, citric acid was added to serve
as a binding agent and a gelling agent respectively, followed by calcinations at 850°C for 12 h. The synthesized
material was well characterized by TG/DTA, XRD, FTIR, EPR, SEM, electrical and electrochemical tests. It was
found that LiCo
0.4
Al
0.1
Mn
1.5
O
4
powder has an ordered cubic spinel phase (space group Fd3m) and exhibits good rate
capability. The electrical and electrochemical characterization was carried out in CR-2032 coin type cell configuration.
The material delivers an initial discharge capacity of 48 mAhg -1  between 3.5 and 4.9 V at a C/10 rate and subjected
for more than 30 cycles. The electrochemical behavior is well supported with impedance data.

The state of health (SOH) estimation plays an important role in keeping the safe and stable operation of lithiumion battery management system (BMS). To solve the problem of low estimation accuracy of traditional estimation methods, this paper proposes a SOH estimation method based on improved ant lion optimization algorithm and support vector regression (IALO-SVR). Firstly, the data of battery charge and discharge are analyzed geometrically, and four health features highly correlated with SOH decline are selected as the input of SVR model. Pearson correlation coefficient is used to quantitatively analyze the correlation between features and SOH. On the other hand, the IALO algorithm is used to optimize the kernel parameters of SVR, and the SOH estimation model is obtained after training with battery training set. To verify this method, batteries in different working conditions are verified on NASA battery data set, and compared with ALO-SVR and SVR. The experimental results show that this method can achieve accurate estimation of SOH, with high estimation accuracy and robustness, and the estimation error is stable within 2%.

Li and 11 B MAS-NMR Electrical and dielectric properties a b s t r a c t Nanocrystalline lithium magnesium borate (LiMgBO 3) powders were synthesized by a Pechini process. Thermal behavior of the polymeric intermediate of LiMgBO 3 sample was studied by TG-DTA. Structure and the local structural coordination of the as-prepared and calcined polymeric intermediate at 750 C of LiMgBO 3 sample were investigated by FT-IR and 7 Li & 11 B magic angle spinning-nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR) measurements respectively. XRD results confirm the formation of the pure nanocrystalline monoclinic phase of the LiMgBO 3 sample prepared at 750 C. The BET surface area of the calcined polymeric intermediate of LiMgBO 3 sample is found to be 60.48 m 2 g-1. The observed SEM mi-crographs of the LiMgBO 3 sample showed the formation of agglomerated sheet-like morphology particles and the existence of Mg and O elements in LiMgBO 3 are confirmed from the SEM-EDX spectral result. The band gap energy of LiMgBO 3 sample is evaluated and it was found to be 3.64 eV. From the analysis of the measured impedance data, at different frequencies and temperatures, the evaluated electrical conductivity of LiMgBO 3 sample was found to be 9.706 Â 10 À5 S cm À1 at 200 C. From the temperature dependence of conductivity (log sT vs. 1000/T) plot of the LiMgBO 3 sample, the evaluated activation energy (E a) for the migration of the charge carrier was found to be 0.62 eV. The measured impedance data and the LiMgBO 3 sample pellet dimensions were used for calculating AC conductivity (s ac), dielectric (ε 0 , ε 00 , tan d), electric modulus (M 0 and M 00) data and were analyzed to find out the electrical and dielectric properties of the LiMgBO 3 sample.

The work of the positive electrode (cathode) of a lithium-ion battery is simulated. The model of equally sized grains of three types: the intercalating agent grains with a volume fraction g, the electrolyte grains with a volume fraction gi, and the carbon black grains with a volume fraction ge is studied. The optimal composition of cathode active mass providing maximum specific electric capacitance of cathode is determined. It is shown that a fraction of carbon black grains should be as small as possible: ge = 0.35. The variation in the fraction of intercalating agent grains within the allowable limits (0 ≤ g ≤ 0.3) changes the main parameters of cathode active mass: a fraction of electrochemically active intercalating agent grains g* (g* < g); a specific surface area S, on which the electrochemical process proceeds; and the conductivity k* by lithium ions in the ionic percolation cluster, which forms in the cathode active mass. The parameters g* and S decrease and parameter k* steeply increases with decreasing g. Therefore, in the range of possible values of g, specific electric capacitance of cathode reaches the maximum value at g = gopt. The value of gopt is determined under the galvanostatic mode of cathode discharge. The cathode working parameters: the active layer thickness, discharge time, specific electric capacitance, and potential at the cathode active layer/interelectrode space interface at the instant of discharge completion are calculated in relation to a fraction of intercalating agent grains g.

Pre-print Manuscript available to download here -
Download published paper at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X19301355?via%3Dihub

Li-Ion batteries will play an important role in reaching emission targets by sustaining the further integration of renewable energy technologies and Electric Vehicles (EVs) in society. Their performance however is quite sensitive to temperature, leading to capacity fade, acceleration of ageing effect and possible thermal runaway. A Thermal Management System (TMS) should maintain a battery at an operating temperature within an optimal range and maximise temperature uniformity, i.e. approaching an isothermal condition. Many studies have experimentally investigated the electrical performance of Li-Ion batteries under controlled environmental temperatures. Notably however, these controlled conditions do not impose a uniform temperature or a controlled rate of cooling, as a TMS would. From a review of the relevant literature a ratio of the heat generation to the power production is proposed, i.e. quantifying an equivalent electro-chemical efficiency to advance research in this technological area and as additional TMS design metric. Overall, there is enough evidence that 25–30 °C is the best temperature range to minimise the ageing effect while 25–40 °C is typically reported as the general Li- Ion cells operating range. No specific temperature is identified to optimise the cycle electro-chemical efficiency and minimise the ageing effect. Therefore, a TMS should keep Li-Ion batteries within a specific temperature range according to the need for either higher electro-chemical efficiencies (i.e. higher powers and lower heat generation rates) or higher operating life. There are four main thermal management approaches of Li-Ion batteries: air-cooling, liquid-cooling, boiling and Phase Change Materials (PCM). Air cooling is preferred for safety reasons but is less efficient as the rate of heat transfer achievable is relatively low. Forced air cooling can effectively keep the temperature at a preferred level but fails to guarantee a uniform temperature. Liquid cooling is better in terms of heat transfer performance, but it is less safe and can still result in significant thermal gradients within the pack. Boiling effectively keeps Li-Ion cells temperature constant and uniform but can be quite complex to operate and control. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as a passive cooling approach are proposed as an effective and low-cost isothermalisation technique. However, when Li-Ion batteries are operated under extreme conditions (high ambient temperature, high discharge rates), PCM are not able to recover all latent energy potential during solidification and this leads to possible thermal runaway. Overall, it is clear that no TMS alone is holistically better than others and the choice between air cooling, liquid cooling, boiling and latent heat PCM systems is entirely linked to the specific combination of temperatures, heat rates, cells capacity and geometry. Active PCM systems however, mainly a combination of liquid cooling and passive PCM, show promising results towards an ideal isothermal condition. Also, they introduce the potential to store the thermal energy and use it as needed, converting a Li-Ion cell from an Electrical Energy Storage System (EESS) to a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system.

Layered molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) has rarely been studied as an
electrode material for sodium ion batteries due to its low electronic
conductivity and irreversible phase transitions. Here we demonstrate
that MoO3
x, with a well-controlled oxygen vacancy, exhibits near
theoretical capacity, excellent rate capability, and 2000 stable cycles
with minimal capacity loss. The oxygen vacancy in MoO3
x is
responsible for the two-plateau voltage profile, in contrast to the
sloping feature observed in a-MoO3. This work highlights the importance
of oxygen vacancies in enabling long-life rechargeable sodiumion
batteries.

The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has set a goal to produce 6000 MW of electricity solely from solar Photovoltaic (PV) to ensure energy usage and sustainable development for every region by the year 2041. To meet this target, we have proposed a recently innovated floating PV (FPV) fed 1.4 MW capacity mini-grid system for the remote western coastal region of the country. Considering various practical load profiles, the paper contains an elaborate simulation of electrical characteristics for the modeled supply system. The simulation results show an excellent agreement with different levels of desired voltage, current, and power. Then, in-depth techno-economic and environmental analyses are presented to address the feasibility and benefit of the mini-grid. The optimum Cost of Energy (COE) from the generation facility is evaluated as 18.29 US cents which is consistent with the current tariff. We have estimated that 2500 households and 120 Electric-Vehicle (EV) scooters can save an emission of 228 and 466.56 metric tons, respectively, of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) per year. Finally, an experimental PV generation-based case study is demonstrated to emphasize the techno-economic impacts of the proposed mini-grid. For the electrical characteristics and techno-economic simulation, we have adopted MATLAB/Simulink and HOMER Pro software, respectively.

Transition-metal dissolution from cathode materials, manganese in particular, has been held responsible for severe capacity fading in lithium-ion batteries, with the deposition of the transition-metal cations on anode surface, in elemental form or as chelated-complexes, as the main contributor for such degradations. In this work we demonstrate with diverse experiments and calculations that, besides interfacial manganese species on anode, manganese(II) in bulk electrolyte also significantly destabilizes electrolyte components with its unique solvation-sheath structure, where the decompositions of carbonate molecules and hexafluorophosphate anion are catalyzed via their interactions with manganese(II). The manganese(II)-species eventually deposited on anode surface resists reduction to its elemental form because of its lower electrophilicity than carbonate molecule or anion, whose destabilization leads to sustained consumption. The reveal understanding of the once-overlooked role of manganese-dissolution in electrolytes provides fresh insight into the failure mechanism of manganese-based cathode chemistries, which serves as better guideline to electrolyte design for future batteries.

Pyridine Boron Trifluoride (PBF)-based electrolyte additive blends for Li[Ni0.42Mn0.42Co0.16]O2 (NMC442)/graphite pouch cells have been systematically investigated. Other additives investigated in the blends included methylene methane disulfonate (MMDS) and ethylene sulfate (DTD). Ultra-high precision coulometry (UHPC), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), gas evolution and long-term cycling experiments were made. The results obtained in this work indicate that MMDS and DTD have good compatibility with PBF-type additives and some of their combinations showed significant improvements in coulombic efficiency, reducing impedance and maintaining good capacity retention during high-voltage cycling compared to PBF-type additives alone.

Silicates LiMSiO4 are potential positive electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. In this work we analyse from first principles calculations the relative stability of possible LiFeSiO4-polymorphs within four structural types. Olivine-LiFeSiO4 is predicted to be more stable than the LiFeSiO4 prepared by delithiation of Li2FeSiO4; the latter being the only LiFeSiO4 compound reported so far.

This study examines the effect on the electrochemical cycling performance of LiMn2O4 by coating its surface with the a conducting polymer (polyaniline) The goal of this procedure is to promote better coverage of the oxide nanoparticles in order to improve their electrochemical performance for their application as cathodes in secondary batteries. The structures of prepared products have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and  scanning electron microscopy (SEM),. Charge-discharge tests were performed galvanostatically at a current rate of 1C with cut-off voltages of 3.5-4.5 V (versus Li/Li+) at room temperature in a multi-channel battery tester. All processes of assembling and dismantling the cells were carried out in an argon-filled dry glove box.

—This paper presents the large data analysis of the real-world driving cycles and studies the effect of different driving styles on the electric vehicle (EV) battery performance and aging. For this study, a MATLAB-based software tool, real EV cycle (REV-cycle) analyzer, is developed. The real-world driving data are recorded from the I-80 highway, CA, USA. In this study, driving cycles are classified into three styles as aggressive, mild, and gentle driving based on their average acceleration. Also, two standard driving cycles (EUDC and HWFET) are simulated by the software and the results are compared. The results show that the real driving cycles are very different from the standard cycles. Also, it is observed that the traffic flow affects the driving style, as the drivers tend to drive more aggressive during the light traffic hours of the highway, while the heavy traffic limits the driver's aggressive behavior. On the other hand, the driving style has considerable effect on the energy consumption and the battery aging. The aggressive driving style demands higher average power from the battery compared to the mild and gentle driving style. From the aging point of view, the aggressive driving style leads to higher C rate demand from the battery and it expedited the capacity fade process compared to the mild and gentle driving styles.

Introduction: Recently, Li-ion battery is being widely used as power source for various applications
from electronic gadgets to an automotive industry. The performance and cycle life of Li-ion battery are
becoming gradually important issues as the applications are shifting from small-scale consumer
electronics to dynamic power applications (Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicles). To create a
better control over the performance and cycle life of a Li-ion battery, accurate modelling for battery
ageing is essential. During a battery lifetime, its health tends to deteriorate slowly due to irreversible
physical and chemical changes like: internal impendence rise, excess out-gassing, internal
temperature rise, electrolyte decomposition and electrodes' cracking. This paper describes the use of
magnetic field probing to induce above parameters for indicating the battery ageing. Once their
effect on ageing is determined, an ageing model can be created to determine battery's age and
predict its future ageing.

"New Zealand-based Pacific Lithium Limited (PLL) was established in 1994 to develop a world-competitive business based on the extraction of lithium from seawater, using a new adsorption technology developed by chemical engineer John Bloom (Sun, Mellalieu & Willis, 1999). Through the fundraising efforts of entrepreneur Robin Johannink, the company subsequently raised NZ $10 million from shareholders, including a 12% stake in the company from Vertex Asia (a technology subsidiary of the Singapore government) and a further 8.6% from a key customer: Japanese trading company Nisho Iwai. By late 1995, the company had started building a processing plant at Whakerewa, near the Thames Estuary, but later suspended construction of the facility as its seawater lithium adsorption technology had not achieved optimum economic levels of lithium recovery. Since the company’s foundation, several new companies had entered the world lithium supply market (Sun & Mellalieu, 1999).

Note:
This is the THIRD installment in a series of cases. For a Case Resource library providing Part A, Part B and other resources, see:
Mellalieu, P. (n.d.). Pacific Lithium Ltd - Case resource library. Retrieved January 24, 2014, from https://www.academia.edu/1513410/Pacific_Lithium_Ltd_-_Case_resource_library

Citation:
Mellalieu, P. J., & Sun, J. G. (2000). Pacific Lithium (C): Flight of the Phoenix. In Proceedings of the Annual Educators Conference of the New Zealand Strategic Management Society (Vol. 1). Canterbury University, Christchurch: New Zealand Strategic Management Society. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/1510450

With the increasing demand for solar energy as a renewable source has brought up new challenges in the field of energy. However, one of the main advantages of photovoltaic (PV) power generation technology is that it can be directly connected to the grid power generation system and meet the demand of increasing energy consumption. Large-scale PV grid-connected power generation system put forward new challenges on the stability and control of the power grid and the grid-tied photovoltaic system with an energy storage system. To overcome these problems, the PV grid-tied system consisted of 8 kW PV array with energy storage system is designed, and in this system, the battery components can be coupled with the power grid by AC or DC mode. In addition, the feasibility and flexibility of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) charge controller are verified through the dynamic model built in the residential solar PV system. Through the feasibility verification of the model control mode and the strategy control, the grid-connected PV system combined with reserve battery storage can effectively improve the stability of the system and reduce the cost of power generation. To analyze the performance of the grid-tied system, some real-time simulations are performed with the help of the system advisor model (SAM) that ensures the satisfactory working of the designed PV grid-tied system. Keywords: Control strategy Depth of discharge Grid-tied system Insolation Inverter Lithium-ion battery Photovoltaic This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Early demonstrations of wearable devices have driven interest in flexible lithium-ion batteries. Previous demonstrations of flexible lithium-ion batteries trade off between low areal capacity, poor mechanical flexibility and/or high thickness of inactive components. Here, a reinforced electrode design is used to support the active layers of the battery and a freestanding carbon nanotube (CNT) layer is used as the current collector. The supported architecture helps to increase the areal capacity (mAh cm-2) of the battery and improve the tensile strength and mechanical flexibility of the electrodes. Batteries based on lithium cobalt oxide and lithium titanate oxide shows excellent electrochemical and mechanical performance. The battery has an areal capacity of ≈1 mAh cm-2 and a capacity retention of around 94% after cycling the battery for 450 cycles at a C/2 rate. The reinforced electrode has a tensile strength of ≈5.5–7.0 MPa and shows excellent capacity retention after repeatedly flexing to a bending radius ranging from 45 to 10 mm. The relationships between mechanical flexing, electrochemical performance, and mechanical integrity of the battery are studied using electrochemical cycling, electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).

The shrink in accessibility of petroleum products and increment in asset request are eventual outcomes for Electrical Vehicles (EVs). The battery has an impact on the performance of electrical vehicles, the driving range. Lithium ion (Li-ion) chemistry is extremely sensitive to overcharge and deep discharge, which can harm the battery, shortening its period of time, and even inflicting risky things. The Battery Management System (BMS) comprises of the consequent parts: management, equalization and protection. Of the three components, equalization is that the most crucial with respect to the durability of the battery framework. The ability of the full pack diminishes rapidly amid the procedure which leads to degradation of the full battery framework. This condition is extreme once the battery incorporates a more number of cells in series and frequent charging is conveyed through the battery string. The cell imbalance during charging, discharging is a major issue in battery systems used in EVs. To circumvent the cell imbalance, cell balancing is used. Cell balancing enhances battery safety and extends battery life. This paper discusses about different active balancing method to increase the life span of the battery module. Based on the comparison, the inductor based balancing method for 60V battery system is implemented in the MATLAB/Simscape environment and the results are discussed.

The existing renewable electrical generation industry at the Salton Sea Geothermal Field has tremendous potential to become a world-class producer of lithium and other critical metals, which can be extracted from geothermal brines. The industry could also generate nontraditional geothermal energy via production of  electricity from pumped storage and by producing  hydrogen via electrolysis, thereby boosting California’s ability to meet legal mandates to produce more renewable energy while lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Development of these nontraditional resources together could make expanded geothermal power production at the Salton Sea more competitive with solar and wind power. These efforts would lead to substantial local job  creation and increased tax revenues. Multiple benefits would be maximized by coordinating the expansion of geothermal resources with reclamation plans for the  Sea, as the receding shoreline opens up new land suitable  for construction of both artificial wetlands and new  geothermal infrastructure.

Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar are frequently hit by fluctuations due to, for example, insufficient wind or sunshine. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) mitigate the problem by storing excess energy generated and then making it accessible on demand. While there are various EST studies, the literature remains isolated and dated. The comparison of the characteristics of ESTs and their potential applications is also short. This paper fills this gap. Using selected criteria, it identifies key ESTs and provides an updated review of the literature on ESTs and their application potential to the renewable energy sector. The critical review shows a high potential application for Li-ion batteries and most fit to mitigate the fluctuation of RESs in utility grid integration sector. However, for Li-ion batteries to be fully adopted in the RESs utility grid integration, their cost needs to be reduced.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) continue to gain market share in response to the increasing demand for EVs, consumer electronics, and energy storage. The increased demand for LIB has highlighted potential problems in the supply chain of raw materials needed for their manufacture. Some critical metals used in LIB, namely lithium, cobalt, and nickels are scarce, are not currently mined in large quantities, or are mined in only a few countries whose trade policies could limit availability and impact prices. The environmental and social impacts of mining these materials ae equally as critical as the consequences of the landfill disposal of the product manufactured.

Temperature heavily affects the behavior of any energy storage chemistries. In particular, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) play a significant role in almost all storage application fields, including Electric Vehicles (EVs). Therefore, a full comprehension of the influence of the temperature on the key cell components and their governing equations is mandatory for the effective integration of LIBs into the application. If the battery is exposed to extreme thermal environments or the desired temperature cannot be maintained, the rates of chemical reactions and/or the mobility of the active species may change drastically. The alteration of properties of LIBs with temperature may create at best a performance problem and at worst a safety problem. Despite the presence of many reports on LIBs in the literature, their industrial realization has still been difficult, as the technologies developed in different labs have not been standardized yet. Thus, the field requires a systematic analysis of the effect of temperature on the critical properties of LIBs. In this paper, we report a comprehensive review of the effect of temperature on the properties of LIBs such as performance, cycle life, and safety. In addition, we focus on the alterations in resistances, energy losses, physicochemical properties, and aging mechanism when the temperature of LIBs are not under control.

I n this paper, we perform 3D numerical simulations to understand the thermal operation of a high-current-load DC Magnetic Contactor (MC) within a Li-ion battery pack. The main focus is on evaluating the thermal behavior of an electronically controlled MC through a parametric study that investigates the effect of the magnitude of electric current with the corresponding Ohmic heat generation of the MC. For the numerical analysis we perform time-accurate, conjugate heat transfer-based 3D CFD simulations on high spatial resolution grids with commercial CFD software STAR-CCM+. The results of the numerical simulations with temperature dependent material properties are validated against experimental temperature measurements at various locations on the outer body of the MC. The spatial distribution of temperature, and current within the MC and its connected components are also computed for various input parameter values to evaluate a range of its operational validity within an automotive Li-ion battery pack.

We have developed a fluoride shuttle battery (FSB) which is a promising candidate for the next-generation high-energy-density secondary batteries. Using the bis [2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethyl] ether (tetraglyme: G4) solvent containing 0.45 mol dm−3 cesium fluoride (CsF) and 0.5 mol dm−3 fluorobis (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) borane (FBTMPhB) as an electrolyte for FSB, we have successfully conducted the discharge (BiF3 + 3e− → Bi + 3F−) and charge (Bi + 3F− → BiF3 + 3e−) reactions for a BiF3 electrode; however, the discharge and charge capacities significantly decreased during cycling. Atomic absorption spectrometry results indicated that, in addition to the formation of BiF3, dissolution of Bi (Bi → Bi3+ + 3e−) occurred during the charge process. The dissolution of Bi indicated that the active material was lost from the electrode, which decreased the capacity during cycling. An increased CsF/FBTMPhB ratio in the electrolyte was found to suppress the dissolution of Bi during the charge process and, therefore, improve the cycling performance.

Modeling and simulation have multiple applications in the automotive industry such as the design of systems or the redesign of existing systems. Currently, automakers are turning to modeling and simulation to speed up the design process and achieve more successful approaches. The main objective of this project is to design the virtual electrochemical lithium battery that has similar properties as real batteries. The properties considered are SOC, OCV, Capacity, Temperature dependence of battery.

Conventionally two components are used for standing the motorcycle, namely side stand and center stand. Both components undergo static loading. The side stand is easily deployed allowing the motorcycle to lean to the left side. The task of mounting two wheelers on the center stand can be challenging. To operate center stand, rider has to get down from bike and has to pull against the lever which is difficult sometime. Rider has to lift minimum 50% of weight of motorcycle to engage the center stand. It becomes more difficult in case of heavy two wheelers like the Royal Enfield or if the rider is old. In this paper, an automated centre stand is designed and fabricated which uses a linear actuator powered by a battery to lower the stand and lift the vehicle and park it on the stand. This stand minimises human efforts to almost zero. In addition, the self-balancing mechanism was firmly established which lifts the motorcycle upright on uneven surfaces. As a result, it has become possible to install this automated centre stand in mass production scooter.

While decreasing their cost, lithium-ion batteries began to enter a vast domain for energy storage field, including solar systems and electric vehicles, due to their high energy density compared to other types. Besides, li-ion batteries require a safe and secure ground to reach the best performance and decrease the explosion risk. The safe operation of the battery is based on the main protection features and balancing the cells. This study offers a battery BMS design that protects li-ion batteries from overcharging, over-discharging and overheating. It is also offering passive cell balancing, an uninterrupted power source to load, and monitoring data. The used controller is Arduino mega 2560, which manages all the hardware and software protection features. Software features that include 1) variable charging speed according to the batteries charging status, 2) measuring the batteries state of health and state of charge, 3) controlling the uninterrupted driver, 4) regulating the charge and discharge voltage, and 5) measure and display all readings.

The rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are becoming a technology of choice for energy storage applications, due to its high energy and power density. In this paper, a power management control strategy is proposed for a standalone PV-Battery Energy Storage (BES) hybrid system. The proposed control algorithm tracks the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the solar-cells while avoiding overcharging of LiBs under different solar radiation and load conditions. The controller has two regulation modes; (a) MPP Tracking mode, (b) battery state of charge limit mode. The standalone PV-BES hybrid system is represented as a system of differential algebraic equations and enables effective implementation of control algorithms. A physics-based single particle model accounting for internal states of a battery is implemented in the simulation and control algorithm. A mixed-order finite difference method with optimal node spacing and strong stability-preserving time-stepping Runge-Kutta scheme is used to solve the battery model. A case study is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy using real-world data. The study reveals that the proposed power control strategy is robust and meets multiple objectives of standalone PV-BES hybrid systems such as no overcharging, 0% excess output power production, and ensuring no energy is transferred to the dump load.

This article proposes a novel algorithm for charging Lithium ion batteries, efficiently. Unlike the traditional 2 stage charging procedure, a dedicated 3-stage charging algorithm has been proposed here for the appropriate and safe charging of batteries, which in turn elongates battery life.

This report analyses the main deposits of lithium in the world in 2008 with a view to potential future supply to the electric car industry for LiIon batteries. The report shows that realistic future lithium production can only support a small fraction of the volume of existing car (Light Duty Vehicle) production. The current (2019) rush to apply LiIon technology to even larger battery demands such as HGVs, stationary power, aircraft, rail and shipping is not realistic.

Li-ion battery is being used as power source for various applications such as stationary applications, auto-motives, hybrid power systems for residential use and for commercial grid scale. Smart battery diagnostics is essential for creating a better control over the energy storage system and cycle life of a Li-ion battery. It is especially required for real-time applications, where more power and energy demand together with an extended lifetime is critical. In this paper, under battery diagnostics, the parameters of Li-ion battery ageing are evaluated using a non-invasive magnetic field technique. A P2D based model has been designed using COMSOL Multiphysics that evaluates the magnetic field response of Li-ion battery on various domains of a battery.

This system has designed a water purification system to augment the village’s water distribution system. The system utilizes sediment filtration supplemented with ultraviolet light to effectively filter and sterilize contaminated well water as it is pumped to the village reservoir. The goal of the project was to meet the needs of the village and provide a long term water treatment solution. The purpose of this report is to present an overview of the entire project including: the design solution, project cost, construction, and maintenance information, testing and evaluation results and future field testing plans.