Lability

In the present work, the kinetics of the hydrolysis of the complex Trans-K[Cr(ox) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ].3H 2 O have been studied in aqueous media at (pH = 4.7, 5.1, 5.6 and 6.3) (μ=0.4 NaNO 3). The hydrolysis rate was found to be acid dependent and show a linear increase with [H + ]-1. The activation parameters for the reactions are (Ea 1 =45.77 kJ mol-1 , ∆H ‡ 1 =43.15 kJ mol-1 and ∆S ‡ 1 =-240 J mol-1) and (Ea 2 =81.21 kJ mol-1 , ∆H ‡ 2 =78.59 kJ mol-1 and ∆S ‡ 2 =-13.82 J mol-1). The observed rate constants are in good agreement with that reported by Kallen and Hamm for the anation of {Cis-[Cr(ox) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ]-}[1].

The present paper is a continuation of Voice, lability, and causatives in Berber (I) that appeared in EDB 32 (2013): 63-79. Part I discussed Berber verbal system (including verbal derivation that expresses changes in verb valency), active/passive opposition, and verb lability. The present article investigates causatives and causative constructions. Most examples come from Taqbaylit (Kabyle), Tashelhiyt (Shelha), and Tarifiyt (Riff) Berber.

The western variety of Peninsular Spanish possesses a type of causative construction in which an intransitive lexeme is used transitively. This phenomenon , called lability, is attested in three specific verbs: caer ('to fall'), quedar ('to stay') and entrar ('to enter'). As a consequence, they can induce a direct object at the expense of the standard forms tirar ('to throw'), dejar ('to leave') and meter ('to put in'). Lability has not been studied in depth for Spanish and, with this paper, I attempt to pinpoint its current extension as well as the possible semantic factors that prompt the transitivisation of these verbs.

In this talk I give a brief introduction to the subject of ergativity, some terminological issues and a delineation of ergativity from a functional perspective.
This talk is intended for students who are not yet familiar with ergative alignment and/ or 'lexical' ergativity

Full text / texte complet : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02541967v2

This paper deals with the identification of labile verbs in Andi (Nakh-Daghestanian, Russia), and more specifically its methods, results and conclusions for the definition of transitivity in Andi. Lability is traditionally defined as an unmarked valency-changing phenomenon characterizing verbs that can be used both transitively and intransitively without any formal change. Andi happens to feature a combination of three typological characteristics that challenges not only the identification of its labile verbs, but also the application of traditional definitions of lability and transitivity to its context. These characteristics are a radical P-alignment, the absence of any agent demoting or removing morphology, and the possibility for interpreting any unexpressed agent as arbitrary. They are crucial for the analysis of labile phenomena in Andi, because they were shown by D. Creissels to be responsible for a formal ambiguity between 'less labile' passive lability (when a labile verb used intransitively has a passive meaning) and 'more labile' anticausative lability (when a labile verb used intransitively has an anticausative meaning). Several syntactic tests were designed by different authors to distinguish cases of anticausative lability from those of passive lability. These tests involve the semantic interpretation of a reflexive-emphatic pronoun, compatibility with the intransitive imperative in combination with an imperative addressee referring to the nominative argument, and the possibility of the verb being used in an involuntary agent construction. Applied to Andi, these tests show that both anticausative and passive lability concern all transitive verbs, which suggests that they do not differ with respect to their syntactic status and that both involve a change in syntactic transitivity. This conclusion supports D. Creissels's suggestion that in languages sharing with Andi the relevant typological features, transitivity applies not to the predicative constructions themselves, but to their realizations.

• In the clade of Penstemon and segregate genera, pollination syndromes are well defined among the 284 species. Most display combinations of floral characters associated with pollination by Hymenoptera, the ancestral mode of pollination for this clade. Forty-one species present characters associated with hummingbird pollination, although some of these ornithophiles are also visited by insects.• The ornithophiles are scattered throughout the traditional taxonomy and across phylogenies estimated from nuclear (internal transcribed spacer (ITS)) and chloroplast DNA (trnCD/TL) sequence data. Here, the number of separate origins of ornithophily is estimated, using bootstrap phylogenies and constrained parsimony searches.• Analyses suggest 21 separate origins, with overwhelming support for 10 of these. Because species sampling was incomplete, this is probably an underestimate.• Penstemons therefore show great evolutionary lability with respect to acquiring hummingbird pollination; this syndrome acts as an attractor to which species with large sympetalous nectar-rich flowers have frequently been drawn. By contrast, penstemons have not undergone evolutionary shifts backwards or to other pollination syndromes. Thus, they are an example of both striking evolutionary lability and constrained evolution.In the clade of Penstemon and segregate genera, pollination syndromes are well defined among the 284 species. Most display combinations of floral characters associated with pollination by Hymenoptera, the ancestral mode of pollination for this clade. Forty-one species present characters associated with hummingbird pollination, although some of these ornithophiles are also visited by insects.The ornithophiles are scattered throughout the traditional taxonomy and across phylogenies estimated from nuclear (internal transcribed spacer (ITS)) and chloroplast DNA (trnCD/TL) sequence data. Here, the number of separate origins of ornithophily is estimated, using bootstrap phylogenies and constrained parsimony searches.Analyses suggest 21 separate origins, with overwhelming support for 10 of these. Because species sampling was incomplete, this is probably an underestimate.Penstemons therefore show great evolutionary lability with respect to acquiring hummingbird pollination; this syndrome acts as an attractor to which species with large sympetalous nectar-rich flowers have frequently been drawn. By contrast, penstemons have not undergone evolutionary shifts backwards or to other pollination syndromes. Thus, they are an example of both striking evolutionary lability and constrained evolution.

Psychological preparedness is defined as a phenomenon to face challenges in life as you
are able to understand, anticipate, recognize and manage your anxieties, stress, emotional
responses, and feel more confident, efficient in controlling situation and successfully cope in an
emergency situation (APS, 2007). A person faces so many challenges in his/her life and stress is
inevitable; we can't avoid it. So, better to be psychologically prepared for upcoming emergency
situations; not only for emergency we should be prepared for day-to-day regular life. Each
individual needs to be psychologically prepared for different stages in his life. Psychologically
preparedness is a phenomenon that has been studied so many times by the disaster management
researchers and health management scientists. Psychological preparedness is not being
emotionally invincible but about understanding how we are likely to react in a stressful situation
and employ strategies for better management of those psychological responses while attending
emergency responsibilities. Preparedness, a multi-faceted construct, is manifested at three levels:
Cognitive level, Emotional level and Instrumental level (Mashiach, & Dekel, 2012).
Psychological preparedness plays a crucial role in motivating people to take action in emergency
situation. Learning and utilizing skills such as stress inoculation, stress reduction and emotional
management can enhance psychological preparedness. There has been less focus on individual
psychological preparedness by psychologists so far. Past researches show that previously used
tools have been constructed to measure psychological preparedness for a specific purpose. It is
equally necessary to measure the individual’s psychological preparedness to deal effectively with
normal routine matters.
Models of Psychological preparedness e.g., A Social-Cognitive model of preparedness by
Paton et al. (2001a, b); Virtues/Strengths based combat preparedness and resilience model (Singh
& Gupta, communicated) have been developed for understanding of the concept of psychological
preparedness. It is evident that psychological preparedness can be a good predictor of
success/failure for upcoming future events and may also reduce the anxiety and mental health
related problems. Resilience, self-efficacy, mobility, lability, future orientation and unrealistic
optimism have an interactive relation with psychological preparedness. These variables may play
vital role in leading success/failure. Research findings indicate that psychological preparedness
plays an important role in emergency situation. A few attempts have made to study the role of psychological preparedness in daily routine life situation like: examination, interview, marriage,
job joining, and admission in a new course etc. So, Individual general life situation can be
divided into three time frame works extending over different lengths, three different time frame
works: (A) Life Events, (B) Life Episodes, and (C) Life Stages.
Detail review also depicts a scattered position of the concept of psychological
preparedness and a well woven construct eludes-could it be due to the absence of a general
measure or tool of psychological preparedness. The detail literature review raise some questions:
Whether psychological preparedness is a personality trait or anything else? Whether
psychological preparedness help in reducing anxiety, high satisfaction or predictor of
success/failure for upcoming future events? Whether moderators like (Resilience, mobility,
lability, self-efficacy, unrealistic optimism, and future orientation) play crucial role in predicting
success/failure or not? To find answers for all questions a model of psychological preparedness
was proposed and empirically tested in the present research.
The present research was aimed to assess predictive validity of psychological
preparedness with the criterion as success/failure or performance level/coping on upcoming life
event, episodes and stage.
Objectives
The major objectives of the study are:
I. To study the construct of psychological preparedness.
II. To study the moderators (resilience, mobility, lability, self-efficacy, time perspective and
unrealistic optimism) of psychological preparedness for task outcomes.
III. To study the predictive validity of the test scores and as well the construct of
psychological preparedness for future task outcome.
Hypotheses
I. Either a general component or a multi componential model is likely to emerge.
II. Moderators will be part of a variate.
III. There shall be significant or sizeable correlation between psychological preparedness and
task outcome.
To fulfill above objectives, correlational design was employed and 263 Ss were
contacted and enrolled in to three groups. Two-level assessment were conducted: level one
named as testing level and level two named as feedback level for outcome. Group-I: Those, who
were in the schools and preparing for their next competitive examination (life event). Group-II:
Those, who were in the school/college and preparing for their board/semester examination (life
episode). Group-III: Those who were selected for the jobs and were receiving their appointment
letters (Life stage) to join soon.
Psychological Preparedness Scale, Resilience Scale for Adults, Mobility Scale, Lability
Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale, Unrealistic Optimism and Future Orientation (Lines and Circle Test)
tools were used in the study along with the participant’s background details were obtained.
Performance measured in Group-I: marks in competitive examination, Group-II: marks % of
Board/Semester examination and Group-III: Self performance appraisal.
Major Findings of the present study
1. Construct of psychological preparedness is emerging as general construct without facets.
2. Psychological preparedness did not differ at gender level.
3. Psychological preparedness is a trait and is significantly related with Mobility, Lability,
Resilience and Future orientation.
4. Discriminant Functional Analysis found to be Mobility and Lability as a major
contributor to the variate (Psychological preparedness). Therefore, it was named as
Temperamental discriminant function.
5. Moderators (Resilience, Mobility, Lability, Self-efficacy, Future orientation and
Unrealistic optimism) can correctly classify high or low prepared group membership up
to 84% as revealed by discriminant function analysis.
6. Factor analysis identified “temperamental preparedness and capability beliefs”.
7. The factor of temperamental preparedness and capability beliefs and examination
performance (criterion) were related to each other through self-efficacy.
8. There was no direct relationship between the psychological preparedness and the
(examination performance).
Limitation: A standardized tool for the measurement of psychological preparedness for general
life situations was not available and limited empirical studies were available, so trends and gaps
were sketchy.Dropout rate was more than 50% at the time of feedback. The end variable was
operationalized as single outcome.
Suggestion: Advance technology based analysis should be used like IRT. Qualitative technique
like interview, storytelling, and behavior observation may be employed in future study to assess
preparedness as well the performance/outcome. More outcome or performance indicators can be
studied. To reduce dropout rate of feedback some incentives should be given.
Implication: A standardized tool of psychological preparedness can be useful for the
identification of low or high-prepared person. It can be used in organizational settings for
screening, deployment, sorting for special operation etc. including military context, career and
work counseling, recruitment, transfer, assignment of new project in organization, useful in
hospital setup for care-giver, staff and patient.
Personality development program can also focus on preparedness with cautions of
unrealistic optimism and linked self-efficacy. Unrealistic optimism tend to enhance future
orientation. Stabile and inert temperamental persons tend to be less prepared with lesser feelings
of self-efficacy and resilience. Thus, they need to be attended more for training people in
psychological preparedness. Mobile and labile persons are likely to be well prepared.

The article deals with the typological analysis of labile (ambitransitive) verbs and their cross-linguistic distribution. Although Haspelmath (1993) considers the distribution of labile verbs, as well as causativization and anticausativization, to be build on the parameter of spontaneity, I show that this approach is not entirely plausible for labile verbs - in fact, the lexical classification of verbs, with classes like 'destruction verbs', 'motion verbs', 'phasal verbs' and so on is in many cases much better applicable for language data.

В этом тексте я анализирую окказиональные употребления типа "Я поступала дочку в институт", "Ты подгорела, ты и отмывай" и прихожу к выводу, что носители русского языка способны при порождении речи подстраивать синтаксическую переходность глагола под требования семантики ситуации, несмотря на слабую представленность лабильных глаголов в лексической системе русского языка.

The present paper consists of two parts. In part 1 (this document), I discuss voice and lability in Berber. In part 2 (to appear later), I investigate Berber causative constructions. In this paper, I discuss various Berber languages, but the majority of examples come from Taqbaylit (Kabyle), Tashelhiyt (Shelha), and Tarifiyt (Riff).

In this paper we will discuss morphological effects of agent-oriented components (AOC) of verbal semantics with relation to passive lability. Pas-sive lability, which is a typological rarum, is widely spread in Mande lan-guages. In some languages, practically all verbs are labile and participate in morphologically unmarked anticausative/causative or active/passive trans-formation.  Verbal systems in these languages may seem not to be sensitive to AOC of verbal meaning which is considered to be an important factor of distribution of labile verbs in lexicon. However, in at least two Mande languages, Kakabe and Mano, this factor is important for the morphology of verb alternations,  but in a quite unusual way.

Background and objectives: Environmental pollution by heavy metals has been known as a serious problem associated with industrialization. Due to high stability nature, heavy metals could be accumulated in soils at toxic levels and insert to human food chain. The total concentration of heavy metals can indicate the extent of contamination, but is not usually an accurate indication of the bioavailability, mobility and phyto-toxicity and thus the fractionation procedures have been used to show environmental risks of toxic metals. Heavy metals in soils occurred in soluble, exchangeable, organically bound, oxides bound and residual fractions. There is limited information about bioavailability heavy metals in soils around coal washing factories of Iran. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of chemical fractions of copper, lead and cadmium in a coal washing factory located in Zarand.
Materials and Methods: The study area (Zarand coal washing plant) is located about 70 kilometers from Kerman city (Western Iran). A nested grid sampling scheme was adopted using Google Earth. In this study, 4 areas were selected according to dominant vegetation. Composite soil samples (5 samples per point) were systematically collected from 0 to 30 cm depth. Soil samples were air dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve. For determination of total concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Cd and pb), 20 mL of 5N HNO3 was added to 0.2 g of soil samples and heated for 10 minutes and then kept at room temperature for 24 h. after centrifuge, the concentration of heavy metals was determined using atomic absorption spectrometer. Chemical fractions of heavy metals including acid-soluble/exchangeable fraction, reducible (bound to Fe-Mn oxides), oxidizable (bound to organic matter) and residual fractions were sequentially extracted. After each successive extraction, separation was carried out by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 30 min. the supernatant was filtered with Whatman 42 filter. The concentration of Cu, Cd and pb in supernatant was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Results: The results showed that the total contents of Cu, Pb and Cd in 4 areas was higher than the standard range provided by Iranian soil and water office of human environment Bureau, showing the serious pollution of studied heavy metals in soils. Based on Geoaccumulation Index (GI), site 4 were highly polluted by Pb whereas Cu and Cd were in non- polluted to slightly polluted status. Spatial distribution of heavy metals showed that the highest content of Cd, Pb and Cu were found in the northwest and the west direction of factory with agricultural land use showing the alarming status of this area. In all sites, the residual and exchangeable fractions of heavy metals had the greatest and lowest values among other fractions, respectively. The distribution of studied metals (Cu, Cd and Pb) were lined in the order of residual fraction > reducible fraction > oxidizable fraction > exchangeable fraction.
Conclusion: According to average concentration presented by soil and water office of human environment Bureau, Cu, Pb and Cd values are in alarming status. The changes in chemical fractions of Cu and Pb following the order of residual> Reducible > Oxidizable fraction > exchangeable. Based on Geoaccumulation Index (GI), the areas were highly polluted by Pb. The results showed that in comparison with Cd and Cu, the main fraction of Pb is deposited in residual fraction in soil. Based on these results, the Cd and Cu are more dangerous than Pb in this region and are capable to transport in food chain.

The relation between affective instability and two facets of emotional awareness, attention to emotion and clarity of emotion, was examined in two community samples (Ns = 303, 101) and one student sample (N = 409). Affective instability was positively associated with attention to emotion and negatively associated with clarity of emotion. The two facets of affective instability, affect intensity and emotional variability, were differentially associated with the two components of emotional awareness. As hypothesized, affect intensity was uniquely associated with attention to emotion, whereas emotional variability was uniquely (inversely) associated with clarity of emotion even after taking into account shared variance with neuroticism and gender.

Labile metal species in aquatic humic substances (HSs) were characterized by ion exchange on cellulose phosphate (CellPhos) by applying an optimized batch procedure. The HSs investigated were pre-extracted from humic-rich waters by ultrafiltration and a resin XAD 8 procedure. The HS-metal species studied were formed by complexation with Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Mn(II) and Pb(II) as a function of time and the ratio ions to HSs. The kinetics and reaction order of this exchange process were studied. At the beginning (<3 min), the labile metal fractions are separated relatively quickly. After 3 min, the separation of the metal ions proceeds with uniform half-lives of about 12-14 min, revealing rather slow first-order kinetics. The metal exchange between HSs and CellPhos exhibited the following order of metal lability with the studied HSs: Cu > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cd. The required metal determinations were carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry.