Insulation

Electric appliances for cooling and lighting are responsible for most of the increase in electricity consumption in Karachi, Pakistan. This study aims to investigate the impact of passive energy efficiency measures (PEEMs) on the potential reduction of indoor temperature and cooling energy demand of an architectural campus building (ACB) in Karachi, Pakistan. PEEMs focus on the building envelope’s design and construction, which is a key factor of influence on a building’s cooling energy demand. The existing architectural campus building was modeled using the building information modeling (BIM) software Autodesk Revit. Data related to the electricity consumption for cooling, building masses, occupancy conditions, utility bills, energy use intensity, as well as space types, were collected and analyzed to develop a virtual ACB model. The utility bill data were used to calibrate the DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus base case models of the existing ACB. The cooling energy demand was compared...

The aspect of heat transfer which in itself requires an elaborate model is considered here. Taken into account are the convection and radiation between gas and brick wall, and the conduction from bricks to light diesel oil as a fuel used in this paper. by taking minimum heat loss rate (HLR) as optimization objective. Two boundary conditions of the insulation layers, convective heat transfer and combined convective and radioactive heat transfer, are taken into account. The optimal constructs of the insulation layers with the two boundary conditions are obtained. Improvement of energy efficiency of the most consuming facilities was achieved by improving the use of alternative energy minimization such as reducing the heat loss of hot gases, minimizing the heat radiated through refractory linings of metallurgical furnaces.

the pattern of partial discharge (PD) occurrence at a defect site within a solid dielectric material is influenced by the conditions of the defect site. This is because the defect conditions, mainly its size and location determine the electric field distributions at the defect site which influence the patterns of PD occurrence. A model for a spherical cavity within a homogeneous dielectric material has been developed by using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software. the model is used to study the influence of different conditions of the cavity on the electric field distribution in the cavity and the PD activity. in addition, experimental measurements of PD in spherical cavities of different size within a dielectric material have been undertaken. the obtained results show that PD activity depends on the size of the cavity within the dielectric material. © 2009 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5252384

Original scientific paper This article describes the possibilities in using recycled, ground expanded polystyrene (EPS) as aggregate for lightweight concretes as thermal insulation or as a structural concrete. The article presents a rich experience and provides explanation on the benefits of using ground EPS aggregate compared to virgin EPS beads in making lightweight concrete. A reinforced lightweight concrete structure made by SU-styrol – technology is also presented. Although the compressive strength of this lightweight aggregate concrete is six times less than that of ordinary concrete, the deformation (deflection) and the loadbearing capacity of the reinforced slab and that of the Su-styrene reinforced concrete and of the ordinary reinforced concrete slab are the same, which is very interesting. The authors have provided a physical interpretation of this behaviour, with the conclusion that the reinforced SU-styrol lightweight concrete is compatible with steel, unlike ordinary c...

This paper revolves around the impact of insulation in Indian thermal power plant. In this we are using calcium silicate as a nano-material rather than resin bonded glass wool. The main benefit use of calcium silicate, heat loss in boiler will be less as compare to glass wool because convection and conduction loss will be less, resulting less fuel consume. Using with nano material boiler fuel saving increasing. Resulting cost saving & fuel saving & energy saving. Overall cost saving of the boiler will be increased by the use of nano-material (calcium silicate).

The aspect of heat transfer which in itself requires an elaborate model is considered here. Taken Into account are the convection and radiation between gas and brick wall, and the conduction from bricks to light diesel oil as a fuel used in this paper. by taking minimum heat loss rate (HLR) as optimization objective. Two boundary conditions of the insulation layers, convective heat transfer and combined convective and radioactive heat transfer, are taken into account. The optimal constructs of the insulation layers with the two boundary conditions are obtained. Improvement of energy efficiency of the most consuming facilities was achieved by improving the use of alternative energy minimization such as reducing the heat loss of hot gases, minimizing the heat radiated through refractory linings of metallurgical furnaces.

An understanding of the mechanisms of heat transfer is becoming increasingly important in today’s world. Conduction and convection heat transfer phenomena are found throughout virtually all of the physical world and the industrial domain. A thermal insulator is a poor conductor of heat and has a low thermal conductivity. In this paper we studied that Insulation is used in buildings and in manufacturing processes to prevent heat loss or heat gain. Although its primary purpose is an economic one, it also provides more accurate control of process temperatures and protection of personnel. It prevents condensation on cold surfaces and the resulting corrosion. We also studied that critical radius of insulation is a radius at which the heat loss is maximum and above this radius the heat loss reduces with increase in radius. We also gave the concept of selection of economical insulation material and optimum thickness of insulation that give minimum total cost.

Building insulation is commonly realized using materials obtained from petrochemicals (mainly polystyrene) or from natural sources processed with high energy consumptions (glass and rock wools). These materials cause significant detrimental effects on the environment mainly due to the production stage, i.e. use of non-renewable materials and fossil energy consumption, and to the disposal stage, i.e. problems in reusing or recycling the products at the end of their lives. The introduction of the concept of “sustainability” in building design process encouraged researches aimed at developing thermal and acoustic insulating materials using natural or recycled materials. Some of them, such as kenaf or wood fiber, are already commercialized but their diffusion could be further improved since their performance is similar to the synthetic ones. Others are currently under study and their development is only at an early stage. The goal of the paper is to report a state of the art of building insulation products made of natural or recycled materials that are not or scarcely commercialized. Comparative analyses were carried out considering in particular thermal characteristics in terms of thermal conductivity, specific heat and density. Data on the acoustic performance of the materials were also reported. Life Cycle Assessment data were finally collected, in order to put in evidence the environmental advantages of these materials. Particular attention was paid to researches focused to exploit local materials and even industrial byproducts, since these approaches respectively limit transportation and disposal impacts.

Thermal insulation is the reduction of the heat transfer between objects in thermal contact area. The act of insulation is accomplished by encasing an object in material with low thermal conductivity. Thermal insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced. Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability. Thermal insulation is mainly used in where the heat transfer rate is high. Thermal industries generally use cotton ropes, mineral wool, glass wool, polyethylene, saw dust as insulators etc.... From the literature survey it has been found that there are other insulators which are more effective than the conventional insulators. Silica aerogel which act as good insulator. It has a low density, low thermal conductivity of 0.017W/m K. It is equivalent to high insulating capability. Coconut fiber is a natural fiber extracted from the husk of coconut. Coconut fiber has a thermal conductivity ranging from 0.046 to 0.068W/m K which was close to those conventional insulation materials such as cellulose fiber and mineral wool. In this experimental work the effectiveness of steam pipe insulation with silica aerogel and coconut fiber as insulators are compared with that of cotton rope. Silica aerogel and coconut fiber are expected to be a promising insulator for steam pipe insulation.

Özet: Su, insan yaşamının sürekliliği açısından zorunlu olan bir maddedir. Su, yaşamın devamı kadar, yapay ortamla-rı oluşturan yapıların uygulama sürecinde kullanılan malzemeler açısından da önem taşır. Yapıların hizmet ömrü boyunca suyun zararlı etkilerinden korunabilmesi için, yapı üzerindeki her nokta, su etkisine karşı direnç gösterecek detaylar ve malzemeler ile üretilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Zeminin de yapı kadar etkili olduğu, özellikle suyun uzun süreli kullanımında ve zemin suları ile olan sürekli temaslarında korozyon vb. etkilerin ön plana çıkarak yapıyı kullanılmaz duruma getirmektedir. Yapı üzerinde oluşturduğu tahribatlar göz önünde bulundurulduğu zaman, bu etkileşimindeki en büyük rol basınçlı yeraltı suyunun oynadığı görülmektedir. Drenaj ve diğer su yalıtım tekniklerine karşı gelişen ve karmaşıklaşan yapı ve taşıyıcı öğelerinin kesişen ara kesitle-rinde, yalıtım malzemeleri ile istenilen performans ortaya konulamamaktadır. Her türlü yalıtımın bünyesinde taşıdığı zayıf noktalar ile bu yalıtımların yapı-su geçirimsizliği açısından ömürleri sorgulanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, günümüzün etkin kullanılan yapı malzemesi olan betonun dış etmenlere karşı dirençli, suya karşı ise geçirimsiz bir konumda üretilmesi yöntemi araştırılmıştır. İstenilen performans da, dirençli ve geçirimsizliği sağlanmış beton malzemenin laboratuar ortamında, farklı oranlarda mineral katkılar ile oluşturulan çok sayıda numune üzerinde deneyler yaparak oluşturulmasına çalışılmıştır (Şimşek 2005). Anahtar Kelimeler: Temeller, su yalıtımı, geçirimsiz beton, puzzolanik katkı maddeleri. The Role of Puzzolan Admixtures on Reinforced Concrete Structures Effected from Hydrostatik Pressure Abstract: Water is a substance vitally needed for continuity of the human living. Apart from being an element of survival, water is important for structures constituting artificial media. Trying to produce structures that will be unaffected by water throughout their service life, human s are trying to work out details and devices that will ensure that each point on a structure is resistant to the effects of water. Nowadays it has been understood that it is insufficient to conduct such works on structures only, ground being as important as the structure itself, and especially that the water is dominant in the interaction between the structure and the ground, rendering the structure unusab1e. Efforts to keep the water away from structures using extra-structural means such as draining have been tried, solutions also being sought in various types of structural insulation. Despite all these measures, structures that have been developing and becoming more complex, and insulation devices on intersections of bearing elements have not yielded the desired performance. In the meanwhile, lives of insulation types have come into question in the sense of structural water resistance and weak points such insulation structures have. Solution aiming to work out a type of concrete that would be resistant and non-permeable, which is the desired performance , has been obtained in laboratory conditions by testing numerous samples composed with various mineral additions.

Many of New Zealand’s large number of older, timber-framed and -clad buildings are poorly insulated and need a thermal upgrade, both for occupant wellbeing and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, retrofitting insulation into walls is known to increase the likelihood of interstitial moisture damage. This research therefore investigates the risk that retrofitting the walls of the country’s older buildings with glass-fibre insulation, as is currently the norm, will result in interstitial moisture damage, and whether the use of wood-fibre insulation can reduce that risk. These questions are investigated through a literature review, the testing of scale walls using a climate chamber, and computer modelling. The three key findings are that: 1) there is a risk of moisture damage, but weatherboard walls perform better than computer modelling might suggest,
2) wood-fibre insulation does prevent condensation forming, but is not a satisfactory solution to the problem as the resulting high moisture content puts it at risk of decay, 3) a critical factor is the vapour permeability of the wall underlay. The main conclusion is therefore that either insulation is acceptable providing the inherently high vapour permeability of the weatherboard wall is maintained, but that this is not achievable using many of the underlays currently certified for use in New Zealand.

Almond shell appears as a byproduct of almond fruit market. Masses of almond shells are burned or dumped as bio waste while a small portion is used for chemicals and other related industries. On the other hand, almond shells have a characteristic porous structure. This structure has strength properties and similarities to wooden particles. Therefore, utilizing almond shells in particle board production is an option. However, previous literature shows that almond shells in particle boards may reduce some strength properties. Evaluating all these together, almond shell reinforced or based organic composite particle boards are though as a candidate for thermal and noise insulation. This work presents some numbers about almond industry, reviews related literature and proposes a framework for investigating almond shells in particle boards as a candidate for insulation purposes. The porous structure of almond shells, having stationary air in the pores, indicates that this structure can provide low thermal conductivity. There are literature instances where almond shell reinforcements in particle boards have already proven to be relatively more resistant to water and thickness swelling. Also, urea formaldehyde emission of particle boards is reported to be less by utilization of almond shells. This review and framework will be used for a project proposal as a preliminary work for future studies on the topic.

In relation to thermal convenience, the building insulation strategy requires precise consideration of the energy transfer method and the direction and intensity of the method in the components of the building, Among these, the design method and accurate combination and appropriate placement of these building materials are more important than the applied building materials to achieve the most optimal method available to reach thermal convenience of the space. The goal of this paper was to propose an external wall using a sustainable and innovative product with considering some factors, such as lack of energy waste, saving rainfall water, planting some plants in Isfahan located in central Iran, which has a semi-desert climate. This wall and a proposed product will create clean and pleasant air surrounding the building using the vegetation cover in addition to help for achieving comfortable temperatures inside the building. This paper consists of three steps, i.e., 1) selection of the most appropriate kind of insulation of external walls; 2) selection of the most appropriate kind of windows with minimum thermal losses, and 3) installation of the proposed product on the external wall and evaluation of its environmental effects inside and outside of the building.

Modeling of the partial discharge (PD) process allows a better understanding of the phenomena. In this paper, a simulation model for spherical cavities within a homogeneous dielectric material has been developed. The model is implemented using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software in parallel with a mathematical package. This method provides many advantages over previous PD models because discharge events can be simulated dynamically and the electric field in the cavity can be calculated numerically. The model has been used to study the effect of different amplitudes and frequencies of the applied voltage and simulation results have been compared with experimental measurement results. It is found that certain model parameters are dependent on the applied stress and parameters that clearly affect PD activity can be readily identified, these parameters include; the electron detrapping time constant, the cavity surface conductivity, the initial electron generation rate and the extinction voltage. The influence of surface charge decay through conduction along the cavity wall on PD activity has also been studied. © 2011 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=5699446

Polyimide Tape,is also known as the imitation of kapton tape,is with polyimide film as the basic carrier, and coated with imported pressure sensitive silicone adhesive.It can endure high temperature up to 260°C within half an hour, and it also features like: electrical insulation, radiation resistance, solvement resistance etc. It’s mostly applied for the motor-insulation, gold finger protection of PCB during wave soldering etc.Without any residue after the tape s removed from the gold finger.

Polyimide Tape,is also known as the imitation of kapton tape,is with polyimide film as the basic carrier, and coated with imported pressure sensitive silicone adhesive.It can endure high temperature up to 260°C within half an hour, and it also features like: electrical insulation, radiation resistance, solvement resistance etc. It’s mostly applied for the motor-insulation, gold finger protection of PCB during wave soldering etc.Without any residue after the tape s removed from the gold finger.

Every home needs the best quality building materials which can provide a total-safety shelter to the residents. The engineers and architects design thousands of house projects every hour and make sure that every project has the right building materials to keep the house protected from all types of damages, including water and fire damage. We will be taking a look at the dangers of combustible building materials and the list of the right fireproof building materials to solve the problem. The combustible materials can combine with oxygen and form an exothermic reaction which can cause the fire to spread. Such materials, even when used for minimal settings, can cause the fire to last longer and spread to other parts of the building. The most common combustible building materials are wood, fibre, fibreboard, etc. When such materials are easy fuels for the fire, there are also some non-combustible or fireproof materials which can limit the fire from spreading. Here is a list of the essential fireproof materials for the new buildings. Stones Stones and rocks are easily available in the hilly regions and are commonly used for house constructions. Different regions around the world have different rocks available, such as granites and sandstones. The stones can be cut and used for tabletops, backyard designing, flooring, etc. Bricks Bricks are the most affordable and easy non-combustible material which any house can afford. It is the most common construction material which is strong enough to hold the building and fireproof for up to 1300 degrees without any serious effects. The bricks can be used to build walls, damp roof, an arch at the backyard, and boundaries. Steel Steel is used for making beams, columns, roofs, walls to keep the building steady in extreme disastrous like storms and earthquake. It is also used as it is a good material for quick heating, cooling, and ducting of the interiors. But steel has a low melting point of 1400 degrees and also weakens at 600 degrees. So, steel is not completely fireproof and can bend or weaken the building in case of fire. Wrought-iron and cast-iron Wrought iron has a comparatively higher melting point than steel but is more vulnerable to rusting. Which is why it is only used for building the gates and windows instead of holding the building structure. Cast iron is also a strong and affordable metal than steel and is more rigid, which is why is considered for making home fixtures like water pipes, drainage pipes, manholes, etc.

Industrially produced building materials of the boom years have long been criticized as being surrogates, possibly contaminated and anonymous. Visible appearance and fancy product names, such as Pavatex, Cantex, Schichtex, Syntopor, Superisol, Sagos, and Sagex, neither reveal nor define specific material characteristics. Because conventional architectural categories focus on constructional aspects, material features largely remain under-researched.
In contrast to raw materials, industrially produced materials are defined through their manufacturing processes. Borrowing from established product engineering classifications, therefore, enables one to trace the materials' characteristics. For a systematic study, both manufacturing processes in the factory and at the construction site alike were included. A focus on insulation materials as a key component of modern constructions was chosen. Products listed in the Swiss catalogue for building materials between 1950 and 1970 served as a reference.
The study showed that the shift of energy input and the introduction of synthetics in manufacturing prompted a different attitude to building materials: insulation materials changed from being mechanically worked products with a certain material cohesion, into products with transformed material properties or transformed material type – both recognizable by just insulation experts. They, thus, turned into abstract functional products with specific parameters, warranties, and standardized application manuals. In the gradual re-organization of the Swiss catalogue from categories of craftsmanship to functional aspects, an approach to materials becomes apparent that was solely based on functions.
With the "click & plug" of today's architectural practice, this approach has since seen significant intensification.

Partial discharge (PD) is an electrical discharge, which does not bridge the electrodes between an insulation system completely under high electric field stress. PD events may affect the performance of insulation system because in long term, it may cause the breakdown of insulation system and failure of high voltage component due to repetition of PD events. In this work, two techniques of analysing PD data have been studied; the phase resolved partial discharge (PRPD) pattern and pulse sequential analysis (PSA) techniques. These two techniques were used to distinguish three main types of PD; they are corona, void and surface discharges. PD data were obtained from the measurement in high voltage laboratory in the University of Southampton, UK. In the end of the analysis, comparison between the PRPD and PSA methods was done to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages between the two techniques. © 2012 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6450316

Semiconductors are indispensable in modern grids employing HVDC connections. With their growing use the forensic techniques for conventional grids and components are increasingly applied to semiconductor devices as well. A review of techniques is provided with special attention to the use of distributions and to life cycle bathtub models (especially for mixed populations). Next, a method for determining the similarity between distributions is presented.

for analysis of volcanic ash samples for assessment of hazards from leachable elements. IVHHN.. Investigating the electrical conductivity of volcanic ash and its effec-ton HV power systems. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 45-46 (2012) 128-145. 1. La contaminación con ceniza en un ambiente seco no pone en peligro el aislamiento de la línea bajo condiciones normales de tra-bajo, pero sí lo reduce.-El nivel de aislamiento de una línea de transmisión de energía depende de la cantidad de aisladores eléctricos en sus cadenas, dicho nivel se ve afectado por las condiciones ambientales como la contaminación y la humedad.-La presencia de volcanes activos en las cercanías de las líneas de transmisión de energía del Ecuador representa un peligro potencial al Sistema Eléctrico Ecuatoriano, ya que debido a la conta-minación por ceniza volcánica es posible que se produzca una falla eléctrica en una torre de transmisión que causaría una desconexión del servicio eléctrico.-Los escenarios con acumulación de ceniza volcánica en la parte inferior del aislador reducen drásticamente su nivel de aislamiento al orden de una decena de kV (AC de 60 Hz), sin mayor dife-rencia entre la cantidad de ceniza que se acumula en la parte superior, por tanto, la contaminación en la parte inferior impone la condición de falla.-El voltaje estimado en el primer aislador de una cadena de aisladores de una línea de transmisión de 230 kV sobre los 2000 m snm. es cercano a 25 kV, por tanto, de los resultados obtenidos, se puede concluir que los aisladores contaminados con ceniza volcánica en su parte inferior tienen voltajes de descarga menores a 25 kV y por tanto siempre fallarán cuando se de este escenario en la vida real, mientras que los aisladores que sólo se contaminaron en su parte superior tienen voltajes de descarga ligeramente mayores a 25 kV, por lo que podrían no fallar (siempre existe una tasa de riesgo), por lo que se recomienda luego de un evento eruptivo con emisión de ceniza realizar un lavado de aisladores para eliminar el riesgo de falla en una línea de transmisión.-Los resultados de laboratorio muestran que la ceniza del volcán Cotopaxi es mucho más conductiva eléctricamente que la ceniza del volcán Tungurahua, pero esa diferencia traducida a voltajes de descarga no es relevante, y en niveles de aislamiento para una línea de 230 kV es despreciable, por tanto podemos decir que desde el punto de vista del aislamiento eléctrico, ambas cenizas afectan de la misma manera a los aisladores eléctricos de suspensión.

Functionally graded materials are of widespread interest because of their superior properties such as corrosion, erosion and oxidation resistance, high hardness, chemical and thermal stability at cryogenic and high temperatures. These properties make them useful for many applications, including Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) on metallic substrates used at high temperatures in the fields of aircraft and aerospace, especially for thermal protection of components in gas turbines and diesel engines. The application of TBC reduces the heat loss to the engine cooling-jacket through the surface exposed to the heat transfer such as the cylinder head, liner, piston crown and piston rings. The insulation of the combustion chamber with ceramic coating affects the combustion process and, hence, the performance and exhaust emissions characteristics of the engines improve. In this project, the main emphasis is placed on the study of thermal behavior of functionally graded coatings obtained by means of using a commercial code, ANSYS on aluminum and steel piston surfaces and the results are verified with numerical and experimental works.

The Gold Color FEP polyimide Film is a dry adhesive tape, which is made by a polyimide film coated with Teflon FEP fluoropolymer adhesive onone side(FH) or both sides (FHF) upon high-temperature baking. Overall speaking, this film combines the excellent properties of Polyimide film and FEP(F46) resin, and it has a unique balance of excellent electrical, thermal durability,and chemical properties over a wide range of temperatures. It resists both high and low temperatures,radiation, and it is mechanically and electrically stable.In addition, it is self-adhesive. It also acts as a moisture barrier which enhances the chemical corrosion resistance.

The Gold Color FEP polyimide Film is a dry adhesive tape, which is made by a polyimide film coated with Teflon FEP fluoropolymer adhesive onone side(FH) or both sides (FHF) upon high-temperature baking. Overall speaking, this film combines the excellent properties of Polyimide film and FEP(F46) resin, and it has a unique balance of excellent electrical, thermal durability,and chemical properties over a wide range of temperatures. It resists both high and low temperatures,radiation, and it is mechanically and electrically stable.In addition, it is self-adhesive. It also acts as a moisture barrier which enhances the chemical corrosion resistance

Partial discharge (PD) is a discharge event that does not bridge the electrodes within an electrical insulation system under high voltage stress. In high voltage components, the measurement of partial discharge is used in the performance assessment of an insulation system. Through modeling the discharge process a better understanding of the phenomena may be attained. Previous studies have considered the modeling of PD activity from a cylindrical cavity. However, this is a limited approach as the most common types of cavities found in the insulation materials are either spherical or ellipsoidal. This paper describes the development of a model for a spherical cavity within a homogeneous dielectric. The model developed has been used to study the influence of the applied frequency on partial discharge activity and obtained results are presented. © 2008 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4772896

When the studies about the effects of noise on the human health were investigated, it was determined that the noise has physiological, pathological, psychological and psycho-social results and affects sense organs, circulatory, respiration, digestion, excretory and nervous ...