History of Civil Procedure

Khuzestan to the river, as a period of the pre-Islamic plain civilization, has always had numerous and prosperous cities. In addition to well-known cities such as Shush, Shushtar, Ahvaz, there are also many cities that there are not many of them left today. Is Among these, one can refer to the cities of the Karoun River, Karam, Soukh al-Arrak, Al-Arba'ā, and Bia-Darkh-i-Kard. Reference. In this article, we use the historical method with a descriptive-analytical approach and according to Max Weber's approach to The nature classification and metamorphosis of cities to be investigatedThe grounds for the categorization of nature and metamorphosis of cities are to study the causes of the rise and decline of these cities in Khuzestan in the third and fourth centuries of the Hijra. Our assumption is this
 Which is the source of numerous rivers, especially the Karoon River Shipping and its relation
 With free waters, it has always been a factor for the emergence and prosperity of the commercial and cultural cities of Khuzestan. The findings suggest that most of the cities in Khuzestan are the source of Islam and Souq Al-Arba'a before Islam.In the third and fourth centuries of Hijri, the production of various types of goods and products had a commercial and economic prosperity and, consequently, a high cultural growth, but over time as a result of natural factors such as floods and river change, as well as historical causes such as the effect of the uprising of the bell Yang, the entry of tribal peoples to change the course of trade, and the clashes between the local powers of the Arabs, these cities have lost their lives and prosperity. Key words: Souq Khouzestan, Karoon, Ashkermakram, Durokh al-Arba'a, Jebi,.

A pesquisa investiga a admissibilidade do costume como fonte do Direito processual civil brasileiro na contemporaneidade. Por meio de uma pesquisa histórica, demonstra como o costume sempre foi uma fonte do Direito relevante para a prática jurídica nos sistemas jurídicos português e brasileiro, e conclui pela permanência, ao longo da história, de certas categorias jurídicas e premissas metodológicas associadas ao Direito consuetudinário. A pesquisa também apresenta os contornos teóricos do costume: seus pressupostos e efeitos normativos, e seu reconhecimento enquanto fonte do Direito apta a construir normas como regras, princípios e metanormas. A seguir, a pesquisa se debruça sobre o costume como fonte do Direito brasileiro contemporâneo, analisando o sistema jurídico e suas metanormas de fontes do Direito. Por fim, investiga a admissibilidade dos costumes processuais como fontes do Direito processual civil brasileiro, o problema da sua prova e as funções que exercidas pelo costume processual no Direito contemporâneo.

In this research we analyse the communities from Fuerteventura and Lanzarote Islands that lived in Tenerife Island in the last years of the Old Regime. During the economical crisis was common the immigration to the richest towns in Canary Islands.

The paper aims to understand the profile of the Brazilian legal culture concerning the civil procedure in the second half of the nineteenth century. By legal culture, it must be understood certain patterns and meanings (doctrinal or arising from interpretation) which transited and produced effects on the legal institutions, engendering certain features to the Brazilian law. For this purpose, based on a historical methodology, the article will focus its efforts on the analysis of the thought and the handbooks of the leading scholars of civil procedure in the law schools of Recife and São Paulo, Francisco de Paula Batista e Joaquim Ignácio Ramalho.
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O presente artigo pretende analisar o perfil da cultura jurídica processual em formação no Brasil na segunda metade do século XIX. Por cultura jurídica devem ser entendidos determinados padrões e significados (doutrinários ou de interpretação) que transitavam e produziam efeitos nas instituições jurídicas, atribuindo certas propriedades ao direito brasileiro. Para tanto, o presente ensaio centrará seus esforços na análise do pensamento e das obras dos lentes da cadeira de direito processual civil nas faculdades de direito do Império (Recife e São Paulo), Francisco de Paula Batista e Joaquim Ignácio Ramalho, e que eram empregadas no ensino jurídico.

Una perspectiva evolutiva de los principales hitos normativos que demarcan el surgimiento del judicial case management en Europa, permite constatar que el mayor control judicial sobre la litigación civil, como herramienta de eficiencia, constituye una tendencia muy consistente. Las mayores responsabilidades asignadas a los jueces han generado una transformación y ampliación del rol que tradicionalmente se les ha asignado, lo que se justifica en cambios de la filosofía sobre los fines del proceso.

An evolutionary perspective on the main regulatory milestones that determine the beginning of the judicial case management in Europe makes it possible to verify that an increased judicial control over civil litigation, as an efficiency tool, comprises a highly consistent tendency. The main responsibilities assigned to judges have promoted a transformation and growth of the role that has been assigned to them, which is justified through changes in philosophy regarding the aims of the process.

In what manner can harmonization or at least a certain alignment (referred to as ‘approximation’ hereafter) of civil procedural law in the European Union best be achieved? And is such harmonization or approximation necessary? These are the two questions that will be addressed in the present contribution which is meant to reflect also on some of the points made by Remo Caponi in his contribution to this volume. The questions are obviously not new, but their relevance has remained ever since they were posed in the early 1990s within the framework of European cooperation by a working group chaired by Professor Marcel Storme from Ghent. Currently, these questions are central in an initiative from the European Law Institute and UNIDROIT aimed at framing European Rules of Civil Procedure. This initiative takes the Principles of Transnational Civil Procedure of the American Law Institute and UNIDROIT as its starting point and is expected to yield its first results in 2017/2018. These questions are also posed elsewhere, for example in two recent documents that were produced at the initiative of the European Parliament, both discussing the feasibility of approximation by way of common minimum standards of civil procedure.

Pubblicato in Rivista di diritto civile, 1996, I, p. 721-761.
Sommario: 1. Premessa. - 2. Oggetto della prescrizione. - 3. Funzione della prescrizione. - 4. Funzio-ne della prescrizione e impedimenti all’esercizio del diritto non imputabili al titolare. - 5. Atti inter-ruttivi della prescrizione da parte del titolare del diritto come oneri. - 6. Dies a quo di decorrenza della prescrizione: l’art. 2935 c.c. - 7. Dies a quo di decorrenza della prescrizione: alcune norme spe-ciali. - 8. Gli impedimenti di fatto nella disciplina italiana delle cause di sospensione della prescrizio-ne. - 9. Sintesi dei risultati dell’indagine di diritto positivo. - 10. Doverosità costituzionale e oppor-tunità della rilevanza degli impedimenti all’esercizio del diritto non imputabili al titolare. - 11. Criti-ca della distinzione tra impedimenti giuridici e impedimenti di fatto. - 12. Gli impedimenti di fatto nella disciplina francese sulla prescrizione. - 13. Gli impedimenti di fatto nella disciplina tedesca sul-la prescrizione. - 14. Gli impedimenti di fatto nella disciplina austriaca sulla prescrizione. - 15. Con-venzioni internazionali. - 16. Proposta de iure condendo.

During the commencement of Civil Proceedings, one word often comes up, "Notice of Intention to sue!" But, why is this notice so important? A letter of intent to sue is used to notify a potential defendant that a lawsuit may be filed against them in court. The letter will summarize the alleged unlawful act and indicate a period in which the defendant may settle the matter to avoid legal proceedings. Delivery of this notice is often required by law and may need to be sent via certified mail before initiating the filing process. Regardless of any legal

Caterina Corradazzo, a young girl of Forni di Sopra (a village of Carnia-Friuli) and just married in 1536, was one of the protagonists of a trial instructed at the Curia Patriarcale of Udine in the years 1538-39. Caterina, who, until her marriage, had been living with her uncles, claimed her rights on the inheritance of her father, suddenly died when she was still an infant. The trial deals with the opposition between customs of the village and the statute-law (Costituzioni della Patria) of Friuli. Beside witnesses were involved in the discussion if a girl dowry was eventually her legitimate portion of father's estate or, on the contrary, a sort of exclusion. The trial is actually a good example of the different visions of problems between, from one hand, a customary system and, on the other, a written and learned legal system.

One of the main purposes of private international law is the resolution of conflicts of jurisdiction in civil matters. In the European Union (EU), this goal is pursued by an articulate body of Regulations, forming part of what is usually labelled as ‘European procedural law’ or ‘European civil procedure’. In criminal law, by contrast, no such system exists: although Eurojust aims at resolving conflicts of jurisdiction by facilitating the identification of the jurisdiction that should prosecute cross-border crimes,  no hard-law instrument regulates this matter in a binding fashion.
Having noted this legislative gap, in January 2013 the European Law Institute accepted a project proposal dealing with the prevention and settlement of conflicts of jurisdiction in criminal law. One of the tasks of the Working Group focusing on this project was a comparison between private international law and criminal matters, so as to assess whether and to what extent the solutions adopted in the former field could be successfully transposed to the latter. This Chapter presents some reflections of the topic, triggered by the Working Group’s meetings and discussions.
The Chapter proceeds in three parts. The first part preliminarily highlights some fundamental differences between civil and criminal justice, which must be taken into account. As the Chapter will show, the differences at hand constrain, to a certain extent, the feasibility of a cross-sectoral comparative exercise, but they by no means make it impossible. The second part looks at private international law in general and argues that some of its basic principles should be adopted in the field of conflicts of jurisdiction in criminal law too. Finally, the third part draws some specific lessons from European civil procedure in particular.

In this article the author analyses procuratoris revocatio in the law of Tripartitum of Stephen Werböczy, which provided for a recall of a statement, or any procedural action made by a procurator (proctor) in the proceedings. Firstly, he gives an account of the arrangement of procuratoris revocatio in the Tripartitum and presents all the relevant
implications. Further, he outlines the main functions of procurator and advocatus in Roman law and the Roman legal tradition. After that, he deals with the possibility of recalling procedural actions made by them, specifically addressing revocatio (recall) in the context of procurators, and the rules regulating the recall of the advocate’s statements, both in Roman law and in Romano-canonical procedure. On this basis he gives a final evaluation of the relevance of the Roman legal tradition in the context of procuratoris revocatio in the law of Tripartitum. [Text of the article written in Croatian]

RESUMO: Este artigo examina as relações entre literatura jurídica e prática processual em Portugal no século XVII. Depois de discutir os gêneros da literatura jurídica, foca-se no papel da literatura prática, particularmente nas resolutiones. Ao analisar as Resolutiones forenses practicabiles, publicadas em 1682 por Manuel Álvares Pegas, como o melhor exemplo deste tipo de literatura, sugerem-se formas de se pensar no uso de casos julgados por tribunais régios pela literatura jurídica produzida em Portugal na Idade Moderna. ABSTRACT: This article examines the relations between legal literature and practice in Portugal in the 17th century. After discussing the literary genres, it focusses on the role of practical literature, particularly the resolutiones. By analyzing Manuel Álvares Pegas' Resolutiones forenses practicabiles (1682) as the Portuguese best example of this kind of book, the text suggests ways of thinking about the use of cases decided by royal courts in the legal literature produced in the early modern Portugal. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: História do Direito. Idade Moderna. Literatura jurídica. Prática processual. Portugal.

The study presents the changes of Hungarian judicial system in the age of neo-absolutism. After the 1848 War of Independence, because of the „Verwirkungstheoire”, Hungary lost their rights for the separate constitution, which resulted the loss of separate State-entity. Under the authority of the Constitution Olmütz and Sylvesterpatent, instead of feudal judicial system, it had benn reorganised for the whole Empire. Altough the separated of administration and judicial system wasn’t materialised, the new foru-level court organisation represented more advanced approach. First choice, all that detected in the organisation of court of first, and in the recording of competences. Although the provisions by public law for this era were anti-constituoins, because of the abovementioned principles, in the dualism they concevied as a regulation model.

Dit tweede deel van het verzameld werk van de Vlaamse rechtsgeleerde Filips Wielant (1441/1442-1520) bevat de eerste uitgave van de zestiende-eeuwse Franse vertaling van de Corte instructie omme jonghe practisienen in civile zaken, beter bekend als de Practijke civile. Dit traktaat vormde samen met de Practijke criminele (J. Monballyu ed., Corte instructie in materie criminele. Filips Wielant Verzameld werk I (Brussel 1995)) een leerboek over het procesrecht in burgerlijke en in strafzaken. Het is het eerste praktische handboek over deze materie in de Nederlanden. Het was Wielant, onder meer advocaat en raadsheer bij de Raad van Vlaanderen en raadsheer en vice-president van de Grote Raad van Mechelen, er bovenal om te doen zijn beschrijving zo nauw mogelijk te laten aansluiten bij de concrete rechtspraktijk. Het traktaat valt op door zijn pragmatische karakter en heldere en logische betoog.
Oudere uitgaven in het Nederlands waren onvolledig of waren gebaseerd op weinig betrouwbare handschriften van Wielants oorspronkelijke tekst. De nu uitgegeven Franse vertaling uit de zestiende eeuw gaat terug op de laatste Nederlandse redactie uit 1519 die slechts onvolledig is overgeleverd. Voor deze uitgave is gebruik gemaakt van de vier complete Franstalige handschriften. Door systematische vergelijking van deze handschriften is een betrouwbare uitgave gerealiseerd die inhoudelijk nauw aansluit bij de oorspronkelijke Nederlandse tekst.
Grote delen van Wielants werk zijn later overgenomen door Joost de Damhouder in diens Praxis rerum civilium. Het belang van Wielants traktaat voor de geschiedenis van het Europese procesrecht rechtvaardigt deze Franse uitgave.

Alors que les Modes Alternatifs de Règlement des Conflits deviennent un des axes prioritaires de réforme de la justice contemporaine, l’étude de l’un des premiers traités en langue française sur l’arbitrage permet de replacer cette question dans une préoccupation beaucoup plus large de l’Etat français : trouver une juste place pour cette forme de justice privée et contractuelle, préserver son caractère traditionnel de justice conventionnelle, tout en transformant l’institution au nom de la mission de justice de l’Etat. L’analyse de J. Pierre, conscient de cette révolution en cours au XVIème siècle, montre l’intérêt pragmatique de la monarchie française pour une justice, rapide et peu coûteuse, mais également la volonté d’user de ce moyen pour renforcer la souveraineté royale. Ainsi, J. Pierre ne peut que constater la modification de l’esprit de l’arbitrage, rapproché de la procédure en vigueur devant le juge royal, et intégré toujours plus dans la hiérarchie de la justice publique.

The Brazilian Institute of Procedural Law (Instituto Brasileiro de Direito Processual) presents the program of the International Congress to debate the new Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure of 2015, which will take place in Rio de Janeiro. Several colleagues from the U.K, Germany, Norway, Spain and Italy will discuss main topics and latest trends along with Brazilian experts.

This papers deals with the historical traditions and features of the national model of civil procedure, which was formed on the territory of Ukrainian lands under significant influence of European sources of law, from the time of Kievan Rus', the Polish-Lithuanian period and Hetmanate to contemporary time. The analysis allows to conclude that there are similarities of European and Ukrainian models of civil procedure that could eventually lead to further approximation and integration of Ukraine into a Genuine European area of Justice.

I start my speech almost dutifully remembering a proposal that emerged, during the discussion of the project lasted for several years on the establishment and functioning of the Constitutional Court which led to the l. March 11, 1953 n. 87: you can read between the documents of the first Legislature, in the Report of the Special Commission on the bill presented to the Presidency of the Chamber of Deputies  on April 17th 1950 and relates to the adoption / introduction into our system of  the dissenting opinion. That proposal, which echoes – I say this in advance  - some rules applied in fact even in the nineteenth century Italian courts, was rejected because it deemed "foreign to our legal tradition" and for the danger to constitute a form of political control on the activity of Constitutional Court judges. These are words which Costantino Mortati faithfully reports showing himself in favor of a different approach as regards the dissenting opinion. Giuliano Amato too shows similar favor. Here, above all, these words concern the focus of my speech where they assert peremptorily that the  proposal, then rejected, was deemed foreign to our legal tradition. It refers not only to the possibility of an externalization of the dissenting opinion, but of a 'publicity’ of the individual votes of the judges. The witness offered by the sources in the long term over the past centuries show that  the statement is not quite correct.

The administration of civil justice in Venice in the modern age is a field of research so far only superficially explored. The article aims to investigate this topic from a double point of view: on one side it defines the jurisdictional duties assigned to the main Venetian magistrates, highlighting the connections and the interactions existing between the different levels of jurisdiction; on the other side it proposes a case study in order to test the actual effectiveness of the trial in everyday reality. In this perspective the hereditary dispute between a noble widow and the nephew of her late husband contributes to outline the features of a judicial system that in the second half of the Eighteenth century was still fit to intercept the demands for justice coming from society.

Dit tweede deel van het verzameld werk van de Vlaamse rechtsgeleerde Filips Wielant (1441/1442-1520) bevat de eerste uitgave van de zestiende-eeuwse Franse vertaling van de Corte instructie omme jonghe practisienen in civile zaken, beter bekend als de Practijke civile. Dit traktaat vormde samen met de Practijke criminele (J. Monballyu ed., Corte instructie in materie criminele. Filips Wielant Verzameld werk I (Brussel 1995)) een leerboek over het procesrecht in burgerlijke en in strafzaken. Het is het eerste praktische handboek over deze materie in de Nederlanden. Het was Wielant, onder meer advocaat en raadsheer bij de Raad van Vlaanderen en raadsheer en vice-president van de Grote Raad van Mechelen, er bovenal om te doen zijn beschrijving zo nauw mogelijk te laten aansluiten bij de concrete rechtspraktijk. Het traktaat valt op door zijn pragmatische karakter en heldere en logische betoog. Oudere uitgaven in het Nederlands waren onvolledig of waren gebaseerd op weinig betrouwbare handschriften van Wielants oorspronkelijke tekst. De nu uitgegeven Franse vertaling uit de zestiende eeuw gaat terug op de laatste Nederlandse redactie uit 1519 die slechts onvolledig is overgeleverd. Voor deze uitgave is gebruik gemaakt van de vier complete Franstalige handschriften. Door systematische vergelijking van deze handschriften is een betrouwbare uitgave gerealiseerd die inhoudelijk nauw aansluit bij de oorspronkelijke Nederlandse tekst. Grote delen van Wielants werk zijn later overgenomen door Joost de Damhouder in diens Praxis rerum civilium. Het belang van Wielants traktaat voor de geschiedenis van het Europese procesrecht rechtvaardigt deze Franse uitgave.

This contribution provides a historical-comparative analysis of the phases of certain relevant civil procedural reforms in which for a certain period of time the old and the new mode of procedure existed in parallel, with the possibility of the parties’ choice between the two. In the analysis, a threefold perspective is assumed, and the issue is approached from the perspective of Roman law, historical English common law and procedural law reforms in the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy in the 19th century. In the analysed periods, contrary to expectations, the parties disregarded the general evaluation of a new procedure’s efficiency. Instead, they were inclined to prefer the procedure that suited their immediate interests the best, even if it was generally considered to be outdated. The presence of this phenomenon throughout millennia and in disparate jurisdictions indicates the necessity to calculate its effects in scholarly and practical assessments of any given procedural reform.