History of Universities

Just as no one saw the dissolution of the monasteries coming in 1535, so no one saw the dissolution of the universities coming in 2035.
This précis forms the nucleus of a work I hope to launch in the coming year. Your comments are most welcome

In 1985, Abilene Christian University was rocked by a controversy over the alleged teaching of evolution by two biology professors. The two-year conflict was an existential crisis for the university, which relied on students and donations from many of the rural Texas Churches of Christ most opposed to evolutionary theory.

A review of hundreds of letters, internal memos and other materials – as well as interviews with students, faculty, administrators and board members from the era – allows historians for the first time to assess the accuracy both of the allegations themselves and of the university’s blanket denial of them.

A settecento anni dalla sua prima fondazione (1321), la storia dello Studio fiorentino è ripercorsa nei suoi vari aspetti attraverso nove saggi, che, preceduti dall’introduzione di Carla Maria Monti, affrontano temi come la formazione dei laici prima dell’avvento dell’università; le condizioni originarie della nuova istituzione; il rapporto con figure preminenti della cultura letteraria del Trecento, quali Petrarca e Boccaccio; le basi giuridiche e normative dello Studio; la precoce e straordinaria attenzione all’insegnamento della lingua e della letteratura greca; la non meno singolare inclusione di una facoltà teologica (fino allora prerogativa delle università di Parigi e Oxford, oltre che degli ordini religiosi); l’impatto della stampa sulla diffusione degli scritti di autori legati all’ateneo fiorentino; il ruolo svolto dai maestri di grammatica dentro e fuori lo Studio; la politica attuata nei confronti degli scolari e della loro immatricolazione; le alterne vicende che sull’onda della rivolta di Pisa (1494) obbligarono all’abbandono della città tirrenica - dal 1473 sede dello Studio – e dettero luogo a un imprevisto ritorno a Firenze, che visse così un’ultima stagione da città universitaria.
Ad emergere come tema-chiave è proprio il difficile rapporto fra Firenze, culla degli studia humanitatis e del Rinascimento, e l’istituzione universitaria, mai perfettamente integrata in città e infine rifondata a Pisa, ovvero in una città sottoposta al dominio fiorentino, con una dimensione, però, non più municipale, ma propria di uno Stato territoriale.

Ripropone il volume edito nel 1996 in tiratura limitata con la ristampa filologica e inte-grale di quattro Codici della goliardia italiana: Codex Juris Goliardici (Ro-ma), Codice Morandini (Padova), Sta-tuta Goliardica (Bologna), Codex Go.Dex. Come extra, completa l'edizione l'Authenthica «Habita» ovvero il “Privilegium Scholasticum Friderici I”, ovvero il primo decreto emesso a protezione degli studiosi nel 1158 (traduzione italiana con originale latino a fronte), e, prendendo lo spunto da un volumetto americano del 1899 di Dana Carlton Munro, che raccoglie alcuni documenti medioevali sullo Studio di Parigi, proponiamo i testi originali latini, recuperati dal Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis, con la traduzione e alcune note (riprese da Munro).

Istruzione, ricerca e applicazione: tra ‘800 e ‘900 questi concetti segnano lo sviluppo di Milano, città politecnica, industriale e sanitaria ancora a misura d’uomo, dove scienziati e intellettuali collaboravano, si incontravano, discutevano, litigavano, frequentavano i medesimi circoli e le medesime istituzioni.
Milano fu un laboratorio per la proliferazione di istituzioni tecnico-scientifiche e sanitarie: riunirle in una rete di alta cultura fu il sogno ambizioso di Francesco Brioschi, promotore del Consorzio degli Istituti d’istruzione superiore (1875), e di Luigi Mangiagalli, fondatore degli Istituti clinici di perfezionamento (1905).
Proprio ora che università e industria non sembrano più capaci di trasferirsi competenze e idee, è cruciale riflettere su un modello a rete che nacque in risposta alle esigenze produttive della città, coinvolgendo amministrazioni locali, industria, commercio e società civile. Venticinque studiosi, scelti per la loro specifica competenza, ricostruiscono qui le origini e l’evoluzione di questa eccezionale rete di scuole, laboratori, cliniche e ospedali. Quello analizzato in Milano scientifica è un capitolo tanto importante quanto dimenticato della storia delle istituzioni scientifiche cittadine. Rileggerlo aiuterà a capire il presente e a immaginare il futuro della «città più città d’Italia», posta di fronte a nuove sfide.

Keywords:
Mid-Nineteenth Century, University of Turin, Romanian Students, Neo-Latin Ideology, Risorgimento.
In the mid-19th century, the Romanian authorities used to select and send young people to study abroad in those fields that contributed directly to the modernization and proper functioning of the state. The educational system was one of them. The tradition of students training abroad, at the best European universities, was at its climax in the 1860s. Beyond the general atmosphere of optimism, the main reason was that the two universities founded in 1860 (Iasi), and in 1864 (Bucharest) were still incomplete. They
urgently needed good specialists, holders of academic degrees (doctorate or license). The main trend of the student migration was toward Paris, seconded by the German universities. However, in the summer of 1860, the government in Iasi initiated a new and courageous project of sending students to the University of Turin, capital of Sardinia, the Kingdom that was at the forefront of the Italian Risorgimento. The paper argues that this adjustment of educational policy cannot be adequately explained considering only the academic opportunities. One should rather examine the political priorities and ideological reasons behind the move. One of the Romanian officials, Vasile Alexandrescu-Urechia, Secretary-General of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education (and a very influential actor in the field), was an enthusiastic supporter of the idea of neo-Latin collaboration. He thought that the best way to boost the relations between the Italians and the Romanians and to benefit from this occasion was to send a few students to the University of Turin. These students not only had to acquire academic knowledge but also to learn the Italian lesson: the “spirit of liberty”, patriotism and the ways of the good citizen.
Apart from the origins of this new direction in the politics of student migration of that era, the paper also investigates the integration of the Romanian students at the University of Turin (Law and Science Faculties), their academic life and record and, last but not least, the outcome of their studies (academic degrees) and their return to Romania.

This paper presents the full transcript of a witness seminar (oral history group interview) held in June 2010 together with the original background paper sent to all participants. The witness seminar brought together individuals active in student volunteer and student unions from the late 1960s to the 1990s. Topics discussed by participants include student protest, student community action, community law, housing co-operatives, Voluntary Service Overseas, Third World First, Shelter, rag, Jubilee 2000 and many others.

The paper deals with the question of students’ attitudes toward
the first female students who attended classes as full-time students
at the University of Francis Joseph I in Zagreb. They were
enrolled at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences since
the academic year 1901/1902. The analyses of students’ opinions about
female students are based on students’ publications of that period.
At the beginning of the 20th century students were divided
in three different ideological groups: a group of young people, so-called
Naprednjaci (the Progressives) gathered around the journal
Hrvatski djak, group of catholic youth gathered around the journal
Luč, and a group of students that supported the Party of Right, gathered
around the journal Mlada Hrvatska. Though they belonged
to ideologically different groups, from the articles in their publications,
the most general opinion of the whole society about the
women at the period was stressed: the society did not understand
the issue of university education for women. Few of them were
strictly against the idea of admitting girls to the university, but the
majority of them understood that the purpose of women’s higher
education was not a professional career, but the improvement
for her natural role as a wife and the mother. These attitudes were
in common with the general attitude of the Croatian society and
also with the general mentality of the European civil circles of that
period.

Die Grenzlanduniversität Kiel gilt als nationalsozialistische Musterhochschule, an der der Parteiwille regierte und die Professoren und Studierenden dem NS-Regime zuarbeiteten. Doch ausgerechnet zu den studentischen Funktionären des Studentenbundes existiert bislang keine eigenständige Untersuchung. Erstmalig wird daher das jungakademische »Führerkorps am Beispiel der Kieler Universität vor dem Hintergrund einer Politkarriere« betrachtet.

Die Studie widmet sich auf breiter Quellen- und Literaturbasis den spannungsreichen, von Kooperation wie Konfrontation geprägten Beziehungen zwischen dem studentischen Funktionärskorps, den Hochschulbehörden und den nationalsozialistischen Staats- und Parteistellen im Zeitraum von 1927 bis 1945 – einer Zeit gesellschaftlicher Umbrüche und zahlreicher politischer Konflikte.

This book seeks to understand the effects of the current information revolution on universities by examining the effects of two previous information revolutions: Gutenberg’s invention of printing in 1450 and the Scientific Revolution from the mid fifteenth to the end of the seventeenth century. The book reviews significant changes since the early modern period in universities’ students, libraries, curriculum, pedagogy, lectures,
assessment, research, and the dissemination of these changes across the globe. It argues that significant changes in the transmission and dissemination of disciplinary knowledge are shaped by the interaction of three factors: financial, technological, and physical resources; the nature, structure and level of knowledge; and the methods available for
managing knowledge.

As Maynooth College celebrates its 225th anniversary, this beautifully-presented volume captures an institution that has held a singular place in modern Irish church history. Delve into the stories, the reminiscences, the history of this alma mater to thousands, as it evolved and re-imagined itself across the four centuries spanning its existence. With contributions by current and former faculty and alumni, including Enda McDonagh, Eamon Martin, Mary O'Rourke, Susan McKenna-Lawlor, Frank McGuinness, Evelyn Conlon, Liam Lawton, Gerard Gillen, and many more.

Книга посвящена нравственно-политическому факультету Московского университета, сыгравшему важную роль в развитии политической науки в России в 1804–1835 гг. Параметры новой университетской структуры были определены Университетским уставом 1804 г. В издании характеризуются учебный план, учебный процесс, основные дисциплины, профессорско-преподавательский состав факультета и перечислены наиболее известные его выпускники. Издание адресовано политологам и широкому кругу читателей.

This article looks at the heightened role of universities in the global knowledge age. Flows of people, ideas, and also capital in the academic realm continue to multiply, propelling global connectedness and contributing to the reshuling of the hitherto prevailing political orders. Universities are understood as places where these lows are instigated and controlled. The article adds insight to the ield of global higher education by emphasizing universities in the Global South, to better understand their role in shaping processes of globalization. Four arguments guide the reader, the irst of which explains how universities have been discursively rescaled. The second argument looks at university-state relations and increased institutional power. Differentiation in the higher-education landscape and academic hierarchies are examined in the third part, while section four reveals shortcomings of mobility igures aggregated at national level.

Der Artikel thematisiert die zunehmende Bedeutung von Universitäten im Zeitalter der glo-balen Wissenslandschaft. Akademische Mobilität, der Austausch von Wissen und die damit verbundenen Kapitalströme tragen erheblich zur globalen Vernetzung und zur Neuordnung der Weltpolitik bei. Universitäten werden als Orte verstanden, an denen diese grenzüberschrei-tenden Prozesse initiiert und kontrolliert werden. Im Fokus stehen hier Universitäten im globa-len Süden, was Diskussionen über deren Rolle in Globalisierungsprozessen anregt und somit das Spektrum der globalen Hochschulforschung erweitert. Der Artikel gliedert sich in vier Teile, wobei sich der erste mit einer diskursiven Neuausrichtung befasst. Zweitens werden die Bezie-hungen zwischen Universität und Staat vor dem Hintergrund einer Portalperspektive skizziert, bevor im dritten Teil die Relevanz von Diferenzierung und akademischen Hierarchien erklärt wird. Das letzte Argument stellt die Aussagekraft von nationalen Mobilitätsstatistiken in Frage.

Our project workshop from 21-22 Nov 2019 on "Aristotle and Natural Philosophy at Early Modern Central European Universities, 1600-1700", organised by Bernd Roling, Sinem Derya Kılıç, and Benjamin Wallura (né Hübbe).

Contributers:
Ueli Zahnd, Pietro Daniel Omodeo, Esteban Law, Bernd Roling, Sascha Salatowsky, Asaph Ben-Tov, Sinem Derya Kılıç, Zornitsa Radeva, Christoph Sander, Stefano Gulizia, Matthias Roick, Jonathan Regier, Jost Eickmeyer, Gabriel Müller, Lars Reuke, Benjamin Wallura (née Hübbe)

The workshop belonged to a DFG research project (2017-2020) based at Herzog August Library Wolfenbüttel and Freie Universität Berlin:
https://www.hab.de/der-aristotelismus-in-helmstedt-die-karriere-eines-europaeischen-paradigmas/

The workshop proceedings will be published asap in the series of the 'Wolfenbütteler Forschungen'. The preliminary title: "Philosophia vetus et nova. Aristotelismus, neuere Philosophie und protestantische Gelehrsamkeit in Helmstedt und Mitteleuropa, 1600-1700" ("Philosophia vetus et nova. Aristotelianism, Early Modern Philosophy, and Protestant Scholarship in Helmstedt and Central Europe, 1600-1700").

My own contribution to this volume will appear under the title: "Oszillierende Schulphilosophie. Heinrich Rixner, Justus Cellarius und der Helmstedter Physikunterricht zwischen Aristoteles-Exegese und neuerer Philosophie, 1664-1683" (see more under "forthcoming").

For a greater part based on Frank Soetermeer, Utrumque ius in peciis: Aspetti della produzione libraria a Bologna fra Due e Trecento (= Orbis Academicus, 7; translated from the Dutch by Giancarlo Errico), Milan 1997; Utrumque ius in peciis. Die Produktion juristischer Bücher an italienischen und französischen Universitäten des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts (Ius Commune, Sonderheft 150; translated from the Dutch by Gisela Hillner), Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2002

Between the two world wars, the Great Depression made a significant impact on higher education in Hungary. At the  beginning of 1930s, many articles were published in the national and local press about the plans of the government in connection with the handling of the crisis. These rumours were about the “mutilation” of the universities (closing or merging of the faculties, reduction of the estimation). As in the other university towns, substantial social and political protest began in Debrecen against these plans. Besides the parties, the associations and the Calvinist Church, the university students sent a memorandum to the leaders of the University, the town and the government. This paper includes this document of protest and presents the main (historical, judicial and economic) reasons against the “mutilation".

De Leuvense academische ziekenhuizen zijn uitgegroeid tot een symbool van medische spitstechnologie en topgeneeskunde. Dit boek schetst hun geschiedenis en belicht de ontwikkeling van vier campussen: Salve Mater in Lovenjoel, Sint-Barbara in Pellenberg, Sint-Rafaël en Sint-Pieters in het Leuvense stadscentrum, en Gasthuisberg net buiten de stad. Het volgt de evolutie van de Leuvense ziekenzorg van de bestuurskamers tot het ziekbed, vanaf de Eerste Wereldoorlog tot heden. Die evolutie werd gekenmerkt door een buitengewone groei, waarachter een complex spel schuilging van kennisproductie, staatsvorming, ideologie en taalstrijd. De uitbouw van de Belgische welvaartstaat, de strijd om Leuven-Vlaams, de toename van medische specialisatie en de secularisering van de samenleving: het waren processen die om een voortdurende modernisering van het ziekenhuis vroegen. Artsen, verpleegkundigen én patiënten worstelden met die veranderende structuren. Dit boek brengt hun verhalen.

For more information: https://lup.be/collections/category-history-1800-present/products/118429

In this special issue of the European Journal of Higher Education, a number of experienced scholars provide a broad picture of the most recent round of mergers involving higher education institutions in Europe and beyond. In doing so, they address issues pertaining to the different phases described above and from various theoretical perspectives and in the light of particular historical trajectories and institutional conditions. The primary aim is to provide both an empirical account of recent developments as well as an initial foundation for more sophisticated and robust conceptual models used to illuminate on the complex phenomenon surrounding mergers in higher education, and, in turn, critically assess the implications when it comes to change patterns and future directions at the national and supranational (Europe) levels

POVZETEK: V prvem delu članek prikazuje značilnosti nacionalsocialistične koncepcije znanosti z oporo v ideologiji völkisch in navaja nekatere njene regresivne družbene učinke, kot so okrepitev antiintelektualizma, degradacija temeljnih znanosti in intelektualnega dela, diktatura mediokritete itn. V drugem delu pa članek razgrinja dispozitiv Nazi-Deutsch, se pravi nacistične govorice/diskurza in oriše mehanizme njenega/njegovega delovanja. Diskurz tretjega rajha, po Jean-Pierru Fayu imenovan tudi langage meurtrier, je redukcija kompleksnih jezikovnih funkcij na zgolj eno – ritualno-zaklinjalsko. Kot tak je spodbujal nemišljenje (nemišljeno) in spontano intuituvne, torej povsem ideološke aktivnosti ljudi. Kot invazivna oblika kamuflažno-propagandistične retorike pa je diskurz tretjega rajha meril na zelo natančne in morilske učinke v realnosti, katerih konkretna manifestacija je bil genocid, zato ga nekateri avtorji imenujejo tudi genocidna govorica.
KLJUČNE BESEDE: nacionalsocializem, univerza, znanost, deregulacija akademskega sveta, morilska govorica (langage meurtrier),  Jean-Pierre Faye, antiintelektualizem

ABSTRACT: This article in its first part exposes some of the characteristic features of National Socialist conception of science sunk in its völkisch ideology, and names some of its regressive social consequences, such as affirmation of aggressive anti-intellectualism, degradation of basic scientific research and intellectual work, dictatorship of mediocrity etc. Whereas in its second part, the article shows the dispositive of Nazi-Deutsch, that is a Nazi language/discourse, and delineates mechanisms of its agency. Discourse of the Third Reich, which Jean-Pierre Faye named langage meurtrier (murderous or killing language), is a reduction of complex and varied usages of speech to one single one – a ritually-incantatory one. As such this language stimulated unthinking (unthought) and spontaneously intuitive, thus completely ideological activities of people. Though as an invasive form of rhetoric camouflage and propaganda discourse of the Third Reich had a very precise and murderous effects in reality, the ultimate manifestation
of these effects was in genocide, which is why some of authors also
name it a genocide language.
KEY WORDS: National Socialism, university, science, deregulation of academic world, murderous (killing) language (langage meurtrier),  Jean-Pierre Faye, anti-intellectualism.

While in modern times excellence in science is often acknowledged with a prize medal, this was not the case in the Renaissance. Despite the fact that the Italian Renais- sance saw a remarkable revival of medal casting, there were no medals to be won in the Renaissance for originality and scientific priority. Rather, professional success was determined by the ability to win public disputations and debate contested topics. This article illustrates how this mode of knowledge production, which reached its peak in the second half of the sixteenth century, was deeply rooted in the culture of verbal and physical duelling that developed in Italy around that time. Transforming the cul- ture of academic disputation into one of public spectacle, the sixteenth century saw scientific practitioners make careers out of controversy and polemical exchange. From the mid-seventeenth century onwards, this model of knowledge production was slowly superseded by more moderate exchanges and collaborations.

Should education have any use? The question seems hardly worth asking, let alone answering. Yet this apparently absurd topic constitutes the major issue that has dominated debates about higher education in Britain for the past two hundred years. What is perhaps most remarkable is that such a controversy should have managed to sustain itself into such extreme old age; that indeed it reasserts itself even now. It is true that not even Oscar Wilde dared to assert publicly, at least, that universities should be like art- that is, perfectly useless. But to suggest that universities should be useful, that they should teach practical forms of knowledge, has been for many to go too far.

The article presents a network of clerics from Germany and Italy who studied in Paris and made career in the German church and in the Roman curia. The main protagonist is Albrecht II. von Käfernburg-Schwarzburg, the archbishop of Magdeburg (1205-1232). He originated from a noble German family. His granduncle Adalbert II. von Saarbrücken was archbishop of Mainz in 1138-1141. Albrecht benefited from the nepotistic promotion of his relative Konrad von Querfurt who was bishop of Hildesheim and Würzburg (1194-1202). He studied in Hildesheim and Paris and finally became archbishop in 1205. Albrecht´s and Konrad´s careers were connected with the German throne conflict between Staufians and Guelfs (1198-1218) and with the politics of Pope Innocent III. who was the most important representative of the Parisian “old boys network” which is presented here. The article shows typical career strategies and underlines the importance of personal relations in a face-to-face society which can be explored and analysed by means of prosopography and network analytical approaches.

Catalogue of the exhibition (Perugia, May-June 2003) edited by Carla Frova, Giovanna Giubbini, Maria Alessandra Panzanelli Fratoni, Perugia, Edimond, 2003. [Including: one essay in the introduction, several entries (see papers and entries) plus technical descriptions of the entries n. 30, 37, 38, 39, 60]