Drainage System

This study is carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the management and maintenance of the drainage system at Taman Damai Jaya, Skudai. A total of 100 residents are randomly selected from the total population to be the respondents of the study.  A set of questionnaire will be design to gain primary data from the respondents about their perception about the management and maintenance work that has been carried out by the local authority for that area. This research is focusing on the management and maintenance aspect for the drainage system. The expected result is to identify the important maintenance work criteria for the drainage system and also determine the efficiency level of the management and maintenance of the drainage system.

The Government of Gujarat has launched Vishwakarma Yojana (scheme) for development of villages by identifying the requirements of villages. Under this scheme, the villages are surveyed and this project was identified and selected for implementation. Rurbanisation is to bring peace of mind to the villagers by providing them the basic amenities required and still keeping the village soul intact. This project gives one new idea for Development of rural villages. Also gives procedure how they fulfill requirement of the villages. Now a day people are moving from rural to urban area due to lack of basic amenities. With the help of this Yojana we can bring awareness about the thing which are not available at rural areas. So this help to provide better solution for the available problems in rural area like drinking water, Drainage facility, road network, etc.

This paper focuses more on Automation of Drainage waste removal equipment. There is a problem of blockage of drainage, to overcome this problem automation of the system is necessary. Our concept is to use this in efficient way to removal of solid wastages from water. The system only requires water flow to operate turbine. In this paper we working on improving drainage system of small town by comparatively study of different open drainage system.

New investigations on the Monte Spaccato road in Trieste, in order to verify its antiquity and Roman matrix. After an analysis of the sources in which it is mentioned, from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age, the focus shifts to the itinerary, its development and the description of the best
preserved section, the one close to the pass of the Karst Plateau. In this last section new elements come to support the Roman origin of the route, which, with a width of the roadway of 14 Roman feet (4.15 m), is fully placed among the viae publicae, probably with purposes related to military
operations in the hinterland. Particular attention has also been paid to the description of the particular drainage system for waste water, which presents characteristics not found in the literature.

The recent excavations in the valley of the Colosseum brought to light archaeological traces of ancient hydraulic infrastructures
prior to the urbanization of the valley bottom, crossed by small rivers.
The oldest structure is an embankment protecting a dirt road running parallel to a stream coming from the Velian hill. The data
reported identify a single hydraulic outflow system that runs through the entire valley of San Gregorio, partially discovered in
XIXth century, whose northern stronghold must be identified with the vaulted tufa blocks sewer found in the area of the Meta
Sudans excavation.
This underground system underwent many changes over the centuries but remained in use until the end of antiquity.

The Akshakhan-kala is located on the right bank of the Amu Darya, in the Biruni district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Over the years of archaeological study of the site, a large ceramic material was collected, dating back to the 3rd cent. BCE - 5th cent. AC. In the archaeological collection of the site, a group of finds is distinguished, attributed to the category of building ceramics. The article is devoted to the analysis of this collection and an attempt to determine the field of application of certain types of building ceramics. Among the building ceramics of the Akshakhan settlement stand out spillway pipes and ceramic tiles. The use of fragments of ceramic vessels in the construction was also recorded. The obtained analysis results suggest that in ancient Khwarezm, ceramic building materials were used to solve such problems as protecting structures from atmospheric precipitation, improving settlements and increasing the strength of adobe structures.

The vegetable production in Cambodia has been plagued with poor productivity and broken chain, leaving the comparative advantage to the neighboring countries, namely Vietnam and Thailand. Poor soil condition during wet season has been significantly impacting the productivity of vegetable production in Cambodia which leads to an introduction of sub-surface drainage system at the root zone of Chinese cabbage under this paper. The aim of the experiment is to determine the possibility in increasing the effectiveness and productivity during wet season of Cambodian vegetable producers. The results of the experiment indicate positive improvement in terms of yield and growth of the Chinese cabbage at a rate of 24% and 34% for T2 and T3, respectively. There are, however, limited practicality and generalization for the research due to the controlling factors during the experiment and the detailed experimental setting which need further analysis, especially economic analysis and following up research work.

The present study aims to identify the distribution and the sensibility ratios of the poorly drained areas of Tekirdag Province. GIS-based frequency ratio (FR) was used to detect areas that are likely to limit agricultural production due to poor drainage. Sensitive areas were identified and classified using susceptibility analysis. Spatial features were calculated and mapped using FR by combining the factors that could cause the drainage problem in the study area. The results indicated that the drainage conditions in the majority of the study area fall in well-drained (20.14%) and somewhat excessively drained (18.22%) classes. Furthermore, the study area was found to be 50.99% well suited, 11.66% suited, 13.35% moderately suited, and 24.00% unsuited, respectively, for agricultural production. About one-third of the unsuited area was found to be under agro-production. Furthermore, agriculturally suited areas were located mostly in plateaus and sloping lands. On the other hand, unsuited areas were located in the lowland areas where the groundwater level is high, the slope is low, and alluvial lithology and heavily textured soil features are present, while most of the scrublands, forest lands, and vineyard land use classes are located in well-drained areas in both provincial boundaries and the hotspot areas. On the other hand, agriculture, paddy fields, barren lands, pasture, and settlements are mostly located in poorly drained areas. To minimize the effect of the drainage problems, it is crucial to detect poorly drained areas using susceptibility analysis on agricultural areas. As a result, the spatial distribution of poor drainage areas can be mapped precisely and so contribute to agricultural productivity. Thus, sustainable agricultural policies can be developed by contributing to the agricultural economy and food security.

Urban drainage systems are in general failing in their functions mainly due to non-stationary climate and rapid urbanization. As these systems are becoming less efficient, issues such as sewer overflows and increase in urban flooding leading to surge in pollutant loads to receiving water bodies are becoming pervasive rapidly. A comprehensive investigation is required to understand these factors impacting the functioning of urban drainage, which vary spatially and temporally and are more complex when weaving together. It is necessary to establish a cost-effective, integrated planning and design framework for every local area by incorporating fit for purpose alternatives. Carefully selected adaptive measures are required for the provision of sustainable drainage systems to meet combined challenges of climate change and urbanization. This paper reviews challenges associated with urban drainage systems and explores limitations and potentials of different adaptation alternatives. It is h...

The Unus Drainage System (UDS) is one of the drainage systems in the city of Mataram. Nowdays, this catchment area in the UDS has a fairly large and rapid change in land use, from agricultural land to housing, building shops, offices and other buildings, so causing floods in several area. New construction and maintenance of drainage channels have been carried out by several agencies, both the City, Provincial, and Central Government, but the development are still partial or not comprehensive, so that many inundation problems become moved to other place and not resolved properly. For this reason, it is necessary to do zonation of the drainage network and its catchment area in order to facilitate the arrangement of drainage network. The objectives of this study are to find out the drainage network and catchment area of each drainage channel, so that the mapping can be made, and to evaluate the drainage channels capacity or the ability of the drainage channels to accommodate runoff. The conclusions of research are the results of mapping or zonation of the UDS are divided into 20 Primary Drainage Blocks in the Right UDS and 10 Primary Drainage Blocks in the Left UDS, the capacity evaluation of the existing drainage channel in this system is that most primary channels are still able to accommodate flood discharge, except the Sekarbela, Asrama Gebang, and Abian Tubuh Mayura primary channel. With zonation and evaluation the capacity of this drainage channel, planning for the development and maintenance of drainage system can be integrated and comprehensive, so that flood control can be better in accordance with its priorities.

Groundwater from a shallow unconfined aquifer at a site in coastal New South Wales has been causing recent water logging issues. A trend of rising groundwater level has been anecdotally observed over the last 10 years. It was not clear whether the changes in groundwater levels were solely natural variations within the groundwater system or whether human interference was driving the level up. Time series topographic images revealed significant surrounding land use changes and human modification to the environment of the groundwater catchment. A statistical model utilising HARTT (multiple linear regression hydrograph analysis method) simulated the groundwater level dynamics at five key monitoring locations and successfully showed a trend of rising groundwater level. Utilising hydrogeological input from field investigations the model successfully simulated the rise in the water table over time to the present day levels, whilst taking into consideration rainfall and land changes. The underlying geological / land conditions were found to be just as significant as the impact of climate variation. The correlation coefficient for the monitoring bores, excluding MB4, show that the groundwater level fluctuation can be explained by the climate variable (rainfall) with the lag time between the atypical rainfall and groundwater level ranging from 4 to 7 months. The low R2 value for MB4 indicates that there are factors missing in the model which are primarily related human interference. The elevated groundwater levels in the affected area are the result of long term cumulative land use changes, instigated by humans, which have directly resulted in detrimental changes to the groundwater aquifer properties.

URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2175/106143017X14839994523785

The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of DRAINMOD-S for simulating effective water management strategies in irrigated land and to simulate drainage system design criteria to ensure high crop yields for the western part of the Central Kızılırmak Basin in Turkey. The model was tested under arid conditions using field data for winter wheat and corn. Daily water-table depth, drain outflows and drainage water salinity were monitored throughout the growing season. Soil salinities were measured to a depth of 1.00 m from the soil surface. The reliability of the model was evaluated by comparing measured and predicted values of the daily ground water table depth, drain outflows, drainage water and soil salinity during each season, and relative crop yield. Good agreement was found between the measured and predicted values. Absolute deviation was 5.68 cm for water table depth, 10.13 mm for drain outflows, 0.66 dS m–1 for drainage water salinity, and ranged from 0.51 to 0.96 dS ...

The Government of Gujarat has launched Vishwakarma Yojana (scheme) for development of villages by identifying the requirements of villages. Under this scheme, the villages are surveyed and this project was identified and selected for implementation. Rurbanization is to bring peace of mind to the villagers by providing them the basic amenities required and still keeping the village's oulintact. This project gives one new idea for Development of rural villages. Also gives procedure how they fulfill requirement of the villages. Now a day people are moving from rural to urban are due to lack of basic amenities. With the help of this Yojana we can bring awareness about the thing which are not available at rural areas. So this help to provide better solution for the available problems in rural area like drinking water, Drainage facility, road network, etc.

The Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) is designed to characterise the element of storage, flow retarding and infiltration engineering. The Storm water Management Model (XP-SWMM) is used to model and simulate the hydrologic and hydraulic of BIOECODS. The characteristic of the catchment and system components of BIOECODS which include bio- ecological swale, dry pond and bio-ecological pond system have been modeled in the XP-SWMM using the link-node concept. The frequent storm of minor event with 60 minute duration and 10 year ARI has been used as a basis to gauge the performance of BIOECODS. The modeling and simulation indicate that the feature and characteristic of BIOECODS has been satisfactorily represented in the XP-SWMM model. The simulation results show that Bio-Ecological Drainage System exhibits the environmentally friendly drainage system.

The development of agricultural drainage in Egypt and the institutions that have developed around it is the subject of this study. It focuses on the current challenges and issues in drainage in Egypt, which lead to the conclusion that drainage must be viewed as a cornerstone of integrated water resources management. The challenge in agricultural drainage in Egypt over the years has been to find ways of maintaining the productivity of the water resource system in a situation of increased demand and environmental pressure on the resource. The recent history of drainage begins with the failure of the cotton crop in the early twentieth century and the government's strong response to overcome waterlogging and salinity. In the late 1960s, Egypt embarked on the national subsurface drainage project, covering almost all of the old land (the Valley, Delta, and Fayoum) with surface drains and horizontal pipe drains. This program has turned Egypt into the country with the most extensive dra...

The Government of India has made increased funding available for sanitation infrastructure via the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. These resources are sorely needed, but money alone cannot solve the problem; municipal agencies need sound technical advice on the planning of new investments and the delivery of sanitation services. This guide aims to meet some of those needs by providing advice on the selection of technology options for urban sanitation, whether for new infrastructure or the upgrading of existing services. The guide has been written for both technical and nontechnical professionals responsible for urban sanitation. The guide comprises four parts: Part A sets technology selection in the context of the range of issues and challenges that urban sanitation programs need to address. Part B provides an introduction to sanitation technology for nontechnical specialists. Part C sets out a logical process for technology selection, both for new services and upgr...

Scientific paradigms are frameworks of ideas governing how a discipline conducts its research. Paradigms by themselves are neither correct nor incorrect, but are judged on their ability to explain evidence and to open up research opportunities. The commonly accepted glacial history paradigm requires North American glaciated prairie region erosional landform features, such as erosional escarpments and abandoned valleys associated with the north-oriented Bell River drainage system, to be pre-glacial in origin. While considerable literature is based on such interpretations those escarpments and abandoned valleys are formed in easily eroded bedrock and should not have survived continental ice sheet erosion. In addition to defying common sense logic the pre-glacial origin of those erosional escarpments and abandoned valleys is not well understood. A new paradigm requiring at least one continental ice sheet to have occupied a deep North American-hole‖ (formed by deep ice sheet erosion and ice sheet caused crustal warping) offers geomorphologists an opportunity to explain the erosional escarpments as remnants of canyon walls originally formed when supra-glacial rivers sliced ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyons into a decaying continental ice sheet's surface and the abandoned north-oriented Bell River drainage system valleys to have been eroded as the ice-walled and bedrock-floored canyon network captured and diverted massive melt water floods onto and then across the decaying ice sheet's floor and then in northeast and north directions between detached and semi-detached ice sheet remnants. The diversion of immense melt water floods from the Gulf of Mexico to the North Atlantic Ocean triggered climatic change that ended the first ice sheet's melting. Water in the newly formed north-oriented drainage systems then froze between the detached and semi-detached (and greatly thinned) ice sheet remnants to create a second and much thinner ice sheet and to complete creation of the glaciated prairie region glacial features seen today.

Detailed topographic map evidence is used to test the ability of two fundamentally different regional geomorphology paradigms to explain Bighorn-Wind River drainage divide evidence in the Copper and Lysite Mountain areas between Wind River Canyon and the Bighorn Mountains. Identified divide crossings were interpreted to be places where water had once flowed across what is now a major drainage divide. More than 20 such divide crossings were identified and ranged in elevation from 1924 to 2485 meters and could all be linked to north-oriented Bighorn River tributaries and also to south-oriented streams flowing to west-oriented Badwater Creek (a Wind River tributary). Lowest elevation divide crossings were located to the north of both Copper Mountain and Lysite Mountain. An attempt was first made to explain each identified divide crossing or group of divide crossings from the accepted paradigm's perspective, which requires drainage routes to have originated on the surface of a hypothesized Oligocene and Miocene sediment cover that buried the drainage divide area with the drainage routes eroding down through the sediment cover as the drainage divide was exhumed. Next the same evidence was interpreted from a recently proposed paradigm's perspective, which requires massive south-and southeast-oriented floods to have flowed across the Missouri River drainage basin as mountain ranges and plateau areas were being uplifted. The accepted paradigm could not easily explain the large number of observed divide crossings, many divide crossing details, and why geologic maps show few or no hypothesized sediment cover remnants. The new paradigm explained the large number of observed divide crossing and most observed divide crossing details and did not require an Oligocene and Miocene sedimentary cover.

The frequent rainfall has increased recently especially in arid region due to global warming. This phenomenon caused a set of problems such as disruption of traffic and increasing pollution due to stagnation of water. This paper deals with the experimental investigation of the storm network drainage system efficiency by changing longitudinal and side slopes of the roads. The altering of road slopes has been done through two stages: the first stage, Six side slopes (1.5%,2%,2.5%,3%,3.5%,4%) are used with constant longitudinal slope 0.3% and the second stage, five longitudinal slopes (0.3%,0.4%,0.5%,0.6%, 0.7%), are used with constant value of side slope 3%. The results indicated that as the side slope increases the efficiency of discharge increase, where the efficiency increased by 10% as the side slope increase from 1.5% to 4%. Also from second stage, the results showed that as the longitudinal slope increases the efficiency of discharge decrease, where the efficiency by 5% as the longitudinal slope increase from 0.30% to 0.70%. In addition, the results specified that Change in the road side slope has a significant impact on storm drainage efficiency than road longitudinal slope.

Efficient Storm water network is the main tool to prevent the water gatheration and scattering of a city. Selecting the Bharkawada as study area and its problem was identified to be of very less effective drainage system. In this study methods have been adopted to identify the possibilities of completing the research for designing the storm water drainage design. Our main aim is to design a very efficient and rpid drainage system which should drain the water very fastly with less concentration time and less spreading of water with less provision of slope. The present design is based on rainfall data. Past 30 years rainfall data has been taken for study. The system has been designed considering in total of 65% of the impervious area. Estimated rainfall intensity has been calculated as 33.02527 mm/hour with a recurrence interval of 2 years from the detailed analysis of rainfall data of 34 years. Rainfall Intensity is estimated after frequency analysis of the rainfall data. The calculated runoff is 25.056 m3/s, which can be used as a design discharge for network designing. Different methods can be used for runoff estimation. Here, Rational method seems to be best for use in estimation of storm water runoff. The outfalls of system are directed to proposed lakes. Ere at this stage rainfall calculations have been done and in future work complete rainfall and runoff analysis will be carried out for storm water network.

Mexico has a total area of 2 million km2, 100 million inhabitants, and a per capita income of US$5,910. Regional and sectoral inequalities are among the major concerns in terms of economic and social policies. Around 52 percent of the population is considered poor, and 70 percent of the poor are in the rural sector. Irrigated and drainage agriculture represent 60 percent of the total agricultural output. Mexico ranks sixth in terms of land under irrigation with 6.4 million ha. Another 2.4 million ha have flood control, service roads, drainage, and water control infrastructure. The water scenarios defined in the Water Program 2001-2025 consider that most of the future water for food will come from the volumes of the present water abstraction. New irrigation and drainage development (490,000 ha to 1 million ha in 25 years) will be located principally in the tropical areas of the country where ample water is available; the rest has to come through more efficient use of water in irrigat...

The Government of Gujarat has launched Vishwakarma Yojana (scheme) for development of villages by identifying the requirements of villages. Under this scheme, the villages are surveyed and this project was identified and selected for implementation. Rurbanisation is to bring peace of mind to the villagers by providing them the basic amenities required and still keeping the village soul intact. This project gives one new idea for Development of rural villages. Also gives procedure how they fulfill requirement of the villages.Now a day people are moving from rural to urban area due to lack of basic amenities. With the help of this Yojana we can bring awareness about the thing which are not available at rural areas. So this help to provide better solution for the available problems in rural area like drinking water, Drainage facility, road network, etc.

The frequent rainfall has increased recently especially in arid region due to global warming. This phenomenon caused a set of problems such as disruption of traffic and increasing pollution due to stagnation of water. This paper deals with the experimental investigation of the storm network drainage system efficiency by changing longitudinal and side slopes of the roads. The altering of road slopes has been done through two stages: the first stage, Six side slopes (1.5%,2%,2.5%,3%,3.5%,4%) are used with constant longitudinal slope 0.3% and the second stage, five longitudinal slopes (0.3%,0.4%,0.5%,0.6%, 0.7%), are used with constant value of side slope 3%. The results indicated that as the side slope increases the efficiency of discharge increase, where the efficiency increased by 10% as the side slope increase from 1.5% to 4%. Also from second stage, the results showed that as the longitudinal slope increases the efficiency of discharge decrease, where the efficiency by 5% as the longitudinal slope increase from 0.30% to 0.70%. In addition, the results specified that Change in the road side slope has a significant impact on storm drainage efficiency than road longitudinal slope.