- University of Warwick, Dentistry, Emeritusadd
- Dentistry, Restorative Dentistry And Endodontics, Dental Materials, Prosthetic Dentistry, Dental Implants, Periodontology, and 42 moreEvidence Based Dentistry (Evidence based Oral health care), Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, Systematic Reviews, Literature Review, Cosmetic Dentistry, Porcelain, Finite Element Analysis, Re-treatments (Restorative Dentistry And Endodontics), Endodontics, Composite, Endodontics and CBCT, Root Canal Treatment, Esthetic Dentistry, Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Dental Education, Endodoncia, Rotary Endodontics, Clinical Decision-Making, Decision-Making, Judgment and decision making, Decision Making, Decision Making Under Uncertainty, Decision Theory, Philosophy of Logic, Prosthodontics, Periodontics, Orthodontics, Biology, Political Science, Physics, Business, Medicine, Computer Science, Philosophy, History, Artificial Intelligence, Communication, Art History, Data Mining, Media Studies, Research Methodology, and Design(Evidence Based Dentistry (Evidence based Oral health care), Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review, Systematic Reviews, Literature Review, Cosmetic Dentistry, Porcelain, Finite Element Analysis, Re-treatments (Restorative Dentistry And Endodontics), Endodontics, Composite, Endodontics and CBCT, Root Canal Treatment, Esthetic Dentistry, Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Dental Education, Endodoncia, Rotary Endodontics, Clinical Decision-Making, Decision-Making, Judgment and decision making, Decision Making, Decision Making Under Uncertainty, Decision Theory, Philosophy of Logic, Prosthodontics, Periodontics, Orthodontics, Biology, Political Science, Physics, Business, Medicine, Computer Science, Philosophy, History, Artificial Intelligence, Communication, Art History, Data Mining, Media Studies, Research Methodology, and Design)edit
- Specialist in Endodontics, Specialist in Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, Inventor of Reveal, and founder of the "Fluorescence Enhanced Theragnosis (TM)" concept in Healthcare.edit
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Prevention of tooth decay via administration of flourides in drinking water, milk, and salt has been performed by governments around the world over the last decades. The literature was scrutinized to validate benefits and disadvantages of... more
Prevention of tooth decay via administration of flourides in drinking water, milk, and salt has been performed by governments around the world over the last decades. The literature was scrutinized to validate benefits and disadvantages of systematic flouridation for the individual as well to identify the legal background.
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This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a final rinse with 0.2% chitosan solution on the adhesion in roots filled with gutta percha and an epoxy resin based sealer. Thirty extracted human maxillary canines selected to ensure... more
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a final rinse with 0.2% chitosan solution on the adhesion in roots filled with gutta percha and an epoxy resin based sealer. Thirty extracted human maxillary canines selected to ensure specimen standardization were used in the study. After the coronal portion of each tooth was removed, the roots were instrumented and irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Roots were distributed into 3 groups according to the final rinsing solution (n = 10): 0.2% chitosan, 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), or 1% NaOCl. The canals were irrigated with 5 mL of each solution for 5 minutes and then filled with gutta percha cones and the resin based sealer. Ten roots in each group were prepared, sectioned, and submitted to push-out testing. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and Tukey test (P < 0.05). In the push-out test, final irrigation with chitosan (mean, 0.37 [SD, 0.12] MPa) or EDTA (0.38 [0.11] MPa) resulted in significantly greater bond strength of the sealer to the root canal (P < 0.05) than did irrigation with 1% NaOCl (0.13 [0.04] MPa). The cervical third had greater bond strength than the other thirds (P < 0.05). Adhesive failure was the most frequent type in all groups. A final rinse with 0.2% chitosan or 17% EDTA resulted in greater bond strength of root fillings to the root canal than did 1% NaOCl.
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A partir de una serie de resultados de estudios, Liviu Steier comenzo a utilizar el ozono en endodoncia y analizo las diferentes conclusiones en la literatura. Siguiendo el ejemplo de las investigaciones cientificas citadas, el autor ha... more
A partir de una serie de resultados de estudios, Liviu Steier comenzo a utilizar el ozono en endodoncia y analizo las diferentes conclusiones en la literatura. Siguiendo el ejemplo de las investigaciones cientificas citadas, el autor ha llegado a desarrollar un protocolo acerca de la desinfeccion de los conductos radiculares, que se expone a continuacion. Palabras clave: cloraminizacion, endodoncia, ozono, fuente radical, desinfeccion de los conductos radiculares.
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Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has been claiming many lives in the intensive care unit (ICU) during COVID-19. Oral biofilm and bacterial contamination that can be passed on from the oral cavity to the lungs during endotracheal... more
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) has been claiming many lives in the intensive care unit (ICU) during COVID-19. Oral biofilm and bacterial contamination that can be passed on from the oral cavity to the lungs during endotracheal intubation has been found to be the main culprit. Bioluminescence-based assays are emerging as potential clinical diagnostics methods. Hence, we hypothesize that the bioluminescent imaging technique can be used in the ICU to determine the load of biofilm-associated with patients undergoing endotracheal intubation. Early detection of such infections and their management can effectively bring down mortality and influence the death rate in ICU caused due to VAP. Government agencies and policymakers should be made to take this issue of deaths in the ICU due to VAP more seriously and act judiciously to methods such as bioluminescence based on sound scientific evidence.
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OBJECTIVE To evaluate accuracy of caries detection and the application-sensitivity of the new Designs for Vision's ground-breaking REVEALTM utilizing a fluorescence activating headlight for excitation purpose. MATERIALS AND METHODS... more
OBJECTIVE To evaluate accuracy of caries detection and the application-sensitivity of the new Designs for Vision's ground-breaking REVEALTM utilizing a fluorescence activating headlight for excitation purpose. MATERIALS AND METHODS REVEAL dental fluorescence loupes and headlight system were used. Occlusal enamel was removed, and mid-coronal dentine was exposed. Carious artificial lesion was created. Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Streptococcus sanguis were used. The assessment was performed using two diagnostic methods: naked eye and Design for Vision Glasses with inter examiner blinding using two calibrated examiners. After 7 days, Raman measurements were made on dentin disc specimens with 785 nm wavelength. The bacterial counts in colony-forming units (CFU) were used to examine the growth kinetics of biofilms. The collagen fibril structure within the discs was performed using Transmission Electron Microscope. Scanning Electron Microscope was used to image samples at various magnifications. FISH was performed with specimens fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline. Reproducibility was measured by Cohen kappa scores, values of which range from 0 for less than chance agreement to 1 for almost perfect agreement (p< 0.05). RESULTS A significant kappa score of 0.706 showing significant reproducibility for the given diagnostic techniques as all the teeth included in the study were spotted with the lesions. Most bacteria were detected using the CFU technique. The Raman bands scanned across the dentin surface at 960 cm-1 (P-O peak) are assigned to hydroxyapatite phosphate vibrations. FISH identified nearly all stained bacteria as days and time and dental hard tissue had a significant impact on the number of adherent bacteria. Scanning electron micrographs of polished cross sections of demineralized and non-demineralized specimens with perpendicular each tubule orientation (zone of demineralized dentin inset. CONCLUSION Fluorescent enhanced theragnosis through Reveal vision glasses can ensure constant monitoring and diagnosis of caries progress for a better outcome.
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Not all studies are the same. Various types of publications and articles have different scientific weight. This short summary provides an overview of the scientific evidentiary value of various types of publications with the goal to... more
Not all studies are the same. Various types of publications and articles have different scientific weight. This short summary provides an overview of the scientific evidentiary value of various types of publications with the goal to create transparency in the level of bias of any given study so that readers may, in turn, determine the attention and importance they can give the study. Practically speaking, the more bias, the less evidentiary value a study or publication has and vice versa. A figure illustrates this concept and simplifies it.
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Not all studies are the same. Various types of publications and articles have different scientific weight. This short summary provides an overview of the scientific evidentiary value of various types of publications with the goal to... more
Not all studies are the same. Various types of publications and articles have different scientific weight. This short summary provides an overview of the scientific evidentiary value of various types of publications with the goal to create transparency in the level of bias of any given study so that readers may, in turn, determine the attention and importance they can give the study. Practically speaking, the more bias, the less evidentiary value a study or publication has and vice versa. A figure illustrates this concept and simplifies it.
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Fluorescence tools have shown to be highly valuable for precise diagnosis of caries and other lesions in dentistry. In the form of ultraviolet (UV) headlights and special loupes with high levels of magnification and observational... more
Fluorescence tools have shown to be highly valuable for precise diagnosis of caries and other lesions in dentistry. In the form of ultraviolet (UV) headlights and special loupes with high levels of magnification and observational capacity, these instruments can even be used during treatment for a more preventive and minimally invasive treatment strategy. Fluorescence, a type of luminescence, absorbs light of shorter wavelength and re-emits it as longer-wavelength light. This changes the color, for example from blue to red. The fluorescence spectra of carious lesions are typical for fluorescent porphyrins, mainly protoporphyrin IX. A possible source of these porphyrins within carious tissues is bacterial biosynthesis. Streptococcus mutans induces enamel and dentin lesions and modifies the fluorescence in the red and green spectral regions, with a stronger signal in the red region, due to porphyrin gradient signals. This article describes the concept of fluorescence-enhanced theragnosis for removal of caries and preservation of sound dental tissues.
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BACKGROUND The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the adjunctive therapies developed to improve the effectiveness of root canal disinfection, has been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the... more
BACKGROUND The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PDT), one of the adjunctive therapies developed to improve the effectiveness of root canal disinfection, has been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial effect of PDT on intracanal biofilm. METHODS Two reviewers conducted a literature search in PubMed, MEDLINE, Lilacs, SciELO, EMBASE and Google Scholar using the following search strategy: photochemotherapy "[Mesh] OR (photodynamic therapy) AND" dental plaque "[Mesh] OR (dental biofilm) AND (root canal). The following data were collected: publication year, author's name, study site, type of study, participant number, type of photosensitizer, type of laser, method of data collection, application time and results. Study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS). RESULTS After selection based on title, abstract and full text, 27 studies were included in this systematic review. PDT reduced bacterial viability in most studies when combined with conventional endodontic techniques. CONCLUSION PDT reduced bacterial counts in most studies, especially when used as an adjunct to the conventional endodontic technique to treat refractory infection. However, PDT effects on in vitro bacterial biofilm were not accurately quantified because of the numerous biases in the studies reviewed.
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Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is recommended as an endodontic irrigant in view of its broad antimicrobial and tissue dissolution capacities. To enhance its penetration into inaccessible areas of root canals and to improve its overall... more
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is recommended as an endodontic irrigant in view of its broad antimicrobial and tissue dissolution capacities. To enhance its penetration into inaccessible areas of root canals and to improve its overall effect, the addition of surface‐active agents has been suggested. The aim of this investigation was to review the effect of the reduction of the surface tension on the performance of NaOCl in endodontics. A search was performed in the Medline electronic database (articles published up to 28 July 2012, in English) with the search terms and combinations as follows: ‘sodium hypochlorite AND surface tension or interfacial force or interfacial tension or surface‐active agent or amphiphilic agent or surface active agent or surfactant or tenside or detergent'. The purpose of this search was to identify publications that compared NaOCl alone and NaOCl modified with the addition of a surface‐active agent in endodontics. A hand search of articles published online (‘in‐press’ and ‘early view’), and appearing in the reference list of the articles included, was further performed, using the same search criteria as the electronic search. The search identified 302 publications, of which 11 fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the review. The evidence available suggests that surface‐active agents improve the penetration of NaOCl in the main canal and have no effect on its pulp tissue dissolution ability. There are, however, insufficient data to enable a sound conclusion to be drawn regarding the effect of modifying NaOCl's surface tension on lubrication, antimicrobial and smear layer or debris removal abilities.
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Research Interests: Dentistry, Implantology, Dental Research, Treatment Outcome, Dental Implants, and 15 moreMedicine, Dental Education, Humans, Techniques in Dental Implantology and Related Surgical Procedures, Researchs in Dental Implantology, Dental Implantology, Dental, Periodontics and dental implants education, Oral implantology, Implant, Dental Implant, Dental Implant Forensic, Postoperative Complications, Alveolar bone loss, and Intraoperative complications(Medicine, Dental Education, Humans, Techniques in Dental Implantology and Related Surgical Procedures, Researchs in Dental Implantology, Dental Implantology, Dental, Periodontics and dental implants education, Oral implantology, Implant, Dental Implant, Dental Implant Forensic, Postoperative Complications, Alveolar bone loss, and Intraoperative complications)
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To compare by means of a push-out test the interfacial strength of a dual-curing resin cement and a light-curing self-adhering resin composite when used in translucent fibre post cementation. Thirty-four extracted human premolars with... more
To compare by means of a push-out test the interfacial strength of a dual-curing resin cement and a light-curing self-adhering resin composite when used in translucent fibre post cementation. Thirty-four extracted human premolars with single canals were selected and root filled. Translucent fibre posts (RelyX Fiber Post) were luted into the root canal using two resinous luting systems (n = 17). Dual-Curing Technique (DC): the specimens were treated with Excite DSC and RelyX ARC, which were light-cured simultaneously through the post for 60 s. Light-Curing Self-Adhering Technique (LCSA): the specimens were treated with Vertise Flow, which was light-cured through the post for 60 s. The specimens were sectioned transversally into six slices to perform the push-out test at the coronal, middle and apical regions of the root canals. Data were analysed by two-way anova. All specimens were analysed by stereomicroscopy and SEM to determine fracture patterns. There were no significant differences between the DC and LCSA techniques (P = 0.703) in any of the canal regions. Root region was not a significant factor for push-out values (P = 0.255) and group-region interactions were not significant (P = 0.740). For the DC technique, the majority of the fracture patterns (73.3%) were adhesive at the interface between dual-curing resin cement and adhesive. For the LCSA technique, the majority of the fracture patterns (71.7%) were adhesive at the interface between light-curing self-adhering resin composite and dentine. The interfacial strength between light-curing self-adhering resin composite and root canal walls is equivalent to the interfacial strength between dual-curing cement and root canal walls.
Research Interests: Materials Science, Dentistry, Medicine, Humans, Composite Material, and 15 moreComposite resins, Root Canal, Dentin, Dental Pulp Cavity, Dental Stress Analysis, Endodontic, Polymethyl Methacrylates, Materials Testing, R, Polyethylene Glycols, Resin Cements, root canal preparation, Cementation, Dentin bonding agents, and Methacrylates
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Standard Design with Tapered Post X, Y and Z Head 4x30mm, 5x30mm, 5x35mm and 5x40mm. (Includes Temporary)........................(Each) $160.00 Relieved Design with Tapered Post X, Y and Z Head 5x30mm, 5x35mm and 5x40mm. (Includes... more
Standard Design with Tapered Post X, Y and Z Head 4x30mm, 5x30mm, 5x35mm and 5x40mm. (Includes Temporary)........................(Each) $160.00 Relieved Design with Tapered Post X, Y and Z Head 5x30mm, 5x35mm and 5x40mm. (Includes Temporary)........................(Each) $160.00 Standard Design with Precision Post and Removable Head. X, Y and Z Head 4x30mm, 5x30mm, 5x35mm and 5x40mm. (Includes Temporary)........................(Each) $200.00 Relieved Design with Precision Post and Removable Head 5x30mm, 5x35mm and 5x40mm. (Includes Temporary)........................(Each) $200.00 HA Coating Per implant..................................................$50.00
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As cited by Galvan,1 “Swanson and Madison2 showed that in the absence of a coronal seal this contamination could occur in as little as three days. Hovland and Dumsha3 observed that most of the leakage took place at the cement-canal wall... more
As cited by Galvan,1 “Swanson and Madison2 showed that in the absence of a coronal seal this contamination could occur in as little as three days. Hovland and Dumsha3 observed that most of the leakage took place at the cement-canal wall interface or the gutta-percha/ cement interface, implicating the sealer as the weak link in long-term successful obturation of the root canal. Because no sealer-cement or E N D O D O N T I C S
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ABSTRACT Adhesive resins have completely changed treatment options and indications for destroyed teeth. Modern materials can emulate and simulate the physical properties of natural tooth structure. The in-depth study and understanding of... more
ABSTRACT Adhesive resins have completely changed treatment options and indications for destroyed teeth. Modern materials can emulate and simulate the physical properties of natural tooth structure. The in-depth study and understanding of natural tooth anatomy, structure and behaviour in function, combined with resin composite and adhesive knowledge, for dentists opens the door to laboratory-manufactured restorations. When it comes to restoration, we are confronted on a daily basis by these common questions: • Can I restore the destruction with a direct composite restoration? • Is there need for additional reinforcement? • How to best reinforce the restoration • What is the best etch/adhesive procedure to be used in this case? • What resins should I use? This article intends to address the first three questions in the list above. To gain a more comprehensive understanding, each of the questions requires a detailed explanation. Introducing new formulas Let us presume that the outline of a natural tooth crown is a cube. Each wall of this cube is made up of two distinctive structures (dentine and enamel). Dentine and enamel differ in their physical properties but represent a bimaterial assembly. A natural tooth is built to never fail in function. Rule of thumb Loss of tooth structure needs to be calculated by determining the ratio of remaining tooth walls. To make this calculation easier, a formula can be applied. The tooth walls represent the walls of a cube. Each wall is related to five walls. Comparing the walls ratio to the ideal situation will help quantify the amount of remaining tooth structure in relation to the methodology of reinforcement and the kind of rehabilitation required. Let us describe the five walls and their physical presence or absence: • Sound tooth: 5/5 = 1 • One missing wall: 4/5 = 0.8 • Two missing walls: 3/5 = 0.6 • Three missing walls: 2/5 = 0.4 • Four missing walls: 1/5 = 0.2 • Five missing walls: 0/5 = 0. According to the above-mentioned classification, the author suggests that the loss in tooth walls should be used as criteria for restorative procedure selection, while the loss in dentinal wall should be used for the selection of reinforcement.
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Cleaning and shaping of root canals are essential steps for the success of endodontic therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue debridement efficacy of the self-adjusting file (SAF) protocol in the apical third of... more
Cleaning and shaping of root canals are essential steps for the success of endodontic therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tissue debridement efficacy of the self-adjusting file (SAF) protocol in the apical third of oval-shaped canals of mandibular incisors in comparison with a nickel-titanium rotary system preparation. Twenty-six single-rooted human mandibular incisor teeth were selected and assigned to a control (n = 4) and 2 experimental groups (n = 11) according to 1 of 2 instrumentation techniques, SAF and nickel-titanium rotary systems. After root canal preparation, the apical thirds of the specimens were submitted to histologic processing and analyzed by optical microscopy regarding the percentage of debris and uninstrumented root canal walls. The data were statistically compared by using unpaired t test with Welch&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s correction, and the level of significance was set at 5%. The percentage of remaining debris and uninstrumented canal perimeter was significantly lower in SAF group (2.18 ± 2.71 and 12.33 ± 7.85, respectively) than in rotary group (13.11 ± 12.98 and 53.54 ± 15.95, respectively) (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; .05). In the SAF group most of specimens were completely free of debris, whereas in the rotary group 53% of the canals presented debris. SAF had significantly more contact to the dentin walls and removed more debris than rotary instrumentation in the apical third of mandibular incisors.
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ABSTRACT stress-bearing restorations are: 0% to 7% for amalgam restorations, 0% to 9% for direct composites, 1.4% to 14.4% for glass ionomers and derivatives, 0% to 11.8% for composite inlays, 0% to 7.5% for ceramic restorations, 0% to... more
ABSTRACT stress-bearing restorations are: 0% to 7% for amalgam restorations, 0% to 9% for direct composites, 1.4% to 14.4% for glass ionomers and derivatives, 0% to 11.8% for composite inlays, 0% to 7.5% for ceramic restorations, 0% to 4.4% for CAD/CAM ceramic restorations, and 0% to 5.9% for cast gold inlays and onlays. Conclusion Longevity of dental restorations is dependent upon many different factors that are related to materials, the patient, and the dentist. The principal reasons for failure were secondary caries, fracture, marginal deficiencies, wear, and postoperative sensitivity. A distinction must be made between factors causing early failures and those that are responsible for restoration loss after several years of service. Longevity of restorations in posterior teeth and reasons for failure. Hickel R, Manhart J. J Adhes Dent. 2001 Spring; 3(1):45-64. From the above mentioned, this paper intends to deal with factors related to the dentist and the dental materials. Let us start with issues regarding information about dynamic and static interocclusal relations. Grinding impressions are marked down as deep footprints in every occlusal tooth surface. It is the dentist&#39;s job to identify, gather and understand this fact. Let us try to find out more about this detail, marked down in the occlusal surface of a tooth. 1. Occlusal contact point interrelations in several chew positions. 2. Abrasive imprints. Let us have a pedagogical trip through occlusion, starting with the pathways of movement: 1. Protrusion. 2. Laterotrusion. 3. Lateroprotrusion. 4. Mediotrusion. 5. Retrusive Surtrusion. 6. Retrusive Detrusion. And last but not least centric occlusion or better habitual occlusion. Centric contact points are registrated with red foil. The concave – convex surface structures of the antagonist teeth leave round tracks behind them (this can be either tooth to tooth or one to two teeth relations) in several widths or height according to the space between. Protrusion is marked in black. Laterotrusion is registrated blue. In yellow, Lateroprotrusion is printed. Green is used for Mediotrusion, and again red foil will be utilised for Retrusive pathways. All movements should end disturbance free and not leave colures traces behind them. The preoperative registration of chewing movements will relive information&#39; s about existing issues in the related chew section. a. Number of contact points. b. Exact position and volume. c. Interferences during functional envelope of movement. The main task of reconstructive therapy restricts itself to rebuilding destroyed tooth surface, restoring interocclusal support and completion of tooth row integrity through good mesio – distal contact points – surfaces. The author intends to demonstrate with this paper, the option of perfect occlusal surface restoration with no need of adaptation after rubber dam removal. The knowledge revealed by M. H. Polz are the foundation of this subject. The gypsum plates made by M. H. Polz remind us today the key occlusal information. To mimic the above mentioned criteria just an incremental technique can be used to rebuild the anatomy. The recently introduced &#39;Comp-up&#39; technique (Steier) is a new sequential build-up approach based upon the well known &#39;wax-up&#39; used for decades in indirect laboratory made prosthetics. Cusps are added in one step obeying the concept of lowest &#39;C-factor&#39; to minimise shrinkage stress during polymerisation. To perform the technique certain pre-requirements have to
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Research Interests: Microbiology, Chemistry, Medicine, Humans, Escherichia coli, and 15 moreContamination, Lipopolysaccharides, Endodontics, Ozone, Analysis of Variance, Time Factors, Microbiologia, Reproducibility of Results, Dental Pulp Cavity, Root Canal Therapy, Electrocoagulation, Endodontia, Endotoxins, Random Allocation, and root canal preparation
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Bacteriophage therapy has emerged as a strategy supplementing traditional disinfection protocols to fight biofilms. The aim of the study was to isolate the phages against E. faecalis and to characterize its biological features,... more
Bacteriophage therapy has emerged as a strategy supplementing traditional disinfection protocols to fight biofilms. The aim of the study was to isolate the phages against E. faecalis and to characterize its biological features, morphology, and lytic activity in a formed biofilm model. Methods: E. faecalis ATCC 29212 strain was used for the trial. Two novel vB_Efa29212_2e and vB_Efa29212_3e virulent phages were isolated from urban wastewater and characterized. The E. faecalis biofilm was established in 15 bovine teeth for 21 days. Transmission (TEM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopes with the colony-forming unit (CFU) counting were used for assessment. Results: Isolated phages differed in morphology. Taxonomy for vB_Efa29212_2e (Siphoviridae, Efquatovirus) and for vB_Efa29212_3e (Herelleviridae, Kochikohdavirus) was confirmed. Both phages were stable at a temperature range of 4–50 °C and showed a different tolerance to chemicals: 15% EDTA, 1–3% sodium hypochlorite, and chlorhexi...
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the bovine pulp tissue dissolution ability of HealOzone, Aquatine Alpha Electrolyte® and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, used alone or in combination. Thirty bovine pulp fragments were weighed, divided into... more
The aim of this study was to evaluate the bovine pulp tissue dissolution ability of HealOzone, Aquatine Alpha Electrolyte® and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, used alone or in combination. Thirty bovine pulp fragments were weighed, divided into six groups and placed individually in Eppendorf tubes containing the tested solution until total dissolution occurred. The groups were: G1: saline (negative control), G2: Aquatine Alpha Electrolyte®, G3: 0.5% NaOCl (positive control), G4: Saline + HealOzone, G5: 0.5% NaOCl + HealOzone, G6: Aquatine Alpha Electrolyte® + HealOzone. HealOzone was activated for 2 min with a #6 cup covering the test tube opening on a fixed platform. Two blinded observers using 2× loupes magnification assessed the samples continuously for the first 2 h, and then every hour for the next 8 h. Dissolution speed was calculated by dividing pulp weight by dissolution time (mg min(-1) ). G3 (NaOCl) and G5 (NaOCl + HealOzone) dissolved the pulp tissue completely. The mean dissolution speed for G3 was 0.396 mg min(-1) (SD 0.032) and for G5 was 0.775 mg min(-1) (SD 0.2). Student&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s t-test showed that G5 dissolved bovine pulp tissue faster than G3 (P = 0.01). Only groups containing sodium hypochlorite dissolved pulp tissue, whilst HealOzone enhanced speed of dissolution.