Mark Galizio
University of North Carolina Wilmington, Psychology, Faculty Member
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Concurrent performances were studied in rats under conditions where responses on one lever postponed shock on a Sidman avoidance schedule and responses on another lever produced periods of signaled timeout from avoidance on a... more
Concurrent performances were studied in rats under conditions where responses on one lever postponed shock on a Sidman avoidance schedule and responses on another lever produced periods of signaled timeout from avoidance on a variable-interval schedule. Chlorpromazine decreased rates of responding on both the timeout and avoidance levels to about the same extent. The effects of chlordiazepoxide and CGS 9896 depended upon the event maintaining responding. Both drugs increased responding on the timeout lever at doses that concurrently decreased responding on the avoidance lever. Thus, the novel anxiolytic CGS 9896 produced effects that closely resembled those of the benzodiazepine anxiolytic, chlordiazepoxide. Like chlorpromazine, buspirone decreased both avoidance and timeout responding. Despite the documented anxiolytic properties of buspirone, its actions here were unlike those of the other anxiolytic drugs tested. Nonetheless, the differentiation between drugs obtained with the timeout from avoidance procedure indicates its utility for behavioral pharmacology.
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Concurrent performances in rats were studied under conditions where responses on one lever postponed shock on an unsignaled avoidance schedule, and responses on another level produced periods of signaled timeout from avoidance on a... more
Concurrent performances in rats were studied under conditions where responses on one lever postponed shock on an unsignaled avoidance schedule, and responses on another level produced periods of signaled timeout from avoidance on a variable-ratio schedule. This procedure resulted in relatively high rates of responding on the timeout lever, and provided a baseline which permitted simultaneous evaluation of drug effects on two different types of negative reinforcement (shock postponement vs timeout). Chlordiazepoxide and ethanol selectively increased responding on the timeout lever at low doses, while higher doses decreased responding on both levers. Two 5-HT(1A) agonists, buspirone and 8-OH-DPAT, had different effects. Buspirone decreased responding across all effective doses, but 8-OH-DPAT increased responding on both the timeout and avoidance levers, with greater increases noted in responding maintained by timeout. These results replicate and extend previous findings, and support the notion that traditional anxiolytic drugs like chlordiazepoxide and ethanol may increase the reinforcing properties of escape from an avoidance schedule. Differences between the behavioral effects of buspirone and 8-OH-DPAT may reflect differential activity at the 5-HT(1A) receptor or the dopaminergic properties of buspirone.
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Research Interests: Neuroscience, Psychology, Medicine, Olfaction, Learning and Memory, and 15 moreDiscrimination Learning, Animals, Male, Matching to Sample, Antagonist, NMDA, Memory Span, Analysis of Variance, Rat, Olfactory perception, Glutamate Receptor, NMDA receptor, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, nmda antagonist, and Medical and Health Sciences
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In a series of studies, the effects of different types of intradimensional discrimination training on human auditory frequency generalization were examined. When subjects were trained with a single S− located on one or the other side of... more
In a series of studies, the effects of different types of intradimensional discrimination training on human auditory frequency generalization were examined. When subjects were trained with a single S− located on one or the other side of S+, postdiscrimination gradients were ...
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A morphine versus saline discrimination was demonstrated using the Morris swim task as the behavioral baseline. The apparatus was a large circular pool filled with water made opaque by floating polypropylene pellets. Rats were placed in... more
A morphine versus saline discrimination was demonstrated using the Morris swim task as the behavioral baseline. The apparatus was a large circular pool filled with water made opaque by floating polypropylene pellets. Rats were placed in the tank in randomly selected locations (12 trials per session) and could escape by swimming to a platform submerged 2 cm below the surface. Morphine (5.6 mg/kg) or saline was injected prior to training sessions. The position of the platform in a given session depended on the drug condition, thus forming the basis for discriminative responding. Three of the 4 rats acquired the discrimination, as evidenced by direct swims to the condition-appropriate platform. Generalization probe sessions were conducted following acquisition. Probe sessions were preceded by injections of morphine (0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.6, or 10.0 mg/kg) and involved placing the rat in the pool for 1 min without a platform. Swim patterns revealed a gradient, with probe swimming more concentrated in the area of the morphine platform position after higher morphine doses. In addition, dose-dependent increases in the likelihood of swimming first to the morphine-associated platform location were obtained. These results illustrate the generality of drug discrimination across different behavioral procedures, and of particular interest with respect to spatial learning, demonstrate interoceptive stimulus control of navigation.
Research Interests: Psychology, Cognitive Science, Animal Behavior, Medicine, Swimming, and 13 moreDiscrimination Learning, Animals, Stimulus Control, Polypropylene, Spatial Learning, Morphine, Spatial Behavior, Rats, Saline, Maze Learning, The Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Morris water maze, and Random Allocation
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Two experiments were carried out to assess the effects of the opioid antagonist, naloxone, on the acquisition and extinction of shock avoidance by rats in the jump-up apparatus. In Experiment 1 naloxone pretreatment facilitated... more
Two experiments were carried out to assess the effects of the opioid antagonist, naloxone, on the acquisition and extinction of shock avoidance by rats in the jump-up apparatus. In Experiment 1 naloxone pretreatment facilitated acquisition but had no effect on extinction of ...
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CHAPTER 13 Toward a Biopsychosocial Theory of Substance Abuse MARK GALIZIO and STEPHEN A. MAISTO Theoretical integration of the fast-accumulating literature in the sub-stance abuse field has been sadly lacking. Most theories have been... more
CHAPTER 13 Toward a Biopsychosocial Theory of Substance Abuse MARK GALIZIO and STEPHEN A. MAISTO Theoretical integration of the fast-accumulating literature in the sub-stance abuse field has been sadly lacking. Most theories have been de-veloped from a single ...
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Studied semantic representations of drug terms as a function of reported use of illicit drugs, with young-adult industrial workers as the Ss (college students served in a preliminary study). Procedures for describing semantic... more
Studied semantic representations of drug terms as a function of reported use of illicit drugs, with young-adult industrial workers as the Ss (college students served in a preliminary study). Procedures for describing semantic organizations included the semantic differential, similarity ratings, sorting, and verbal production of drug names. In general, structured representations of drug terms were produced, in line with the categories: illicit drugs, medicinal drugs, alcohol products, and substances containing nicotine or caffeine. Increased drug use was accompanied by more positive evaluations of illicit drugs on the semantic differential and more extensive clustering on the verbal production task. It was concluded that use of illicit drugs is accompanied by distinctive semantic representations, that these patterns mainly involve drugs used illicitly, and that they are most apparent on tasks in which responses are least constrained, such as verbal production.
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A total of 1004 male and female college students completed Cautela and Kastenbaum's (1967) Reinforcement Survey Schedule. Factor analysis of item intercorrelations for the entire sample and for males and females taken separately... more
A total of 1004 male and female college students completed Cautela and Kastenbaum's (1967) Reinforcement Survey Schedule. Factor analysis of item intercorrelations for the entire sample and for males and females taken separately revealed similar factor structures, and sixteen common scales were derived from the more substantial factors. Comparisons of the scale profiles of the male and female students indicated that the scales were ordered in the same way, but that the absolute levels of preference differed. The students and a smaller sample of male industrial workers (n = 62) also were surveyed about their illicit use of drugs. Profiles differed as a function of drug use, although the patterns were dissimilar for the students and the workers. These findings showed the utility of dividing responses to the Reinforcement Survey Schedule into scales, as well as the value of the survey for the study of reinforcers in natural settings. However, it was cautioned that scale scores complement rather than substitute for analyses of responses to individual items, and that revision of the survey is needed to clarify the content of some of the scales.
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Publisher Summary This chapter describes the procedures used in behavioral pharmacology to evaluate the effects of psychoactive compounds on behavior under the control of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement describes the... more
Publisher Summary This chapter describes the procedures used in behavioral pharmacology to evaluate the effects of psychoactive compounds on behavior under the control of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement describes the procedure of increasing or maintaining behavior by the contingent decrease in exposure to environmental events. Behavior can be maintained by the removal of the event or even when the frequency of some event is merely decreased or the event is postponed. The event typically used is considered to be noxious, for example, the delivery of electric shock or the administration of an opiate antagonist to an opiate-dependent monkey. However, under the appropriate conditions, food, nicotine, and cocaine can maintain behavior that results in the postponement of the delivery or the availability of these events. The chapter presents some of the major procedures that have been used to investigate the effects of drugs on negative reinforcement and the data obtained from these studies. It also discusses the contributions made by these studies to the understanding of behavioral processes involved in reinforcement in general.
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Research Interests: Psychology, Psychopharmacology, Working Memory, Medicine, Discrimination Learning, and 13 moreAnimals, Male, Antagonist, Morphine, Rats, Short Term Memory, Olfactory perception, Chlordiazepoxide, NMDA receptor, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Cholinergic antagonists, Medical and Health Sciences, and Scopolamine hydrobromide
The simultaneous matching‐to‐sample procedures that are widely used to study stimulus equivalence in human participants have generally been unsuccessful in animals. However, functional equivalence classes have been demonstrated in pigeons... more
The simultaneous matching‐to‐sample procedures that are widely used to study stimulus equivalence in human participants have generally been unsuccessful in animals. However, functional equivalence classes have been demonstrated in pigeons and sea lions using a concurrent repeated reversal discrimination procedure. In this procedure, responding to one set of stimuli is reinforced but responding to a different set is not and the set associated with reinforcement is changed with multiple reversals during the experiment. The experiments reported here were designed to assess whether functional equivalence classes could be demonstrated in rats using similar techniques. Rats were initially trained with two sets of olfactory stimuli (six odors/set). Following many reversals, probe reversal sessions were conducted in which rats were exposed to a subset of the members of each set and, later in the session, the withheld stimuli were introduced. Responding to these delayed probe trials in accor...
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Two methodologies that have been successful in producing emergent symmetry in some nonhuman species include multiple exemplar training (sea lions) and successive conditional discrimination training of both arbitrary and key identity... more
Two methodologies that have been successful in producing emergent symmetry in some nonhuman species include multiple exemplar training (sea lions) and successive conditional discrimination training of both arbitrary and key identity relations (pigeons). Two experiments were conducted to examine these procedures in rats using olfactory stimuli. In Experiment 1, sets of arbitrary conditional discriminations were trained in eight rats using a successive (go, no-go) procedure, followed by symmetry tests and then direct training of symmetry relations for four of the rats. Acquisition of bidirectional conditional discriminations was slow and limited the number of exemplars that could be trained. However, this multiple exemplar training did not result in emergent symmetry. Experiment 2 was a systematic replication of a study by Prichard et al. (Prichard et al., Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 104:133–145, 2015) that failed to find symmetry in an extension of Urcuioli’s (Urcuioli, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 90:257–282, 2008) theory of stimulus class formation that better controlled for complications in presentation of odor stimuli. Five rats were trained on identity and arbitrary conditional discriminations with odors, then tested for emergent symmetry across eight probe sessions. Although there was some evidence for symmetry in most rats, it was ephemeral, being limited to the first few probe sessions. The search for symmetry in nonhumans continues to be elusive but using successive procedures that train arbitrary and key identity relations appears to be the more fruitful avenue in rats.
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The odor span task (OST) is frequently used to assess memory capacity in rodents. Odor stimuli are presented in a large arena and choices of session-novel odors produce food reward. The procedure can be described as an incrementing... more
The odor span task (OST) is frequently used to assess memory capacity in rodents. Odor stimuli are presented in a large arena and choices of session-novel odors produce food reward. The procedure can be described as an incrementing non-matching-to-sample contingency because on each trial one new stimulus is presented along with one or more previously presented (non-reinforced) comparison odors. An automated version of this task has recently been developed in which odors are presented with an olfactometer in an operant chamber using a successive conditional discrimination procedure. The present study compared the acquisition of matching- vs. non-matching-to-sample versions of the task with six rats tested under each procedure. All six rats trained on the non-matching variation showed rapid acquisition of the discrimination with high rates of responding to odor stimuli when they were session-novel and low rates of responding to subsequent presentations of those odors. However, only three of the six rats trained on the matching variation met acquisition criteria, and two of the three that did acquire the task required extensive training to do so. These results support findings from the OST that rats can differentiate between stimuli that are session-novel and those previously encountered, but also that a matching contingency is more difficult to learn than a non-matching arrangement. These findings parallel differences observed between acquisition of simple matching- and non-matching-to-sample tasks, but accounts such as novelty preference or the oddity preference effect may not be sufficient to explain the present results.
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The odor span task is a procedure frequently used to study remembering of multiple stimuli in rodents. A large arena is used and odor stimuli are presented using scented cups. Selection of each odor is reinforced when first presented, but... more
The odor span task is a procedure frequently used to study remembering of multiple stimuli in rodents. A large arena is used and odor stimuli are presented using scented cups. Selection of each odor is reinforced when first presented, but not on subsequent presentations; correct selections depend on remembering which stimuli were previously presented. The use of an arena setting with manual stimulus presentation makes the odor span task labor-intensive and limits experimental control; thus, an automated version of the task would be of value. The present study used an operant chamber equipped with an olfactometer and trained rats using successive conditional discrimination procedures under an incrementing non-matching-to-samples contingency. High rates of responding developed to odor stimuli when they were session-novel with low rates of responding to subsequent presentations of that odor. Additional experiments assessed variations of the procedure to determine the role of the frequency of odor presentation and the retention interval separating sample and comparison. Discrimination was impaired with long retention intervals suggesting the importance of this variable. These findings confirmed that rats differentiate between stimuli that are session-novel and those previously encountered and support the use of an automated procedure as an alternative to the odor span task.