Betty Sisken
University of Kentucky, Anatomy, Faculty Member
- I am a retired professor at the University of Kentucky and an Emeritus Professor of the Bioelectromagnetics Society.M... moreI am a retired professor at the University of Kentucky and an Emeritus Professor of the Bioelectromagnetics Society.My research interest is in limb regeneration in higher species and the effect of direct current and electromagnetic fields on growth and repair in mammals.(I am a retired professor at the University of Kentucky and an Emeritus Professor of the Bioelectromagnetics Society.My research interest is in limb regeneration in higher species and the effect of direct current and electromagnetic fields on growth and repair in mammals.)edit
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ABSTRACT A method is described for the determination of C /sup 14/O/sub 2/. The method enables the C/sup 14/O/sub 2/ to be trapped in HyaNonemine base contained in a regulation size counting vial and to be counted under standard... more
ABSTRACT A method is described for the determination of C /sup 14/O/sub 2/. The method enables the C/sup 14/O/sub 2/ to be trapped in HyaNonemine base contained in a regulation size counting vial and to be counted under standard conditions without any additional pipetting, thus avoiding the inaccuracies introduced by further transfers. The procedure is suitable for the study of many reactions in which C/sup 14/O/sub 2/ is liberated and for virtually all reactions in which an absorbable radioactive gas is liberated. The equipment is also described. (P.C.H.)
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The mechanical stimulus of shear stress has to date been neglected when studying the adhesion of cancer cells to the endothelium. Confluent monolayers of endothelial cells were subjected to either 4 or 15 hours of arterial shear stress.... more
The mechanical stimulus of shear stress has to date been neglected when studying the adhesion of cancer cells to the endothelium. Confluent monolayers of endothelial cells were subjected to either 4 or 15 hours of arterial shear stress. Adhesion of nonmetastatic (MCF-7) and highly metastatic (MDA-MB-435) human breast cancer cells was then quantified using a detachment assay carried out inside the parallel plate flow chamber. Four hours of shear stress exposure had no effect on adhesion. However, 15 hours of shear stress exposure led to marked changes in the ability of the endothelial monolayer to bind human breast cancer cells. An increase in adhesive strength was observed for nonmetastatic MCF-7 cells, while a decrease in adhesive strength was observed for highly metastatic MDA-MB-435 cells. Hence, endothelial shear stress stimulation does influence the adhesion of cancer cells to the endothelium and can have different effects on the adhesion of cancer cells with different metastatic potentials. Furthermore, adhesion of nonmetastatic and highly metastatic human breast cancer cells may be controlled by two different endothelial cell adhesion molecules that are differentially regulated by shear stress. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that shear stress did in fact differentially regulate endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression.
Research Interests: Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Flow Cytometry, Breast Cancer, Biorheology, and 15 moreCell Adhesion, Immunohistochemistry, Medicine, Adhesion, Humans, Female, Clinical Sciences, Mechanical Stress, Analysis of Variance, Metastatic Breast Cancer, Cancer Cell, ENDOTHELIUM, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Breast Neoplasms, and coculture techniques
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Research Interests: Algorithms, Chemistry, Kinetics, Calcium, Bone Healing, and 15 moreBioelectromagnetics, Animals, Ligand Binding, Electromagnetic Fields, Electromagnetic Field, Calmodulin, Electric Conductivity, Ligands, Electric Impedance, Amplitude, Biochemistry and cell biology, Electrical Impedance, bone development, Chick embryo, and In Vitro Techniques
Page 1. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 6 (1994) 189-193 © 1994 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved 0922-6028/94/$07.00 189 RESTOR 00216 Improved footprint analysis using video recording to assess ...
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Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have been shown to increase the rate of nerve regeneration. Transient post-transection loss of target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) is one mechanism proposed to signal induction of early nerve... more
Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have been shown to increase the rate of nerve regeneration. Transient post-transection loss of target-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) is one mechanism proposed to signal induction of early nerve regenerative events. We tested the hypothesis that PEMF alter levels of NGF activity and protein in injured nerve and/or dorsal root ganglia (DRG) during the first stages of regeneration (6-72 hr). Rats with a transection injury to the midthigh portion of the sciatic nerve on one side were exposed to PEMF or sham control PEMF for 4 hr/day for different time periods. NGF-like activity was determined in DRG, in 5-mm nerve segments proximal and distal to the transection site and in a corresponding 5-mm segment of the contralateral nonoperated nerve. NGF-like activity of coded tissue samples was measured in a blinded fashion using the chick DRG sensory neuron bioassay. Overall, PEMF caused a significant decrease in NGF-like activity in nerve tissue (P < 0.02, repeated measures analysis of variance, ANOVA) with decreases evident in proximal, distal, and contralateral nonoperated nerve. Unexpectedly, transection was also found to cause a significant (P=0.001) 2-fold increase in DRG NGF-like activity between 6 and 24 hr postinjury in contralateral but not ipsilateral DRG. PEMF also reduced NGF-like activity in DRG, although this decrease did not reach statistical significance. Assessment of the same nerve and DRG samples using ELISA and NGF-specific antibodies confirmed an overall significant (P < 0.001) decrease in NGF levels in PEMF-treated nerve tissue, while no decrease was detected in DRG or in nerve samples harvested from PEMF-treated uninjured rats. These findings demonstrate that PEMF can affect growth factor activity and levels, and raise the possibility that PEMF might promote nerve regeneration by amplifying the early postinjury decline in NGF activity.
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Wingbuds of 4-day chick embryos were amputated at the future elbow joint and a segment of embryonic neural tube was implanted longitudinally in the stump. The cross-sectional area and number of nerve bundles were determined in limbs in... more
Wingbuds of 4-day chick embryos were amputated at the future elbow joint and a segment of embryonic neural tube was implanted longitudinally in the stump. The cross-sectional area and number of nerve bundles were determined in limbs in which limb regeneration occurred and compared with similar measurements in control limbs without neural tube implant. The number of nerve bundles in regenerated limbs was not significantly greater than in control limbs which did not regenerate. However, the cross-sectional area of nerve bundles was significantly greater in the limbs that had undergone regeneration. The data support the view that the amount of axoplasm available at the amputation (surface) site is the essential factor in determining the success or failure of regeneration.
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Sensory ganglia from 7-8 day chick embryos were exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) or direct current(DC) in order to correlate stimulation of neurite outgrowth with current density as a function of field geometry. Growth... more
Sensory ganglia from 7-8 day chick embryos were exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) or direct current(DC) in order to correlate stimulation of neurite outgrowth with current density as a function of field geometry. Growth scores were obtained on ganglia growing ...
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Research Interests: Algorithms, Chemistry, Kinetics, Calcium, Medicine, and 15 moreAnimals, Electromagnetic Fields, Phosphorylation, Rabbits, Protein Binding, Electric Conductivity, Ligands, Electric Impedance, Amplitude, Biochemistry and cell biology, bone development, Waveform, Springer Ebooks, Chick embryo, and In Vitro Techniques
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This review covers the development and maturation of the cerebellum of the horse and compares this developmental sequence with that of man, mouse and chicken. These comparisons attempt to correlate morphological and neurochemical... more
This review covers the development and maturation of the cerebellum of the horse and compares this developmental sequence with that of man, mouse and chicken. These comparisons attempt to correlate morphological and neurochemical features, developmental time and functional performance necessary for survival at birth. Although there is great disparity between these 3 species, the basic anatomical structures of the cerebellum are present as are specific cellular groups, synapses and neurochemical markers. In addition to this structural homogeneity, other attributes of the cerebellum are its easily identified cellular populations and its well ordered pattern of growth and differentiation. The cerebella of the developing chick and mouse have been studied in great detail as they are amenable to experimental manipulations. The pattern of cellular differentiation appears to be reproducible from species to species and differs primarily as it relates to gestational age and functional requirements at birth. For instance, most of the large neurones of the cerebellar cortex differentiate early with small neurones and neuroglia differentiating later. Neurogenesis of the cerebellar cortex is fairly complete in the newborn foal and chick hatchling, but not in the human or rodent newborn.
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... HUGH CLARK, BETTY SISKEN AND JOHN E. SHANXON Department of Zoology, University of Connecticut ... Eggs of Alligator mississippiensis were shipped to our laboratory via air express from Avery Island, Louisiana.2 Late embryos were... more
... HUGH CLARK, BETTY SISKEN AND JOHN E. SHANXON Department of Zoology, University of Connecticut ... Eggs of Alligator mississippiensis were shipped to our laboratory via air express from Avery Island, Louisiana.2 Late embryos were incubated at 90°F. in damp ...
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Research Interests: Engineering, Cancer, Breast Cancer, Biology, Bioelectromagnetics, and 15 moreMetastasis, Medicine, Cell Division, Biological Sciences, Melatonin, Humans, Female, Electromagnetic Fields, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Cancer Cell, PEMF, Breast Cancer Cells, Breast Neoplasms, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, and Neoplasm metastasis
The mechanism whereby low‐frequency electromagnetic fields accelerate axonal regrowth and regeneration of peripheral nerve after crush lesion is not known. One candidate is an alteration in axonal transport. In this study we exposed... more
The mechanism whereby low‐frequency electromagnetic fields accelerate axonal regrowth and regeneration of peripheral nerve after crush lesion is not known. One candidate is an alteration in axonal transport. In this study we exposed unoperated rats for 15 min/day, and rats that had undergone a crush lesion of the sciatic nerve, for 1 hr/day for 2 days, to 2‐Hz pulsed electromagnetic fields. To label fast transported proteins, [3H]‐proline was microinjected into the spinal cord, and the sciatic nerves were removed 2, 3.5, and 5 hr later. The rates of fast axonal transport were obtained for animals in all groups by counting sequential 2‐mm segments of nerves. The following transport rates were found: in unoperated normal sciatic nerve not exposed to PEMF, 373 ± 14 mm/day; in unoperated normal nerve exposed to PEMF, 383 ± 14 mm/day; in sham crush nerves not exposed to PEMF, 379 ± 19 mm/day; in sham crush nerve exposed to PEMF, 385 ± 17 mm/day; in crushed nerves not exposed to PEMF, 393 ± 16 mm/ day; and in crushed nerves exposed to PEMF, 392 ± 15 mm/day. The results of these experiments indicate that (1) a crush injury to the sciatic nerve does not alter the rate of fast axonal transport, and (2) low‐frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields do not alter fast axonal transport rates in operated (crush) or unoperated sciatic nerves. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Research Interests: Materials Science, Calcium, Bone Healing, Regeneration (Biology), Medicine, and 13 moreHumans, Animals, Electromagnetic Fields, Neurons, Electric Fields, Nerve Regeneration, Rats, Peripheral nerves, Stimulation, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Biochemistry and cell biology, and Peripheral nerve injuries
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Research on nerve regeneration has been devoted to developing new methods to enhance growth of axonal fibers. Both chemical (growth factors, hormones, drugs, etc) and electrical [direct current (DC) and pulsed electromagnetic fields... more
Research on nerve regeneration has been devoted to developing new methods to enhance growth of axonal fibers. Both chemical (growth factors, hormones, drugs, etc) and electrical [direct current (DC) and pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF)] applications have proven fairly successful. In this report we describe experiments using noninvasive PEMF on a crush nerve model showing that the results obtained with this technique are equal to results obtained with any chemical method. We also discuss the latest state-of-the-art methods employed in studying basic and clinical aspects of nerve growth and pathology. Finally, we attempt to predict future technological advances to be used in this research field.
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The general goals of this work were to determine whether resting levels of cellular second messengers, especially calcium, are affected by low-level electromagnetic fields and the mechanisms that could lead to such changes. The work... more
The general goals of this work were to determine whether resting levels of cellular second messengers, especially calcium, are affected by low-level electromagnetic fields and the mechanisms that could lead to such changes. The work performed was directed at (1) verifying the report of McLeod et al (1990) that low frequency sinusoidal EMF can alter basal calcium fluctuations in cultured ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells and (2) reproducing the findings of Luben et al (1982) that pulsed electromagnetic fields can affect PTH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in osteoblasts. Initially a system was constructed so that cells could be exposed to sinusoidal electric fields using platinum electrodes. In this system, the electrodes were separated from the cells and culture medium by agar barriers. A series of experiments indicated that this system was subject to a significant, though little-known artifact in which a not well understood interaction between the electrodes and sodium ions in the medium or in plain salt solutions led to frequency and amplitude dependent emission of photons that are recorded by the detection system. They therefore designed and constructed an air gap reactor system that utilizes a ferromagnetic core to direct the magnetic flux generated by a sinusoidal coil. Studies onmore » the effects of a 15 Hz pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on cyclic AMP metabolism were performed on ROS 17/2.8 and MC3T3 cells.« less
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Research Interests: Engineering, Kinetics, Biology, Cell Biology, Bioelectromagnetics, and 15 moreMedicine, Cell Division, Biological Sciences, In Vitro, Cell Differentiation, Animals, Electromagnetic Fields, Neurons, Electromagnetic Field, In Vivo, Rats, Neurite, Cell Proliferation, Nerve Growth Factor, and Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Publisher Summary This chapter examines the structural studies, molecular cloning and localization of the plasma membrane Ca 2+ -pumping ATPase. The action of calcium ion as an intracellular regulatory signal requires a complex set of... more
Publisher Summary This chapter examines the structural studies, molecular cloning and localization of the plasma membrane Ca 2+ -pumping ATPase. The action of calcium ion as an intracellular regulatory signal requires a complex set of biochemical processes including Ca 2+ release or influx in response to stimuli, binding to intracellular receptors and removal of regulatory calcium to terminate the response. The latter process occurs as a result of membrane bound ion pumps that can translocate Ca 2+ either into protected compartments within the cell or through the plasma membrane to the external environment. It is observed that the ion translocases that couple the hydrolysis of ATP to Ca 2+ pumping are most important in restoring intracellular Ca levels to the submicromolar range required for the resting. All studies of purified membrane Ca 2+ -ATPase were performed with the enzyme purified to homogeneity from human erythrocyte membranes. This preparation was also utilized to prepare immunoreagents used for both localization and molecular cloning studies in rat and bovine species, respectively. High titer polyclonal antihuman ATPase antibodies were raised in New Zealand rabbits by standard immunization regimes with Freunds adjuvant and purified from the resulting high titer hyperimmune sera by adsorption to antigen immobilized on CaM-Sepharose or following transfer to nitrocellulose.
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ABSTRACT The time-sequence of the development of the components of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the chick embryo cerebellum was correlated with development as observed at both light and electron microscopic levels. Study also... more
ABSTRACT The time-sequence of the development of the components of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in the chick embryo cerebellum was correlated with development as observed at both light and electron microscopic levels. Study also was made of the subcellular distribution pattern of the GABA system with the age of the embryo. Characteristic synapse-like structures were observed in the chick cerebellum as early as 11 days of incubation, the degree of synaptogenesis increasing greatly thereafter. The enzymes of the GABA system, l-glutamic decar☐ylase (GAD) and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T), began to increase much later in development than did the weight and protein content of the cerebellum. All of the data are consistent with the interpretation that the development of the whole GABA system temporally is better correlated with the development and increase in recognizable synaptic structures than with the accretion of the total mass of the cerebellum. The fractionation data at all stages showed GAD to be more highly concentrated in presynaptic endings than elsewhere and the GABA-T to be particularly high in the free mitochondria, which probably come from postsynaptic neuronal sites and from glial and endothelial cells. The results fit the suggestion that in the chick cerebellum GABA largely is formed at presynaptic sites and metabolized at postsynaptic sites onto which it is liberated, but definitive proof of this idea will only come when it will be possible to visualize GAD, GABA-T, and GABA at an ultrastructural level in specific sites of sections of the cerebellum.
Research Interests: Cognitive Science, Biology, Embryo, Brain, Cerebellum, and 2 moreNeurosciences and Chick embryo(Neurosciences and Chick embryo)
(Neurosciences and Chick embryo)
file:///C:/Users/Owner/Desktop/2007JanAbstractcc.pdf
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Segments of 2-, 4-, 6-and 8-day neural tube, or of 15-day peripheral nerve were implanted longitudinally into limb stumps of 4-day chick embryos whose right-wing buds were amputated at the future elbow region. Stumps of amputated limbs... more
Segments of 2-, 4-, 6-and 8-day neural tube, or of 15-day peripheral nerve were implanted longitudinally into limb stumps of 4-day chick embryos whose right-wing buds were amputated at the future elbow region. Stumps of amputated limbs (ALs) implanted with 7day heart or without implant served as controls. Effects of progressively older neural tube implants (NTIs) upon ALs and host spinal cord neurons were analyzed by area measurements of the peripheral limb field (PLF) and NTI and by cell counts of the host lateral motor column (LMC). Nine days postamputation, 2-and 4-day NTIs contained many neurons and induced epimorphic regeneration in more than one-fourth of the embryos. Six-day NTIs contained few neurons and induced only tissue regeneration. Eight-day NTIs and peripheral nerve containing only non-neuronal cells were as ineffective as controls in stimulating regeneration, although peripheral nerve did cause a significant increase in the peripheral field. The NTIs of all ages and implants of peripheral nerve were equally effective in protecting LMC neurons from amputation-induced cell death in the host spinal cord. The results may indicate that neurons of the implant induce limb regeneration and non-neuronal cells of the implant protect against LMC neuronal death.
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Ke y words: re ge ne ra tion-ne urotrophic fa ctor-ne urona l s urviva l-ne urona l ce ll de a th-ne ura l impla nt The right wingbuds of s ta ge 23-25 chick e mbryos we re a mputa te d a t the future e lbow re gion a nd a s e gme nt of... more
Ke y words: re ge ne ra tion-ne urotrophic fa ctor-ne urona l s urviva l-ne urona l ce ll de a th-ne ura l impla nt The right wingbuds of s ta ge 23-25 chick e mbryos we re a mputa te d a t the future e lbow re gion a nd a s e gme nt of 2-da y ne ura l tube wa s impla nte d longitudina lly into the limb s tump of e xpe rime nta l e mbryos to induce limb re ge ne ra tion. Control e mbryos ha d no impla nt in the a mputa te d limb s tump. To a na lyze e ffe cts of the ne ura l tube impla nt (NTI) upon the hos t ne rvous s ys te m, qua ntita tive de te rmina tions we re ma de of the pe riphe ra l limb fie ld (P LF), dors a l root ga nglia (DRG) a nd s pina l cord la te ra l motor column (LMC) of the a mputa te d s ide for compa ris on with s imila r de te rmina tions of the una mputa te d s ide in a ll e mbryos. The P LF wa s e s tima te d by de te rmining the a re a of the s ke le ta l e le me nts of the a mputa te d a nd una mputa te d limb of e a ch e mbryo. The size of the DR G wa s e s tima te d by de te rmining the s e ctiona l-profile a re a of a pa ir of ga nglia ; the LMC wa s de te rmine d by counting the ne urons on both s ide s of a s ingle spinal cord s e gme nt. The P LF wa s le s s on the a mputa te d tha n on the una mputa te d s ide but wa s s ignifica ntly gre a te r in a mputa te d limbs tha t re ce ive d a NTI. The size of the DR G wa s pos itive ly corre la te d with the size of the P LF in a ll groups , indica ting the DR G wa s not dire ctly a ffe cte d by the NTI but did re s pond to ta rge t s tructure s. The numbe r of ne urons in the LMC wa s not pos itive ly corre la te d with the P LF a nd wa s not re duce d by limb a mputa tion in e mbryos with a NTI. The da ta s ugge s t tha t the NTI ma y ha ve prote cte d hos t spinal cord cells from the induce d-ce ll de a th e xpe cte d to follow limb a mputa tion; pe rha ps the impla nt produce s a ne urona l s urviva l fa ctor.
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Wingbuds of 4-day chick embryos were amputated at the future elbow joint and a segment of embryonic neural tube was implanted longitudinally in the stump. The cross-sectional area and number of nerve bundles were determined in limbs in... more
Wingbuds of 4-day chick embryos were amputated at the future elbow joint and a segment of embryonic neural tube was implanted longitudinally in the stump. The cross-sectional area and number of nerve bundles were determined in limbs in which limb regeneration occurred and compared with similar measurements in control limbs without neural tube implant. The number of nerve bundles in regenerated limbs was not significantly greater than in control limbs which did not regenerate. However, the cross-sectional area of nerve bundles was significantly greater in the limbs that had undergone regeneration. The data support the view that the amount of axoplasm available at the amputation (surface) site is the essential factor in determining the success or failure of regeneration.