Miljana Radivojević
University College London, Institute of Archaeology, Faculty Member
- Archaeological Method & Theory, Archaeological Science, Archaeometry, Ancient economies (Archaeology), Archaeometallurgy, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, and 57 moreEvolutionary Archaeology, Archaeological Chemistry, Balkan archaeology, Archaeomineralogy, Geometallurgy, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Materials Science, Near Eastern Archaeology, Mineralogy, Economic Geology, Electron Microscopy, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Technology, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Archaeology of Mining, X-ray Analysis, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Ancient Metallurgy, Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology), Bronze Age Eurasia, Archaeology of the Eurasian steppe belt, Archaeology of Central Asia, Archaeology of Caucasus, Iranian Archaeology, Vinca culture, European Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic, Neolithic of the Balkans, Neolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic Europe, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Metallurgy, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Eurasian Prehistory, Vinča culture, Ancient Mining and Metallurgy, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Bronze Age Archaeology, Copper age, Ancient Technology (Archaeology), Prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Cucuteni-Tripolye culture, Chaîne Opératoire, Craft Knowledge, Archaeological Theory, Craft production (Archaeology), Material Culture Studies, Kazakhstan archaeology, Colorimetry, Central Asian Archaeology, Central Asian History (Area Studies), and Central Asian History and Anthropology(Evolutionary Archaeology, Archaeological Chemistry, Balkan archaeology, Archaeomineralogy, Geometallurgy, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Materials Science, Near Eastern Archaeology, Mineralogy, Economic Geology, Electron Microscopy, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Technology, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Archaeology of Mining, X-ray Analysis, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Ancient Metallurgy, Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology), Bronze Age Eurasia, Archaeology of the Eurasian steppe belt, Archaeology of Central Asia, Archaeology of Caucasus, Iranian Archaeology, Vinca culture, European Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic, Neolithic of the Balkans, Neolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic Europe, Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology), Metallurgy, Bronze Age (Archaeology), Eurasian Prehistory, Vinča culture, Ancient Mining and Metallurgy, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Bronze Age Archaeology, Copper age, Ancient Technology (Archaeology), Prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Cucuteni-Tripolye culture, Chaîne Opératoire, Craft Knowledge, Archaeological Theory, Craft production (Archaeology), Material Culture Studies, Kazakhstan archaeology, Colorimetry, Central Asian Archaeology, Central Asian History (Area Studies), and Central Asian History and Anthropology)edit
The article presents a group of Bronze Age artefacts recovered from the Drava river wetlands in continental Croatia, examining their typological and chronological markers, and assessing the technological characteristics of the material... more
The article presents a group of Bronze Age artefacts recovered from the Drava river wetlands in continental Croatia, examining their typological and chronological markers, and assessing the technological characteristics of the material through spectrometric and use-wear analyses. We discuss the context of the finds, types of items retrieved and deposition locations, and how these fit into the patterns of European Bronze Age metal deposition practices. Compositional and metalwork use analyses indicate that most of the items were in use prior to their deposition and display solid metallurgical skill. Chronologically, typologically, compositionally, and conceptually, the items align with the depositional trends seen in the wider region and beyond.
Research Interests:
We critically review the application of community detection in archaeology, as well as its potential to be developed on archaeological big data. The challenges in applying community detection algorithms are presented with a reference case... more
We critically review the application of community detection in archaeology, as well as its potential to be developed on archaeological big data. The challenges in applying community detection algorithms are presented with a reference case study from the Balkans. We demonstrate the robustness of di erent community detection algorithms applied on chemical composition of 410 copper-based objects spanning c. 3,000 years. The highlight of this study is correlation of resulting modules with the known archaeological cultures within this time frame, which opens a new avenue in re-evaluating the concept of archaeological cultures with the application of community detection. Through this case study we also indicate what kind of issues arise when di erent high-performance algorithms are applied, and we propose problem-solving avenues for future community detection studies in archaeology.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Social Networks, Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, and 10 moreChalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, Complex Networks, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan archaeology, European Prehistory (Archaeology), European Archaeology, Network analysis in archaeology, Community Detection, and Neolithic of the Balkans
The results and experiences gained from the multidisciplinary and holistic approaches underlying the Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project provide an opportunity, not only to reflect on programmes of further research in the Balkans, but... more
The results and experiences gained from the
multidisciplinary and holistic approaches underlying the
Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project provide an opportunity,
not only to reflect on programmes of further research in
the Balkans, but also on scholarship in early metallurgy
across the world. This chapter outlines what might be
usefully taken forward from this project, but also seeks
to highlight gaps in our understandings that could be
addressed. It is by no means a comprehensive agenda for
global early metallurgy studies but is instead intended
to stimulate further debate and discussions that lead to
new programmes of research.
multidisciplinary and holistic approaches underlying the
Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project provide an opportunity,
not only to reflect on programmes of further research in
the Balkans, but also on scholarship in early metallurgy
across the world. This chapter outlines what might be
usefully taken forward from this project, but also seeks
to highlight gaps in our understandings that could be
addressed. It is by no means a comprehensive agenda for
global early metallurgy studies but is instead intended
to stimulate further debate and discussions that lead to
new programmes of research.
Research Interests: Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Bronze Age Archaeology, and 12 moreBalkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Neolithic Europe, Bronze Age (Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Bronze Age, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Steppe Archaeology, Archaeology of the Eurasian steppe belt, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies(Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Neolithic Europe, Bronze Age (Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Bronze Age, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Steppe Archaeology, Archaeology of the Eurasian steppe belt, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
(Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Neolithic Europe, Bronze Age (Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Bronze Age, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Steppe Archaeology, Archaeology of the Eurasian steppe belt, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
shaped The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project and underpinned the research questions. Firstly, there are competing views about whether metallurgy in Eurasia had a single origin or arose in multiple places. There are also different... more
shaped The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project and
underpinned the research questions. Firstly, there are
competing views about whether metallurgy in Eurasia
had a single origin or arose in multiple places. There
are also different perspectives regarding the ways in
which pre-existing technical knowledge influenced and
inspired the emergence of this new technology. Further
discourse relates to the manner in which this early
metallurgy was organised across the chaîne opératoire of
metal production and use and developed across a range
of metals and alloys. Each of these three themes are
fundamental to early metallurgy across the world (see
papers in Roberts and Thornton 2014). These are areas
of investigation with a deep history of scholarship and
a wide range of competing explanatory models.
That these lines of enquiry can be re-evaluated in
the Balkans is due to the integrated theoretical and
methodological approach of The Rise of Metallurgy in
Eurasia project, which has extended the scientific
investigation beyond the ‘when’ and the ‘where’ of
early metallurgy to include explorations of ‘how’ and
‘why’.
underpinned the research questions. Firstly, there are
competing views about whether metallurgy in Eurasia
had a single origin or arose in multiple places. There
are also different perspectives regarding the ways in
which pre-existing technical knowledge influenced and
inspired the emergence of this new technology. Further
discourse relates to the manner in which this early
metallurgy was organised across the chaîne opératoire of
metal production and use and developed across a range
of metals and alloys. Each of these three themes are
fundamental to early metallurgy across the world (see
papers in Roberts and Thornton 2014). These are areas
of investigation with a deep history of scholarship and
a wide range of competing explanatory models.
That these lines of enquiry can be re-evaluated in
the Balkans is due to the integrated theoretical and
methodological approach of The Rise of Metallurgy in
Eurasia project, which has extended the scientific
investigation beyond the ‘when’ and the ‘where’ of
early metallurgy to include explorations of ‘how’ and
‘why’.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, and 13 moreArchaeometallurgy, Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, European Archaeology, Archaeological Excavation, Prehistoric Archeology, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Eurasian archaeology, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies(Archaeometallurgy, Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, European Archaeology, Archaeological Excavation, Prehistoric Archeology, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Eurasian archaeology, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
(Archaeometallurgy, Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, European Archaeology, Archaeological Excavation, Prehistoric Archeology, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Eurasian archaeology, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
This chapter summarises the macroscopic and microscopic analyses of pottery sherds from the sites of Belovode and Pločnik, presented in Chapters 14 and 31, and provides insight into different technological traits in order to aid... more
This chapter summarises the macroscopic and
microscopic analyses of pottery sherds from the sites of
Belovode and Pločnik, presented in Chapters 14 and 31,
and provides insight into different technological traits
in order to aid reconstruction of pottery making recipes
in these two Vinča culture communities. Using a multipronged
scientific approach, we reconstructed routines
of raw material acquisition and processing, techniques
of forming and finishing vessels, firing conditions
and organisational aspects of pottery production. The
possible non-local production identified in this research
is also considered in order to understand the dynamics
that shaped pottery circulation in these prehistoric
communities (e.g. Quinn et al. 2010). These results also
contribute significantly to the previous technological
studies carried out on Neolithic pottery from sites in
the central Balkans.
microscopic analyses of pottery sherds from the sites of
Belovode and Pločnik, presented in Chapters 14 and 31,
and provides insight into different technological traits
in order to aid reconstruction of pottery making recipes
in these two Vinča culture communities. Using a multipronged
scientific approach, we reconstructed routines
of raw material acquisition and processing, techniques
of forming and finishing vessels, firing conditions
and organisational aspects of pottery production. The
possible non-local production identified in this research
is also considered in order to understand the dynamics
that shaped pottery circulation in these prehistoric
communities (e.g. Quinn et al. 2010). These results also
contribute significantly to the previous technological
studies carried out on Neolithic pottery from sites in
the central Balkans.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, and 6 moreCeramic Analysis (Archaeology), Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), and Ceramic Petrography
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, and 10 moreArchaeometallurgy, Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Bayesian Models, European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistoric Archeology, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, and Radiocarbon Dating (Archaeology)
The 2012 and 2013 excavations and subsequent postexcavation analyses by The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project team at the site of Pločnik built upon nearly a century of discoveries and excavations led initially by the National Museum... more
The 2012 and 2013 excavations and subsequent postexcavation
analyses by The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia
project team at the site of Pločnik built upon nearly a
century of discoveries and excavations led initially by
the National Museum of Belgrade (Grbić 1929; Stalio
1960, 1962, 1964, 1973) and co-led latterly by the
National Museum Belgrade and Museum of Toplica,
Prokuplje.
analyses by The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia
project team at the site of Pločnik built upon nearly a
century of discoveries and excavations led initially by
the National Museum of Belgrade (Grbić 1929; Stalio
1960, 1962, 1964, 1973) and co-led latterly by the
National Museum Belgrade and Museum of Toplica,
Prokuplje.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, and 8 morePrehistoric Settlement, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Neolithic Europe, Prehistory, Prehistoric Archeology, Neolithic of the Balkans, and Neolithic & Chalcolithic enclosures
The results of the geophysical survey conducted at the site of Pločnik in 2012 and 2013 indicate that the total area of the settlement can be estimated at 35 ha (Figure 1, see Chapter 38 this volume), although it may have been larger... more
The results of the geophysical survey conducted at
the site of Pločnik in 2012 and 2013 indicate that the
total area of the settlement can be estimated at 35 ha
(Figure 1, see Chapter 38 this volume), although it may
have been larger during the Neolithic-Chalcolithic
periods. The meandering of the Toplica river may have
destroyed a significant portion of the site through
erosion, a process that is visible even today after the
seasonal swelling of the river during the spring and
late autumn. The archaeological excavations were
undertaken in the southwest part of the site since
copper implements were previously discovered in
this area of the settlement.
the site of Pločnik in 2012 and 2013 indicate that the
total area of the settlement can be estimated at 35 ha
(Figure 1, see Chapter 38 this volume), although it may
have been larger during the Neolithic-Chalcolithic
periods. The meandering of the Toplica river may have
destroyed a significant portion of the site through
erosion, a process that is visible even today after the
seasonal swelling of the river during the spring and
late autumn. The archaeological excavations were
undertaken in the southwest part of the site since
copper implements were previously discovered in
this area of the settlement.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, and 8 morePrehistoric Settlement, Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Neolithic Europe, Archaeological Excavation, Prehistoric Archeology, and Neolithic of the Balkans
The 2012 and 2013 excavations and subsequent postexcavation analyses by The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project team at the site of Belovode built upon two decades of earlier work led by the National Museum of Belgrade and the Museum in... more
The 2012 and 2013 excavations and subsequent postexcavation
analyses by The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia
project team at the site of Belovode built upon two
decades of earlier work led by the National Museum of
Belgrade and the Museum in Požarevac (Jacanović and
Šljivar 2003; Šljivar 2006; Šljivar and Jacanović 1996b,
1996c, 1997c; Šljivar et al. 2006). This earlier work across 17
trenches had identified four building horizons (Belovode
A–D), the presence of the entire Vinča culture ceramic
sequence from Vinča Tordoš (A–B1) to the Gradac Phase
(I–III) as well as stone tools, figurines, obsidian blades,
animal bone and, most importantly for the current
research, evidence for the smelting of copper ores. As
detailed in Chapter 5, it was the archaeometallurgical
analysis of five small copper slags from Trench 3 together
with the radiocarbon dating of the excavated horizon in
which they were found that provided evidence for copper
smelting at c. 5000 BC (Radivojević et al. 2010a) and the
foundation for The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project.
However, in the absence of any detailed publication on
these earlier excavations at Belovode, further questions
relating to broader context of the earliest evidence for
copper smelting could not be explored.
analyses by The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia
project team at the site of Belovode built upon two
decades of earlier work led by the National Museum of
Belgrade and the Museum in Požarevac (Jacanović and
Šljivar 2003; Šljivar 2006; Šljivar and Jacanović 1996b,
1996c, 1997c; Šljivar et al. 2006). This earlier work across 17
trenches had identified four building horizons (Belovode
A–D), the presence of the entire Vinča culture ceramic
sequence from Vinča Tordoš (A–B1) to the Gradac Phase
(I–III) as well as stone tools, figurines, obsidian blades,
animal bone and, most importantly for the current
research, evidence for the smelting of copper ores. As
detailed in Chapter 5, it was the archaeometallurgical
analysis of five small copper slags from Trench 3 together
with the radiocarbon dating of the excavated horizon in
which they were found that provided evidence for copper
smelting at c. 5000 BC (Radivojević et al. 2010a) and the
foundation for The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project.
However, in the absence of any detailed publication on
these earlier excavations at Belovode, further questions
relating to broader context of the earliest evidence for
copper smelting could not be explored.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Prehistoric Settlement, and 7 moreBalkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistoric Archeology, and Neolithic of the Balkans
Metal production evidence yielded during the excavation campaigns 2012 and 2013 in Belovode shows similar characteristic to the samples from the site studied and published previously (Radivojević 2012, 2013, 2015; Radivojević and... more
Metal production evidence yielded during the
excavation campaigns 2012 and 2013 in Belovode shows
similar characteristic to the samples from the site
studied and published previously (Radivojević 2012,
2013, 2015; Radivojević and Kuzmanović Cvetković
2014; Radivojević and Rehren 2016; Radivojević et al.
2010a). These are predominantly malachite mineral
and ore samples, most likely roughly beneficiated (no
samples larger than 2–3 cm in length, see Appendix
B_Ch11), and very importantly, without any significant
spatial pattern in the excavated area of Trench 18 or
its extension (T18ext henceforth). These minerals were
discovered in all areas, whether in living or economic
spaces, inside the dwellings and other features, and
across the excavation spits, which is why they have also
been found by previous excavation campaigns.
excavation campaigns 2012 and 2013 in Belovode shows
similar characteristic to the samples from the site
studied and published previously (Radivojević 2012,
2013, 2015; Radivojević and Kuzmanović Cvetković
2014; Radivojević and Rehren 2016; Radivojević et al.
2010a). These are predominantly malachite mineral
and ore samples, most likely roughly beneficiated (no
samples larger than 2–3 cm in length, see Appendix
B_Ch11), and very importantly, without any significant
spatial pattern in the excavated area of Trench 18 or
its extension (T18ext henceforth). These minerals were
discovered in all areas, whether in living or economic
spaces, inside the dwellings and other features, and
across the excavation spits, which is why they have also
been found by previous excavation campaigns.
Research Interests:
The site of Pločnik (43°12’35.72”N, 21°21’50.42”E) is situated beneath the eponymous modern village, 19 km west of the town of Prokuplje in south Serbia and 300 km south of the capital, Belgrade. It is set at about 300 m above sea level... more
The site of Pločnik (43°12’35.72”N, 21°21’50.42”E) is
situated beneath the eponymous modern village, 19
km west of the town of Prokuplje in south Serbia and
300 km south of the capital, Belgrade. It is set at about
300 m above sea level on the left bank of the Toplica
river, whose shifting course presently erodes away the
estimated 3.60 m thick cultural layer of the site (Stalio
1960: 34; 1962: 21). The village is surrounded by good
quality agricultural land (Chapter 23, this volume)
and thermal springs, and has good communication
routes along the river Toplica. This is the major
watercourse in this part of Serbia, which springs from
Kopaonik, a mountain approximately 50 km away
from Pločnik, whose rich iron veins were exploited
in Roman and medieval times (Bogosavljević et al.
1988, 1989; Bogosavljević-Petrović and Tomović 1993;
Bogosavljević-Petrović 1995; Mrkobrad 1989; Mrkobrad
et al. 1989). More than 50 sites with archaeometallurgical
installations from both periods were recognised
around toponymic places like Suvo Rudište (in Serbian:
‘Dry Mine’) or Bakarnjača (in Serbian: ‘Copper-rich’),
indicating intensive metallurgical activities in the past.
situated beneath the eponymous modern village, 19
km west of the town of Prokuplje in south Serbia and
300 km south of the capital, Belgrade. It is set at about
300 m above sea level on the left bank of the Toplica
river, whose shifting course presently erodes away the
estimated 3.60 m thick cultural layer of the site (Stalio
1960: 34; 1962: 21). The village is surrounded by good
quality agricultural land (Chapter 23, this volume)
and thermal springs, and has good communication
routes along the river Toplica. This is the major
watercourse in this part of Serbia, which springs from
Kopaonik, a mountain approximately 50 km away
from Pločnik, whose rich iron veins were exploited
in Roman and medieval times (Bogosavljević et al.
1988, 1989; Bogosavljević-Petrović and Tomović 1993;
Bogosavljević-Petrović 1995; Mrkobrad 1989; Mrkobrad
et al. 1989). More than 50 sites with archaeometallurgical
installations from both periods were recognised
around toponymic places like Suvo Rudište (in Serbian:
‘Dry Mine’) or Bakarnjača (in Serbian: ‘Copper-rich’),
indicating intensive metallurgical activities in the past.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, and 7 moreArchaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Prehistoric Archeology, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, and Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry
The site of Belovode (44°18’42.34”N, 21°24’27.09”E) is located near the village of Veliko Laole, c. 140 km southeast of Belgrade (MAP) and lies on a windy plateau with the eponymous spring running through the settlement. The location is... more
The site of Belovode (44°18’42.34”N, 21°24’27.09”E)
is located near the village of Veliko Laole, c. 140 km
southeast of Belgrade (MAP) and lies on a windy
plateau with the eponymous spring running through
the settlement. The location is typical for a Vinča
culture settlement: a large rolling plateau of ellipsoidal
shape at an altitude of c. 200 m, suitable for agricultural
activities as well as cattle breeding in the dense forests
and pastures (Šljivar et al. 2006: 251–252). The nearby
Mlava River runs deep into the volcanic mountain
range called Homolje, which lies within a zone of
primary copper mining and metallurgy (Krajnović and
Janković 1995).
The site has been excavated since 1993 by the National
Museum of Belgrade and the Museum in Požarevac
(Šljivar and Jacanović 1996a, 1996b, 1997a; Jacanović
and Šljivar 2003; Šljivar et al. 2006; Šljivar 2006). Given
that the publication record for Belovode has been
mainly limited to attempts to interpret and explain
archaeometallurgical activities, a more detailed
account of the history of research at the site will be the
focus of this chapter.
In 2010, the site of Belovode received wide international
recognition following a study of five copper slag pieces,
identified as the earliest in the world (Radivojević et
al. 2010a). Further analyses of archaeometallurgical
materials excavated up to 2009 (Radivojević 2012,
2013; Radivojević and Kuzmanović Cvetković 2014)
led, in 2012, to the establishment of one of the largest
ever international collaborative projects focusing on
Eurasian archaeometallurgy.
is located near the village of Veliko Laole, c. 140 km
southeast of Belgrade (MAP) and lies on a windy
plateau with the eponymous spring running through
the settlement. The location is typical for a Vinča
culture settlement: a large rolling plateau of ellipsoidal
shape at an altitude of c. 200 m, suitable for agricultural
activities as well as cattle breeding in the dense forests
and pastures (Šljivar et al. 2006: 251–252). The nearby
Mlava River runs deep into the volcanic mountain
range called Homolje, which lies within a zone of
primary copper mining and metallurgy (Krajnović and
Janković 1995).
The site has been excavated since 1993 by the National
Museum of Belgrade and the Museum in Požarevac
(Šljivar and Jacanović 1996a, 1996b, 1997a; Jacanović
and Šljivar 2003; Šljivar et al. 2006; Šljivar 2006). Given
that the publication record for Belovode has been
mainly limited to attempts to interpret and explain
archaeometallurgical activities, a more detailed
account of the history of research at the site will be the
focus of this chapter.
In 2010, the site of Belovode received wide international
recognition following a study of five copper slag pieces,
identified as the earliest in the world (Radivojević et
al. 2010a). Further analyses of archaeometallurgical
materials excavated up to 2009 (Radivojević 2012,
2013; Radivojević and Kuzmanović Cvetković 2014)
led, in 2012, to the establishment of one of the largest
ever international collaborative projects focusing on
Eurasian archaeometallurgy.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, and 7 moreArchaeometry, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Neolithic Europe, Neolithic of the Balkans, and Chalcolithic Metallurgy
This chapter reviews the pre-existing evidence and interpretations for early mineral use and metallurgy in the Balkans from the earliest use of copper minerals at c. 6200 BC (Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic) to c. 3700 BC (end of the... more
This chapter reviews the pre-existing evidence and
interpretations for early mineral use and metallurgy in
the Balkans from the earliest use of copper minerals at
c. 6200 BC (Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic) to c. 3700
BC (end of the Chalcolithic). It presents the empirical
and intellectual foundations upon which the data,
analyses and interpretations of The Rise of Metallurgy
in Eurasia project builds. The early metallurgy in this
region encompasses the production, distribution and
consumption of copper, gold, bronze, lead and silver, all
being either pure metals or a natural alloy (tin bronze)1.
The chapter initially defines the geographical and
temporal scope under consideration before evaluating
the archaeological and metallurgical evidence in
relation to: mineral exploitation; mining; smelting,
metals and metal artefacts; and metal circulation.
Following each of these sub-sections is a summary of
how The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project oughtto
contribute to this aspect of metallurgical activity,
setting this in relation to the project’s six research
questions as presented in Chapter 2. The chapter
concludes by highlighting the dominant interpretative
narratives relating to early metallurgy, metallurgists
and societies in the Balkans that The Rise of Metallurgy
in Eurasia project will evaluate, against all the available
and relevant archaeological and metallurgical data.
interpretations for early mineral use and metallurgy in
the Balkans from the earliest use of copper minerals at
c. 6200 BC (Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic) to c. 3700
BC (end of the Chalcolithic). It presents the empirical
and intellectual foundations upon which the data,
analyses and interpretations of The Rise of Metallurgy
in Eurasia project builds. The early metallurgy in this
region encompasses the production, distribution and
consumption of copper, gold, bronze, lead and silver, all
being either pure metals or a natural alloy (tin bronze)1.
The chapter initially defines the geographical and
temporal scope under consideration before evaluating
the archaeological and metallurgical evidence in
relation to: mineral exploitation; mining; smelting,
metals and metal artefacts; and metal circulation.
Following each of these sub-sections is a summary of
how The Rise of Metallurgy in Eurasia project oughtto
contribute to this aspect of metallurgical activity,
setting this in relation to the project’s six research
questions as presented in Chapter 2. The chapter
concludes by highlighting the dominant interpretative
narratives relating to early metallurgy, metallurgists
and societies in the Balkans that The Rise of Metallurgy
in Eurasia project will evaluate, against all the available
and relevant archaeological and metallurgical data.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, and 9 moreArchaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, Archaeometallurgy of Copper, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies(Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, Archaeometallurgy of Copper, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
(Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Prehistoric Europe (Archaeology), Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, Archaeometallurgy of Copper, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
The study of early metallurgy has many aspects and has, accordingly, taken many forms and foci (Rehren and Pernicka 2008 and literature therein). Some scholars have documented the morpho-typological evolution of artefact types and some... more
The study of early metallurgy has many aspects and
has, accordingly, taken many forms and foci (Rehren
and Pernicka 2008 and literature therein). Some
scholars have documented the morpho-typological
evolution of artefact types and some have explored the
role of metals in creating social hierarchies, in storing
and displaying wealth, or the more transcendent role
of metals in a variety of rituals. Other researchers are
fascinated by the skills and technical achievements
of the metalworkers and their intangible heritage
as expressed in intricate castings, ingenious
manufacturing methods and elaborate surface
decorations. Yet others study the transformation of
rocks and ores to metal as documented in the slags
and furnace fragments or try to trace the geological
origins of metal objects, as a proxy for the movement
of people, materials, and ideas. The investigation
of ancient mining extends well beyond the field of
archaeometallurgy, with mines for flint, pigments,
precious stones and salt all pre-dating metal smelting,
and quarrying for building stone exceeding metal
mining both in scale and value generation (e.g. Schauer
et al. 2020). This range of interests inevitably implies the
application of a multitude of methods, borrowed from a
host of mother disciplines, adjusted and refined to form
the interdisciplinary field of archaeometallurgy. It also
makes any holistic project both a daunting prospect
and an exercise in interdisciplinary diplomacy.
has, accordingly, taken many forms and foci (Rehren
and Pernicka 2008 and literature therein). Some
scholars have documented the morpho-typological
evolution of artefact types and some have explored the
role of metals in creating social hierarchies, in storing
and displaying wealth, or the more transcendent role
of metals in a variety of rituals. Other researchers are
fascinated by the skills and technical achievements
of the metalworkers and their intangible heritage
as expressed in intricate castings, ingenious
manufacturing methods and elaborate surface
decorations. Yet others study the transformation of
rocks and ores to metal as documented in the slags
and furnace fragments or try to trace the geological
origins of metal objects, as a proxy for the movement
of people, materials, and ideas. The investigation
of ancient mining extends well beyond the field of
archaeometallurgy, with mines for flint, pigments,
precious stones and salt all pre-dating metal smelting,
and quarrying for building stone exceeding metal
mining both in scale and value generation (e.g. Schauer
et al. 2020). This range of interests inevitably implies the
application of a multitude of methods, borrowed from a
host of mother disciplines, adjusted and refined to form
the interdisciplinary field of archaeometallurgy. It also
makes any holistic project both a daunting prospect
and an exercise in interdisciplinary diplomacy.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometallurgy, and 10 moreBalkan archaeology, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy of Copper, European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies, and Slag Analysis & Archaeometallurgy(Balkan archaeology, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy of Copper, European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies, and Slag Analysis & Archaeometallurgy)
(Balkan archaeology, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy of Copper, European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies, and Slag Analysis & Archaeometallurgy)
Complex network analyses of many physical, biological and social phenomena show remarkable structural regularities, yet, their application in studying human past interaction remains underdeveloped. Here, we present an innovative method... more
Complex network analyses of many physical, biological and social phenomena show remarkable structural regularities, yet, their application in studying human past interaction remains underdeveloped. Here, we present an innovative method for identifying community structures in the archaeological record that allows for independent evaluation of the copper using societies in the Balkans, from c. 6200 to c. 3200 BC. We achieve this by exploring modularity of networked systems of these societies across an estimated 3000 years. We employ chemical data of copper-based objects from 79 archaeological sites as the independent variable for detecting most densely interconnected sets of nodes with a modularity maximization method. Our results reveal three dominant modular structures across the entire period, which exhibit strong spatial and temporal significance. We interpret patterns of copper supply among prehistoric societies as reflective of social relations, which emerge as equally important as physical proximity. Although designed on a variable isolated from any archaeological and spatiotemporal information, our method provides archaeologically and spatiotemporally meaningful results. It produces models of human interaction and cooperation that can be evaluated independently of established archaeological systematics, and can find wide application on any quantitative data from archaeological and historical record.
original article on: https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/doi/10.1093/comnet/cnx013/4030792/Community-structure-of-copper-supply-networks-in?guestAccessKey=d41a79e4-2d04-4a1b-a221-f010bfc7d583
original article on: https://academic.oup.com/comnet/article/doi/10.1093/comnet/cnx013/4030792/Community-structure-of-copper-supply-networks-in?guestAccessKey=d41a79e4-2d04-4a1b-a221-f010bfc7d583
Research Interests: Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Complex Systems Science, Social Networks, Archaeological Method & Theory, and 26 moreNeolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, Complex Networks, Complex networks (Physics), Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Neolithic Europe, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Provenance studies of archaeological material, Copper extraction and production, Copper Artefacts, Copper age, Archaeometallurgical Researchs, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Modularity, Late Neolithic Copper Age Personal Ornaments Beads Pendents Bracelets Jewelry Portugal Spain Iberia Social Complexity Craft Specialization Political Economy Exchange Exotic Raw Materials Ivory Variscite Slate Plaques, European Neolithic, Copper Age, Bronze Age, Vinca culture, European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies, Historical Data Analysis using Social Networks, Late Neolithic. Belgrade. Late Vinca Culture, and Copper Smelting(Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, Complex Networks, Complex networks (Physics), Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Neolithic Europe, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Provenance studies of archaeological material, Copper extraction and production, Copper Artefacts, Copper age, Archaeometallurgical Researchs, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Modularity, Late Neolithic Copper Age Personal Ornaments Beads Pendents Bracelets Jewelry Portugal Spain Iberia Social Complexity Craft Specialization Political Economy Exchange Exotic Raw Materials Ivory Variscite Slate Plaques, European Neolithic, Copper Age, Bronze Age, Vinca culture, European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies, Historical Data Analysis using Social Networks, Late Neolithic. Belgrade. Late Vinca Culture, and Copper Smelting)
(Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, Complex Networks, Complex networks (Physics), Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Neolithic Europe, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Prehistory, Provenance studies of archaeological material, Copper extraction and production, Copper Artefacts, Copper age, Archaeometallurgical Researchs, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Modularity, Late Neolithic Copper Age Personal Ornaments Beads Pendents Bracelets Jewelry Portugal Spain Iberia Social Complexity Craft Specialization Political Economy Exchange Exotic Raw Materials Ivory Variscite Slate Plaques, European Neolithic, Copper Age, Bronze Age, Vinca culture, European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies, Historical Data Analysis using Social Networks, Late Neolithic. Belgrade. Late Vinca Culture, and Copper Smelting)
The quest for the ‘when’ and ‘where’ of the world’s earliest metallurgy has been dominating scholarly research on this topic for decades. This paper looks beyond the question of origins by discussing ‘how’ and ‘why’ metallurgy was... more
The quest for the ‘when’ and ‘where’ of the world’s earliest metallurgy has been dominating scholarly research on this topic for decades. This paper looks beyond the question of origins by discussing ‘how’ and ‘why’ metallurgy was invented. It is attempted by looking into choices and skills involved in selection, experimentation and processing of distinctively coloured copper minerals and ores throughout c. 2000 years in the Balkans. The body of evidence is built around the currently earliest evidence for copper smelting dated at c. 5000 BC and discovered in the Serbian Vinča culture site of Belovode. The ‘microstructure’ of a metal invention process is explored through optical and compositional analyses of a selection of copper minerals and metal production evidence: ores, slags, slagged sherds and metal droplets recovered from seven settlements in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, altogether dated between the late 7th and the late 5th millennium BC. This research suggests an independent technological trajectory of the emergence of metallurgy in the Balkans based on a unique technological meme, black and green mineral, which follows the evolution of early metallurgy from mono- to polymetallic within the 5th millennium BC.
Research Interests: Prehistoric Archaeology, Materials Science, Creativity--Knowledge Invention & Discovery, Archaeological Science, Archaeological Method & Theory, and 15 moreNeolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Eurasian Prehistory, European Prehistory (Archaeology), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Neolithic of the Balkans, Inventions, Archaeometallurgical Researchs, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies(Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Eurasian Prehistory, European Prehistory (Archaeology), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Neolithic of the Balkans, Inventions, Archaeometallurgical Researchs, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
(Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan archaeology, Balkan prehistory, Eurasian Prehistory, European Prehistory (Archaeology), Archaeometallurgy in Europe, Neolithic of the Balkans, Inventions, Archaeometallurgical Researchs, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
The site of Belovode came to fame within the archaeological community with the discovery of the world’s earliest metallurgy, demonstrated by several pieces of copper slag dated at c5000 BC (Radivojević et al 2010). Extensive... more
The site of Belovode came to fame within the archaeological community with the discovery of the world’s earliest metallurgy, demonstrated by several pieces of copper slag dated at c5000 BC (Radivojević et al 2010). Extensive compositional, microstructural and provenance analyses conducted on a portion of recorded archaeometallurgical materials showed thus far the consistent technological principle in smelting technology during c400 years of the site’s occupation. This paper provides a detailed analytical account of 12 further samples from Belovode indicating copper mineral use and archaeometallurgical activities. Particular emphasis is set on production debris from the ‘metallurgical’ Trench 3, although other significant metallurgical contexts are also addressed. The overall aim is to investigate technological relationship among the specimens studied here and those previously published by Radivojević et al (2010). The technological association is expected to provide more coherent image on the archaeometallurgical activities in this part of Eurasia.at the dawn of metallurgy.
Research Interests: Balkan Prehistory (Archaeology), Archaeological Science, Neolithic Archaeology, Neolithic & Chalcolithic Archaeology, Chalcolithic Archaeology, and 10 moreArchaeometry, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies(Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)
(Archaeometry, Archaeometallurgy, Balkan prehistory, Vinča culture (Chalcolithic Archaeology), European Prehistory (Archaeology), Neolithic of the Balkans, Chalcolithic Metallurgy, Archaeometallurgy, Mineralogy, Archaeometry, Vinca culture, and European Copper and Bronze Age – Archaeometallurgy – Prehistoric Metalworking in Social Context – Settlement Archaeology – Application of Geophysical Methods in Archaeology – Neolithic – Theory / Cultural Anthropology – Material Culture Studies)