B. K. DAS

Rapid urbanization and increase in number of vehicles has led to diminishing vehicular spaces on the street. This has led to construction of flyovers which has dominated the streets. They reduce the ''Sky-View'' factor and has a put a serious threat to ''Enclosure '' widely used in Urban Design concepts. It has reduced the openness for the pedestrians and severely obstructed the views. This paper examines the effect of fly-over on the urban fabric of an ancient street 'Ashok Rajpath'of Patna, India.

The land use conversion is rapid, urbanisation is on growing trend and the environmental concerns are highly rising. Nagpur is the biggest producer of Oranges in India with many large Orange orchards located in Nagpur, District. Nagpuri oranges are best in quality and rich in vitamin and nutrition. The pressure of urbanisation is leading towards engulfing of orange orchards, leading to change in land use from agricultural land to non-agricultural. What will happen if the identity of the Nagpur region i.e. orange orchards is destroyed?? Not only preservation of orange orchards will contribute to the identity of the region but will have enormous benefits to the environmental conditions of Nagpur region. Transfer of Development Rights is a zoning technique that conserves land by redirecting development that would otherwise occur on the land (the sending area) to a receiving area suitable for denser development. The technique operates so that owners in the sending area can be compensated for their redirected development rights. This paper highlights the importance of protection of orange orchards from rapid urbanisation using (TDR) as the tool.

During the 1980s, the country's economic development programmes have placed a significant focus on the development of the tourism industry. The economies of many nations depend heavily on tourism, which has grown to be the most significant event with enormous global notoriety. It has achieved industry status on a global scale. Tourism has a great deal of potential to provide foreign exchange and jobs. A lasting financial boost, as well as advancements and progress for the community (Choudhury et al., 2023). The state of Kerala, which is now referred to as "God's own country" on the global tourism map has also given it a vital role in order to reorient its economic development using its naturally rich environment. Hence, the state encourages the development of tourism in all of its manifestations, such as "beach tourism," "backwater tourism," "village tourism," "ecotourism," "adventure tourism," "monsoon tourism," and "historical tourism," among others. The Vagamon region is rural and mostly made up of tea plantations, pine forests, and meadows. Natural streams in the area are being obstructed, and the abrupt, vast inflow of people driving large and medium-sized vehicles on the silken hills has disturbed the tranquilly and affected the environment as a whole. The built environment of Vagamon uses locally available sustainable materials like clay for tiles and wailings etc. Laterite stones were used for construction and lime mortar is used for plastering. Bamboo and timber remainsare other common building materials used. The objective of this paper is to identify the tourism potential for Vagamon (Idukki, Kerala) for Caravan Tourism and managing it in a positive way while evolving sustainable development of the area

The world is witnessing an unprecedented growth in urban population with huge pressure on infrastructure. Urban transportation is facing challenges of increased trips and thereby growth of vehicles on the streets. Massive infrastructure works of highway construction, road widening, flyovers, MRTS are in progress. A considerable amount of infrastructure development is required to mitigate the surge of increased trips and urban mobility. Heavy construction equipment operate on these sites with diverted traffic during the construction of these infrastructure. Many of these sites are in the residential and commercial built-up areas. At several times abutting land-use are in silence zone (Hospital, Educational institutions, courts). Vehicular traffic is the main source of noise on streets. During construction phase, noise pollution is often associated with operating heavy equipment on site of construction. Several ill effects of constant exposure to noise pollution has been recorded. This research paper examines the temporal variation of Noise level at a double decker flyover construction site in the city of Patna, India and it's physiological consequences.

With the liberalization of Indian economic policies and the increase in expendable income of the urban population of India, there is tremendous growth in the organized retail sector since the turn of the century. The change in consumer buying behaviour, increase in purchasing power and exposure to organized retail formats has redefined the consumption pattern. As a result, retail projects have been mushrooming across even tier-II cities like Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Nashik, Jaipur, Patna etc. Patna has been a wholesale trading centre long before independence. A large portion of wholesale trading activity is located in the old eastern part of Patna city. Like all Indian cites, retail trading is the means of livelihood to a large section of inhabitants of Patna Urban Area. In the recent years
there has been a spurt in retail activities which is evident from mushrooming of large branded showrooms, large departmental store, hyper marts and shopping malls. The present research will determine the future commercial potential of locations in Patna Urban Area (PUA), based on the “Level of Urbanization” & “Image Perception of the citizens. It will benefit prospective retailers, business managers and market analysts, as well as urban planners who try to identify the potential commercial nodes within the Patna urban area.

River Ganga is a lifeline to entire Indo-Gangetic Plain in India that flows through four states, emerging from the Himalayas and ultimately flows into Bay of Bengal covering a stretch of 2,525 km through four states. It is not only a perennial source of water but the river is imbibed in the socio-cultural fabric of India. There are many festivals and rituals in which idols are worshipped and later immersed into rivers like. These idols are mostly cast in clays but a few made of plaster of Paris. The application of synthetic paints and decoration is given to symbolize God or Goddess. The contact of synthetic paints with water contaminates and deteriorates the quality of water in all cases. Hence to facilitate devotees and simultaneously maintaining river water life, temporary immersion pond is constructed in the proximity of the river. This paper examines the water quality of temporary water pool created near river Ganga as part of River Front Development Project, after immersion and compared with water quality at the bank and also the mid-stream of Ganga.

Construction of building and infrastructure development is a part of great civilizations throughout the different time of development. The great examples of buildings such as great pyramid, Great Wall of China and many more ancient structures of historical importance, all are examples of marvellous Architecture. The basic part of completion of these buildings are design, execution and closure. Design is the foremost and important whereas the execution is the most important in order to complete the project in timely manner and with quality. There is certainly some excellent quality and construction management methodology was adopted during those time and someone is present there to manage the resources and time scheduling. In present time there are various mathematical tools and techniques are being used such as Bar chart, CPM, PERT etc. in construction project management to handle the construction projects. Various standalone and web-based packages are also in practice to handle the multi-tasking and complex construction environment. This paper aims to explore the start of management tools and techniques in historical era to present day time, when we are handling very complex construction practices.

This paper is an attempt to search for Architectural commonality for a period from Seventh to Seventeenth Century CE in the region of Bengal. The region 'Bengal' is used with reference to the present West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. We explore both the domestic and Monumental Architecture that were built in this region. Three different geographical sites of Paharpur, Pandua and Bishnupur are selected within the Bengal region, of different periods and with a different religious dominance to search a commonality in Architecture. The site of Paharpur (Seventh-Twelfth Century CE) lies currently in Bangladesh and was once a flourishing Buddhist monastery. The site of Padua currently in Malda district of West Bengal, India was the capital of Bengal Sultanate (Twelfth Century-Sixteenth Century CE). The site of Bishnupur lies in Bankura district of West Bengal, India and is known as temple town dotted with a large number of temples, popularly referred as Bengal style temples. This paper explores the bonding thread of Architecture that kept the culture alive in Bengal during these periods of transition. Later on we discuss about the new temple architecture that evolved in Bengal which developed in a syncretic way. We also try to correlate other similar transformation in the sub-continent where the form and construction in visual form was transformed while experimenting with different material.

Hindu temple architecture is known from the earliest time in the world as per Hindu philosophy. Various ancient Hindu texts like Epics, Puranas, Vedas, Mayamata, Brihat Samhita, etc. inculcates the subject called Vastu. The key source for the Hindu temple architecture is derived from the magical geometry i.e. Vastupurusha Mandala. The structure of the temple building acts as a single human body. It is a metaphysical philosophy which deals beyond the reality. The Vastu plays a vital role during construction of temples and building structures. The formation of any ancient Indian structures is possible due to some guidance in terms of units which can be evaluated and fixed easily by the help of traditional system of measurement. The importance of traditional measurement unit is framed rigidly in the paper for understanding the geometry of the structures with better perception. The main objectives of the research paper are (1) to study the architectural geometry from its origin and its measurement unit, (2) to explore the evolution of Vastushastra and its types, (3) to analyse the interlinkages between the Vastupurusha Mandala with temple building and temple with Purusha (human being). Hence this research paper is a unique in its own way for describing the architectural design pattern of Hindu temples in a systematic manner. At last but not least the proposed findings and conclusion of the research paper based on the Vastushastra is that the evolution of the concerned ancient building structures can be easily determined on the basis of traditional measurement system. The magical diagram can be taken into account in various fields from architecture to planning level with sustainable approach. Through achieving the certain objectives help to depict the way of designing, constructing and planning any Hindu temple structures at present scenario in a confined manner.

Every religion has its own identity which is scripted in various religious texts in the form of sacred diagrams, motifs, etc. The power of these holy apices depends on the worshiper's beliefs and their satisfaction. Every natural geometry signifies its shape, size, character, and principles. Every aspect of an element present in the Universe can be analyzed through their governing attributes like-point, line, distance, angle, etc. The religious geometry of Hindu diagrams called Sri Yantra and Mandala, both are being an enigma in the whole Universe. It is a metaphysical philosophy which deals beyond the reality. Here, the paper proposes four strategies that can endeavors to reveal the mystic curtain of these religious diagrams over the world. First, study the geometrical configuration of the Sri Yantra and Mandala. Second, establishment of the fractal linkages between these sacred geometries. Third, construction of Sri Yantra and three suitable groups of Mandala. Lastly, interaction of the Mandala and Sri Yantra with the internal spaces in the sanctum sanctorum of Rajarani temple. Therefore, it is tried to make the study approach unique on its own to provide a basic platform and create some space for religiously oriented researchers.

A museum is a building structure or an institution that houses and exhibits a collection of artefacts and other items with aesthetic, cultural, historical, or scientific. Through exhibitions that may be permanent or temporary, many public museums make these objects accessible for viewing by the general public. While there are thousands of regional museums spread over smaller cities, villages, and rural areas, in India museums are found in major cities. The purpose of museums might range from collection preservation and documentation to serving scholars and experts to engaging with the general public. This paper has an objective to study the two existing Museums in Patna related to architectural contexts, i.e. Patna Museum and Bihar Museum. The paper aims to develop a site analysis and design proposal at Chirand, in Saran district of Bihar from analyzing the two Museums of Patna. Chirand is unique among the archaeological sites around the nation because of the unusual artefacts related to the evolution of human civilisation there.