THE HALL MAGAZINE (MAY 2021) by The Hall

MAY 2021

Smile

Remote work & leadership

Interview with:

Self knowledge & awareness Heart & mind

Goran Jovic Iryna Khort

Children’s happiness

Nora’s Dolls

The art of reading people

Independent, Universal, Colourful

www.thehallnews.com

Image by Goran Jovic

CONTENTS

ENGLISH CONTENTS WORK FROM HOME

Work from home hasit has its strengths and weaknesses for both employers and employees. What people gain from remote work is the time, the employers earn money from less expenses in the maintenance of work spaces. LEADERSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY. How to improve your leadership skills. 12 Many of us want to be team leaders, but for that we have to say goodbye to the comfort zone and embrace initiatives. US GRAND STRATEGY - Isolationism vs interventionism 15 The USA has had different strategies to act in the international relations. In the First and the Second World Wars America adopted the isolationist strategy without too much involvement in the wars. After the Two World Wars the USA adopted the interventionist strategy to strengthen its role as a superpower. EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN CULTURE

The Americanization that hit the world in the 1980s brought with it both good and bad. For a good development of the society we have to weigh very well the things to embrace as nations, otherwise we risk to transform into failed societies without clear principles, values and intentions. I WANT TO READ YOU

There are a lot of moments when we realize that the person next to us is not exactly who we thought. To avoid these moments of uncertainty we must learn to read people. SELF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS

Many of our problems stem from the lack of self-knowledge. Although the 21st century is characterized as the best time to live, in which people have opportunities and benefits, we have an increasing rate of people diagnosed with mental problems. To avoid a visit to the psychologist start that path towards understand yourself!

TURKISH CONTENTS NICHITA STĂNESCU

Nichita Stănescu Romanya Akademisi’nin ölüm sonrası üyesi seçilmiş bir Rumen şair, yazar ve denemeciydi. NEDEN DIYET YAPIYORUZ?

Diyet deyince aklınıza ne geliyor? Sağlıklı beslenmek ya da kısıtlanmışlık hissi? Hemen herkesin bir kez de olsa deneyimlediği “diyet” kavramını irdeleyelim istiyorum.

INTERVIEW WITH GORAN JOVIC - THE EYES OF THE OCCIDENT TO ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE OF HAPPINESS 26 The social system we live in has taught us that being happy means having everything, however we are more and more unhappy. To be happy we can turn our eyes to other cultures that teach us to enjoy simple things to experience life. CHILD LABOUR IN AFRICA

For centuries we have had problems with poverty in African countries, however we have not yet solved the problem of child exposure to work in those areas. We must solve the problems by learning freedom to the future of Africa. Let’s get over our selfishness of goods and overconsumerism and hear kids’ laughters! INTERVIEW WITH NORA VASILE - THE CREATOR OF DOLLS WITH EYES LIKE NEBULAE 36 Because the children’s day is approaching, we thought of offering parents gift ideas for their children. Nora’s dolls is a new concept in Romania and something quite rare in Europe. The doll maker gives life to dolls torn from fairy tales. THE “MOONTOPIA”’S UTOPIAS

Mankind’s plan to live on other planets was taken much further by architects who, taking into account all the physical conditions of the planets, proposed plans for life on the moon. INTERVIEW WITH IRYNA KHORT - THE VOICE OF THE SKY RACERS, THE VOICE THEY NEVER HAD BEF ORE 44 The painter Iryna Khort brings animals and birds closer to our souls. Painting takes a strong step in the environment movement. HEART & MIND

A balance between heart and mind is something we constantly strive for, to satisfy the desires of the “two brains” yet we sometimes give in to the heart.

GÜN IŞIĞINA ÇIKARILAN BİR KÜLTÜR: ZEUGMA ANTİK KENTİ VE EŞSİZ MOZAİKLERİ 56 Bu eski medeniyetler, kültürlerden biri de Zeugma’lılardır. Zeugma, Gaziantep’in Nizip ilçesinin doğusunda, Belkıs Köyü sınırları içerisinde, Birecik Barajı yakınında bulunmaktadır. ANATOMI BREXIT’İN BİRLEŞİK MUHTEMEL ETKİLERİ

62 KRALLIK

EĞİTİM

SİSTEMİNE

Welcome! EDITOR’S LETTER

OSMAN KOMURCU Editor- in- Chief The cryptocurrency exchange market Thodex scandal has become one of the most popular issues in the last weeks. The founder of Thodex, F.Ö., who left Turkey with 2 billion USD, organised the greatest fraud of Turkish history.  While economic data implied recovery in the world, the European Super League project which caused debates in the Football world came up.  Thodex became the center of the greatest crypto-currency exchange market scandal in Turkey. Thodex announced that the transactions were stopped with a “maintenance” message and almost 400.000 people fell victim to this fraud case after the founder of the market left the country.   Another important piece of news is that after European big clubs with the greatest incomes of the world convened and declared that they founded the European Super League, they couldn’t endure the harsh backlashes and suspended this project.   In the political arena, the President of the USA, Joe Biden used the ‘genocide’ term for the events in 1915, which was risky in terms of tensing up the relations with Turkey.

CONTACT: Phone: +44 78 73 12 50 72 E-mail: thehallpublication@gmail.com

Tax increases, which concerns the world economically, drew attention to the Biden administration. The greatest number of death and case was reached since the outbreak of the pandemic. While these solution proposals to solve the economic, political and social problems brought severe criticism along with it, the social sentiments were damaged.   Now, the days when we will laugh and become a bit merrier awaiting us. Next month, we will celebrate many holidays and we will take a deep breath in terms of social peace and finally, we can seize this opportunity to know each other’s cultures and customs better. I wish everybody has a peaceful and healthy month and a more and hopeful world for all. OSMAN KOMURCU EDITOR’S CHOICE:

THEHALLNEWS CORRIDORTV

THE HALL THE_HALL_NEWS

WORK FROM HOME

WORDS BY

YASEMIN GUNDOGDU mployers got the opportunity of shrinking offices

By all means, employer leaders came across both with

and they decreased the fixed costs like office

benefits and challenges while transforming customer ser-

rentals, electricity costs. Employers also started

vice operations to virtual contact centers.

to save from social events like birthdays, holidays, team building activities which cause high costs of rental space, activity materials and catering. Talent pools are extended and employers are no longer limited to hiring local employees, they have the chance of finding someone with the exact skills, experience, and personality to fit best within their organization. Hiring native speakers, bringing in perspectives from other countries and cultures, and creating a well-rounded group of professionals to innovate with can be also considered as advantages.

Mostly the advantages of working from home revolves around employee well-being, cost-cutting and daily operations. When we breakdown the advantages, first advantage is “efficient communication”, remote and distant team structure increased proper usage of integrated management platforms. This served to increase data and document updates in real-time, also to decrease the time lost for scanning long e-mails and for waiting approvals.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF REMOTE WORK

INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY

TIME ZONE DIFFERENCES

“Increase of productivity” is another positive aspect of

Another issue is time zone differences, coordinating

working from home. Fewer social distraction and effect

geographically distant team members can be challeng-

of having the opportunity to take necessary breaks when

ing. When one employee’s work day starts, the other

needed increased the motivation and overall perfor-

one’s shift may be ending. Especially, status check-ins

mance of employees.

with employees in different time zones become challeng-

SAVINGS Another benefit is “savings”. Employers got the opportunity of shrinking offices and they decreased the fixed

ing for employers. This situtaion leads managers to use all-in -one management tools to share plans, tasks and progresses.

costs like office rentals, electricity costs. Employers also

SECURITY RISKS

started to save from social events like birthdays, holidays,

Another disadvantage of working from home is security

team building activities which cause high costs of rental

risks. The transition to remote work opens up the orga-

space, activity materials and catering. Talent pools are

nization to many potential security risks such as security

extended and employers are no longer limited to hiring

leaks, online hacking, or external breaches. All communi-

local employees, they have the chance of finding some-

cation happens 100% online. Many remote workers also

one with the exact skills, experience, and personality to

use the same laptop or smartphone for their official and

fit best within their organization. Hiring native speakers,

personal use, leading to unintentional data exposure. So

bringing in perspectives from other countries and cul-

employers are pushed to store all corporate data and

tures, and creating a well-rounded group of professionals

files in a single cloud work management platform which

to innovate with can be also considered as advantages.

is a cost increasing solution. Technological problems con-

DISADVANTAGES OF REMOTE WORK When it comes disadvantages, remote teams across continents became certainly a hub of different cultures and languages. Workplace expectations and cultural norms differ from culture to culture. Some cultures based on face-to-face, more contextual communication and some are based on more clear communication through only words. Employers need to understand different communication styles to enhance interpersonal skills and trust to create a colloborative work environment.

stitute the most important challenge. Enterprises can provide faster and more advanced technology, but, for exemple, personal internet connection of team members on their laptop and smartphones may not be reliable. As a result, employers have to provide company laptops to their staff, idly with ethernet instead of wi-fi, along with other collaboration tools (hardware or software). Still, with software solutions that streamline communication and improve daily workflows, managing a distributed workforce has became much more easier than expected.

“DON’T CONFUSE HAVING A CREER WITH HAVING A LIFE.” HILLARY RODHAM CLINTON

“Ninety percent of leadership is the ability to communicate something people want.” Dianne Feinstein

LEADERSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY How to improve your leadership skills

WORDS BY VIORICA RUSSU LEADERSHIP IN THE 21ST CENTURY

The 21st century has brought several changes, characterized by regression or ascension. These changes have influenced our leaders, marked by the generations of past and the ideals of those leaders. However, the advancement of technological innovations, digital evolution, the changes in mass- media and other chnages have considerably influenced our daily lifes, including the fields and the way we work. These times describe a century of influence over the way businesses develop and evolve helped by the activity of leaders. Martin Roll wrote in Business, Brands & Leadership, that the 21st century presents several challenges for our leaders, namely, geopolitical volatility, technological disruptions, economic and political uncertainty, shifting demographics. ABOUT LEADERSHIP A unique definition of leadership is difficult to appreciate. This is because every leader has his own style and

strategy. This way each leader is a personality created through personal challenges, that knows what to do and how to motivate other people to achieve certain goals. Considering these skills of the leaders, Keith Davis saw leadership as the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. Davis said that the human factor is the one that binds a group together and motivates it towards goals. Top 5 Leadership Skills in 21st century: •

self-development

•

team development

•

strategic thinking and acting

•

ethical practice and civic-mindedness

•

innovation Monika Moss-Gransberry, business consultant and entrepreneur

oday’s leadership appears to be a necessity in the context of contemporary challenges. The approach that comes with the leadership of the

21st century is about the necessary satisfaction of all actors, namely, organizations, employees, and other stakeholders. This way the benefit is distributed to all. Leaders have an important role in society, especially considering the speed with which things are changing globally. They make things to follow an established plan, to take actions ensuring that the proposed goal is achieved. But, first of all, they have to be inventive, to come up with ideas and clear directions for the projects they are working on, to motivate people so that each of them has an important role in achieving the team goals. The leaders are important to our society as they have a high spirit of diplomacy and establish lasting partnerships. They build new relationships and structures, they have a lasting vision and think beyond the limits set. To acquire leadership skills, Monika Moss-Gransberry highlighted that graduate education is one reliable way to improve leadership skills that will help to confidently face the rigors of working in challenging business environments. So, for the beginners or those who already are leaders, here are some of the ways that can improve your leadership skills that will help you grow in your career: •

Taking initiative:

Be a volunteer and take on more responsibilities than your position provides, especially when the bosses usually assign tasks to the employees they know they can do. Besside that, try to acquire skills in other fields than the one in which you work. The comfort zone is your enemy! Try again and again out of this zone. Remember, you can do more than you think. Also, taking on more responsibility will eventually help move you into a leadership role at your workplace. Finally, you will get closer to that day when most peoples accept you as a leader due to your initiatives. •

Critical thinking:

Take advantage of opportunities. Be proactive! Don’t wait for things to happen, anticipate them! •

Listening effectively:

As a leader to have effective communication skills is vital.

A leader is listening to others. Without listening skills, you are not able to get feedback from others and get ideas for projects. •

Motivate others:

Study people’s needs. This will help you know how to better motivate people to do their job. •

Discipline:

To be a good leader, you need to be self-disciplined, and make sure that your team is disciplined to. •

Constant learning:

To help you become a better leader create your own style to study other leaders and their qualities, mannerisms, and the way they communicate. •

Know how to Delegate:

A successful leader won’t micromanage but will delegate the work to his employees. This way, the employees feel empowered, more involved and have more opportunities to develop new skills. •

Handling Conflicts:

Leaders have to be honest and straightforward. They have to know how to handle difficult people and solve conflicts, how to listen to the employee before reaching a conclusion and taking action. •

Be a follower:

Observe and get to know the people with which you work, their values, encourage their ideas, and recognize their initiatives. ADVICES Try to be more influential and motivate other people. For your career development, good leadership skills are important. To achieve the goal and objectives of the organization, the leader will not succeed on his own. The 21st century leaders continue to learn today to be the leaders of tomorrow. Thus, adapted to the new changes, the leaders must be open to collaboration and motivated to lead a team of people with different needs, and to demonstrate temperament and ability to match different opinions regarding the objectives pursued by the organization.

US GRAND STRATEGY ISOLATIONISM VS INTERVENTIONISM

WORDS BY DR. OSMAN KOMURCU

solationism is the policy or doctrine of isolating one’s country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, foreign trade, international agreements, etc. These actions characterize the general policy of the US after WWI. It relied heavily on the League of Nation to ensure peace, stability and financial relations between nations, and was generally based on Idealism. This approach relied on the fact that international relations could be based on communication and that conflicts could be solved by cooperation, accommodation and compromise.

On the other side Interventionism is the political practice of intervening in a sovereign state’s affairs. After Germany invaded Poland, the general policy of non-intervention started to crumble because of Japan’s the territorial aggression in Asia. President Roosevelt had been taking steps towards influencing the conflagrations with the Axis powers and ensured an extension of British Democracy based on shared values.

These were mostly of a declarative manner at first, including attempts to repeal the Neutrality acts and speeches condemning the atrocities committed by Japan, like the Rape of Nanking. Soon declarations turned into facts as a line of continued communication was established between Roosevelt and the British Prime Minister Churchill, ending with the Atlantic Charter. The practice of Interventionism was based on the ideas and principles of Realism in Foreign Policy. This meant that once the League of Nations failed to stop aggression in Europe and the compromises made by politicians like Neville Chamberlain in dealing with Hitler’s territorial ambitions, proved to just increase the hegemonic power of Germany in Europe, there was very little to support idealist views. The adepts of the Realistic approach to politics argued that states are driven by competitive self-interest in the context of the absence of a central authority in the international system. Since the League of Nations proved to be unable to prevent nation-states from attacking each other, the only solution was that the US assume part of the roles of central authority by aiding certain countries, setting a moral theory on witch democracies should function, and thus influencing the outcome of the war. Although the US did not join the War directly it did visibly aid Great Britain to such a degree that Germany had enough evidence to sustain a Cassius Belli and declare war. From this point, there was no possibility or interest on the part of the US leadership to return to the Non-interventionist stance that enabled the war to happen, even after its conclusion and the capitulation of all Axis countries.

APPROACHING AMERICAN CULTURE

EVOLUTION OF AMERICAN CULTURE WORDS BY TÜRKÜ NAZ ALTINAY

he beginning and late of 1980’s witnessed the growth of New Right tendencies addressing a vast majority from evangelical Christians, anti-tax crusaders to conservatives, advocate of liberal market to disaffected white liberals. Historians link the rise of this New Right in part to the growth of the

so-called Sunbelt, a mostly suburban and rural region of the Southeast, Southwest and California, where the population began to expand after World War II and exploded during the 1970s. During and after the 1980 presidential election, the disaffected liberals came to be known as “Reagan Democrats.” They provided millions of crucial votes for the Republican candidate, the personable and engaging former governor of California, Ronald Reagan (1911-2004), in his victory over the incumbent Democratic

president,

Jimmy

Carter

(1924-). Reagan won 51 percent of the vote and carried all but five states and the District of Columbia. Once a Hollywood actor, his outwardly reassuring disposition and optimistic style appealed to many Americans. Reagan was affectionately nicknamed “the Gipper” for his 1940 film role as a Notre Dame football player named George Gipp. Like his predecessors, Ronald Reagan played a crucial role of the promotion of Red Scare, supporting financially the anti-communist governments and regimes all around the world and nations including

Grenada,

Salvador

and

Nicaragua which was later known as the Reagan Doctrine. The immense expenses invested in military caused the worst economic recession since Great Depression. In November 1982, nine million people were unemployed. Despite these economic setbacks of “Reaganomics”, many middle-class Americans still believed in the conservative politics of Reagan. When Ronald Reagan left office in 1989, he had the highest approval rating of any president since Franklin Roosevelt.

980’s popular culture reflected the conservative politics of the era also known as the “baby boomer” and “yuppie” era, the period’s culture

was shaped by the college educated yuppies who had expensive tastes and cared more about what they earn materialistically more than ever the previous generations. However successful this generation, they had deep self-assurance and self-doubt problems. The superficial pleasures didn’t serve for their spirituality. The Hollywood movies consolidated this superficiality such as “Beverly Hills Cop”, “Raider of the Lost Ark” block busting and earning millions of dollars at the box office. The popular culture on TV also boomed during the era, at home people watched sitcoms and movies and artists like Michael Jackson were turned into megastars indicating the populist consumerist culture was born. MTV marked the era with its launch in 1981, introducing bands such as Duran Duran and Culture Club. It also began the forum for the young artists as a platform to shape the popular culture of America, reflecting the insurgence and also discontent of the yuppie generation towards the conservative society. The late of 70’s and 80’s also saw the rise of Rock’n’Roll culture and glam rock as well, the groups such as Kiss and Queen, reflected the subculture of the era defying the norms and costumes of the mainstream culture, revealing that the minority as called were refusing the general accepted norms and experimented in different life styles. With the fall of The Berlin Wall in 1989 and the Soviet Union in 1991, marking the end of Cold War era, the red scare and relentless race for the nuclear weapons ended. The affluent society of USA started to seek for new ways of self-expression and tried to adapt to the changing context of the world. The 90’s marked itself as the “Me Era” as the journalist Tom Wolfe coined the term. The individualism and self-expression gained importance for the society.

people

thought

“self-expression”

was

that too

important to be monopo-

lized just by the artists; before that individualism and self-expression was emphasized in the political area but after 60’s the individualism extended to the personal life, as well. By the 1980’s the ethos of expressive individualism had grown into a national preoccupation. Now, in 1990’s, after more than three decades of radical experimentation, Americans found a new conception of individualism evolving. The shaken importance of family, institutions, sacrifice of the self for the sake of other notions continued to affect the culture in 1980’s. The technology, sexuality, selfness, individuality, expressiveness, the environment, pleasure was replaced with the values such as the concept of duty, social conformity, respectability, social morality, pluralism and sacrifice. It was the era of the self; the puritanist doctrines and other-worldliness was invaded by the emphasis on the self-pleasures, gender equality, this-worldliness. The ideas and culture of the era was moved from one extreme to another; the automatic sacrifice for the family to the view that there’s no need to sacrifice at all; from the conviction that social morality is unnecessarily rigid to the view that “if it isn’t illegal it’s okay”, from Puritanism to casual sexual experimentation and from excessive reliance on government to the conviction that government has no legitimate role to play.

eminism

and

environmentalist

LGBTT rights activism also gained momentum in this era. The Third

Wave of feminism effected the understanding of gender and cultural politics of the society. The researches on the sexuality in 1950’s and 60’s such as “Kinsey Report” by Wardell Pomeroy an Paul H. Gebherhard and “Human Sexual Response” by Bill Masters uprooted the taboo of sexuality finding its resonance in 1970’s and 80’s also effecting the gender theorists. Sexuality was no longer an issue that needed to be swept under the carpet. It was an issue open to debate and cultural criticism. As

movements,

conclusion,

the

evolution of American culture from 1950’s until 90’s was a swift and abrupt historical

and

cultural

changes

triggered

the social responses and reactions

the

gener-

ally accepted norms and costumes. Less than four decades, American culture succeeded to become a predominant culture leaving room for self-expression, freedom of thought and speech, sexuality and cultural changes in a short time.

I WANT TO READ YOU WORDS BY

KEVIN PEACE very human being has its different world and lives a separate life. Let’s not assume that people are just what we see on the outside. People gain a firmer gait

in life by experiencing deep pains that they call experience. Mevlana said, “Do not think that human beings consist of what you see, it is just a perception that estranges you from the truth, seek what you cannot see. “ We should neither judge people by their external appearances, nor their attitudes towards us. I am currently watching “The Red Room”, which is a Turkish

how wrong I was for doing that. I was very embarrassed. I

TV series. The Red Room is effective in drawing out a new,

realized I had to do better, because I loved my teacher so

healthier life path model for people. It is about a psychologist

much. I did not want to hurt a person who I loved and valued

who reads aloud the lives of people that come to her. Initially

Going back to our subject, do not base your assumptions

she is trying to realize the deep pain they experienced and then offers them guidance and shifts their perspective on life.

on people’s smiles or anger. Get to know their inner world and even their heart. Every conscious individual would hope

Everyone may get a sense of deep sorrow in their life. It is

to touch people’s lives in an angelic manner. In fact, this is

obvious that the biggest reason for this is the traumas they

a condition of human existence, that we should embody or

experienced in their childhood. People realize in the first

aspire to.

instance the reality they lived since their childhood.

Every person who comes into our lives has a separate life

Life is made up of black and white colors. Adding different

story. The storms, floods, winds and thunders that everyone

colors to life is connected to the nature of human character

experiences in their inner world differ. Getting to know people

and their attitude to life. It is not easy to make friendships,

and our intention to understand them starts with empathy.

and build friendship bridges with someone. “You can trust

Also, we must not forget that people’s attitude to life events

me” sounds nice, doesn’t it? A lawyer told me: “ I have been

is a reflection of their inner world but also of our reasoning

a lawyer for 60 years. Keep this in mind. All the cases are

filters. Thus, we must at first try to understand people and

among people who once trusted each other”. How accurate

their actions without judging. Being human presupposes tak-

an observation, isn’t it? When I could not do my homework in

ing into consideration and knowing every aspect of a person’s

primary school, I made up an excuse for my teacher. I wasn’t

life and only then adopting an attitude. If you think you will be

even aware of how bad the lie was; But what a courageous act

hurt by someone’s attitude and behaviour, you need to keep

(!); and about the lack of character I had to make a fool of the

them at distance; analyze and evaluate the people you put

other person. My teacher said “You’re only deceiving your-

at the center of your life thoroughly. We are all humans, with

self”. These words hurt me a lot. At that moment I realized

our rights and wrongs...

Most of the time, we value people based on their approach to us. The most important thing is the attitude they take and the behaviour they have, whatever the case may be. These attitudes and behaviours are instrumental in revealing the beauty or chaos of people’s characters and habits. When people are born: they are neither good, nor bad. Their attitudes and behaviours towards life events prove how bad or good a person they are. Their true nature is exposed day by day and is reflected by their choices. That is why there are two types of people in the world. Good and bad… Friendships are not something

that

can

easily

obtained- trust is essential! If you lose trust, the bond will break. Then the distance sets in and all is forgotten. One more experience is added to our life. Some friendships will end, others will continue for a lifetime. Our lives are composed of friends and companions that we can trust and exchange ideas with because life is more valuable with such people. Finally, you should evaluate with great caution the people you keep in your life and the friendships you establish. In the end, even if you are disappointed, you have to keep going your way. Life is worth living, in spite of everything. We need to read people and evaluate them, much like with do with the story and characters of a book. The book of life. We must understand the difference between looking and seeing. Our minds should be alert at all times. Do not look at people with judging eyes, but act cautiously.

SELF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS

WORDS BY PHD DOINA GAVRILOV We live times when we have everything we need in daily life, but at the same time the number of depression cases are raising each year. According to a Report of the World Health Organization, the number of people suffering of depression in 2020 world wide was of 264 million people, and that’s if we consider that these are the diagnosed cases of people that realized they have a problem, and of those who afforded to go to a doctor. The large number of people diagnosed with depression shows that first of all people do not understand themselves and that this fact makes difficult for them to manage their own mental and emotional problems.

HUMAN NEEDS AND LATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE SELF-KNOWLEDGE NEED

This increase in the number of people who are diagnosed with depression and other mental problems can be explained through the logic of Maslow’s pyramid. People throughout history have worked hard and developed only in the direction of satisfying the first 3 basic needs, namely: physiological needs (water, food, roof, sleep, etc.); safety needs (personal safety, job, health resources, property security, etc.); and the need of love and belonging (friendship, sense of belonging, etc.). Step by step, the humans managed to fulfill these 3 basic needs, but once they reached these needs, they understood their necessity for the other 2 needs from Maslow’s pyramid, such as: esteem and self-actualization. Although it seems simple, the people that try to be respected and be somebody at their jobs or those who develop their career, end up creating deficiencies in terms of sleep, health, belonging, family, friends, and so on. Therefore, the system we live in does not seem to allow us to meet all our needs. On the other hand we have the subject of psychological development, namely the fact that for a long time we focused only on providing basic needs such as food and roof over our heads, which made our psychological development in terms of self-knowledge, self-analysis, recognition, identification and management of stressors to be way behind our other developments. This is the reason why we need psychologists to help us solve our own psychological problems. What we should understand is that humans have focused very much on ensuring their basic needs and they did not notice when the other needs created expectations and disappointments that led to various psychological problems. Another thing we must understand is that it is not normal for us to psychologically need someone to unravel our inner problems, and that this disclosure needs to be made by ourselves. At first we must develop a certain degree of mind openness to accept that there is a possibility of not liking some answers we may find about ourselves, but despite of that to go over our problems and discover ourselves. What I described here is called meditation. Many people speak of meditation as a particular practice; however by analyzing the writings of Buddha, Krishnamurti and others, we will see that meditation is the simple act of thinking and analyzing, being aware of and understanding things.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MEDITATION Meditation - as an act of thinking, self-analysis and development of human consciousness is the most easily accessible tool for people that helps to solve problems, understand their causes, find solutions, avoid stress and negative emotions, and develop awareness, live beautiful moments and correct our behaviour when it is based on an overreaction or when we can cause a breakdown in interpersonal relationships. Nowadays psychologists have become highly sought, when they shouldn’t be. They should have in front of them cases related to irremediable psychological problems like those caused by genetic problems, strokes, etc., not cases linked to the simple absence of human desire to do a self-analysis.

HOW TO AVOID A VISIT TO A PSYCHOLOGIST To remedy psychological problems, we must develop habits of self-analysis even in cases where we act pure instinctively. So, in order not to get to the psychologist we must be aware of what we are doing at any moment. And by that I mean, if for example we are arguing with someone in the family, then we would better ask ourselves, “Why did this quarrel start in the first place? What was the reason? Why does the discussion and comments of others about this subject hurt me so much? or Why do I consider the comments on this topic as an attack on me? “ and so on. Or if we get annoyed, when this happens it would be good to ask ourselves “What was the factor that triggered this process? If every time we reacted like that when it came to a certain topic? Or if we react the similarly in relation to certain people or to any other person? “. In the end, it all comes down to an analysis, to questions to ask ourselves and the openness to possibly unpleasant answers, and to the knowledge of our subconscious.

MEDITATION AND HAPPINESS

I think you have heard about the “rule of the 5 minutes”, or the “break rule in a quarrel”. For those who don’t know, I will tell you how it works. When people argue, they often say bad things to, they remember all the bad things and this way the quarrel grows even more. The longer the quarrel lasts, the more it escalates. Therefore, the 5 minute rule or the quarrel break rule appeared as a solution to avoid “putting gas on the fire”. What happens in the 5 minutes or in that break from the quarrel? - The moment people take that break, they start to forget a bit of the bad things, to feel sorry for what they said or of the things they could have said and often they end up discussing in a calm tone and focusing on finding the problems that made the quarrel exist. This rule is very useful for couples, to whom I strongly suggest to take a break, and then return to a mature and calm discussion, without egos and with much compromise on the issue that aroused the argument. Meditation acts in a similar way to the effect of the break in a quarrel. It refocuses our attention from quarrel, fear or anger and makes us concentrate on understanding the true source of our problems, the reason why it affects us and possible solutions. From another perspective, because meditation helps us to be aware of our actions, it is also the path to happiness, namely the method by which we end up avoiding the emotional and psychological load with problems and stress it helps us develop awareness and experience, live consciously each moment of our life.

Interview

GORAN JOVIC G

oran Jovic - the eyes of the Occident to

D: Many of your pictures are taken in countries

another perspective of happiness.

like Tanzania, Namibia, India, Indonesia, and

Goran is a photographer from Croatia. His

others. How did you choose these destinations?

These destinations I chose because after

work involves also being a reporter and cam-

many years I saw my school colleague, from

eraman. He is constantly traveling around the

dress and hair styles. I approached her, and I

primary school - she was wearing this African

world, in search of something special - those

asked:

life stories of indigenous people that need to

many years, I haven’t seen you?

- How are you? Where have you been for so

be heard, that have something strong to say,

And she said:

that have something to teach us all.

age over there. I’m taking care of the kids.

- Well, I’m currently in Africa. I built an orphanLong story-short, I called her after a few days and asked when is she going over there again,

www.goran-jovic.tumblr.com

and if she needed a photographer. She said

she needed a photographer and that it would be great, that I could help them a lot. So, I went over there to volunteer for two weeks. These weeks had such a big impact for me that after 10 months I went there alone, to the same villages and I spent 30 days over there with the Maasai Tribe. The later, you know, people saw my work and some people have said maybe I should go there, check this, check that... I received stories about some people and areas over there, and this is how I choose my destinations – collecting stories around the Globe.

D: The work you do requires sacrifice since one that I’ve been working for, approached me you often lose a lot of time on the way to your destinations. What made you stick to this decision? G: What I do is not about the remote places, but more about chasing interesting stories. Of course I do photography in my country, but I am very attached and curious about the indigenous tribes with people who are living their lives like it was 150, 200 or 300 years ago. Basically nothing has changed in their life, they live with the basic conditions for life: no electricity, no internet, no nothing. I am amazed with that, namely how those people are so happy with so little. They have everything they need, and the way I see it, they are much happier than we are despite the lot of stuff and opportunities we have. D: You are also involved in humanitarian aid missions. Can you tell us more about these? Who do you cooperate with? How do you find people that need your help? G: Basically I cooperate with organizations. The

and I told them that if it’s achievable, because I have to balance between my work life and personal life and all this, but mainly I just need the flight tickets. Pay me the trip over there and I will do my best with photography, filming and sharing this to my social media so other people can see and the way they can. So, my thing is to share the message of people I take pictures of, their story and I connect people of both sides so they can connect and continue to do good things like paying the scholarship for children over there. I’m not the middle men, but I’m just the guy that shares the stories I have seen with people from my country, from other countries in Europe and other people in measure to help the people over there. This way, these people see with their own eyes that the people over there need help. Some of them ask me how they can help, and I give them the contact of the missionaries or organizations over there. So, through these missions I mostly connect people with my photography and videography.

D: Lately, the pictures themselves have become a source of news, a presentation of reality without words. Do you think that people manage to get the message you want to convey? G: Mostly yes. If you take for example the instagram where there are a lot of people, and of course some of them are misunderstanding my message and are asking me some questions, like: did you pay for the photos. And I explain them how this works, that I am not making a photo-shoot with those people. When I fell the moment I just take pictures, but I do not intervene in their lives and certainly I do not ask them to pose, I am just observing their lives, feeling the moments and taking photos. But in general I think people understand my message and my work. D: In many of your pictures we see children who, although they seem poor, they are happy as if they had everything. In your

opinion, what is the source of this happiness? G: Simplicity! The simple life! They have everything what they need. They actually have more than the rest of us because they live in nature, they are free, they climb the trees, swim in the river. So, compared with the kids living in the big cities in the apartments, actually these kids have more. Thus, for me these are the basic reasons of their happiness, especially of a happy childhood. I grew up in a village, and I know how it is to have all those things: the freedom of living closer to nature. I still am happy about these things because I have never moved from my village and I think I never will. So, connected with nature and with family, of course. The grown ups who are living over there, they also have this positive energy. Connection with nature is the source of this energy, thus we must be connected with nature for happiness.

D: Because you are a photo journalist, you have the opportunity to know different cultures, the daily lives of people we don’t know much about, their problems and their joys. Can you tell us which culture surprised you the most? What does it manifest through and what is special about it? G: Oh, they have some rituals which, even I after so many years of travelling will never understand. But again, in many of my trips, many people were asking me: “why didn’t you say that what they do is not good?”. But you know, it’s difficult to say for me, and for us too that one thing is right or wrong. It’s their culture, it’s what defines them. They are doing this for hundreds of years. So my answer is: who are we to say and decide what is right or wrong? For me as a journalist, I am there, but I do not involve in changing the culture. My challenge is to be present, to respect their culture and their rules. Abut their culture, I was many times surprised, I can tell a lot of stories which I don’t understand, but again, it is about their culture and we need to respect that. D: Are you observing the reality and transmit it to us as it is? G: As a photojournalist, I respect a rule: the art of not involving. Meaning don’t affect the culture! Let them be! Come there as a visitor, try to be the best guest and leave as a visitor not as someone that came there to change and influence their culture. If they need some help, like how to make an easier fire, yes you will help them with the knowledge, but changing their culture I don’t see that as a good thing. D: The Europeans already have changed and influenced lot of cultures. G: Yes, and for me that’s sad! D: In many of your pictures we see you showing technology to the people from tribes who probably never saw such things. What is their first impression of technology? G: Well, sometimes they are even scared when they see Tele Lens because they look like some kind of weapons. Or when you show them a screen with the photo that you took they scratch

the screen because they try to enter inside the screen. They are so happy when they see themselves in the screens. Their reactions are always unique and different. I would also tell you that because sometimes I return to the same villages I’ve already visited, I print photos for them. And when they see themselves on paper is super amazing! They are so pride and happy to see themselves on printed paper after a few years. Basically always technology is a big surprise for them. D: I think that for you it must be even a happier moment when you see them happy and enchanted. G: Yes, it’s about the little things that make you happy. But indeed I am happy to share these nice moments, to sharing a smile, to bring them photos, to bring them food. These are the things, I think, everybody should do. D: Can you tell us what does happiness mean to the people you take pictures of? What do they really value and what makes them happy every day? G: I can use an example of the Mentawai Tribe which lives in the Siberut Island, it’s a part of Indonesia, it’s 150km away from Sumatra in the Indian Ocean, and they live in the middle of jungles. So, happiness, connected with nature. They live in a jungle, and as I was telling you, the children are swimming in the rivers. They hunt animals only for food. They always make a ritual where they ask for forgiveness to keep the good spirit. They never hunt for sport or pleasure they respect nature. For them happiness is about balancing the respect between people and the connection they have with nature. Over there I have never seen a couple arguing. Of course like everybody, they are feeling sometimes different pressure of the daily life, and for that they have a garden called “the garden in the Jungle”, and it is only allowed for women where they can discharge emotionally (being loud, arguing with their husbands that are not there, they let all the bad energy over there).

This example is a simple key to the happiness. On the other side men discharge emotionally when they hunt – the ladies are not allowed to hunt in this culture. In the end everything is about letting the bad energy out through a walk in the nature and not hurting the one beside us through bad and hurtful words. It is simple and I think we can learn from them. D: Going through your pictures, I saw a girl with a lot of scars. In the description you said that these scars for this culture are something to wear with pride not with shame like in our world. Can you tell us more about this? G: Yes. It is more like a non verbal communication. They express themselves this way and show their pride and stories. This for them is their beauty. Again, it’s about their culture. If you are looking at that from the surface you will be amazed and will ask “why they do that? it’s painful!” or “why don’t you say to them it’s not good?”. But it’s not about what I feel, but about how their culture is and how they feel. Let me tell you a story. When I show up over there with a body with no tattoos and nothing on it, they

said my body is boring, because it does not have a story to tell. Thus, the scars and other rituals involving their bodies in these tribes are like a way of communicating stories about themselves without talking, and also showing pride about their culture. D: Capturing emotion in pictures is not a very easy thing to do. How do you do it? G: I would say: feel the moment. There are always moments like the time before you take a picture and the time after you take a picture. All is in that short moment in between when you press the button. You can never tell when it would be the perfect moment; there is no recipe for that. You just let everything be and you just feel it and freeze that moment in a picture. Anyway, a picture is never just about one moment, it is always about those persons’ lives, feelings, and how do we feel their stories and feelings. Finally, our connection to their stories is what can help us observe those special moments for the pictures – it’s about our connection with the person in front of the camera. We can write a whole book about how and why did you took that photo. It’s never the same.

D: In your pictures we find simple people, poor people or children. What made you choose them as the subjects of your pictures? G: It’s not about choosing the poor. Or how do we define poor? Many of them are just like us. I would not say they are poor. Of course there are many villages that I have visited because it’s a part of my mission, some of them are in need but I would not say they are poor. How do I choose my subjects? I don’t know, one example: when I was in Johanna’s work in South Africa, it was a dangerous neighborhood. But I saw this guy with a big hat and sculls on his stick and everything… I have this need to approach all the people who have these interesting stories to tell, and I feel that. Well, children they are like that! They are very honest and they will always give their honest stories. That’s the reason why you can find many children in my pictures. D: There are people who would like to help those in need. What can you recommend? What is the most effective way to help them? G: It depends if you are personally over there or if you are willing to help from home and connect with some missionary. If you go over there I highly recommend to people to not give the money straight to the people because they are not used to money, they don’t understand their value and they will break them, especially if they are a few brothers or friends. Me for example, I ask people what they need: “do you need food? Flower? Foods? “. After they say what they need, we go to the market and I buy those things for them – they choose what they need. That’s the way I help these people. Otherwise if you give to two brothers something separately they can argue. I always say, if you have three brothersone apple each, everybody happy, no problem! D: Do you have a global message you try to convey to people through your photos? If so, what is it? G: The message is: Smile more! Just with one smile you can make the person in front of you happy. For me, you completed your daily mission if you succeeded to make at least on person for one moment happy. Say a nice word, share a

smile! If somebody needs help, if you can - buy them food. Finally that’s what it is about: for one moment everyday you need to make someone happy. Do whatever you need to do! Smile is a universal thing that makes people happy and gets them in a better mood. I always said to my nephews: If you go to a store and there is a lady who’s working for many hours- share a smile, say some nice words like “I love your hairstyle” or “you look amazing today” and this way you will make her day. Lot of people are coming in a rush, nervous and eager to get this over faster so they can go home. But you know, with one smile and a nice word you can make someone happy. An all that is for free! D: I agree with that. There is an old saying “don’t be too stingy with your words, it may cost you noting to say something nice, but it can inspire somebody to reach a dream”. There are people that after dozens of years remember somebody that have said them something that inspired them, or made them happy. So, yes, I agree with you, our lifestyle in a permanent rush and a state of mind in a permanent chase of material things makes us live in a gloomy society. G: Yes, we must be nice to other people. I mean why to be rude and grumpy when we can just be happy. We can find problems in everything, in every moment if we are searching for it. But we have to focus to see the good things; they are there at every corner, in the very essence of life. D: I guess you encourage people to be aware of their achievements, their lives, about what they have. We often shift our desires and expectations in the moment we achieved something, and this way we get not much time to enjoy what we have and what we achieved. Practically we are in permanent run after dreams forgetting to enjoy the present. G: Yes. That’s why I suggest to smile more and to Interview by Doina Gavrilov make someone happy everyday. Happiness is in the little things! Interview by Doina Gavrilov

“Smile more and make someone happy everyday!”

“Happiness is in those little things!” Goran Jovic

CHILD LABOUR IN AFRICA

WORDS BY ELIANE DE SOUSA Certainly, most of us do not think about who cultivated the cocoa when we eat chocolate. Or about who harvested the cotton for the clothes we wear, or the coffee that we drink in the morning. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) estimates that 152 million children are exposed to child labour across different sectors, accounting for 1 in 10 children globally, with some forced to work through human trafficking. Poverty, migration, and lack of decent job opportunities for adults are some of the factors that contribute to child labour. The consequences are devastating, leading to mental

and physical harm, slavery, and sexual exploitation, impeding children from attaining an education and violating their human rights. The African continent has the world’s highest rate of child labour, varying from various sectors, including coffee, cocoa, mining, fashion, production of cotton, and agriculture. As progress is rapidly needed to tackle this issue, the UN General Assembly declared the year 2021 as the International Year for the Elimination of Child Labour, to reaffirm commitments and eradicate all forms of child labour by 2025 and human trafficking by 2030.

“Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun; not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul.” ― Dave Pelzer, A Child Called “It”

About 2 million children work in the cocoa sector in Ghana and Ivory Coast. In the globalised world, where brands want to provide cheap and fast fashion, children are frequently involved in the supply chain as a cheap, compliant, and exploited labour force. In the fashion industry, child labour is recurrent in the production of cotton, by harvesting the crop, spinning, weaving and dyeing mills, etc., which jeopardises their access to education. But what is being done to tackle this issue? Are we hearing the children’s cries? In the global UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), there is a consensus to end all forms of child labour, and continuous advocacy and international mobilization have been contributing to achieving substantial progress. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its economic constraints, some efforts to tackle child labour have reversed, especially in countries that are more resistant to policies and programmes designed at countering child labour. UNICEF and the ILO respond to child labour with many different initiatives. For instance, UNICEF equips the social service workforce in several countries to help recognise, prevent and manage risks as well as respond to potential cases.

“The best way to make children good is to make them happy.” Oscar Wilde

Nevertheless, to eradicate this issue, everyone, everywhere in the world, should join forces to achieve the 2025 goal. We can take practical steps in our everyday lives to contribute, from donating to organisations that are tackling the issue to investigating and certifying, before buying a product, whether a brand is linked to child workers. Likewise, if child labour is to be tackled, then it is important to engage the socioeconomic realities and social norms of the African continent because child labour is deeply rooted in poverty. And to deal with the economic realities of the continent, it is necessary to address gender equality to create more jobs, which in turn will decrease the vulnerability of children in the labour market. There is also a strong need to penalise violators who use the well-being of children and infringe their rights to make a profit; but for that to happen, countries should adopt more policies that work and are implemented and not just policies that stay on paper. It is only by joining forces that we will accelerate progress and success in achieving the goal of eradicating child labour. It is not a cost but an investment for a better world.

“ Child labor and poverty are inveitably bound and if you continue to use the labor of children as the treatment for the social desease of poverty, you will have both poverty and child labor to the end of time.” Grace Abbott

INTERVIEW

NORA’S DOLLS NORA VASILE - THE CREATOR OF DOLLS WITH EYES LIKE NEBULAE.

It all started almost 5 years ago, when, on her birthday, she received a handmade doll as a gift. That motivated her to figure out how this doll was made. She came to look for tutorials on the internet, materials, special dyes for textiles, tailoring courses, etc. Everything started from scratch, from learning gow to sew a button, how to select the materials, etc. This effort proved to be a success in personal development, a success in building a business and a joy to meet other people who were engaged in building dolls from countires like Russia, Ukraine and Portugal whose creations fascinated and inspired her to try. Her first doll was relatively simple, with the materials she had around the house: the dress was from an older hat and the hair from a string for wrapping. Although the result was not like the picture she had in mind, the thing that motivated her to keep going was the process of building the doll. That’s how in time she got to emprove and make these amazing dolls.

Q: How long does it take you to create a doll? A: At the moment we are working on some doll models that we have changed over time. Each model has its own degree of complexity, to which are added the possible customizations required by customers. One of the most complex dolls can be made in 3-4 days. Q: Do you have a team that helps you make the dolls or do we find only one person behind this work? If you have a team, how they help you? If not, how do you manage to do all the work on your own? A: After I received more and more orders, I realized that I couldn’t do it on my own anymore. My luck was that I had a few friends by my side, including my sister, who still helps me with pictures for social media, posts, promotions and delivery. Even when making the dolls I receive help. This allows me to focus on the new models I am currently working on.

Q: What is you source of inspiration when creating the dolls? A: Fairytales, the story characters and everything related to the sweetness and innocence of childhood. Q: What materials do you use to make the dolls? Do you collaborate with a specific supplier? A: This was pretty complicated. The material for the doll’s body was the hardest to find. I needed something specific, neither too thick nor too thin, a certain texture. I did dozens of tests until I found exactly what I wanted. The fabrics, too, I tried, as much as possible, to use materials that are of a highest quality possible and as natural as possible. As with the strands from which I make the doll’s hair, I mostly use wool. Unfortunately, in Romania the offer is very low, so we went more on the variant of imported materials. I’ve been experimenting; I can’t say I’m fully satisfied. I would have liked to have a more varied offer of fabrics, possibly produced locally. Q: What was people’s first reaction to your creation? A: Contrary to my expectations, the encouragement came immediately from those close to me and gradually appeared on social networks. The appreciation I received helps and motivates me further. Q: In your experience, have you noticed if parents buy dolls made of good and healthy materials, or they rather buy what they see on TV? A: I couldn’t make a comparison. I only know that more and more people are interested in handmade and even personalized toys or clothes, which we are very happy about. Q: Your dolls seem to be alive. What do you think is giving them this character/ look? A: Handmade objects probably borrow from the feelings and emotions of the creator, they are characters in themselves. Also, the face is hand painted and so you can give a unique expressiveness to each doll.

facebook.com/papusilenorei papusilenorei@gmail.com

Q: Have you sold dolls in other countries? If so, what did those people like about your dolls? Was the delivery easy or not? A: Outside the country, we mostly sold dolls to Romanians, to those who work abroad. They said that my dolls remind them of their childhood, family and home, and they bought the dolls just to give a little bridge to these things to their children. There were no problems with delivery, for external deliveries we always used the state postal service. Q: Is there a lot of competition in the field in which you develop your activity? A: Now it is competitive, yes. When I started to do this, there was not much supply on our local market, but there are many talented people and it is wonderful that more and more people dare to venture into this field. It’s good for me to have competition, because it motivates me to improve, to come up with new models and to constantly look for current and attractive characters for our audience category. Q: Does the state support you in any way? If not, do you think that state aid to support local producers would be beneficial? A: In 2019 I flirted with the idea of accessing European funds for development, but, honestly, I was a little afraid of the whole bureaucratic process. The program I aimed at did not go too smoothly, and all the experiences of those who accessed it made me lose my courage. I was afraid that I would become a slave to documents and I would not have time to do what I really like. However, the subject is not closed for me, I remain open minded because yes, any form of state aid would be very useful.

Q: The clothes of your dolls are very special, rustic. Where do you get your inspiration from to make them? A: The clothes are inspired by the clothes of the characters in the fairytales, details of the Romanian folk costume and the dolls of my childhood. Q: A doll means a happy child. How many children have you made happy until today? A: I didn’t calculate this. However, we kept a record of customers who returned with feedback and other orders. We are flattered that we managed to make them happy and this is the most beautiful reward we receive. Q: Have you thought about other projects in this direction? A: For now, we will focus on Nora’s Dolls. We want to grow the team, finish the site, and to be a solid support for Santa at the end of this year.

INTERVIEW BY DOINA GAVRILOV

THE “MOONTOPIA”’S UTOPIAS

WORDS BY

n the previous article, we went through a review of the main issues that must be taken into consideration when planning the space for a hypothetical inhabitance of the moon and Mars consecutively. Although the conclusion of the analysis made it clear that life on the surface of the moon is basically impossible due to the lack of atmosphere, the scarcity of the gravitational attraction and the aggressivity of space radiations, a great outcome can still result from this type of research. The fact that every powerful utopia finds its echo in either a dystopia, or a feasible solution that took shape inside the initial utopia, is clearly depicted within socialism: at the roots of the movement lies Thomas More’s 16th-century imaginary island where money had been abolished and people lived and worked communally. The validity of this fact was taken to such an extent by DOM publishers, that it is less than two years ago that Paul Meuser’s book was launched under the intriguing title “Moon: Architectural Guide”. So, how does a guide to an uninhabited place looks like?

BEATRICE GABRIELA BADEA The question was rapidly answered by the first contribution to the guidebook: an English translation of the late Hans Hollein’s 1968 essay “Alles ist Architektur” (Everything is Architecture). Inside Hollein’s utopia-flavoured bubble, the author has found the background on which he could project any artifact that has ever been designed on Earth for space missions and landed on the moon as an example of space architecture. What Meuser conveniently evaded is that little thing that makes the difference between an ordinary object and architecture, which is technology: “techne” (to make, to do) + “logos” (order, knowledge); the making of something according to a meaning beyond. Opposite to Paul Meuser’s 2019 dystopia lies the 2017 “Moontopia”, an architectural competition whose short list managed to gather 9 visionary strategies for moon inhabitance, at the heart of which lie both “techne” and “logos”. Let’s have a look at this shorter, and yet richer guidebook for a moon architecture.

TEST LAB / MONIKA LIPINSKA, LAURA NADINE OLIVIER AND INCI LIZE OGUN The winner of the competition was Test Lab, with its medium-scale lunar colony, placed in the frontline of space exploration and Lunar colonization. Through their beautifully presented sheets, the authors express a great professional maturity and understanding of the state of our knowledge: the function of their architectural object is the further exploration of the moon, only secondly followed by inhabitance per se. The technology used shows the necessary patience for this kind of environment, through a method of 3D printed self-assembly that gradually colonizes the place over time. In response to the hostile environment, the structure proposed by Test Lab is a programmed carbon fiber membrane based on a simple origami pattern, which has the ability to shape itself under the exterior pressure. MOMENTUM VIRIUM IN L1 / SERGIO BIANCHI, JONGHAK KIM, SIMONE FRACASSO, ALEJANDRO JORGE VELAZCO RAMIREZ Inside the world of architecture, the so-called human scale occupies a major position in every design. In Momentum Virium, the importance of people on Earth becomes the main engine of the design process, to the point where the authors place the creation of a significant meaning for those who are watching the moon above the problematic of the inhabitance. As a result, the architectural object is detached from the surface of the moon, and instead occupies the lunar orbit. The connection between humans from Earth and the Lunar environment is suggested through an elevator that goes down to the moon, in a scientific, yet poetic manner. What this team succeeded to do is to create an unforgettable spectacle for the place we all came from, where somebody will always wait for us.

MODULPIA / ALESSANDRO PANESTEBAN ANALUIZA

GIROGI,

CAI

FENG,

SIYUAN

According to Vitruvius’ ancient treaty on architecture, beauty and utility occupy the same level of importance within architecture. Therefore, it is probably not by chance that the general public’s choice was also the most utilitarian entry. In the previous article, we concluded that the only possibility of living on the moon would be under its surface, in the only place protected by radiations. This is exactly what this entry brings on the table, through an expandable landscape shaped by a modular system that grows organically in time and also employs bioregenerative strategies.

PLATINUM CITY / SEAN THOMAS ALLEN The first honorable mention was offered to the fantastic graphics of this entry which manages to stand out through the detailed depiction of what mankind living on the moon at a large-scale could actually look like. By setting up a Metropolis-like scenery, the author creates a fantasy-driven utopia of an extraterrestrial, highly technologized city.

UPSIDE DOWN / RYAN TUNG WAI YIN, HO WING TSIT TERESINA, JOSHUA HO Upside Down is a place for the homo ludens, the depiction of Johan Huizinga’s idea that play is the primary condition of the generation of culture. Although the playful graphic and usage of soft, powdered colours would have been enough to evoke this concept, the authors take one step forward and dedicate their design to a higher galactic scope: Mars. In their view, the exploration and subsequent colonization of the moon becomes the playground, the test-training site for further interplanetary exploration.

LOOKING THROUGH THE MOON / YILING CHU, YAO DING, YAN-FEI JIANG, HUI TIAN If still in doubts of the intensity of one utopia’s echo, this entry is here to help. Looking Through the Moon is basically a 19th century Garden City, designed the way Ebenezer Howard would have, if given the commission. Despite the utopian beauty of the greenhouse-like scenery, this city might actually work due to its placement inside a natural crater, under the surface level, and further protected by a Solar Dome.

LUNAR OASIS / EDWARD CHEW With its exclusivist name, Lunar Oasis envisions a dystopian scenery where the moon is seen as a dull and dangerous territory, where points of retreat are required for both safety and beauty. In this case, architecture becomes a life-support for human life, a point of reconnection with Earthly conditions. Lunar Oasis is a biophilic sanctuary where the greenery and vegetation contrast the evenness of the moonscape. By colonizing the moon, these places create a system of breaks from the hostility of the grey unknown.

WOMB / PRAPATSORN CHAMROONKUL

SUKKASET,

SARAN

Womb explores the meditative nature of humankind. It is a utopia. Rather than embracing the idea of settling, Womb becomes a place of contemplation, where people can escape the hustle and bustle of everyday life on Earth and seek for deeper meanings. Seen through the lens of 2021, however, this entry seems more of a postcard from Earth than a utopia, encompassing the life we have been living for the past year: living inside a plastic bubble, protected from one another, isolated from one another. If only they knew.

THE AEROSPHERE / STEPHANIE STIERS With a touch of Archigram, not only is the Aerosphere the smallest Moontopia, but also the most individual-oriented entry. Designed as a one-person transportable pod-suit that offers life support in moon surface travelling, this tiny piece of architecture is the only entry that focuses on the touristic dimension of the moon, emphasizing the experience of the user. Thanks to the Aerosphere, anybody can become a lunar explorer, with the condition to respect the touristic routes set out on the moon. The intention of the author is clearly stated: rather than settle, let us stroll!

IRYNA KHORT

INTERVIEW WITH

THE VOICE OF THE SKY RACERS, THE VOICE THEY NEVER HAD BEFORE

saatchiart.com/khortview

ryna Khort is a painter from Täby, Sweden. She was born and lived almost all her life in Belarus. In 2019 she moved to Sweden and since then she has been living in Stockholm.

Iryna is a curious person and is always interested in how everything works. Her

curiosity is rooted in her way of being as well as in her habits formed during her education in the field of chemistry. This curiosity also explains the reason why the artist manages so well to paint and transmit through her paintings features we perceive as emotions of birds and animals. Since her childhood she was fascinated about the sky. Its endless combination of light and shadow, bizarre cloud shapes, various shades of the sky in different seasons, etc. Our artist has a side of education that would highlight her exact perspectives, but at the same time she is also a dreamer in love with the colors of the sky and its travels.

s an artist, she conveys emotion in her work. Trying to give personality and life to the characters in her paintings, she realizes in the end that the charachters from her paintings have got to impact on her own personality, and all that because she thinks that “Art, like life, is changeable, diverse and vulnerable”.

She finds her inspiration in birds, nature in general, and people. “The bird represent the flow of thought and freedom - freedom to think and move around - this idea is the heart of the desire itself and at the same time is an implementation of reality - it’s just like touching the universe”.

Q: Tell us a little about yourself. Where were you born

as an engineer-chemist at the technological university.

and where do you live now? Are these places influencing

Since I didn’t find myself in this field, I tried different occu-

your art? If yes, how?

pations, got carried away with painting, and finally stood at

A: I was born and lived almost all my life in Belarus. In 2019 we moved to Sweden, since then I’ve been living here, in Stockholm. Both countries are very similar, and at the

the crossroads. Then my move to Sweden gave me more determination to develop and paint. I understood that I should do what I love.

same time so different. What I appreciate most of all in

Q: Did you study arts for painting? If yes, where? And

Sweden is the sensitivity towards nature, the environment,

can you give us one important advice from the faculty,

and, of course, animals. The closeness of nature has defi-

about painting, that really helped you the most?

nitely influenced my creativity. I wanted to know more and more about birds, and animals around us, to feel and transmit a sense of belonging to nature through my paintings. Q: How did you decide to dedicate your time to painting? What influenced your decision about this? A: Most artists knew from childhood that they wanted to be artists. But I went another way. At first, I got an education

A: I took drawing and painting classes in the studio and took private lessons from a teacher that works in the academy of arts before moving to Sweden. Now I develop my skills on my own and sometimes I consult with a teacher online. It really helps when you are relaxing and more practice. My process goes faster when I paint alone and there is nothing around to distract me. So, to learn and be better you should find conditions which help you.

Q: Which painters played an important role in the path you chose? Why? A: Strangely enough, but I have never had authorities. Sure, I like a lot of artwork and I learn from them. But I am bad with names, and usually, I don’t follow the artists. Art is so subjective, and we all are just human. We shouldn’t forget about it before we’re going to put someone on a pedestal. Q: Your paintings mostly illustrate cute creatures such as birds and animals. What motivated you to choose these characters in the art you make? A: I always loved and had an interest in animals and birds which have a special place in my heart. The desire to paint birds came to me immediately after I started to paint, and at first, it was something unconscious. I just painted birds at home after the studio, where I had to paint all these bottles and plastic fruits from life, you know. All people around me told me what theme I should paint. I believe they expressed their own preferences. But I just felt in love with birds and couldn’t stop. Later I explained to myself why birds: on one hand, birds are a symbol of freedom that I didn’t have. They don’t need passports, money, etc. They fly where they want. And on the other hand, they along with other animals don’t have a voice which I felt I had to express. I mean they can’t complain about the loss of habitat or appreciate the scale of the tragedy of human intervention. Thus, through my work I feel like I remind people of the animal existence. The animals from my paintures are calling: “Hey! I am still here! It’s my planet, too...” Q: Do you have a golden rule that you follow in painting? If so, what is it? A: My golden rule is to have fun in the process of creation and then your work will surely resonate with other people. Q: Of all the paintings you’ve done, do you have a favorite? If so, what character do we find in it, and what is the reason why it is closer to your soul than the others? A: I love them all, but I have something special for the raven. For me it is an unknown part of my soul, a dark part, but dark doesn’t mean bad. It’s dark because there is no light there yet. And the process of painting the raven is special, I never know what I will get at last, because I am letting go of my thoughts and sinking into emotions. It’s a pure expression, every new raven is a little part of my soul, and every whole painting is a short story.

“ Art is alive while someone feels emotions in contact with it.

”

Q: Each historical period had something distinctive

A: It’s really tough to say that I have a specific style of

that characterized a cultural and artistic movement. If

painting because I am still in search, but I can make an

time travel was possible, in what period would you like to

assumption that at the moment contemporary is the most

paint? Where would you find yourself better?

relevant style for my creativity.

A: It’s a great question. I like to learn something about our history from books, films, etc. And the more I know, the more I understand that now it’s the best time for women artists. I really don’t want to be somewhere else in time. Q: I saw that at one point you bought an encyclopedia of birds from which to better study the characteristics of birds so that you can best illustrate the features of each bird. Have you ever wanted to paint an extinct bird and found quite difficult images with it? A: I’ve never thought about painting of extinct birds, but you gave an excellent idea! Q: Do you have a special place where you do your paintings? If so, how did you choose it? A: I have a private room where I like privacy, not only for

Q: How do you evaluate the value of your paintings? A: I use a per-square method for calculating the cost of the painting and, of course, I am mindful of my experience, niche, competitors, demand, supplies, etc. Q: Is your work related to the current environmental movements? A: I suppose, yes. And I am going to find a way how to be more effective. Q: Do you think painting is about talent or hard work? A: I believe everyone can paint. Now there are so many opportunities to be creative. Just choose what suits you more and go ahead! Q: What advice would you give to the beginners?

painting but just for taking time alone. My husband is a sci-

A: Practice, practice, and again practice! Question every-

entist, and he works every free moment, including at home.

thing that you can find or hear from others! Set targets and

That’s why the partitioning space is important for us.

understanding your goals!

Q: We have countless styles in painting. What style do you use?

INTERVIEW BY DOINA GAVRILOV

“ Birds are a symbol of freedom that I didn’t have. Birds along with other animals don’t have a voice which I felt I had to express.”

Heart & Mind WORDS BY MOHAMMED OMER SHABBIR This poem is discussing the narrative between heart and mind, the link that is shared by both aspects in life and the need to understand the importance of using what we have. Life can be a minefield and we have to accept the different sides that built up our personality. The theme of this poem revolves around our conflict and struggle with both of these significant instruments.

Heart & Mind The heart is a delicate thing, surprisingly fragile. The strength is more than that retained by a fist. It rarely makes sense how lies can turn the tide. I wonder rather not spend too much time wondering why. The struggles of the heart are all well known. They have been made clear in so many ways, over so many years. Most would refuse being dictated by a emotional instrument. Still very few practice this belief, control has eluded most. The battles of the mind, is where character is designed. How to increase the pace for improved results? There is no quick cheat to challenge the mind. Progression has to be made, day and night. Does the mind need to adapt and change? The quality of life is determined by the quality of thoughts. Left or right, do not make that mistake. Remain indifferent as imbalance either way leads you astray. The heart or mind? Both have a purpose and help your fate. The the wisest of all use every ounce of dynamite. Synchronise these instruments for maximum impact.

Nichita Stănescu

(1933-1983)

ichita H. Stănescu doğumlu Nichita Stănescu

adlı cildin teması şekillenecek. Daha sonra şair ve yazar

( d.31 Mart 1933, Ploieşti, Prahova ili - ö. 13

Gabriela Melinescu ile birlikte soyut evrenler yazma

Aralık 1983) Romanya Akademisi’nin ölüm son-

ve inşa etme konusunda birbirlerine ilham verecekler.

rası üyesi seçilmiş bir Rumen şair, yazar ve denemeciydi.

1982’de Todoriţa (Dora) Tărâţă ile evlendi.

Şairin babası Nicolae Hristea Stănescu, daha sonra

Nichita, kendi sözleriyle yazdığı “dedikodu” şiirlerini

Ploieşti’de bir zanaatkar ve tüccar olan Prahovalı bir

“Argo” adlı ciltte topladı - karayolu üzerinde şarkılar ve

çiftçiydi. Annesi Tatiana Cereaciuchin, Rusya’da soylu bir

ölümünden sonra, 1992’de Doina tarafından çok geç

ailenin parçasıydı.

yayınlandı.

1944 - 1952 döneminde “St. Petru şi Pavel ”, Ploieşti’den“

Edebiyat Gazetesi’nin şiir bölümünde kısa süreli

Mihai Viteazul ”oldu, böylece 1952 - 1957 yılları arasında

redaksiyon ve ardından editörlük yaptı. 1963’te şairin ilk

Bükreş Üniversitesi Filoloji Fakültesi’nin kurslarına katıldı.

yurtdışı gezisi Çekoslovakya’da gerçekleşti. Üç yıl sonra

1952’de ikinci genç aşkı Magdalena Petrescu ile evlendi,

Tineretului Yayınevi’nde 11 ağıtlı bir cilt yayınladı. Yazarlar

ancak ikisi bir yıl sonra ayrıldı. 1962’de şair ve denemeci Doina Ciurea ile evlendi. Aşktan “Duyguların bir vizyonu”

Birliği Ödülünü aldı. “Romanya denen bir ülke” şiirlerinden bazıları.

Adrian Păunescu ile birlikte “Luceafărul” dergisinin genel yayın yönetmen yardımcılığına atandı ve 1970 yılında Nicolae Breban tarafından yönetilen “România literară” dergisinin genel yayın yönetmen yardımcısı oldu. İki yeni şiir kitabı yayımladı: “Beş Arkadaşta Belgrad” ve “Soğukların Büyüklüğü”. “The Reading Book” makalelerinin cildi için üçüncü kez Yazarlar Birliği Ödülü’nü aldı. Bir yıl sonra son kez Yazarlar Birliği Ödülü’nü kazandı ve Johann Gottfried von Herder Uluslararası Ödülü’ne layık görüldü. “Literary Romania” için yorum yapan bir yayıncı oldu. Son evine, ünlü Gică akasya ağacının bulunduğu dairesinin penceresinin önünde, 9 Piaţa Amzei Caddesi’ne taşındı. 4 Mart 1977’de arkadaşı Nicolae Ştefănescu’yu kurtarmaya çalışan şair, depremden sonra yıkılan bir duvara çarptı. Şokun bir sonucu olarak, vücudun sol tarafında kısa süreli bir felç geçirir ve bu, iyileştikten sonra bile bir miktar engelli kalacaktır. 1978’de, aynı yıl Romanya Akademisi’nin “Mihai Eminescu” ödülünü alan Epica Magna şiirlerini yayınladı. Ağustos 1981’de ilk karaciğer krizi geçirdi. Bu krizler sonbaharda da devam edecek ve şair bundan dolayı Fundeni Hastanesi’ne kaldırılıyor. Taburcu edildikten sonra, hastalığının tüm belirtilerinden saklanıyor, iyimserlik gösteriyor ve doktorlar olağanüstü direncine ve canlılığına hayran kaldıklarını söylüyorlar. 31 Mart hayatının 50. yılında şair için ulusal bir kutlama düzenlenir. Yugoslavya gezisi sırasında doktorların müdahalesini gerektiren çok ciddi bir kriz yaşıyor. 12 Aralık’ta karaciğer bölgesindeki ağrı korkunç bir hal alır ve krizlerin son derece şiddetli olduğu ve şairin öldüğü Acil Hastaneye getirilir. Son sözleri, “Nefes al doktor, nefes al” oldur. Herder Ödülü’nü kazandı ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü’ne (1980) aday gösterildi. Hem edebiyat eleştirmenleri hem de halk tarafından “İlahi güzel” olarak adlandırdığı Romen dilinin en önemli yazarlarından biri olarak kabul edilen Nichita Stănescu, zamansal, yapısal ve resmi olarak modernist veya neo-şiire aittir. 1960-1970 yılları. Bununla birlikte, herhangi bir büyük yazar gibi, Nichita Stănescu da kendine benziyor, Alexandru Condeescu ve çok nadir bulunan mucit kategorisinin bir parçası olan olağanüstü genişlik, derinlik ve yoğunluk şairi Eugen Simion gibi bazı edebiyat eleştirmenleri tarafından değerlendirilir.

İKINCI AĞIT Her boşluğa bir tanrı. Bir taş yarılsa, o saat içine bir tanrı. Bir köprü ikiye ayrılsın yeter, o saat boşluğa bir tanrı. Asfalt yollarda bir gedik mi açıldı, hop içine bir tanrı. Bir yerinizi kesmeyin sakın bilerek ya da kazara, o saat bir tanrı korlar yaranın içine, her yerde, her zaman olduğu gibi korlar bir tanrı önünde eğilelim diye, her şeyi korur çünkü o tanrı, her şeyi, kendinden kopup ayrılan. Gözünü seveyim, savaşçı, yitirme gözünü, aman, o saat getirir korlar göz çukuruna bir tanrı, taşlaşır kalır orada. Ve biz yücelterek onu oluştururuz içimizi... Sen bile yücelterek onu, yücelttiğin gibi bilinmeyenleri tüm, kalırsın ruhunun içinde kapalı.

ŞIIR Ağlayan gözdür şiir ağlayan omuzdur omzun ağlayan gözüdür ağlayan eldir elin ağlayan gözüdür ağlayan ruhtur topuğun ağlayan gözüdür. Ah dostlar, şiir bir damla gözyaşı değildir ağlamanın kendisidir fakat farkedilmemiş gözün ağlayışıdır en güzel olması gereken gözün en mutlu olması gereken gözün gözyaşlarıdır şiir.

PARÇA De bana, yakalasaydım seni bir gün ve öpseydim ayağının altını öpüşümü ezmekten korkarak az biraz topallamaz mıydın o zaman?

Pictures source: ziaruldevrancea.ro ceascadecultura.ro facebook.com/ZambestevietiibyDaniela

GÜN IŞIĞINA ÇIKARILAN BİR KÜLTÜR: ZEUGMA ANTİK KENTİ VE EŞSİZ MOZAİKLERİ

YAZAR ZEYNEP KEMALOĞLU

ezopotamya, Fırat ve Dicle nehirlerini içine alan; Doğu’da Zargos dağları, Batı’da Suriye çölü, Kuzey’de Toros dağları, Güney’de Basra körfezine kadar uzanan bir coğrafi alanı kapsamaktadır. Tarihte bereketli Hilal olarak da anılan bu coğrafya, kaynaklarda insanoğlunun ilk buğday tanesini attığı yer olarak belir-

tilmektedir. Bölgede tarih öncesi devirlerin dışında: Sümerler, Akadlar, Babiller, Persler, Romalılar ve Müslümanlar hüküm sürmüşlerdir. Bu medeniyetlerden, kültürlerden biri de Zeugma’lılardır. Zeugma, Gaziantep’in Nizip ilçesinin doğusunda, Belkıs Köyü sınırları içerisinde, Birecik Barajı yakınında bulunmaktadır.

kenti

üneydoğu

Anadolu

Bölgesinin

büyük,

Türkiye’nin ise 6. büyük

olan

ekonomisi

Gaziantep, ile

bir

nüfusu, Metropol

görünümündedir. Anadolu’nun ilk yerleşim

alanlarından

Gaziantep,

birisi

Kalkolitik,

olan

Paleolitik,

Neolitik, Hitit, Mitani, Asur, Pers, Büyük İskender, Selevkoslar, Roma, Bizans, İslam, Türk-İslam, Osmanlı dönemlerini yaşamıştır ve bu dönemlere ait eserleri günümüze kadar taşımıştır. İlk uygarlıkların doğduğu Mezopotamya ve Akdeniz arasında bulunuşu, güneyden ve Akdeniz’den doğuya, kuzeye ve batıya giden yol-

Zeugma

ların kavşağında oluşu, Tarihi İpek Yolu’nun buradan geçmesi uygarlık

Picture source: Turkish Archaeological News

tarihine ve bugüne yön vermiş olup,

Belkıs/Zeugma Antik Kenti; Fırat’ın geçilebilir yerinde olması, askeri ve ticari bakım-

ayrıca her dönemde kültür ve ticaret merkezi olma özelliğini korumuştur. Antik

dönemlerde

Seleukia

Apemeia şehirleri arasında “kavşak” ya da “köprü” vazifesi yapmış olan bu kent, Grekçe’de “geçit, köprü, kavşak” anlamına

gelen

Zeugma

adıyla

anılmıştır. Arkeolojik

buluntular

ışığında

geçmişi günümüzden 600.bin yıl öncesine dayandığı tespit edilen şehir, Anadolu’nun ne kadar köklü

dan oldukça önemli stratejik bir bölgede bulunması nedeniyle tarihin her döneminde önemini korumuştur. Askeri ve ticaret geliştikçe beraberinde sanatı da beraberinde getirmiştir. Zeugma, büyüyüp 70.000 nüfusluk dev bir kent durumuna gelince, tüccarlar Fırat gün batımına karşı villalar yaptırmışlardır. İmar faaliyetlerindeki gelişme sanata olan ilgiyi de arttırmış, villalar eşsiz mozaiklerle süslenmiştir. Bu mozaikler dünyanın her yerinde var olan en değerli mozaikler olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. Nedeni ise Fırat nehrinin getirdiği renk çeşitliliğidir. Bu çeşitliliğe 13 renk armonisi denilmektedir. Başka mozaiklerde 3-5 renk kullanılırken Zeugma mozaiklerinde 12-13 renk kullanılmıştır. Zeugma’nın mozaik ve duvar resimlerinin işçiliği, teknikleri ve işlenen mitolojik olayların tasvir edilişi oldukça dikkat çekicidir.

ve zengin bir mirasa sahip olduğunu gözler önüne sermektedir. Geçirdiği tarihsel

süreçlerle

Anadolu’nun

yerel kültürünün yanı sıra Helenistik ve Roma’nın kültürlerini de kendi içinde barındıran, tüm buluntularıyla döneme ışık tutmuş antik bir yerleşimdir Zeugma. Bu kenti Büyük İskender’in komutanlarından ve daha sonra Suriye Kralı da olan Selevkos Nikator kurmuştur. Kente İskit Lejyonu adı verilen askeri garnizonun yerleşmesi ile şehrin önemi ve canlılığı artmıştır.

Zeugma Picture source: Turkish Archaeological News

Mozaik, değişik renkte bir ya da birkaç malzemenin küçük parçalarının yan yana getirilmesiyle oluşturulan düzenleme tekniğinin adıdır. Genel anlamda ise renkli cam ve taş parçalarının harç içine gömülmesiyle oluşan döşeme, duvar ve örtü betimlemelerine denilmektedir. Mozaik sanatının en nadir örneklerini özellikle Gaziantep ve Hatay’da görmek mümkündür. Bu bölgedeki mozaikler gerek biçimsel kurguPicture source: Turkish Archaeological News Zeugma mozaikleri motif çeşitliliği bakımında oldukça

geniş

bir

repertuara

sahiptir.

Motifler Zeugma (Belkıs) kentinin var olduğu coğrafyanın etkisi ile şekillenmiştir. Bu motifler Fırat’ın balıkları, bölgenin bitki

ları, gerek işlenen konuları, gerekse de yapım teknikleriyle

dünyanın

güzel

mozaikleri

olmuşlardır. Fakat Zeugma mozaiklerinin dünyada en önemli ve değerli mozaiklerden sayılmasının nedenlerinden biri on üç rengin bir arada kullanılmış olması ve Zeugmalı ustaların insan yüzündeki duyguları yansıtmak için 400 ince ve küçük parçayı bir arada kullanmış olmalarıdır.

çeşitlilikleri; üzüm, incir, elma, fıstık, menengiç, nar, coğrafyaya hâkim hayvanlar; pars (Anadolu kaplanı), sırtlan, geyik, köpek, horoz, tavus kuşu, bülbül, bıldırcın, keklik, tavşan gibi ve Zeugma (Belkıs) halkının dini inançlarında var olan tanrı ve tanrısal varlıklar kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca geometrik desenler yoğun bir yer kaplamıştır. Bu motiflerin dışında neredeyse tüm mozaikler bordürlerle çevrilidir. Çünkü bordür o mozaiğin çerçevesidir. Zeugma Mozaikleri arasında en tanınmış olanı “Çingene Kızı” mozaiğidir. Mozaik “Mainad Villası” nın yemek odasının taban mozaiğidir. Büyük ölçüde tahribata uğramış olan resimli panodan yalnızca bu kadın başı figürü kalmıştır. 1992 yılı kazılarında ortaya çıkarılan panodaki figürün kime ait olduğu kesin olarak bilinmese de, kızın Çingene’yi andıran yüz ifadesi mozaiğe bu adın verilmesini sağlamıştır.

Fakat bu benzetmeye rağmen resmin Toprak ve Ürün Tanrıçası Demeter (Gaia) olduğunu düşünenler de bulunmaktadır. Bu mozaiği diğerlerinden ayıran en önemli özelliklerden biri bu villada kullanılan bordürlerin diğer villalarda kullanılmamış olmasıdır. Zeugma

Antik

Kenti’nden

çıkartılan, toplam olarak 2 bin 500 metrekarelik alanı kaplayan ve bu dönemde sanatın ulaştığı zirve noktasının örneklerini meydana getiren mozaikler Gaziantep Zeugma Mozaik Müzesi’nde sergilenmektedir.

Picture source: archaeology.org

“A CULTURE IS MADE — OR DESTROYED — BY ITS ARTICULATE VOICES.” AYN RAND

Neden Diyet Yapıyoruz? Diyet deyince aklınıza ne geliyor? Sağlıklı beslenmek ya da kısıtlanmışlık hissi? Hemen herkesin bir kez de olsa deneyimlediği “diyet” kavramını irdeleyelim istiyorum. Sözlük

manasına

baktığımızda

“diyet”

kelimesi;

yapılan

kötülüklerin, davranışların bedelini ödemek anlamına geliyor. Gelin biraz daha eskiye gidelim ve bu kavram ilk nerede ortaya çıkmış bakalım. Bryan Turner, diyet kavramının orijini, tek Tanrılı dinlerde (özellikle Hristiyan kültüründe-Eski Yunan, Katolik Roma, Protestanlık) ruhu korumak adına bedeni kontrol etmek olarak açıklıyor. O dönemde çilecilik rejiminin temel unsurlarından biri olan diyet, arzuların kontrol edilmesi anlamına geliyor. Neden ruhu korumak adına bedeni kontrol etme ihtiyacı duyuyor peki insanlar? Toplumla uyumlanmak için. Bireyler, içinde yaşadıkları toplumun norm ve değerlerine bağlı oldukları müddetçe toplum tarafından kabul edilebilirler. Dolayısıyla, bedeni terbiye etmek ruhen toplum ile yeniden bağlanmak anlamına geliyor. En kısa ifadeyle diyet, eski çağlarda bireyi topluma bağlama işlevi görüyor. Toplumların sekülerleşmesiyle ve din kurumunun etkisini yitirmesiyle birlikte diyet, medikal sistemlerin alanına dahil oluyor. Yani bugün tanıdığımız anlamıyla “diyet” kavramı ortaya çıkıyor. Öte yandan diyetin işlevi değişti mi, tartışılır. Diyetler bugün hala, toplumla uyumlanmak için bir araç olmaya devam ediyor. Ancak tabi ki toplumun norm ve değerleri değişti. Bugün ruhu korumak, erdemli ve günahlarından arınmış olmak gibi beklentileri yok bizden, toplumun. Sağlıklı, ince hatlara sahip olmak, iyi, güzel ve estetik bir bedene sahip olmak gibi beklentileri var. Dolayısıyla toplumun talepleri ile uyumlanırken, diyet yine işlevsel bir araç oluyor.

Diyet yapmak, diyet konuşmak, diyete girecek olmak, diyeti bozmak kavramların etrafında oluşan bir toplumsallık söz konusu. “Ortak bir payda” işlevi görüyor adeta. Bugün pek çok araştırma kilolu olmakla sağlıklı olmak arasında –diğer değişkenleri değerlendirmeden- doğrudan bir bağlantı kurulamayacağını ortaya koymuşken, sağlık vaat eden diyetler yok satıyor. Dolayısıyla bu noktada şu soruyu sormaya ihtiyaç var sanki: “Neden diyet yapıyoruz?” Neden yaptığımız belki yukarıdaki nedenlerle bağlantılı olarak anlam buluyor. Pek çok kişinin yaşam boyu aralıklı bir tür diyette olduğunu düşününce, neyi neden yaptığımızı sorgulamak gerektiğini düşünüyorum. Diyet yapmazsa nasıl besleneceğini bilmeyen koca bir güruh yok mu? Sanırım bu kendimizle, sezgilerimizle çoktan teması yitirdiğimizi gösteriyor. Düşünebiliyor musunuz bundan 200 yıl önce, bir kişi ne yiyeceğinin bir listesini hazırlatmış olsun? Beden algımız da zamana göre şekilleniyor. Daha 1950’li yıllarda film yıldızları bugüne kıyasla gayet “kilolu”. O zaman öyle görülmüyordu tabi ama bugün buradan bakınca kilolu diyoruz. Bugün ideal kabul edilen bedenler için ne çok kadın kendi bedeniyle kavga halinde? Diyetten diyete koşturmaca halinde? Popüler kültürü üreten mekanizma bizim düşünce ve davranışlarımızı da biçimlendiriyor. Kendimizle kurduğumuz ilişkiyi, kendimize nasıl davrandığımızı bile bir ölçüde belirliyor. Kendimi ve bedenimi sürekli olarak disipline edilmesi gereken, yeniden ve yeniden tasarlanması gereken bir obje olarak görüyorsam, bunda içinde yaşadığım çağın norm ve değerlerinin bir payı mutlaka var. Bu nedenle diyorum ki, kapılıp gitmeden bir kez daha soralım: Bunu neden yapıyorum?

YAZAR ECE CERRAHOGLU

“THE GROUNDWORK OF ALL HAPPINESS IS HEALTH.” Leigh Hunt

Yazar Duygu Alkan

ANATOMİ

Anatomi, organizmaların ve parçalarının yapılarının incelenmesi ile ilgilenen biyoloji dalıdır. Yunancada ben kesiyorum anlamına gelen “diseksiyon” kelimesinden türetilmiştir. Tarih öncesi çağlarda başlayan eski bir bilimdir. Anatomi, doğası gereği gelişimsel biyoloji, embriyoloji, karşılaştırmalı anatomi, evrimsel biyoloji ve filogeniye bağlıdır. Çünkü bunlar, anatominin hem anlık hem de uzun vadeli zaman ölçeklerinde üretildiği süreçlerdir. Organizmaların ve parçalarının yapısını ve işlevini sırasıyla inceleyen anatomi ve fizyoloji, doğal bir çift ilgili disiplini oluşturur ve genellikle birlikte incelenir. İnsan anatomisi, tıpta uygulanan temel bilimlerden biridir. Anatomi disiplini makroskopik ve mikroskobik olarak ikiye ayrılır. Makroskopik anatomi veya brüt anatomi, bir hayvanın vücut parçalarının çıplak gözle incelenmesidir.

Genel anatomi, yüzeysel anatomi dalını da içerir. Mikroskobik anatomi, histoloji olarak bilinen çeşitli yapıların dokularının incelenmesinde ve ayrıca hücrelerin incelenmesinde optik aletlerin kullanılmasını içerir. Anatomi tarihi, insan vücudunun organlarının ve yapılarının işlevlerinin aşamalı olarak anlaşılmasıyla karakterize edilir. Karkasların ve cesetlerin diseksiyonu ile hayvanların incelenmesinde X-ışını, ultrason ve manyetik rezonans görüntüleme dahil olmak üzere 20. yüzyıl tıbbi görüntüleme teknikleri, önemli ölçüde gelişmiştir. Anatomi, çeşitli parçaların görünümünü, konumunu, oluşturuldukları malzemeleri, yerlerini ve diğer parçalarla ilişkilerini içerir. Anatomi, sırasıyla bu parçaların işlevleriyle ve ilgili kimyasal süreçlerle ilgilenen fizyoloji ve biyokimyadan oldukça farklıdır. Örneğin, bir anatomist karaciğer gibi bir organın şekli, boyutu, konumu, yapısı, kanlanması

ve innervasyonu ile ilgilenir. Bir fizyolog ise safra üretimi, karaciğerin beslenmedeki rolü ve vücut fonksiyonlarının düzenlenmesiyle ilgilenir. Anatomi disiplini, brüt veya makroskopik anatomi ve mikroskobik anatomi dahil olmak üzere bir dizi dala ayrılabilir. Brüt anatomi, çıplak gözle görülebilecek kadar büyük yapıların incelenmesidir ve aynı zamanda dış vücut özelliklerinin görülmesiyle yapılan yüzeysel anatomi veya yüzey anatomisini içerir. Mikroskobik anatomi, histoloji ve embriyoloji ile birlikte mikroskobik ölçekte yapıların incelenmesidir. Anatomi, organların ve sistemlerin yapısı ve organizasyonu hakkında bilgi elde etmek amacıyla hem invaziv hem de non-invaziv yöntemler kullanılarak incelenebilir. Kullanılan yöntemler arasında bir gövdenin

açıldığı ve organlarının çalışıldığı diseksiyon ve vücut duvarındaki küçük bir kesikten video kamera donanımlı bir aletin sokulduğu ve iç organları ve diğer yapıları keşfetmek için kullanıldığı endoskopi yer alır. X-ışınları veya manyetik rezonans anjiyografi kullanan anjiyografi, kan damarlarını görselleştirmek için yöntemlerdir. “Anatomi” terimi genellikle insan anatomisine atıfta bulunmak için alınır. Bununla birlikte, hayvanlar aleminin geri kalanında büyük ölçüde aynı yapılar ve dokular bulunur ve bu terim aynı zamanda diğer hayvanların anatomisini de içerir. Zootomi terimi, bazen özellikle hayvanlara atıfta bulunmak için de kullanılır. Bitkilerin yapısı ve dokuları birbirine benzemez ve bitki anatomisinde incelenir.

BREXIT’İN BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK EĞİTİM SİSTEMİNE MUHTEMEL ETKİLERİ

Serdar BİLGİN Univerist UK LTD Genel Müdürü

Brexit’in Birleşik Krallık eğitim sektörüne etkisini Londra’da faaliyet gösteren Uluslararası Eğitim Danışmanlığı hizmetleri yürüten ve süreçten en fazla etkilenen kurumlardan biri olan Univerist UK LTD Genel Müdürü Serdar BİLGİN ve Univerist UK LTD Akademik Danışma Kurulu Üyesi Dr. Murat Zeytinli ’ye Brexit’in Birleşik Krallık eğitim sektörüne muhtemel etkileri nelerdir? AB üyesi ülke vatandaşlarına etkisi nedir? Yabancı öğrencilerde azalma beklenir mi? BK Üniversitelerinin AB ve yabancı öğrenciler tarafından tercih edilme nedenleri nelerdir? sorularını yönelttik. BK’da AB üyesi Ülkelerden Gelen Öğrencileri Bekleyen En Büyük Endişe Nedir? 2020 yılının başlarından itibaren dünyadaki tüm ülkeleri etkileyen Covid-19 virüsü, diğer sektörlerle birlikte eğitim sektöründe de etkisini gösterdi. Her derecedeki okulların, üniversitelerin ve dil kurslarının uzun süre kapalı kalması hem sektöre büyük darbe vurdu hem de Brexit’in etkilerinin görülmesini engelleyen bir sis tabakası oluşturdu. Kısıtlamalardan en çok etkilenen eğitim sektörünün maddi kayıpları büyük. Salgının örgün eğitimdeki öğrencilerinin öğrenme ve bilgi düzeyleri, gelecekteki başarıları ve psikolojileri üzerindeki etkileri henüz bilinmiyor. Bu konudaki endişe büyüktür.

BK’da büyük çoğunluğu İngiltere’de olmak üzere 2018-2019 öğretim yılındaki verilere göre 400 bin dolayında yabancı öğrenci eğitim görüyor. Bunlardan 140 binini AB üyesi ülkelerden gelen öğrenciler oluşturuyor. AB üyesi ülke vatandaşları tüm birlik ülkelerindeki üniversitelerde yerli öğrenci sayılıyor ve o ülke vatandaşları ile aynı miktarda öğrenim harcı ödüyorlar. BK’da üniversite eğitimi gören yabancı bir öğrenci yıllık ortalama 15.500 Pound ödüyor. Ayrıca, barınma, yiyecek-içecek gibi giderleri de var. Bu miktar üniversite ve alınan eğitime bağlı olarak yıllık 58.000 Pound’a kadar çıkabiliyor. Ancak, üniversitelerin çoğunluğu yerli ve AB vatandaşı ülke öğrencilerinden yıllık ortalama 9.250 Pound öğrenim harcı alıyor. AB üyesi ülke öğrencileri yerli öğrencilerle eşit haklara sahip olduğu için, diğer yabancı öğrencilere oranla yıllık £2.850 bir avantaj elde ediyor. Bu miktar toplam eğitim süresi göz önüne alındığında ciddi miktarlara ulaşıyor ve bazı bölümler için 64.000 Pound kadar çıkabiliyor ki çoğu öğrenci ve ailesi için bir servet.

Dr. Murat Zeytinli Univerist UK LTD Akademik Danışma Kurulu üyesi

Brexit’le beraber UK Üniversitelerinin AB üyesi ülkelerden gelen öğrencileri kaybetme endişesi yaşayacağını belirten Univerist UK LTD Akademik danışma Kurulu üyesi Dr. ZEYTİNLİ BK Covid-19 salgınından kaynaklanan seyahat kısıtlamaları, uzaktan eğitimin yaygınlaşması gibi yeni gelişmelerle daha da kaygılanmışlardı. Çünkü seyahat kısıtlamaları yabancı öğrencilerin gelecek planlamalarını zorlaştıracak ve BK’ya gelmelerini engelleyecekti. Bu kaygılar halen devam ediyor ve gelirleri arasında yabancı öğrencilerin yaptığı ödemelerin payı fazla olan üniversitelerde bu kaygı hiç kaybolmayacak. Bu yüzden bazı BK üniversiteleri Çin ve Malezya gibi ülkelerde kampüsler kurarak, eğitimi öğrencilerin ayağına taşımaya çalışıyor. Bu endişe yoğun şekilde yaşanırken, dünyaca ünlü ve alanında tek The Economist dergisinde ilginç bir haber yayınlandı. Habere, üniversite yönetimleri açısından yüreklere su serpen bir grafik eşlik ediyor. Buna göre, Çin’den ve diğer ülkelerden ve hatta AB üyesi ülkelerden BK’ya gelen yabancı öğrencilerin sayısında 2020 yılı itibarıyla artma eğilimi sürüyor. Grafikte Çin’den ve diğer ülkelerden gelen öğrencilerin sayısında artma eğrisi dikleşirken, AB üyesi ülkelerden gelen öğrencilerin eğrisi daha düz görünüyor. The Economist’in haberinde belki de en önemli bilgi 2020 yılında BK’daki üniversitelere kayıt yaptıran öğrencilerin sayısında yüzde 11 artış olması. Öte yandan, yabancı öğrencilerin tercih ettiği ülkelerin önde gelenlerinden ABD’deki yabancı öğrenci kayıtları yüzde 40, Avustralya’da ise yüzde 20 azalmış durumda.

Haberde bu değişimler, BK’nın öğrenim sonrası ülkede kalma süresini iki yıl daha uzatması, ABD’nin COVID-19 salgını ile mücadelede öğrencilere gelecek planlarını yapacak ölçüde güven vermemesi ve Avustralya’nın sınırları ne zaman açacağının belirsiz olmasına bağlıyor. Habere göre, önümüzdeki yıldan itibaren BK üniversitelerine AB üyesi ülkelerden gelen öğrenci sayısı azalacak, ancak bu kayıp Çin ve Hindistan’dan kaynaklanacak artış ile telafi edilebilecek. AB Üyesi Ülkelerden Gelen Yabancı Öğrenci Sayısında Azalma Beklenir Mi? 2021-2022 öğrenim yılından itibaren bu öğrencilere de diğer ülkelerden gelenlerle aynı fiyat tarifesi uygulanacak. Yani AB’den gelen öğrenciler için de BK’dan alınacak lisans, yüksek lisans ve doktora diplomalarının maliyeti artacağını belirten Univerist UK LTD Genel Müdürü Sayın BİLGİN “Ben buna rağmen, AB üyesi ülkelerden gelen öğrenci sayısında azalma olmayacağını, hâlihazır seviyenin korunacağını düşünüyorum. Düşüncemin sebepleri şunlardır.

Bunlardan birincisi AB’nin BK’ya olan coğrafi yakınlığıdır. Ayrıca, AB ve BK arasında 1973-2020 yılları arasındaki birliktelik belli ölçülerde bir anlayış, kültür ve hukuk birliği de oluşturmuştur. BK, bunlardan vazgeçme eğiliminde değildir. Seçmenler, AB dışındaki ve özellikle de eskiden sömürgesi olan ülkelerle AB kaynaklı kısıtlamalar olmaksızın daha yakın ilişkiler kurabilmek; AB’nin göçmen politikası ve/ veya fakir AB ülkelerinden BK’ya yönelen ucuz ve çoğu durumda niteliği düşük göçmenlerden rahatsız olduğu için referandumda ayrılma yönünde oy kullanmıştır. Gıda güvenliği, iklim, savunma, demokrasi ve hukukun üstünlüğü dâhil ortak değerlerin korunması ve yaygınlaştırılması konusundaki çalışmalar ve işbirliği devam edecektir. Bu AB üyesi ülkelerden gelen öğrencilerin kendilerini daha güvende hissetmelerini sağlayacaktır. Bu düşüncemin ikinci dayanağı, İngilizce dilinin hayatın her alanındaki gücünü ve yaygınlığını korumasıdır. Büyük Britanya İmparatorluğu, bir zamanlar üzerinde güneş batmayan bir coğrafyayı yönetmekteydi. Genel olarak da ayrıldığı hiçbir coğrafyadan büyük katliamlar yapmadan, nesiller boyu nefret üretecek eylemlerde bulunmadan ayrıldı. Dahası, bir zamanlar yönettiği toplumlar ile ilişkilerini iyi tutmaya gayret etti. Tabii ki buna itiraz edenler olacaktır, ancak Britanya İmparatorluğu’nu diğer sömürgeci güçler ve imparatorluklar ile mukayese ettiklerinde/edebildiklerinde dediğimi anlayacaklardır.

Bu İngilizcenin dünyanın her tarafına yayılmasını, devletler ve milletler arasındaki ilişkilerde kullanılan birinci dil olmasını sağlamıştır. AB ülkeleri de BK’nın ayrılmasını rağmen, ilişkilerini büyük ölçüde İngilizce ile sürdüreceklerdir, çünkü kullanabilecekleri başka ortak dil yoktur.” BK Üniversitelerini AB ve Diğer Ülkelerden Öğrencilerin En Büyük Tercih Sebebi Nedir? BK’daki üniversitelerin büyük çoğunluğu dünyadaki ilk 500 üniversite arasında yer alır, Oxford ve Cambridge üniversiteleri her sıralamada ilk 10 üniversite arasındadır. Bu üniversitelerde okumak prestij ve dünyaya ve olaylara çok daha geniş bakış açısı getireceğini belirten Dr. Murat Zeytinli, ayrıca, üniversite örgün eğitimin son aşaması sayılır. İş hayatına atılmadan ilişki ağları kurmak (networking) her sektörde ve ülkede çok önemlidir. Aynı üniversitenin mezunları şartları ve beklentiler farklı olsa da birbirlerini desteklemeye çalışırlar. Dünyada en iyi üniversiteler arasında yer alan bir üniversitenin mezunu olmak, her alanda önde gelen insanlardan olmak demektir. BK üniversiteleri mezunlarına bu imkânı fazlasıyla sunarlar. AB üyesi ülkeler ve/veya diğer ülkelerden eğitim için gelen öğrenciler, kendi ülkelerinde üniversite olmadığından değil, bu ülkedeki eğitimin kalitesine inandıkları için ve imkânları el vermesi durumunda gelmektedirler. Yani belirleyici faktör AB üyesi ülkelerden gelenlere uygulanan “yerli öğrenci” tarifesi değildir. BK üniversitelerinin eğitim kalitesi, ülkede yaşayanların yabancı öğrencilere karşı davranış kalıpları değişmedikçe dünyanın her tarafından ülkeye öğrenci akını devam edecektir. Öğrencilerin bir kısmı zaten devlet veya başka kuruluşların bursları ile eğitim görmektedir. Bursu olmayan öğrencilerinin ailelerinin geliri bu öğrencileri desteklemekte yeterlidir, bu gelecekte de sürecektir.

En Başarılı Öğrencilerin Tercihi Neden UK Üniversiteleridir? BK, Nobel ödüllü alan ülkeler sıralamasında ABD’nin (375) ardından toplam 131 ödül ile ikinci sıradadır. Nüfusları kıyaslandığında, BK’nın ABD’den önde olduğu açıkça görülmektedir. Bu ülkedeki eğitimin kalitesini, araştırma imkân ve kapasitesini gösteren en iyi örnektir. Bu çalışkan, gayretli ve zeki gençleri ülkeye çekmeye devam edecektir. BK’daki üniversitelerde, Türkiye’den özellikle yüksek lisans ve doktora eğitimi için gelenlerin şaşırdığı haller vardır. Genellikle kişilerin kimlik kartlarında, oda kapılarında unvanları yazmaz. Çalışma sırasında da öğrencinin çalışmasının muhtevasına müdahale edilmez. Sadece, çalışmanın bilimsel araştırma metotlarına uygunluğu konusunda danışmanların uyarıları olur. Bu uygulama, danışmanların konuyu bilmediği, öğrenciye yardım etmek istemediği anlamına gelmez. Beklenti, kişinin araştırmasını kendinin yapması, fikrini ortaya koyması ve savunabilmesidir. Kişinin yönlendirmeye ihtiyaç duymadan planlı ve metoda uygun çalışabilmesi gelecekteki iş ve özel hayatında çok önemli rol oynayacaktır. Gençler bunu hissetmekte, anlamakta ve geleceklerini bu yönde planlamaya gayret etmektedir. AB üyesi ülke öğrencileri dâhil, gerekli imkân ve yeteneğe sahip gençler, bu imkânların en iyisini sunma konusundaki yeteneklerini, kapasitelerini, gayretlerini kanıtlamış BK üniversitelerini tercih edeceklerdir.

UNIVERIST UK LTD HAKKINDA…

Sayın BİLGİN kısaca Univerist UK LTD Uluslararası Eğitim Danışmanlık Kurumundan bahseder misiniz? Univerist UK LTD İngiltere’de eğitim almış akademisyenlerin danışmanlığında kurulmuş olup eğitim, koçluk ve Uluslararası danışmanlık alanında hizmetlerini sürdürmektedir. Univerist Londra ofisimiz şehir merkezine çok yakın konumda Holborn metro istasyonunun çok yakınında bulunmaktadır. Univerist UK LTD’yi diğer kurumlardan farklı kılan nedir? Merkezimiz Univerist Türkiye İstanbul’da bulunmakta olup, 10 yıldır 5 farklı lokasyonda hizmetlerine devam etmektedir. Yaklaşık 10.000 kişinin üzerinde eğitim ve danışmanlık hizmeti alan öğrenci ve danışanımızla tüm akademik hayatı kapsayacak bir kariyer danışmanlığı hizmeti sağladığından dolayı ortak başarımız için yaşam boyu birlikte çalışan çok güçlü bir aileyiz. Univerist UK ekibi kimlerden oluşmaktadır? Yurt dışı eğitimin her departmanında çalışmış, yurtdışı deneyimi olan ekibimiz, öğrencilerimizin İngiltere’ye geldiklerinde karşılaşabilecekleri herhangi bir problemini en hızlı ve etkili şekilde çözmek ve kişiye özel bireysel danışmanlık hizmeti sunmaktayız. Kariyer ve dil eğitimi amaçlı Birleşik Krallık başta olmak üzere yurt dışı eğitim ve seyahatlerde profesyonel hizmet sunan ekibimiz, yüksek lisansını ve akademik araştırmalarını İngiltere’de yapmış uzman danışmanlardan oluşmaktadır. Univerist UK LTD İletişim bilgileri Genel Müdür CEO: Serdar BILGIN Adres: Univerist UK Ltd. 17 Greville Street, London, EC1N 8SQ Web: www.univerist.co.uk Sosyal Medya: @univerist_uk Sirket Telefonu: +44 7780 850050

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