Location: The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 5, Translational Research Facility, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton ProjectLeaders: Dr. RobertGalinsky Email: robert.galinsky@hudson.org.au,

Project Description: Inflammation-induced brain injury remains one of the main causes of disability after premature birth. There is no effective treatment. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) has been implicated in inflammation –induced brain injury through activation of cerebral microglia (the brain’s resident immune cell) however it remains unclear whether this association is causal. This project is aimed at understanding the role of IL1β in inflammation-induced brain injury in preterm fetal sheep, using an FDA approved IL-1β receptor antagonist.

Research techniques: Fetal surgery, electronic fetal monitoring of brain activity, movement, breathing and cardiovascular function. Neuropathological assessment using immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. development of atherosclerosis in mice predisposed to development of the disease.

Location: The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Level 5, Translational Research Facility, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton Project Leaders: Dr Stacey Ellery and Dr Nadia Bellofiore Email: stacey.ellery@hudson.org.au

Project description: In utero exposure to high levels of maternal immune cells (such as those produced to fight a bacterial or viral infection) has been linked to the development of mental illness disorders in offspring. Use of a novel allosteric inhibitor of the IL-1 receptor (Rytvela) has been proposed as a treatment to minimise the immune cascade in pregnancies complicated by infection; thus, protecting the fetus from adverse outcomes.

This study will use the spiny mice model of maternal immune activation to assess the effectiveness of Rytvela administration in pregnancy in reducing behavioural deficits in offspring. The study will involve running a series of behavioural tests, including open field, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition and social interaction in neonatal and juvenile spiny mice exposed to maternal immune activation at mid gestation, with and without Rytvela treatment. Applicants should be keen to develop skills in handling mice.

Location: Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 1, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton Project Leaders: A/ProfClaudia Nold, Dr Ina Rudloff, Prof Marcel Nold, Dr Devi Ngo Email: claudia.nold@monash.edu, ina.rudloff@hudson.org.au marcel.nold@hudson.org.au

Project Description: Direct clinical relevance: medium/low. Hands-on learning opportunities: Culture of primary human blood cells and cell lines, protein detection by ELISA, RNA detection by realtime PCR, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry. Interleukin (IL)-37 was discovered in silico in 2000, but it remained a neglected molecule, and nothing at all was known about its function until 2010, when we described the powerful anti-inflammatory properties of this cytokine. IL-37 belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines and imparts a strong inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interestingly, this protection from inflammatory responses is not limited to one or a few triggers, but covers a wide spectrum of inflammatory assaults - a rare property, which renders IL-37 a prime candidate for clinical use.

However, further research on the mechanism of action of this unusual cytokine is required before such steps can be taken. In this project, we will characterise several aspects of regulation and function of IL-37, in particular the mRNA and protein expression profile of IL-37 across a spectrum of cell types and the effect of IL-37 one of the key molecular regulator of inflammation, the inflammasome.

medicine, immunology, inflammasomes, interleukin1 family, ELISA, PCR, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry

Location: Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 1, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton Project Leaders: Prof Marcel Nold, A/Prof Claudia Nold, Dr Ina Rudloff Email: marcel.nold@monash.edu, claudia.nold@hudson.org.au

Project Description: Surprisingly little is known about the immune and coagulation system of preterm infants, which therefore represent problematically blank pages for clinicians on the one hand, but a true frontier for researchers on the other. Another reason why preterm immunity and coagulation represent a new frontier is that technology has advanced enough only recently to allow us to extract large amounts of information from sample volumes as small as 0.5 ml - which in fact is a significant volume of blood to take from the tiny patients, considering that the total blood volume is as small as 35 ml in some of the babies. Our laboratory has obtained approval to conduct an exciting study in which blood is taken from extremely premature infants at 5 timepoints, thus allowing for a unique longitudinal view at plasmatic and cellular immunity as well as coagulation.

To explore these systems in depth, we use cutting edge methods such as protein arrays and multicolour flow cytometry, which students will learn. Since we also have access to the babies’ clinical data, we will be able to perform correlation analyses and draw conclusions about the relevance of our findings to the major diseases of prematurity such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial haemorrhage and necrotising enterocolitis. These insights may lead to the identification of biomarkers and/or new therapeutic targets, which are direly needed as several of these diseases are clinically highly problematic and currently untreatable.

Direct clinical relevance: high Hands-on learning opportunities: Multi-colourflow cytometry, protein arrays, cell culture of primary human blood cells.

preterm infants, inflammation, lung, gut, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), interleukin, histology, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry

Location: Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 1, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton Project Leaders: A/Prof Claudia Nold, Dr Rimma Goldberg, Prof Marcel Nold, Email: claudia.nold@hudson.org.au Phone: 03 8572 2775 (A/Prof C Nold)

Project Description: The Role of IL37 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease IL37 is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine which is reduced in the circulation of patients with auto-immune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (1). Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are capable of producing IL37, and in particular the T cell subset (2). Aberrant helper T cell responses play a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD (3-5). Thus, it is of paramount importance to understand the triggers for pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by T cell subsets of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. This project will look at characterising IL37 production in different cell subsets in the blood and lamina propria of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Cells will be isolated from peripheral blood and colonic biopsies. Following appropriate processing or digestion and stimulation, flow cytometry will be used to characterise immune cell subsets and their capacity to produce IL37. Additionally, colonic biopsy samples will be collected and stored to create frozen sections for immunofluorescent staining. Concurrently, patient data on disease activity, medication use and response will be collected. Disease activity and response to currently available medications will be correlated with IL37 production to assess whether this cytokine plays a role not only in pathogenesis of disease, but also response to immunomodulating medications

preclinical study, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation, immunology, interleukins,

Suitability: Honours/BMedSci/PhD Location: Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 1, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton Project Leaders: A/Prof Claudia Nold, Dr Ina Rudloff, Prof Marcel Nold Email: claudia.nold@hudson.org.au, ina.rudloff@hudson.org.au, marcel.nold@monash.edu Phone: 03 8572 2775 (A/Prof C Nold), 03 8572 2815 (Dr Rudloff), 03 8572 2776 (Prof M Nold)

Project Description: Direct clinical relevance: medium. Hands-on learning opportunities: Various aspects of work with mice and patient samples, workup of tissues for various downstream applications, flow cytometry, histology, immunohistochemistry, protein detection by ELISA, RNA detection by real-time PCR. Interleukin (IL)-38 is a novel member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. The majority of IL-1 family members play important roles in inflammatory diseases –either as promoters or inhibitors of inflammation. IL-38, however, received almost no research attention until our group renamed the new IL-1 family cytokines in 2010. Thus, its function is still largely unknown. Recently, we discovered that IL-38 plays a role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) –a very severe and potentially fatal autoimmune disease that mainly affects young women in their childbearing age. We found that SLE patients have elevated serum IL-38 concentrations and that IL-38 is predictive of disease severity and the development of major SLE-associated complications. Moreover, we have shown in vitro that IL-38 has anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits the production of cytokines that promote inflammation. Now, we want to investigate the function of IL-38 in vivo.

For this purpose, we have generated the very first IL-38 knockout mouse that is not available anywhere else in the world. In this exciting project we will undertake the first experiments using this mouse in a murine model of SLE but will also perform experiments on blood samples directly obtained from SLE patients. Applying techniques such as ELISA, flow cytometry, real-time PCR and histology we will aim to identify the role of IL-38 in SLE and potentially lay the foundation for a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of SLE.

Interleukin 1 family, knockout mice, human samples, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), flow cytometry, histology, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, real-time PCR.

Location: Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 1, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton Project Leaders: A/ProfClaudia Nold, Dr Ina Rudloff, Prof Marcel Nold Email: claudia.nold@monash.edu, ina.rudloff@hudson.org.au marcel.nold@hudson.org.au

Project Description: The severe chronic lung disease bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) causes considerable suffering for premature infants and their families and contributes substantially to health care costs. Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease of the premature gut that is poorly understood and carries a high mortality. No effective therapy is known for either devastating disease.

In view of the importance of inflammation for BPD and NEC, we will assess how effectively two innovative anti-inflammatory mediators, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and IL-37, protect against BPD and NEC. In newborn mice with a BPD-like lung disease, we will quantify whether increased levels of IL-1Ra or IL-37 protect against the development of lung pathology as reflected in biochemical and cellular markers of inflammation and loss of alveolarisation and vascularisation on day 3 and 28 of life. In a newborn mouse model of NEC, involving formula feeding for 3 days and brief exposure to cold and hypoxia, we will assess the protective properties of IL-1Ra and IL-37 by histology and flow cytometry and by analysis of selected biochemical markers.

Keywords: bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, immunology, paediatrics, neonatology, translational medicine,

Location: Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 1, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton Project Leaders: A/ProfClaudia Nold, Dr Ina Rudloff, Prof Marcel Nold Email: claudia.nold@monash.edu, ina.rudloff@hudson.org.au marcel.nold@hudson.org.au

Project Description: The neonatal microbiome, in healthy full-term infants and in preterm infants presents with a highly dynamic nature. As such, the microbiome is extremely susceptible to external influences that can dramatically affect the shortand long-term health of the infant. In this project we set out to investigate the underlying mechanisms how the intestinal and pulmonary microbiome influences the neonatal immune system and thereby impacts disease outcome. In collaboration with Monash Children's we collect clinical data and samples from term and preterm infants. This project gives you the opportunity to closely work with clinical collaborators and also have the opportunity to gain experience in a diverse set of molecular techniques

Keywords: microbiome, immunology, intestine, lung,

Location: Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Level 1, 27-31 Wright St, Clayton Project Leaders: Dr Rimma Goldberg, A/Prof Claudia Nold, Prof Marcel Nold, Prof Colby Zap Email: rimma.goldberg@monash.edu

Project Description: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic immune mediated disorder affecting the intestine with no known cure. The pathogenesis of this disease results from immune dysregulation and an imbalance between pro inflammatory cells and cytokines. IL37 is a novel anti-inflammatory cytokine which is reduced in the circulation of patients with auto-immune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells are capable of producing IL37, and in particular the T cell subset. Aberranthelper T cell responses play a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD.

Thus, it is of paramount importance to understand the triggers for pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by T cell subsets of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

This project will first look at characterising IL37 production in different cell subsets in the blood and lamina propria of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Concurrently, patient data on disease activity, medication use and response will be collected. Disease activity and response to currently available medications will be correlated with IL37 production to assess whether this cytokine plays a role not only in pathogenesis of disease, but also response to immunomodulating medications. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are responsible for dampening down aberrant inflammation and control autoimmune disease. Tregs are dysfunctional in inflammatory bowel disease.

The second part of this project will look at defining the ability of Treg to respond to and produce IL37 as a means of developing a highly novel cell-based therapy. Keywords: preclinical study, inflammatory bowel disease, inflammation, immunology, interleukins, regulatory t cell, cell therapy