Geography and History 2.º ESO Andalucía

Learn in English

GEOGRAPHY & HISTORY

3 The Late Middle Ages ➊

THE 13TH CENTURY: A TIME OF PROSPERITY

1.1. Agricultural expansion

It was made possible thanks to advances in technology: water and windmills replaced animal traction; the mouldboard plough, metal animal collars and horseshoes appeared. Also, new cultivation methods arose such as the three-field system of crop rotation and the use of natural fertilizers. This progress resulted in an increase in agricultural production, trade with surpluses, an increase in population and the establishment of cities.

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Wool Tin

1.2. Birth of commerce and banking

Local commerce was carried out in artisans' workshops and markets. Long distance trade took place at annual fairs.

Trade routes were established: the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and the Baltic. Associations of merchants, payments in currency, and other financial instruments such as credit were created, giving rise to the birth of banking.

URBAN RESURGENCE

2.1. The new social classes

The new social class that emerged was the bourgeoisie, made up of merchants, artisans and liberal professionals, who became rich thanks to trade and the production of goods and services. The new bourgeoisie had both economic and political power. The governing of cities had previously been in the hands of artisan guilds, for the regulation of production and trade. In some localities, democratic government systems such as municipal councils were established. Decision-making was through assemblies. Women were always subordinate to men, who were considered the heads of the family.

2.2. The new urban spaces

In the cities, new jobs emerged, such as public notaries, builders or doctors. In squares, markets, or on commercial streets, artisans of the same trade were grouped together. Public buildings were constructed, such as town halls, churches, and schools. New infrastructure was built, such as walls, to protect against attacks; bridges and sewage systems; streets were paved.

Hamburg

Cologne Paris

Bordeaux Genoa

Iron Iron Weapons Leather

Wood & wheat Fabrics Honey & leather

Moscow London Venice

Wine Salt Wheat Wheat

Tunisia

North Sea Mediterranean Sea

Amber, fur & wax Spices Spices & silk

Trade areas Hanseatic Genoese Venetian

Catalan Champagne

Commercial routes Hanseatic routes Italian routes Land routes

Elements of a medieval city

City Hall

1st line of walls

Square

Palace

Trade fairs

Cathedral

Jewish quarter Monasteries

2nd line of walls

• There was a square in the centre where the cathedral, the city hall and the marketplace were situated.

• The streets were narrow with an irregular layout and no local services.

• They were surrounded by walls.

• Minority religious groups like Jews had to live apart in their own neighbourhoods.

• Buildings like hostelries, hospitals and universities also existed in larger cities.

1 Work in pairs and discuss these questions before reading the unit. Write down your conclusions.

a) During the 13th and 14th centuries, cities experienced improvements and new professions appeared. What factors led to this? Which professions still exist today?

b) As kingdoms were strengthening their power, more wars also occurred. Why? Does this continue to happen today?

c) The first universities were founded in the Late Middle Ages. Investigate what was studied in them.

d) In the Late Middle Ages, an artistic revolution took place. What changes did it bring?

2 Look at the images displaying the structure of the city. Answer the following questions and justify your answers.

a) Do walled cities still exist today?

b) How tall are the buildings in each of the images?

c) Can you estimate the population density at each location?

3 Agricultural systems have progressed quite a bit since the Late Middle Ages. What types of innovation can we observe in a modern-day crop field? How were agricultural tasks carried out in the past?

4 The trades of the past have left their mark on modern cities. Today, many streets still reflect the names of the professional guilds' workshops that were located there. Search your local street map for street names dedicated to trades or professions and research the type of work they performed.

5 Covid-19 isn't the only pandemic to have devastated humanity. Did you know that it was during the Late Middle Ages that the term ‘quarantine' first appeared, or that the bacteria responsible for the plague (yersinia estis) is still being researched today? Read and complete the following text about Humanity's first quarantine, which took place in Dubrovnik in 1377, using these terms: contact, closure, epidemic, spread, burned, criminal, criteria, neighbouring, anarchy.

The Black Death

In the Middle Ages, the origin of diseases, such as the Black Death, was unknown. What was known is that personal favoured contagion. The authorities ordered the of the affected cities, although many wanted to flee to other places to be safe. Since so many people were infected, they the disease, so extreme measures became necessary. Travelers were obliged to spend a month in towns, such as Ragusavecchia or Mercana. The inmates lived in barracks that were when the danger passed. ‘Every man for himself' predominated in an atmosphere of , with a disturbing increase in acts. Justice had no instruments to punish robberies in abandoned houses or defenceless people. It was not until the Paris International Conference in 1903 when a large number of countries agreed to apply identical for quarantines.

Adapted text: www.lavanguardia.com

Task THE CHALLENGE OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

The circular economy aims to ensure that raw materials remain in use longer, to avoid resource scarcity and competition among countries to obtain them, and also to reduce pressure on the environment. This production and consumption model aims to extend products' life cycle. Interestingly, it already existed in the Late Middle Ages: they used organic waste to fertilise the land. Today, for example, oil is reused to make soap.

A. Based on the proposed inf ormation at economiacircular.org, prepare a summary explaining how the circular economy works.

B. Search the internet for companies, preferably in your area or nearby, that use a circular economy model. Do you think this is good for society? Why?

C

. Locate the waste disposal sites in your area on a map.

3.1. The guilds

Guilds were associations of artisans specialised in a specific trade. They regulated production and commerce and played a political role. Their masters participated in municipal councils.

3.2. Workshop organization

Generally, the master directed and supervised the apprentices and more experienced workers. In some cases, day labourers were hired to perform specific tasks.

As for women, widows could manage their late husband's business if they lacked a close male relative and did not remarry. They were not allowed to train an apprentice by themselves. Many trades, such as silk working and candle making, were dominated by female workers.

➍ CULTURAL DISSEMINATION

4.1.

Literature and philosophy

The minstrels recited and played instruments at courts and fairs, echoing heroic deeds through the oral tradition. During this period, new literary genres emerged, such as chivalric romances, lyrical poetry as the Cantar de Mio Cid. The classics of ancient philosophy, such as Plato or Aristotle, were rediscovered, and works appeared by medieval thinkers such as Thomas Aquinas, who sought to integrate Aristotelian philosophy and the Christian religion; or Christine de Pizan, considered a precursor of Western feminism.

4.2. Urban schools

Between the 11th and 13th centuries, cathedral schools run by the Church taught religious knowledge. They were mostly attended by children of the nobility and clergymen. Other institutions, called municipal schools, were attended by the children of the bourgeoisie, who were taught reading, writing, accounting, law and medicine. Usually, the teachers were friars who lived in the city and subsisted on alms.

4.3. Early universities

They emerged in the middle of the 12th century, thanks to the interest of kings and bishops. They evolved from the cathedral schools, which over time became disconnected from the Church. They were made up of specialised academic centres called faculties. Generally, there were four: Liberal Arts, Medicine, Law and Theology. The first universities appeared in Bologna, Oxford, Paris, Palencia, Salamanca and Cambridge.

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Coimbra

Palencia Salamanca

Lisbon

Oxford

Cambridge Orleans Paris

Angers

Cahors Grenoble

Vercelli

Piasenza

Toulouse

Valladolid

Avignon Reggio Siena

Montpellier Perpignan

Lérida/ Lleida

Prague

Treviso

Padua

Florence Bologna

Perugia

Rome

Napoli Salerno

Mediterranean Sea

Cathedral Schools that existed before 1200 and later became Universities Universities founded in the 13th century Universities founded in the rst half of the 14th century

6 2 Listen to the audio recording and complete the text with the missing words.

Christine de Pizan was in Venice in 1364. She was a humanist , poet and writer. Her bestknown work is . Daughter of Tommaso de Pizan, a doctor and , she was able to develop her interests. She died in Possy (France) in 1431. She is considered a precursor of Western , since she stirred on the situation of women's at that time.

7 Use the following table to classify these concepts: horseshoes, workshops, annual fairs, windmills, payments in currency, fertilisers, markets, credit, fallow fields, trade routes.

9 University studies provided a foundation for the preparation of professional activities or scientific research, which began in the late Middle Ages. What did students have to do to get into University? And today?

10 Complete the sentences with the correct words.

a) The was made up of merchants, artisans and liberal professionals.

b) The of cities used to be in the hands of artisan guilds.

c) In municipal councils, decision-making was through

.

d) were always subordinate to men, who were the heads of the family.

e) In the cities, new emerged, such as public notaries, builders or doctors.

f) In squares, markets, or on commercial streets, of the same trade were grouped together.

g) Public were constructed, such as town halls, churches, and schools.

h) New were built: walls, bridges and sewage systems.

8 Complete the following text using these connectors: generally, between, thanks to, under, that is, which.

the 11th and 13th centuries, the cathedral schools, the authority of the Church, taught religious knowledge. They were attended by the children of the nobility and clergymen. Other institutions, called municipal schools, were attended by the children of the bourgeoisie, who were taught reading, writing, accounting, law and medicine. The first universities emerged in the middle of the 12th century, the interest of kings and bishops. They evolved from the cathedral schools, over time became disconnected from the Church. They were made up of faculties, , specialised academic centres.

i) The were associations of artisans from a specific trade.

11 Complete the sentences with these words: wrote, specific, fairs, minstrels, workers, labourers, master, instruments, Western, poetry, apprentices, epic, silk, candle, genres, trades, workshops, precursor, female, romances.

a) In , the directed and supervised the and more experienced .

b) In some cases, day were hired to perform tasks.

c) Many , such as working and candle making, were dominated by workers.

d) The recited and played at courts and

e) New literary emerged, such chivalric , lyrical or songs.

Task TRY AND CALCULATE YOUR ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

An ecological footprint is an indicator of sustainability that measures the area necessary to produce resources and assimilate waste. At https:// www.footprintcalculator.org/home/en you can figure out your own ecological footprint.

A. Figure out your ecological footprint using the link provided. Were you surprised by the result?

B. Discuss with your classmates: What measures can you come up with to transform your town's ecological footprint? Are you aware of any measures that are already underway?

➎

FEUDAL MONARCHIES

Kings acquired more and more power. Some ruled over authoritarian monarchies. They required the support of a royal council, made up of the king's relatives, key noblemen and religious authorities. Royal courts emerged, in which the city's various social classes were represented, and they almost always convened to approve a new tax.

Between the 11th and 14th centuries, the prominent kingdoms in Europe were:

z In the centre: France, Duchy of Aquitaine and the Holy Roman Empire.

z In the north: Norway, Sweden, Scotland, Ireland and England.

z In the south: Muslims and Christians (disputing control of the Iberian Peninsula), the Church States, Naples and the Byzantine Empire (invaded by the Ottomans).

z In the east: the Slavic peoples and the kingdoms of Poland and Lithuania among others.

➏ THE CRISIS OF THE 14TH CENTURY

6.1. Agriculture

Throughout the 13th century the climate cooled and heavy rains ruined crops, causing food shortages, famines and high mortality. These conditions led to a dire economic crisis and social conflicts. This situation is often referred to as the crisis of feudalism in the 14th century.

6.2. War and social unrest

To maintain their economic and political privileges, the nobility resorted to war:

a) The Hundred Years' War. The confrontation between France and England lasted 116 years (1337-1453). Joan of Arc was responsible for freeing French territory from English servitude. At the same time, other confrontations arose: the War of the Two Peters between Castile and Aragon (1356-1369); or the Scottish War of Independence (1286-1357) against England.

b) Social revolts: some union corporations rose up against the established order and formed alternative governments. There were uprisings by salaried workers in certain industries; and against Jewish communities as well.

c) The crusades: military expeditions to expel the Muslims, ordered by the Pope. Military orders were established in the conquered territories.

d) The Western Schism: a power dispute within the Catholic Church, (two papal sees). It was resolved in 1414, at the Council of Constance, through the appointment of new pope, Martin V.

6.3. The Black Plague

During the 14th century, Western Europe was hit by several Black Death epidemics. Between 30 % and 60 % of the population died.

GOTHIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE

Gothic art emerged in France in the 13th century and spread to the rest of Europe. Its buildings reflect power and urban wealth. Gothic architecture is essentially urban and the cathedral was the most prominent building in European cities.

Gothic cathedrals were large, tall, luminous buildings, which had a number of new elements: pointed or ogival arches, rib vaults, buttresses, flying buttresses, pinnacles and stained glass windows. Thanks to the new support structures, the buildings could be taller and larger windows could be opened along the walls.

Sustainable cities and communities

Many cities are experiencing uncontrolled growth and high levels of pollution. What would you propose to improve sustainability in your area?

12 Complete the following text about the Seville Cathedral's Gothic art with the terms you will find in the word search.

The Cathedral of Seville is one of the best examples of Gothic architecture. Its vaults expand daily as the temperature changes. They experience an upward movement in the morning and a downward movement at the end of the day, as occurs when breathing in and out, in a perfect cycle.

A A M A R E M D T T V H D A

Y A D E E

13 Discuss with your partner whether the following sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones in your notebook.

a) During the Late Middle Ages, kings acquired more and more power.

b) During the Late Middle Ages, some kings ruled over authoritarian monarchies.

c) The first government institutions were the kingdom and the royal council.

d) The royal council was made up of the king's relatives and the poorest people.

e) In the royal courts, the city's various social classes were represented.

f) The royal courts were almost always convened to give advice to the king.

14 Choose the correct word from each pair to complete the sentences in your notebook.

a) Throughout the 13th/15th century the climate warmed/ cooled, causing famines/hunger

b) This is what is known as the apogee/crisis of feudalism of the 12th/14th century.

c) To maintain their economic and political privileges, the bourgeoisie/nobility resorted to taxes/wars.

d) The Hundred Years' War took place from 1337/1353 to 1437/1453

e) Joan of Arc freed English/French territory from French/ English servitude.

f) During the 14th/16th century, Eastern/Western Europe was hit by several Black Death epidemics/pandemics

15 In your notebook, match each one of the problems during the 14th century with its description.

a) The Black Death 1. Military expeditions to expel the Muslims.

b) Social revolts 2. Between 30% and 60% of the population died.

c) The Crusades

d) The Western Schism

3. Period of dispute for power in the Catholic Church, which was eventually divided into two papal sees.

4. Uprisings by some union corporations, or by salaried workers in industries, both in cities and rural areas; and against the Jewish communities as well.

Task HOW TO ANALYSE AN ARTICLE FROM THE NEWS MEDIA

News articles help us to link the past with the present, and to become aware of possible solutions or outcomes for a given situation in the present day. When analysing information from the news media, follow these steps: A. Select a news article of interest to you and analyse it by following the steps indicated above.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Read the text carefully. The main idea generally appears in the title.

Analyse the facts by responding to the following questions: what happened? when? what were the consequences?

Evaluate the information. What data is quoted in the news article?

Develop a personal opinion. What parts of the article do you consider to be the most relevant?

Prepare a summary of all the information you've gathered.

Grammar in geography and history

Past simple

We use it to talk about actions and states in the past:

Affirmative

For the verb to be, we use was (I, he, she, it) or were (you, we, they).

z She was sad yesterday

For regular verbs:

z Most verbs, +ed: She walked home yesterday; or +d: I changed my hair last year.

z Verbs ending in vowel+consonant, double consonant +ed: It stopped raining at one o'clock.

z Verbs ending in consonant +y, change to -i+ed: They cried when they heard.

Negative

For negatives, we use not (verb to be) or did not (other verbs).

z I was not (wasn't) at home last week.

z It didn't rain yesterday.

10 questions

1 What does “urban resurgence” refer to?

It consisted of an increase in population, the birth of international commerce and banking.

2 Which social group emerged in the Late Middle Ages?

The new social class that emerged was the bourgeoisie, made up of merchants, artisans and liberal professionals, who became rich thanks to trade and the production of goods and services.

3 What were the guilds?

The guilds were associations of artisans and merchants. They regulated production and commerce in a particular territory. Their masters often sat on municipal councils.

4 How were the artisans’ workshops organised?

The master directed and supervised the apprentices and more experienced workers. Sometimes, day labourers were hired to perform specific tasks. The upper floors of the home were the living space for the master artisan's family and the lower floors were used for work.

5 What was the literature like?

New literary genres emerged, such as chivalric romances, lyrical poetry and epic songs, Songs about heroic deeds emerged in the Romance languages. Minstrels recited poetry and played instruments at courts and fairs.

Activities

1 Complete the following sentences about the Late Middle Ages, using the past simple of the verbs in brackets.

a) The urban resurgence of the Late Middle Ages [consist] of population, trade, cultural and social growth.

b) The new social class [be] the bourgeoisie.

c) Merchants and liberal professionals among others [constitute] the bourgeoisie.

d) The guilds [be] artisans' associations.

2 Irregular verbs have different forms in the past tense. Investigate and find the past form of the following irregular verbs:

a) Write.

b) Build.

c) Make.

d) Begin.

e) Spread.

f) Fall.

g) Keep.

h) Become.

6 What types of schools were there?

There were cathedral schools run by the Church that taught religious doctrine. They were attended by the children of the nobility and clergymen; and municipal schools attended by the children from the bourgeoisie, who were taught reading, writing, accounting, law and medicine; and the universities, which evolved from the cathedral schools.

7 How much power did the monarchy have?

Kings acquired more and more power. Some kings ruled over authoritarian monarchies.

8 What institutions existed in the kingdoms?

Kings governed in conjunction with a royal council, made up of the king's relatives, key noblemen and religious authorities. The royal courts emerged where the various social of the cities were represented.

9 Why did a serious crisis occur in the 14th century?

Due to worsening climate, lack of food, epidemics, and economic and social crisis due to increased taxes, which resulted in uprisings and wars.

10 What was the artistic style of the Late Middle Ages?

Gothic art emerged in the 13th century and spread to the rest of Europe. Its buildings reflect power and urban wealth. Cathedrals were large and luminous thanks to new architectural elements. Sculpture and painting continued to have a decorative and didactic function.

1

final task

Proposals to improve living standards in your area

3

2

The Sustainable Cities Index published annually by ARCADIS ranks the 100 most sustainable cities in the world. Currently, Cittaslow is a program that brings together all the Spanish municipalities that have joined the list. On its site, there is information about the the various localities and their initiatives: cittaslow.es.

Working in teams of 4 or 5 students, select three sustainable cities and collect information about them. Prepare a table on the cities analysing the most relevant ideas from each city.

Then collect information about your city or town and, as a class, discuss which areas are lacking. When discussing this topic, try to use some of the following expressions:

• The most important argument for… is…

• Most importantly, I want to mention that…

• I agree with you that…, however on the other hand…

• First of all, I would like to state that…

3

Pie.

Incluir una captura de pantalla de cittaslow o fotos que se pongan en el producto final de castellano.

• I concede that… but we must remember that…

• Firstly / Secondly / Thirdly…

• In addition to that…

• Furthermore…

• My final thought is…

• Finally…

Finally, propose measures to improve sustainability, and choose the 5 measures that receive the most support from the group.