The Book of the States | 2020 | Volume 52 by The Council of State Governments

THE BOOK OF VO LUM E

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T H E S TAT E S

THE BOOK OF T H E S TAT E S 2020

E D I T I O N

L E X I N G TO N ,

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VO LU M E

K E N T U C K Y

p 8 59. 24 4 . 8 0 0 0 | f 8 59. 24 4 . 8 0 01 | w w w.c s g .o r g Facebook: facebook.com/CSGovts

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Twitter: twitter.com/CSGovts

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Headquarters David Adkins, Executive Director/CEO 1776 Avenue of the States Lexington, KY 40511 859.244.8000 • www.csg.org

Eastern Wendell M. Hannaford, Director 22 Cortlandt Street, 22nd Floor New York, NY 10007 212.482.2320 • www.csg-erc.org

Midwestern Michael H. McCabe, Director 701 E. 22nd Street, Suite 110 Lombard, IL 60148 630.925.1922 • www.csgmidwest.org

Southern Colleen Cousineau, Director P.O. Box 98129 Atlanta, GA 30359 404.633.1866 • www.slcatlanta.org

Western Edgar Ruiz, Director 1107 9th Street, Suite 730 Sacramento, CA 95814 916.553.4423 • www.csgwest.org

Washington, D.C. 444 N. Capitol Street, NW, Suite 401 Washington, D.C. 20001 202.624.5460 • www.csgdc.org

Copyright 2020 The Council of State Governments 1776 Avenue of the States • Lexington, Kentucky 40511 Manufactured in the United States of America Publication Sales Department: 1.800.800.1910 Hard Cover Price: $125.00 ISBN # 978-0-87292-722-3 All rights reserved. Inquiries for use of any material should be directed to: The Council of State Governments 1776 Avenue of the States • Lexington, Kentucky 40511 • 859.244.8000

Foreword Dear friends, 2020 is a year that will be remembered, even if those of us who lived through it would like to forget much of it. The events of the year — the largest public health crisis in a century and the greatest economic upheaval since the Great Depression — tested government institutions and provided vast opportunities for leadership in a crisis. These disrupters caused unspeakable pain, suffering and death while wreaking havoc on state government budgets. Out of disruption often comes innovation. The research capacity of our universities helped advance our understanding of the coronavirus and how to best treat those infected or at risk of infection. State governments responded in novel ways, for example, by convening legislatures remotely for the first time and by deploying new ways to conduct elections and designing innovative alternatives to traditional classroom education. The pandemic forced hard choices on the states. Many governors met those hard choices with decisive leadership and emerged as national leaders relying on data, science, expertise, transparency and empathy to guide their communications and response strategies. The pandemic also poignantly exposed the stark reality of inequality in the United States. With the death of George Floyd at the hands of police in Minneapolis, hundreds of thousands of protesters took to the streets to demand reforms in policing and the criminal justice system and to protest pervasive racism. The well-documented racial disparities in education, housing, wealth, employment, health care and criminal justice propelled the Black Lives Matter movement to the forefront of the news, catalyzing a call to action. Many suggest our nation is at a transformational moment as we confront the current realities, which are a legacy of our nation’s original sin. An energized public emerged this year to bring renewed focus to the obligation we all share as citizens to carry out the purpose of our Constitution by working to create a more perfect union. Some states responded in real time passing legislation designed to create greater oversight on law enforcement and place limits on police conduct. No aspect of our lives will remain untouched by the events of 2020. From these crises it is my hope that opportunity will emerge for meaningful and overdue change. The pandemic accelerated existing trends in our society. It will also accelerate the trend of innovation in the states. With crushing debt and political gridlock, the federal government’s ability to lead on the most pressing issues is limited. States are the epicenter of innovation and many are boldly leading efforts to transform their economies, address climate change, enhance health and address infrastructure needs, including broadband access. As a result of the pandemic, states will also be innovating the way they conduct elections and how to prepare for and respond to public health needs. With eight governors and 5,000 legislative seats up for election in 2020, it is likely that states will see many new faces when the 2021 legislative sessions begin. We look forward to partnering with them in our non-partisan, data-driven, consensus-based work and invite them to join their colleagues from other states to learn from each other and to find ways to innovate together through CSG. The Council of State Governments was founded in 1933, the worst year of the Great Depression. What was true then remains true today: the states are stronger when they come together. CSG

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is proud of the role we have played in bringing state officials together during our nearly nine decades of service. We look forward to providing state leaders with the insights, information, assistance and intelligence they need to navigate the complexities of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public policy challenges. We remain committed to providing exceptional convenings and unparalleled leadership development opportunities. This edition of The Book of the States is dedicated to the many heroic state employees whose efforts during the pandemic inspired us and for which we are immensely grateful. The doctors, nurses, first responders, health care professionals, public health workers, researchers, scientists, National Guard members, educators, long-term care facility workers, corrections officers and the many other state employees who stepped up represent the best of state government. Their sacrifice, hard work, expertise, care and skill saved lives, lifted us up during dark days and gave us hope. They are the helpers, leaders and doers who made and continue to make a difference for all of us. We mourn the brave souls who made the ultimate sacrifice in service to their fellow citizens. Their legacy calls all of us to embrace our obligation to serve the greater good. Do good. Be well.

David Adkins Executive Director/CEO The Council of State Governments

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The Council of State Governments is our nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only organization serving all three branches of state government. CSG is a region-based forum that fosters the exchange of insights and ideas to help state officials shape public policy. This offers unparalleled regional, national and international opportunities to network, develop leaders, collaborate and create problem-solving partnerships.

Staff Acknowledgements The staff wishes to thank the hundreds of individuals in the states who responded to surveys conducted by The Council of State Governments; and national organizations of state officials, federal agencies and think tank organizations who made their most recent data and information available for this volume.

The Book of the States 2020 Managing Editor........... Audrey S. Francis Associate Editor............ Heather M. Perkins

Graphic Designers....... Theresa Carroll Stephanie Northern Jessica Rusher

Disclaimer Any views or opinions expressed in these pages are those of the contributors and may not necessarily reflect the opinions or member-endorsed policies of The Council of State Governments.

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Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE

State Constitutions TABLES 1.1

State Constitutional Changes: 2019..............................................................................................3

1.2

Themes and Patterns in State Constitutional Amendments Enacted in 2019...........................4

1.3

General Information on State Constitutions (As of January 1, 2020).........................................5 INFOGRAPHIC..................................................................................................................................7

1.4

Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature, Constitutional Provisions............8

1.5

Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By Initiative, Constitutional Provisions.................... 10

1.6

Procedures for Calling Constitutional Conventions, Constitutional Provisions..................... 11

CHAPTER TWO

Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations TABLES 2.1

Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures: 1944–2018 .......................................... 15

2.2

Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By State: 2009–2018........................... 17

2.3

State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By Function and By State: 2018 .............................. 18 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................... 19

2.4

State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By Type of Receiving Government and By State: 2018........................................................................................................................ 20

2.5

State Intergovernmental Revenue from Federal and Local Governments: 2018.................. 21 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER THREE

State Legislative Branch TABLES 3.1

Names of State Legislative Bodies and Convening Places...................................................... 27

3.2

Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions......................................................................................... 28

3.3

The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations: 2020................................................ 32 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................... 34

3.4

Membership Turnover in the Legislatures: 2019....................................................................... 35

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3.5

Legislators: Qualifications for Election....................................................................................... 36

3.6

Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection................................................................. 39

3.7

House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection............................................... 43

3.8

Method of Setting Legislative Compensation........................................................................... 47

3.9

Legislative Compensation and Living Expense Allowances During Sessions: 2020............ 48

3.10 Legislative Compensation: Other Payments and Benefits....................................................... 50 3.11 Additional Compensation for Senate Leaders.......................................................................... 53 3.12 Additional Compensation for House/Assembly Leaders......................................................... 55 3.13 State Legislative Retirement Benefits.......................................................................................... 57 3.14 Bill Pre-Filing, Reference and Carryover..................................................................................... 62 3.15 Time Limits on Bill Introduction................................................................................................... 65 3.16 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date................................................. 68 3.17 Legislative Appropriations Process: Budget Documents and Bills......................................... 72 3.18 Fiscal Notes: Content and Distribution....................................................................................... 75 3.19 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2019 Regular Sessions.......................... 77 3.20 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2019 Special Sessions........................... 79 3.21 Staff for Individual Legislators...................................................................................................... 81 3.22 Staff for Legislative Standing Committees................................................................................. 84 3.23 Standing Committees: Appointment and Number................................................................... 86 3.24 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure........................................................... 88 3.25 Legislative Review of Administrative Regulations: Structures and Procedures..................... 92 3.26 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers............................................ 95 3.27 Summary of Sunset Legislation.................................................................................................... 99

CHAPTER FOUR

State Executive Branch TABLES 4.1

The Governors: 2020.................................................................................................................. 107

4.2

The Governors: Qualifications for Office.................................................................................. 109

4.3

The Governors: Compensation, Staff, Travel and Residence................................................. 110

4.4

The Governors: Powers............................................................................................................... 113

4.5

Gubernatorial Executive Orders: Authorization, Provisions, Procedures............................. 115

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4.6

State Cabinet Systems................................................................................................................. 117

4.7

The Governors: Provisions and Procedures for Transition...................................................... 119

4.8

Impeachment Provisions in the States...................................................................................... 121

4.9

Constitutional and Statutory Provisions for Number of Consecutive Terms of Elected State Officials............................................................................................................. 123

4.10 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection.............................................. 125 4.11 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries........................................................ 133 4.12 The Lieutenant Governors: 2020............................................................................................... 141 4.13 Lieutenant Governors: Qualifications and Terms.................................................................... 143 4.14 Lieutenant Governors: Powers and Duties............................................................................... 145 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 148 4.15 The Secretaries of State: 2020................................................................................................... 149 4.16 Secretaries of State: Qualifications for Office.......................................................................... 151 4.17 Secretaries of State: Election and Registration Duties............................................................ 153 4.18 Secretaries of State: Custodial, Publication and Legislative Duties...................................... 155 4.19 The Attorneys General: 2020..................................................................................................... 157 4.20

Attorneys General: Qualifications for Office........................................................................... 159

4.21 Attorneys General: Prosecutorial and Advisory Duties........................................................... 161 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 163 4.22 Attorneys General: Consumer Protection Activities, Subpoena Powers and Antitrust Duties..................................................................................................................... 164 4.23 Attorneys General: Duties to Administrative Agencies and Other Responsibilities........... 166 4.24 The Treasurers and Other Chief Financial Officers: 2020...................................................... 168 4.25 Treasurers and Other Chief Financial Officers: Qualifications for Office............................. 170 4.26 Responsibilities of Treasurer’s and Other Chief Financial Officers’ Offices ........................ 171 4.27 State Auditors: 2020.................................................................................................................... 173 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit................................. 175 4.29 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments.......................................................................... 179 4.30 State Comptrollers: 2020........................................................................................................... 183 4.31 State Comptrollers: Qualifications for Office........................................................................... 185 4.32 State Comptrollers: Duties, Responsibilities and Functions.................................................. 187

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CHAPTER FIVE

State Judicial Branch TABLES 5.1

State Courts of Last Resort......................................................................................................... 193 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 195

5.2

State Intermediate Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts: Number of Judges and Terms....................................................................................................................... 196

5.3

Qualifications of Judges of State Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts..................... 198

5.4

Compensation of Judges of Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts............................. 200

5.5

Selected Data on Court Administrative Offices....................................................................... 201

5.6

Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges.............................................................. 203

5.7

Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges........................................................................ 206

5.8

Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies................................................... 211

CHAPTER SIX

Elections TABLES 6.1

State Executive Branch Officials to be Elected: 2020–2024................................................... 217

6.2

State Legislature Members to be Elected: 2020–2024........................................................... 219

6.3

Methods of Nominating Candidates for State Offices............................................................ 221

6.4

Election Dates for National and State Elections...................................................................... 223 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 227

6.5

Polling Hours: General Elections............................................................................................... 228

6.6

Voter Registration Information................................................................................................... 230

6.6a Voting Information....................................................................................................................... 232 6.7

Voting Statistics for Gubernatorial Elections............................................................................ 235 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 238

6.8

Voter Turnout for Presidential Elections: 2008, 2012, and 2016........................................... 239

6.9

Statewide Initiative and Referendum....................................................................................... 240

6.9A List of State Ballot Propositions: 2019...................................................................................... 242 6.10

State Initiatives: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Petition............................................ 246

6.11

State Initiatives: Circulating the Petition.................................................................................. 248

6.12

State Initiatives: Preparing the Initiative to be Placed on the Ballot..................................... 250

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6.13

State Initiatives: Voting on the Initiative................................................................................... 252

6.14 State Referendums: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Citizen Petition......................... 254 6.15 State Referendums: Circulating the Citizen Petition............................................................... 256 6.16 State Referendums: Preparing the Citizen Petition Referendum........................................... 258 6.17 State Referendums: Voting on the Citizen Petition Referendum........................................... 260 6.18 State Recall Provisions................................................................................................................. 262 6.19 State Recall Provisions: Applicability to State Officials and Petition Circulation.................. 264 6.20 State Recall Provisions: Petition Review, Appeal and Election............................................... 266

CHAPTER SEVEN

State Finance TABLES 7.1

Fiscal 2018 General Fund: Actual.............................................................................................. 271 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 275

7.2

Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Preliminary Actual (In millions of dollars)................................... 277

7.3

Fiscal 2020 General Fund, Enacted........................................................................................... 281

7.4

Fiscal 2019 General Fund Revenue Collections Compared with Projections Used in Adopting Fiscal 2019 Budgets.................................................................................... 285

7.5

Comparison of General Fund Revenue Collections in Fiscal 2018, Fiscal 2019, and Enacted Fiscal 2020 (In millions of dollars)...................................................................... 286

7.6

Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive ............................................................................. 289 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 293

7.7

Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures............................................................. 294

7.8

Medicaid Expenditures............................................................................................................... 298

7.9

Higher Education Expenditures: Capital Inclusive.................................................................. 301

7.10 Total Public Assistance Expenditures........................................................................................ 303 7.11 Corrections Expenditures — Capital Inclusive.......................................................................... 305 7.12 Transportation Expenditures — Capital Inclusive..................................................................... 307 7.13 All Other Expenditures: Capital Inclusive................................................................................. 309 7.14 State Tax Amnesty Programs: 1982–2019................................................................................. 312 7.15A State Tobacco Product and Vaping Excise Tax Rates.............................................................. 316 7.15B State Motor Fuel Tax Rates......................................................................................................... 318 7.15C State Alcoholic Beverage Excise Taxes..................................................................................... 320 7.15D State Cannabis Taxes and Legal Status: July 2020.................................................................. 322 Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s xi

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7.16A State Sales Tax Rates and Food and Drug Exemptions ......................................................... 326 7.16B State Sales Tax Rates and Vendor Discounts............................................................................ 327 7.17 State Individual Income Taxes.................................................................................................... 329 7.18 State Personal Income Taxes: Federal Starting Points............................................................. 331 7.19 Range of State Corporate Income Tax Rates............................................................................ 332 7.20 State Severance Taxes: 2020...................................................................................................... 334 7.21 State Government Tax Revenue, By State and Selected Types of Tax: 2018........................ 339 7.22 State Government Sales and Gross Receipts Tax Revenue: 2018......................................... 340 7.23 State Government License Tax Revenue: 2018....................................................................... 341 7.24 Summary of Financial Aggregates, By State: 2018................................................................. 343 7.25 National Totals of State Government Finances for Selected Years: 2009–2018.................. 346 7.26 State General Revenue, By Source and By State: 2018.......................................................... 349 7.27 State Expenditure, By Character and Object and By State: 2018......................................... 352 7.28 State General Expenditure, By Function and By State: 2018................................................. 355 7.29 State Debt Outstanding at End of Fiscal Year, By State: 2018............................................... 358 7.30 Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems By State: Fiscal Year 2018 ........ 359 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 361 7.31 Finances of State-Administered Public-Employee Pension Systems, By State: Fiscal Year 2018........................................................................................................... 362 7.32 National Summary of State-Administered Defined Benefit Pension System Finances: Fiscal Years: 2016–2018.............................................................................................................. 364

CHAPTER EIGHT

State Management, Administration and Demographics TABLES 8.1

Summary of State Government Employment: 1960–2018..................................................... 367

8.2

Employment and Payrolls of State and Local Governments by Function: March 2018...... 369

8.3

State and Local Government Employment, By State: March 2018....................................... 370 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 371

8.4

State and Local Government Payrolls and Average Earnings of Full-Time Employees, By State: March 2018.................................................................................................................. 372

8.5

State Government Employment (Full-Time Equivalent) for Selected Functions, By State: March 2018.................................................................................................................. 373

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8.6

State Government Payrolls for Selected Functions, By State: March 2018.......................... 374

8.7

Paid Holidays ............................................................................................................................... 376

8.8

Women Governors Throughout History................................................................................... 380

8.9

Women in State Legislatures: 2020........................................................................................... 381 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 382

8.10 Women Statewide Elected Officials: 2020............................................................................... 383 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 384

CHAPTER NINE

Selected State Policies and Programs TABLES 9.1

Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Level, Grade, and State or Jurisdiction: Fall 2017 ........................................................................................................... 387

9.2

Number and Percentage Distribution of Teachers in Traditional Public and Public Charter Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Instructional Level and Selected Teacher and School Characteristics: 2017–18........................................................................................ 390

9.3

Public Elementary and Secondary Teachers, by Level and State or Jurisdiction: Selected years, Fall 2016–Fall 2017........................................................................................... 392

9.4

Average Base Salary for Full-Time Public Elementary and Secondary School Teachers with a Master’s Degree as Their Highest Degree, by Years of Teaching Experience and State: 2017–18................................................................................................ 394

9.5

Estimated Average Annual Salary of Teachers in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by State: Selected Years: 1969–70 Through 2018–19............................................. 396

9.6

Percentage of High School Dropouts Among Persons 16 to 24 Years Old (Status Dropout Rate), by Race/Ethnicity and State: 2018.................................................................. 397

9.7

Rates of High School Completion and Bachelor’s Degree Attainment Among Persons Age 25 and Over, by Race/Ethnicity and State: 2017.............................................. 399

9.8

Revenues for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Source of Funds and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17.................................................................................................... 402

9.9

Current Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, by State or Jurisdiction: Selected Years, 2007-08 Through 2016–17....................................................... 405

9.10 Expenditures for Instruction in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Subfunction and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 ..................................................................... 407 9.11 Total and Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Fall Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17............................ 409

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9.12 Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Charged for Full-Time Students in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, By Control and Level of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 and 2017–18................................... 411 9.13 Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, By Control and Classification of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2017–18.......................................................................... 414 9.14 Average Salary of Full-Time Instructional Faculty on 9-Month Contracts in 4-Year Degree-Granting Postsecondary, Institutions, By Control and Classification of Institution, Academic Rank of Faculty, and State or Jurisdiction: 2017–18 ......................... 417 9.15 Total Expenditures of Public Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Level of Institution, Purpose of Expenditure, and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17......................... 419 9.16 Number and Percent of Children under 19 by Health Insurance Coverage and State: 2018............................................................................................................................ 421 9.17 Number and Percent of Persons Under 65, by Health Insurance Coverage and State: 2018............................................................................................................................ 422 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 423 9.18 Revenues Used by States for Highways: 2018 ........................................................................ 424 9.19 State Disbursements for Highways: 2018................................................................................ 427 9.20 Public Road Length Miles by Ownership: 2018....................................................................... 429 9.21 Federal-Aid Highway Travel — 2018 Annual Vehicle Miles..................................................... 431 9.22 Licensed Drivers, By State, 2010–2018..................................................................................... 433 9.23 Motor-Fuel Use — 2018*.............................................................................................................. 435 9.24 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Jurisdiction and Sex, 2017 and 2018........................................................................................ 437 9.25 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Jurisdiction and Race or Ethnicity, December 31, 2018......................................................... 439 9.26 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities and Held in the Custody of Private Prisons or Local Jails, by Jurisdiction, 2017 and 2018................ 442 9.27 Prisoners Age 17 or Younger in the Custody of Publicly or Privately Operated Federal or State Prisons, by Jurisdiction and Sex, December 31, 2018............................... 444 9.28 Admissions and Releases of Sentenced Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities: 2017 and 2018................................................................... 446 9.29 Prison Facility Capacity, Custody Population, and Percent of Capacity: December 31, 2018.................................................................................................................... 448 9.30 Adults on Probation: 2016.......................................................................................................... 450 9.31 Adults on Parole: 2016................................................................................................................ 452 9.32 Adults Under Community Supervision: 2016.......................................................................... 454 9.33 Capital Punishment 2020............................................................................................................ 456

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9.34 State Emergency Management Agency Structures and Staffing........................................... 459 9.35

State Homeland Security Structures and Staffing................................................................... 460

9.36 Statewide Mutual Aid Agreements and Authorities................................................................ 461

CHAPTER TEN

State Pages TABLES 10.1 Official Names of States and Jurisdictions, Capitals, Zip Codes and Central Switchboards ................................................................................................................. 465 10.2 Historical Data on the States and Territories............................................................................ 466 10.3 State Statistics.............................................................................................................................. 468 10.4 Personal Income, Population, and Per Capita Personal Income, by State, 2018–2019....... 471 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 472 10.5 Personal Income by State, 2018: Q3 — 2019: Q4.................................................................... 473 10.6

Earnings Growth by Industry and State, 2018–2019.............................................................. 475

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CHAPTER ONE

S TAT E CONSTITUTIONS

STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S

TABLE 1 .1 State Constitutional Changes: 2019 State Delaware Kansas Louisiana Maine New Jersey Pennsylvania Texas Washington Totals

Number proposed (a) 1 4 1 1 1 10 1 18 (c)

Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments. Key: (a)—Delaware is unique in not providing for submission of amendments to voters. The amendment adopted in 2019 was approved by the legislature in consecutive sessions. (b)—Although a majority of Pennsylvania voters cast votes in favor of the lone amendment on the ballot, shortly before the election a state commonwealth court judge enjoined the votes from being

Legislative proposal Number adopted 1 1 2 1 1 (b) 9 1 15 (c)

Percentage adopted (a) 100.0 50.0 100.0 100.0 (b) 90.0 100.0 83.3 (c)

counted, in a ruling upheld by the state supreme court the day before the election, on the ground that the measure, a Marsy’s Law victims rights amendment, contained mutiple amendments and therefore violated the state constitutional requirement that multiple amendments be voted on separately. (c)—Totals and percentage exclude the Delaware amendment that was not submitted to voters and the Pennsylvania amendment where counting of votes was enjoined.

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STATE CONSTITUT IO N S

TABLE 1 .2 Themes and Patterns in State Constitutional Amendments Enacted in 2019 Rights Victims’ Rights: A majority of voters in Pennsylvania cast votes in favor of a Marsy’s Law victims’ rights amendment, but a week before the election, a state commonwealth court judge enjoined the counting of votes on the amendment, in a decision upheld by the state supreme court the day before the election. Therefore the amendment was not enacted. Gender equality: The Delaware legislature gave the required second approval to an equal rights amendment, declaring: “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex.” Because amendments in Delaware are not submitted to voters, the amendment took effect after this second legislative approval.

Policies Tax limitations: A Texas amendment prohibits enactment of an individual income tax.

Governing institutions Emergencies: A Washington amendment expands the situations that can be deemed emergencies, in which case the legislature is permitted to take steps “as may be necessary and proper for insuring the continuity of governmental operations.’ Prior to the amendment’s passage, the legislature could take emergency action in case of an “enemy attack.” The amendment permits emergency action in response to a “catastrophic incident” as well..

Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments.

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STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S

TABLE 1 .3 General Information on State Constitutions (As of January 1, 2020) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida

Number of constitutions* 6 1 1 5 2 1 2 4 6

Georgia

Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky

1 (h) 1 4 2 2 1 4

Louisiana

Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI*** Puerto Rico

1 4 1 4 1 4 4 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 5 2 7 1 3 5 (u) 1 3 6 1 2 1 1 2 1 1

Dates of adoption 1819, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, 1901 1956 1911 1836, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1874 1849, 1879 1876 1818 (f), 1965 1776, 1792, 1831, 1897 1839, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1886, 1968 1777, 1789, 1798, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1877, 1945, 1976, 1982 1950 1889 1818, 1848, 1870, 1970 1816, 1851 1846, 1857 1859 1792, 1799, 1850, 1891 1812, 1845, 1852, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1879, 1898, 1913, 1921, 1974 1819 1776, 1851, 1864, 1867 1780 1835, 1850, 1908, 1963 1857 1817, 1832, 1869, 1890 1820, 1865, 1875, 1945 1889, 1972 1866, 1875 1864 1776, 1784 1776, 1844, 1947 1911 1777, 1822, 1846, 1894 1776, 1868, 1970 1889 1802, 1851 1907 1857 1776, 1790, 1838, 1873, 1968 (r) 1842 (f) 1986 (s) 1776, 1778, 1790, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1895 1889 1796, 1835, 1870 1845, 1861, 1866, 1869, 1876 1895 1777, 1786, 1793 1776, 1830, 1851, 1869, 1902, 1970 1889 1863, 1872 1848 1889 1960, 1967 1977 1952

Effective date of present constitution Nov. 28, 1901 Jan. 3, 1959 Feb. 14, 1912 Oct. 30, 1874 July 4, 1879 Aug. 1, 1876 Dec. 30, 1965 June 10, 1897 Jan. 7, 1969

Estimated length (number of words)** 402,852 (a) 13,479 47,306 59,120 76,930 84,239 16,544 25,445 49,230

Number of amendments Submitted to voters Adopted 1,280 946 (c) 43 29 280 156 208 108 (d) 909 538 355 164 35 33 (e) 151 185 137

July 1,1983

41,684

107 (g)

83 (g)

Aug. 21, 1959 July 3, 1890 July 1, 1971 Nov. 1, 1851 Sept. 3, 1857 Jan. 29, 1861 Sept. 28, 1891

21,498 24,626 16,401 11,610 11,089 14,097 27,234

140 214 22 81 59 129 76

114 126 15 49 54 (i) 99 (i) 42

Jan. 1, 1975

76,730

285

198

March 15, 1820 Oct. 5, 1867 Oct. 25, 1780 Jan. 1, 1964 May 11, 1858 Nov. 1, 1890 March 30,1945 July 1, 1973 Oct. 12, 1875 Oct. 31, 1864 June 2, 1784 Jan. 1, 1948 Jan. 6, 1912 Jan. 1, 1895 July 1, 1971 Nov. 2, 1889 Sept. 1, 1851 Nov. 16, 1907 Feb. 14, 1859 1968 (r) Dec. 4, 1986 Jan. 1, 1896 Nov. 2, 1889 Feb. 23, 1870 Feb. 15, 1876 Jan. 4, 1896 July 9, 1793 July 1, 1971 Nov. 11, 1889 April 9, 1872 May 29, 1848 July 10, 1890 July 1, 1967 Jan. 9, 1978 July 25, 1952

16,313 43,198 45,283 (l) 31,164 12,016 26,229 85,036 12,790 34,934 37,418 13,238 26,360 33,198 49,360 17,177 18,746 63,140 84,956 49,430 26,078 11,407 27,421 28,840 13,960 92,345 20,700 8,565 22,570 32,578 33,324 15,102 26,349 6,000 13,700 9,400

207 269 148 76 218 164 193 58 354 (m) 238 291 (n) 89 306 (y) 305 51 282 294 373 (p) 505 (q) 40 (r) (z) 14 (s) 690 (t) 243 66 686 (v) 178 212 60 182 126 197 130 15 (y) 60 (y) 8 (y)

174 (j) 233 (k) 120 32 121 126 126 32 230 (m) 140 147 73 172 (x) 229 41 161 (o) 177 199 (p) 258 (q) 33 (r) 12 (s) 500 (t) 122 43 507 122 54 52 108 75 147 (i) 101 7 (y) 56 (w) (y) 6 (y)

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 5

STATE CONSTITUT IO N S

TABLE 1 .3 General Information on State Constitutions (As of January 1, 2020) (continued) Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments, with research assistance from Wake Forest students Bradley Harper and Alec Papovich. *The constitutions referred to in this table include those Civil War documents customarily listed by the individual states. **In calculating word counts, supplemental information regarding dates of adoption and other material not formally a part of the constitution are generally excluded. ***Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (a) The Alabama constitution includes numerous local amendments that apply to only one county. An estimated 70 percent of all amendments are local. A 1982 amendment provides that after proposal by the legislature to which special procedures apply, only a local vote (with exceptions) is necessary to add them to the constitution. (b) Computer word count. (c) The total number of Alabama amendments includes one that is commonly overlooked. (d) Eight of the approved amendments have been superseded and are not printed in the current edition of the constitution. The total adopted does not include five amendments proposed and adopted since statehood. (e) Proposed amendments are not submitted to the voters in Delaware. (f) Colonial charters with some alterations served as the first constitutions in Connecticut (1638, 1662) and in Rhode Island (1663). (g) The Georgia constitution requires amendments to be of “general and uniform application throughout the state,” thus eliminating local amendments that accounted for most of the amendments before 1982. (h) As a kingdom and republic, Hawaii had five constitutions. (i) The figure includes amendments approved by the voters and later nullified by the state supreme court in Iowa (three), Kansas (one), Nevada (six) and Wisconsin (two). (j) The figure does not include one amendment approved by the voters in 1967 that is inoperative until implemented by legislation. (k) Two sets of identical amendments were on the ballot and adopted in the 1992 Maryland election. The four amendments are counted as two in the table. (l) The printed constitution includes many provisions that have been annulled.

6 The B ook of th e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(m) The 1998 and 2000 Nebraska ballots allowed the voters to vote separately on “parts” of propositions. In 1998, 10 of 18 separate propositions were adopted; in 2000, 6 of 9. (n) The constitution of 1784 was extensively revised in 1792. Figure shows proposals and adoptions since the constitution was adopted in 1784. (o) The figures do not include submission and approval of the constitution of 1889 itself and of Article XX; these are constitutional questions included in some counts of constitutional amendments and would add two to the figure in each column. (p) The figures include six amendments submitted to and approved by the voters which were, by decisions of the Oklahoma or federal courts, rendered inoperative or ruled invalid, unconstitutional, or illegally submitted. (q) One Oregon amendment on the 2000 ballot was not counted as approved because canvassing was enjoined by the courts. (r) Certain sections of the constitution were revised by the limited convention of 1967-68. Amendments proposed and adopted are since 1968. (s) Following approval of eight amendments and a “rewrite” of the Rhode Island Constitution in 1986, the constitution has been called the 1986 Constitution. (t) In 1981 approximately two-thirds of the proposed and four-fifths of the adopted amendments were local. Since then the amendments have been statewide propositions. (u) The Constitution of the Republic of Texas preceded five state constitutions. (v) The number of proposed amendments to the Texas Constitution excludes three proposed by the legislature but not placed on the ballot. (w) The total excludes one amendment ruled void by a federal district court. (x) The total excludes one amendment approved by voters in November 2008 but later declared invalid on single subject grounds by the state supreme court. (y) These totals for territorial constitutions are in some cases taken from 2011 data. (z) Includes a 2019 amendment that was placed on the ballot but a court enjoined the votes from being counted.

STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S

Table 1.3 | State Constitutions

70% of Alabama’s constitution is made up of local amendments that apply to only one county.

Constitution Length by Word Count LONGEST

SHORTEST

Alabama

Vermont

Texas

•

402,852

•

92,345

Missouri

85,036

•

Oklahoma Colorado

Iowa

•

8,565

11,089

Rhode Island

84,956

Indiana

84,239

•

11,407

11,610

Minnesota

Amendments Submitted

•

12,016

Amendments Adopted Per Year

HIGHEST

LOWEST

#1Alabama • 1,280 #2California • 909 #3South Carolina • 690 #4Texas • 686 #5Oregon • 505

#1Rhode Island • 14 #2Illinois • 22 #3Connecticut • 35 #4Pennsylvania • 40 #5Alaska • 43

HIGHEST #1 Alabama • 8.0 #2 Louisiana • 4.5 #3 South Carolina • 4.1 #4 California • 3.8 #5 Texas • 3.5

Amendments Adopted HIGHEST

LOWEST

#1Alabama • 946 #2California • 538 #3Texas • 507 #4South Carolina • 500 #5Oregon • 258

#1Rhode Island • 12 #2Illinois • 15 #3Alaska • 29 #4Michigan • 32 #5Montana • 32

LOWEST #1 Vermont • 0.2 #2 Tennessee • 0.3 #3 Indiana • 0.3 #4 Illinois • 0.3 #5 Kentucky • 0.3

Highest Number of Constitutions LOUISIANA • 11

GEORGIA • 10

SOUTH CAROLINA • 7

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7

STATE CONSTITUT IO N S

TABLE 1 .4 Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature, Constitutional Provisions State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico

Legislative vote required for proposal (a) 3/5 2/3 Majority Majority 2/3 2/3 (c) 2/3 3/5 2/3 (e) 2/3 3/5 Majority Majority 2/3 3/5 2/3 2/3 3/5 Majority (j) 2/3 Majority 2/3 (k) Majority 2/3 (i) 3/5 (w) Majority 3/5 (l) Majority (n) Majority 3/5 Majority 3/5 Majority (w) (o) Majority (p) Majority 2/3 (q) Majority (r) 2/3 2/3 (t) Majority 2/3 2/3 Majority 2/3 2/3 3/4 2/3 (v)

See footnotes at end of table

8â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of th e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Consideration by two sessions required No No No No No No (c) Yes No No (e) No No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No (l) No Yes No No No No No Yes (p) No Yes (q) No Yes (r) No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No

Vote required for ratification Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment 55% vote on amendment (y) Majority vote on amendment Not required 3/5 vote on amendment (d) Majority vote on amendment (f) Majority vote on amendment (g) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (h) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (h) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (f) Majority vote on amendment 2/3 vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (n) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (x) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election (s) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election Majority vote on amendment (u) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment

Limitation on the number of amendments legislature can submit at one election None None None 3 None (b) None No referendum None None None None 3 articles None None 5 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None (m) None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None 3

STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S

TABLE 1 .4 Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature, Constitutional Provisions (continued) Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: (a) In all states not otherwise noted, the figure shown in the column refers to the proportion of elected members in each house required for approval of proposed constitutional amendments. (b) Legislature may not propose amendments to more than six articles of the constitution in the same legislative session. (c) Three-fourths vote in each house at one session, or majority vote in each house in two sessions between which an election has intervened. (d) Three-fifths vote on amendment, except that an amendment for “new state tax or fee” not in effect on Nov. 7, 1994 requires twothirds of voters in the election. (e) Two-thirds vote in each house at one session, or majority vote in each house in two sessions. (f) In Hawaii, the majority vote on amendment must be at least 50 percent of the total votes cast at the election; or, at a special election, a majority of the votes tallied which must be at least 30 percent of the total number of registered voters. In Nebraska the majority vote on amendment must be at least 35 percent of the total votes cast at the election. (g) Majority voting in election or three-fifths voting on amendment. (h) In Louisiana, if five or fewer political subdivisions of the state are affected, majority in state as a whole and also in each of affected subdivisions is required. In Maryland, if an amendent affects only the City of Baltimore or only one county, majority in state as a whole and also in affected subdivision is required. (i) Two-thirds of all members of the legislature. (j) Majority of members elected sitting in joint session. (k) The two-thirds must include not less than a majority elected to each house. (l) Three-fifths of all members of each house at one session, or majority of all members of each house for two successive sessions. (m) If a proposed amendment is not approved at the election when submitted, neither the same amendment nor one which would make substantially the same change for the constitution may be again submitted to the people before the third general election thereafter.

(n) Amendments concerning certain elective franchise and education matters require three-fourths vote of members elected and approval by three-fourths of electors voting in state and two-thirds of those voting in each county. (o) Majority vote to amend constitution, two-thirds to revise (“revise” includes all or a part of the constitution). (p) Emergency amendments may be passed by two-thirds vote of each house, followed by ratification by majority vote of electors in election held at least one month after legislative approval. (q) Two-thirds of members of each house, first passage; majority of members of each house after popular ratification. (r) Majority of members elected to both houses, first passage; twothirds of members elected to both houses, second passage. (s) Majority of all citizens voting for governor. (t) Two-thirds vote in the senate and majority vote in the house on first passage; majority in both houses on second passage. As of 1974, amendments may be submitted only every four years. (u) Within 30 days after voter approval, governor must submit amendment(s) to U.S. Secretary of the Interior for approval. (v) If approved by two-thirds of members of each house, amendment(s) submitted to voters at special referendum; if approved by not less than three-fourths of total members of each house, referendum may be held at next general election. (w) The legislature may, by a four-fifths vote in Nebraska or a twothirds vote in Oklahoma, call a special election for voters to consider amendments. (x) There is an exception for an amendment containing a supermajority voting requirement, which must be ratified by an equal supermajority. (y) An amendment repealing, in whole or in part, any constitutional provision only requires approval by a majority on the amendment.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9

STATE CONSTITUT IO N S

TABLE 1 .5 Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By Initiative, Constitutional Provisions State or other jurisdiction

Number of signatures required on initiative petition

Distribution of signatures

Referendum vote

Arizona

15% of total votes cast for all candidates for governor None specified. at last election.

Majority vote on amendment.

Arkansas

10% of voters for governor at last election.

Must include 5% of voters for governor in each of 15 counties.

Majority vote on amendment.

California

8% of total voters for all candidates for governor at last election.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Colorado

5% of total legal votes for all candidates for secretary 2% of registered voters in each of the state senate of state at last general election. districts

55% vote on amendment, except any amendment repealing a constitutional provision only requires a majority vote on amendment.

Florida

8% of total votes cast in the state in the last election for presidential electors.

8% of total votes cast in each of 1/2 of the congressional districts.

Three-fifths vote on amendment except any amendment for “new state tax or fee” not in effect Nov. 7, 1994 requires 2/3 of voters voting in election.

Illinois (a)

8% of total votes cast for candidates for governor at last election.

None specified.

Majority voting in election or 3/5 voting on amendment.

Massachusetts (b) 3% of total votes cast for governor at preceding biennial state election (not less than 25,000 qualified voters).

No more than 1/4 from any one county.

Majority vote on amendment which must be 30% of total ballots cast at election.

Michigan

10% of total voters for all candidates at last gubernatorial election.

No more than 15% from any one congressional district

Majority vote on amendment.

Mississippi (c)

12% of total votes for all candidates for governor in last election.

No more than 20% from any one congressional district.

Majority vote on amendment and not less than 40% of total vote cast at election.

Missouri

8% of legal voters for all candidates for governor at last election.

The 8% must be in each of 2/3 of the congressional districts in the state.

Majority vote on amendment.

Montana

10% of qualified electors, the number of qualified voters to be determined by number of votes cast for governor in preceding election in each county and in the state.

The 10% to include at least 10% of qualified voters in Majority vote on amendment. 2/5 of the legislative districts. (d)

Nebraska

10% of registered voters.

The 10% must include 5% in each of 2/5 of the counties.

Majority vote on amendment which must be at least 35% of total vote at the election.

Nevada

10% of voters who voted in entire state in last general election.

10% of voters in each of the state's congressional districts

Majority vote on amendment in two consecutive general elections.

North Dakota

4% of population of the state.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Ohio

10% of total number of electors who voted for governor in last election.

At least 5% of qualified electors in each of 1/2 of counties in the state.

Majority vote on amendment.

Oklahoma

15% of votes cast at last general election for governor

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

Oregon

8% of total votes for all candidates for governor at last election at which governor was elected for four-year term.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment except for supermajority equal to supermajority voting requirement contained in proposed amendment.

South Dakota

10% of total votes for governor in last election.

None specified.

Majority vote on amendment.

CNMI*

50% of qualified voters of commonwealth.

In addition, 25% of qualified voters in each senatorial district.

Majority vote on amendment if legislature approved it by majority vote; if not, at least 2/3 vote in each of two senatorial districts in addition to a majority vote.

Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: (a) Initiatives can only be used to amend substantive or procedural aspects of Article IV, the Legislature Article, and cannot be used to amend any other articles. (b) Before being submitted to the electorate for ratification, initiated measures must be approved at two sessions of a successively elected legislature by not less than one-fourth of all members elected, sitting in joint session.

10 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(c) Before being submitted to the electorate, initiated measures are sent to the legislature, which has the option of submitting an amended or alternative measure alongside of the original measure. (d) A 2002 amendment changed this geographic-distribution rule to require at least 10% of voters in 1/2 of the counties. After this amendment was held unconstitutional by a federal district court in a 2005 ruling, the state attorney general advised that the prior rule—2/5 of legislative districts—was in effect.

STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S

TABLE 1 .6 Procedures for Calling Constitutional Conventions, Constitutional Provisions

Provision for convention Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes (q) No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Procedure for calling a convention by initiative No No No No No No No No Yes (m) No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes (m) No No No No No No No Yes (m) No No No No No No Yes (m) No No No No No No No No No No

CNMI*

Yes

Yes (t)

Puerto Rico

Yes

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa

Legislative vote for submission of convention question (a) Majority No provision (c)(d) Majority No 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 (g) (d) Not specified 2/3 3/5 No Majority 2/3 Majority (j) (d) (d) Majority

Popular vote to authorize convention ME (c) (e)

Periodic submission of convention question required (b) No 10 years; 2012 (c) No

Popular vote required for ratification of convention proposals Not specified Not specified (c) MP

MP MP MP MP MP No MP MP (i)

No No 20 years; 2008 (f) No No No 10 years; 2018 No 20 years; 2008

MP ME MP No provision 3/5 voting on proposal MP MP (h) Not specified MP

MP MP MP (k) No No ME No MP ME

10 years; 2010 No No No No 20 years; 2010

MP MP No provision MP No provision MP

16 years; 2010 No

MP 3/5 voting on proposal

MP MP MP (o) ME MP

20 years; 2002 20 years; 2010 No No 10 years; 2012

Not specified (l) MP MP No provision 2/3 voting on proposal

MP MP MP

No 20 years; 2017 No

Not specified MP MP

MP (e) (e)

20 years; 2012 20 years; 1970 No

MP MP No provision

MP ME No MP

10 years; 2014 No No No

MP No provision (p) MP

No ME MP MP ME No

No No No No No No

Majority

2/3

10 years

2/3

MP Not specified Not specified No provision Not specified ME (s) MP and at least 2/3 in in each of 2 senatorial districts MP

Majority 2/3 No Majority 2/3 3/5 2/3 Majority No 2/3 Majority 2/3 No 2/3 Majority Majority No Majority (d) (d) Majority No 2/3 No (d) 2/3 Majority Majority 2/3 (r)

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 1

STATE CONSTITUT IO N S

TABLE 1 .6 Procedures for Calling Constitutional Conventions, Constitutional Provisions (continued) Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: MP â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Majority voting on the proposal. ME â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Majority voting in the election. (a) In all states not otherwise noted, the entries in this column refer to the proportion of members elected to each house required to submit to the electorate the question of calling a constitutional convention. (b) The number listed is the interval between required submissions on the question of calling a constitutional convention; where given, the date is that of the most recent submission of the mandatory convention referendum. (c) Unless provided otherwise by law, convention calls are to conform as nearly as possible to the act calling the 1955 convention, which provided for a legislative vote of a majority of members elected to each house and ratification by a majority vote on the proposals. The legislature may call a constitutional convention at any time. (d) In these states, the legislature may call a convention without submitting the question to the people. The legislative vote required is two-thirds of the members elected to each house in Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina and Virginia; two-thirds concurrent vote of both branches in Maine; three-fourths of all members of each house in South Dakota; and not specified in Alaska, but bills require majority vote of membership in each house. (e) The law calling a convention must be approved by the people. (f) The legislature shall submit the question 20 years after the last convention, or 20 years after the last vote on the question of calling a convention, whichever date is last. (g) The power to call a convention is reserved to the people by petition. (h) The majority must be 50 percent of the total voted cast at a general election or at a special election, a majority of the votes tallied which must be at least 30 percent of the total number of registered voters.

12â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(i) Majority voting in the election, or three-fifths voting on the question. (j) Must be approved during two legislative sessions. (k) Majority must equal one-fourth of qualified voters at last general election. (l) Majority of those voting on the proposal is assumed. Vote must take place at a special election held no less than 60 days and no more than 6 months after convention. (m) In Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota, conventions can be called by initiative petition in the same manner as provided for initiated amendments (see Table 1.3), and with approval by a majority of voters. In Florida, conventions can be called by filing an initiative petition with signatures equal to 15 percent of the votes cast in the preceding presidential election and also equal to 15 percent of signatures in half of the congressional districts in the state and then obtaining a majority of the voters at the ensuing election. (n) Two-thirds of all members of the legislature. (o) Majority must be 35 percent of total votes cast at the election. (p) Convention proposals are submitted to the electorate at a special election in a manner to be determined by the convention. Ratification by a majority of votes cast. (q) Conventions may not be held more often than once in six years. (r) Five years after effective date of constitutions, governor shall call a constitutional convention to consider changes proposed by a constitutional committee appointed by the governor. Delegates to the convention are to be elected by their county councils. A convention was held in 1972. (s) If proposed amendments are approved by the voters, they must be submitted to the U.S. Secretary of the Interior for approval. (t) The petition must be signed by 25 percent of the qualified voters or at least 75 percent in a senatorial district.

CHAPTER TWO

FEDERALISM AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS

FEDERAL AID

TA BLE 2 .1 Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures: 1944–2018 (In thousands of dollars) To local governments For specified purposes Fiscal year 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total $1,842,000 2,092,000 3,283,000 4,217,000 5,044,000 5,384,000 5,679,000 5,986,000 6,538,000 7,440,000 8,089,000 8,689,000 9,443,000 10,906,000 11,885,000 12,968,000 14,174,000 16,928,000 19,056,000 21,950,000 24,779,000 28,892,000 32,640,000 36,759,246 40,822,135 45,941,111 51,978,324 57,858,242 62,459,903 67,287,260 75,962,980 84,504,451 93,179,549 98,742,976 100,886,902 108,373,188 121,571,151 131,966,258 141,278,672 151,661,866 165,415,415 175,027,632 186,398,234 201,313,434 214,094,882 225,635,410 240,978,128 252,079,335 264,207,209 278,853,409 308,734,917 327,069,829 350,326,546 364,789,480 382,781,397 388,559,152 405,925,287 432,265,206 459,742,295 478,530,574 490,887,391 485,557,187

To Federal government(a) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... $341,194 974,780 1,179,580 1,386,237 1,472,378 1,493,215 1,746,301 1,872,980 1,793,284 1,764,821 1,722,115 1,963,468 2,105,831 2,455,362 2,652,981 2,929,622 3,243,634 3,464,364 3,608,911 3,625,051 3,603,447 3,616,831 3,896,667 3,839,942 3,515,734 3,801,667 4,021,471 4,290,764 4,370,330 4,391,095 4,627,356 4,620,167 6,502,059 4,670,648 4,765,734 4,894,977 4,339,166

Total $1,842,000 2,092,000 3,283,000 4,217,000 5,044,000 5,384,000 5,679,000 5,986,000 6,538,000 7,440,000 8,089,000 8,689,000 9,443,000 10,906,000 11,885,000 12,968,000 14,174,000 16,928,000 19,056,000 21,950,000 24,779,000 28,892,000 32,640,000 36,759,246 40,822,135 45,599,917 51,003,544 56,678,662 61,073,666 65,814,882 74,469,765 82,758,150 91,306,569 96,949,692 99,122,081 106,651,073 119,607,683 129,860,427 138,823,310 149,008,885 162,485,793 171,783,998 182,933,870 197,704,523 210,469,831 222,031,963 237,361,297 248,182,668 260,367,267 275,337,675 304,933,250 323,048,358 346,035,782 360,419,150 378,390,302 383,931,796 401,305,120 425,763,147 455,071,647 473,764,840 485,992,414 481,218,021

For general local government support $274,000 357,000 428,000 482,000 549,000 592,000 600,000 591,000 631,000 668,000 687,000 725,000 806,000 839,000 1,012,000 1,053,000 1,102,000 1,361,000 1,585,000 1,993,000 2,135,000 2,958,000 3,258,000 3,752,327 4,279,646 4,803,875 5,129,333 5,673,843 6,372,543 6,819,438 8,224,338 8,643,789 9,570,248 10,044,372 10,364,144 10,744,740 12,319,623 13,383,912 14,245,089 14,896,991 15,749,681 16,565,106 16,977,032 16,368,139 17,690,986 18,044,015 18,996,435 20,019,771 21,808,828 22,693,158 25,495,396 27,475,363 31,693,016 28,927,053 30,766,480 29,718,225 28,320,648 30,486,739 31,207,955 32,035,268 30,421,570 27,821,681

Education $861,000 953,000 1,554,000 2,054,000 2,523,000 2,737,000 2,930,000 3,150,000 3,541,000 4,212,000 4,598,000 4,957,000 5,461,000 6,474,000 6,993,000 7,664,000 8,351,000 10,177,000 11,845,000 13,321,000 14,858,000 17,085,000 19,292,000 21,195,345 23,315,651 27,106,812 31,110,237 34,083,711 36,964,306 40,125,488 46,195,698 52,688,101 57,257,373 60,683,583 63,118,351 67,484,926 74,936,970 81,929,467 88,253,298 95,390,536 104,601,291 109,438,131 116,179,860 124,919,686 131,179,517 135,861,024 148,160,436 156,954,115 164,147,715 176,250,998 192,416,987 208,135,537 222,092,587 227,336,087 240,788,692 249,256,844 263,625,820 280,090,982 301,062,065 315,424,647 324,374,036 317,389,500

Public welfare $368,000 376,000 648,000 792,000 976,000 981,000 1,004,000 1,046,000 1,069,000 1,136,000 1,247,000 1,409,000 1,483,000 1,777,000 1,919,000 2,108,000 2,436,000 2,882,000 2,897,000 3,527,000 4,402,000 5,003,000 5,760,000 6,943,634 7,531,738 7,028,750 7,136,104 8,307,411 8,756,717 8,585,558 8,675,473 9,241,551 11,025,445 11,965,123 10,919,847 11,923,430 12,673,123 14,214,613 14,753,727 15,032,315 16,697,915 18,403,149 20,903,400 25,942,234 31,339,777 30,624,514 30,772,525 31,180,345 35,754,024 32,327,325 35,161,151 40,206,513 41,926,990 47,112,496 49,302,737 42,636,305 48,370,718 48,409,237 56,899,141 57,730,369 58,741,316 58,858,443

Highways $298,000 339,000 507,000 610,000 728,000 803,000 871,000 911,000 984,000 1,082,000 1,167,000 1,207,000 1,247,000 1,327,000 1,416,000 1,524,000 1,630,000 1,725,000 1,861,000 2,029,000 2,109,000 2,439,000 2,507,000 2,633,417 2,953,424 3,211,455 3,224,861 3,240,806 3,631,108 3,821,135 4,148,573 4,382,716 4,751,449 5,028,072 5,277,447 5,686,834 6,019,069 6,470,049 6,784,699 6,949,190 7,376,173 7,784,316 8,126,477 8,480,871 9,298,624 9,622,849 10,481,616 10,707,338 11,431,270 11,648,853 12,075,195 12,473,052 12,350,136 12,949,850 13,337,114 14,008,581 14,500,232 15,495,306 14,881,789 16,549,366 16,492,780 18,043,061

Health ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... $10,790,396 11,772,189 12,379,498 13,611,228 15,067,156 16,518,461 20,816,777 20,241,742 19,959,396 17,515,138 18,144,795 20,067,198 20,342,928 21,019,353 18,274,329

Miscellaneous and combined $41,000 67,000 146,000 279,000 268,000 271,000 274,000 288,000 313,000 342,000 390,000 391,000 446,000 489,000 545,000 619,000 655,000 783,000 868,000 1,080,000 1,275,000 1,407,000 1,823,000 2,234,523 2,741,676 3,449,025 4,403,009 5,372,891 5,348,992 6,463,263 7,225,683 7,801,993 8,702,054 9,228,542 9,442,292 10,811,143 13,658,898 13,862,386 14,786,497 16,739,853 18,060,733 19,593,296 20,747,101 21,993,593 20,960,927 27,879,561 28,926,886 18,530,703 15,453,241 20,037,843 26,173,293 19,690,737 21,454,592 23,276,887 23,953,537 28,352,445 28,972,564 33,136,088 30,953,499 31,682,262 34,943,359 40,831,007

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5

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TA BLE 2 .1 Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures: 1944–2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) To local governments For specified purposes Fiscal year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

To Federal Total government(a) 496,832,436 4,295,922 481,883,230 4,157,695 488,782,863 3,392,576 498,710,149 3,389,399 515,045,908 3,408,376 532,665,290 3,388,085 553,520,399 3,258,513 562,587,857 3,280,506

Total 492,536,514 477,725,535 485,390,287 495,320,750 511,637,532 529,277,205 550,261,886 559,307,351

For general local government support 27,577,126 27,289,870 28,412,169 30,459,571 32,193,005 31,189,834 33,206,537 34,196,679

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments: Finance (years ending in ‘2’ and ‘7’), and Annual Survey of State Government Finances (remaining years). Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error.

1 6 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Education 330,482,270 317,839,562 324,995,548 330,140,870 345,859,861 360,117,773 373,639,270 382,855,837

Public welfare 56,678,841 55,913,067 55,565,254 54,781,687 52,704,375 57,049,413 59,895,676 58,184,136

Highways 17,243,590 17,787,581 18,158,521 20,992,876 20,420,805 19,675,932 20,217,035 20,512,463

Health 18,745,863 19,350,451 20,242,808 19,979,130 18,739,461 19,529,120 20,190,999 20,828,546

Miscellaneous and combined 41,808,824 39,545,004 38,015,987 38,966,616 41,720,025 41,715,133 43,112,369 42,729,690

Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology <https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html>. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: N/A — Not available (a) Represents primarily state reimbursements for the supplemental security income program.

FEDERAL AID

TA BLE 2 .2 Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By State: 2009-2018 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 $562,587,857 $553,520,399 $532,665,290 $515,045,908 $498,710,149 $488,782,863 $481,883,230 $496,832,436 $485,557,187 $490,887,391 7,006,778 6,931,626 6,672,049 6,612,535 6,474,302 6,476,073 6,563,313 6,800,787 6,604,013 6,535,634 648,930 1,829,640 2,038,078 2,036,112 2,059,333 2,032,061 1,897,331 1,723,023 1,655,467 1,616,689 10,268,171 10,030,152 10,904,370 7,832,147 7,448,459 8,209,708 8,023,697 8,668,387 9,179,514 9,618,970 5,489,804 5,426,820 5,882,840 5,214,039 5,199,089 4,937,560 5,047,345 5,151,981 5,057,598 4,698,889 108,218,508 107,877,299 103,512,395 97,968,328 91,869,167 95,069,461 85,425,616 91,501,553 90,530,131 94,909,240 7,518,654 7,461,561 7,310,747 7,151,882 6,749,839 6,291,390 6,105,130 6,334,861 6,513,704 6,403,127 5,908,441 5,556,846 5,438,230 5,338,357 4,899,005 4,908,546 4,614,954 4,485,808 4,846,870 4,316,376 1,611,413 1,605,571 1,511,805 1,454,859 1,390,686 1,271,359 1,161,381 1,293,106 1,235,608 1,205,247 18,958,978 18,243,072 20,407,866 19,173,628 18,707,624 17,809,542 17,340,127 19,725,217 18,478,449 17,677,928 12,889,900 12,325,495 11,835,632 11,088,286 10,557,747 10,361,359 10,223,211 10,600,099 10,747,620 10,816,572 355,739 328,020 134,933 267,863 255,885 220,844 194,791 207,988 177,624 159,452 2,570,844 2,408,796 2,277,298 2,156,220 2,015,071 1,981,659 1,956,717 2,036,312 2,022,896 2,077,028 21,109,911 21,279,029 18,109,138 18,558,946 18,638,884 15,549,167 15,866,914 15,711,057 15,530,746 15,034,787 10,328,805 9,989,433 9,711,681 9,548,136 9,314,957 9,292,344 9,313,044 9,265,386 9,705,254 8,214,991 5,373,071 5,362,687 5,470,729 5,298,032 4,963,899 4,753,646 4,804,976 5,151,627 4,528,319 4,660,802 5,030,280 4,860,130 4,799,630 4,849,983 4,108,481 4,057,504 3,953,778 4,208,664 4,176,958 4,314,940 4,890,345 4,871,480 4,780,430 4,709,948 4,649,395 4,802,691 5,029,106 5,069,137 5,078,845 4,769,871 6,380,598 6,415,070 5,766,006 5,726,498 6,053,019 6,241,308 6,387,767 6,580,164 6,658,397 6,505,389 1,347,094 1,306,593 1,288,779 1,254,898 1,285,064 1,238,618 1,286,233 1,301,692 1,346,639 1,325,723 9,874,995 9,686,617 9,398,276 9,158,679 8,733,983 8,641,281 8,380,215 8,124,451 8,592,779 8,654,935 9,434,585 9,167,867 9,080,507 9,379,933 9,811,813 9,401,248 9,291,231 8,826,190 9,107,483 8,890,500 22,754,958 21,279,004 20,788,310 20,487,354 19,779,302 19,249,754 19,021,267 19,878,322 19,410,018 19,656,877 14,174,246 13,728,116 13,143,647 12,827,108 12,620,852 12,975,915 10,833,320 11,102,449 10,427,657 11,199,230 4,861,117 4,837,458 5,251,972 5,138,598 4,919,968 5,053,070 5,138,081 5,253,307 5,272,442 5,156,650 6,336,401 6,343,380 6,172,736 5,987,018 5,785,229 5,771,802 5,877,847 5,948,493 6,227,955 5,936,688 1,113,197 1,141,773 1,094,338 1,395,263 1,382,045 1,373,069 1,316,548 1,352,917 1,334,478 1,276,112 2,668,741 2,457,060 2,417,506 2,303,467 2,202,196 2,170,630 2,170,016 2,306,692 2,192,338 2,064,173 5,180,050 4,789,582 4,429,481 4,336,630 4,169,439 4,214,581 4,120,103 3,905,016 3,703,574 3,864,223 1,764,616 1,739,302 460,600 573,048 1,268,583 1,300,770 1,226,012 1,191,097 1,261,454 1,278,589 15,250,952 15,050,010 11,672,318 12,470,093 12,104,168 11,102,269 11,789,109 11,167,301 11,877,592 11,135,809 5,176,572 4,903,764 4,986,006 4,871,707 4,604,669 4,500,634 4,450,387 4,325,766 4,322,463 4,766,207 63,492,253 63,219,144 61,639,619 58,063,694 58,134,561 56,236,537 57,406,012 59,697,916 54,318,363 55,107,082 14,706,189 14,262,419 12,858,738 12,771,155 13,172,777 13,172,640 13,514,695 13,633,379 13,429,946 13,562,079 1,995,041 2,201,533 2,111,716 2,555,758 2,261,886 1,632,316 1,643,402 1,300,989 1,245,686 933,974 17,872,592 16,647,880 16,517,064 17,932,406 18,488,325 18,348,743 18,963,232 18,933,185 18,584,950 18,552,156 4,470,670 4,508,439 4,458,922 4,342,470 4,278,505 4,213,211 4,230,427 4,477,819 4,546,446 4,506,456 6,320,421 5,668,831 5,551,653 6,209,293 6,007,393 5,495,337 5,657,912 5,774,682 5,864,882 5,703,775 22,327,616 22,499,190 20,050,597 19,407,646 18,835,531 18,834,325 18,526,116 19,944,576 18,871,434 19,144,305 1,307,710 1,244,378 1,236,874 1,226,790 1,198,256 1,170,440 1,143,486 1,074,302 1,193,600 1,002,915 6,768,154 6,523,386 6,393,932 5,955,882 5,581,255 5,454,008 5,312,018 5,585,665 5,369,519 5,520,979 871,682 862,881 775,059 784,855 745,993 740,104 753,622 774,778 737,190 707,862 7,619,932 7,630,904 7,617,664 7,233,618 7,221,663 7,074,682 7,181,421 7,104,790 6,664,828 6,797,935 31,520,535 30,732,823 31,763,445 29,951,157 29,191,904 27,590,295 29,860,716 29,665,803 27,461,315 29,252,364 4,166,842 3,765,894 3,511,958 3,344,201 3,266,053 3,069,082 3,029,283 3,106,230 3,027,680 3,120,527 1,839,019 1,800,749 1,771,590 1,725,060 1,695,983 1,501,657 1,636,024 1,552,853 1,518,129 1,532,766 12,257,922 11,939,180 12,466,977 12,584,936 11,792,595 11,255,705 11,653,818 11,489,163 10,959,394 11,894,394 14,338,188 13,406,501 11,871,289 11,017,248 10,438,534 9,777,797 9,530,116 9,346,712 9,798,444 10,043,789 2,693,408 2,699,098 2,385,313 2,344,701 2,413,663 2,469,535 2,618,032 2,533,582 2,382,633 2,232,558 11,108,614 11,250,257 9,031,939 10,387,801 9,890,474 9,637,247 9,741,343 10,428,954 10,253,124 10,199,520 1,353,782 1,486,589 1,867,516 2,097,456 1,913,090 1,681,018 1,702,814 1,653,068 1,760,946 1,919,231

response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Includes payments to the federal government, primarily state reimbursements for the supplemental security income program. The statistics reflect state government fiscal years that end on June 30, except for four states with other ending dates: Alabama and Michigan (September 30), New York (March 31), and Texas (August 31). 3. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7

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TA BLE 2 .3 State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By Function and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) Specified functions State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total $555,581,079 7,006,778 648,930 10,268,171 5,489,804 108,218,508 7,518,654 5,908,441 1,611,413 18,958,978 12,889,900 355,739 2,570,844 21,109,911 10,328,805 5,373,071 5,030,280 4,890,345 6,380,598 1,347,094 9,874,995 9,434,585 22,754,958 14,174,246 4,861,117 6,336,401 1,113,197 2,668,741 5,180,050 1,764,616 15,250,952 5,176,572 63,492,253 14,706,189 1,995,041 18,933,185 4,470,670 6,320,421 22,327,616 1,307,710 6,768,154 871,682 7,619,932 31,520,535 4,166,842 1,839,019 12,257,922 14,338,188 2,693,408 11,108,614 1,353,782

General local government support $33,839,151 357,528 55,616 2,550,590 303,100 267,190 162,415 528,374 0 1,069,827 0 263,428 281,647 5,014,819 598,075 171,651 76,156 0 152,641 52,270 138,825 1,562,291 1,318,669 1,745,965 967,437 218,633 218,896 690,322 1,478,308 68,805 1,589,395 1,697,264 1,218,203 641,880 425,580 1,328,626 194,417 102,516 237,872 92,855 1,994,054 32,392 347,081 318,770 0 26,094 677,521 155,868 156,251 2,606,355 40,207

Education $377,514,927 5,340,910 0 6,343,767 4,683,066 64,160,795 5,174,826 3,517,509 1,446,946 16,284,021 11,279,515 319 2,019,958 10,635,814 8,306,652 3,922,690 4,568,957 4,098,486 5,055,548 1,153,227 7,034,493 6,278,428 14,757,127 9,752,165 3,015,457 5,741,671 856,513 1,709,392 3,388,943 1,152,423 11,139,415 3,206,916 34,010,940 10,931,936 1,166,767 12,386,964 3,551,287 5,317,584 14,335,421 1,115,151 4,344,542 725,215 5,741,299 28,073,828 3,961,409 1,693,906 7,728,779 11,653,165 2,267,198 6,676,637 1,147,860

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this

1 8â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Public Welfare $58,088,171 95,965 155,732 159,614 0 29,168,793 930,240 1,079,910 7,823 0 524,634 1,560 4,029 2,619,094 38,058 132,081 5,833 151,175 0 11,804 2,974 243,553 3,208,601 683,550 320,057 2,279 0 54,212 115,583 435,210 1,631,876 0 8,093,527 1,288,759 86,106 1,766,167 42,757 223,674 2,148,866 88,325 317 2,591 698,082 837,057 18,492 0 697,089 20,144 28,260 359,683 0

Highways $20,498,107 14,356 15,128 863,577 278,711 3,270,501 558,345 166,917 7,676 569,586 240,928 2,871 200,863 610,739 1,084,476 692,263 231,257 152,010 76,560 119,175 184,265 345,625 1,751,151 1,080,646 121,383 121,197 20,353 20,019 94,131 81,808 255,718 37,581 1,091,788 245,935 126,453 913,863 400,635 11,080 1,125,664 0 84,360 61,896 178,679 65,336 95,975 64,958 1,265,673 717,509 5,761 787,082 0

Health $20,711,373 117,173 78,439 78,372 446 5,263,894 119,686 139,022 12,309 8,687 252,072 33,420 3,447 134,215 22,861 133,021 57,846 122,925 0 18 1,148,404 61,906 513,690 148,002 125,227 146 2,463 46,987 25,366 0 137,061 27,325 6,747,105 643,441 5,787 891,691 125,410 213,995 1,122,086 0 9,389 11,957 98,527 325,231 26,959 6 591,152 825,119 63,326 312,819 116

Miscellaneous and combined $44,929,350 1,080,846 344,015 272,251 224,481 6,087,335 573,142 476,709 136,659 1,026,857 592,751 54,141 60,900 2,095,230 278,683 321,365 90,231 365,749 1,095,849 10,600 1,366,034 942,782 1,205,720 763,918 311,556 252,475 14,972 147,809 77,719 26,370 497,487 207,486 12,330,690 954,238 184,348 1,645,874 156,164 451,572 3,357,707 11,379 335,492 37,631 556,264 1,900,313 64,007 54,055 1,297,708 966,383 172,612 366,038 165,599

table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

FEDERAL AID

Table 2.3 | State Intergovernmental Expenditures Total State Intergovernmental Expenditures (in thousands of dollars) HIGHEST

LOWEST

California • $108,218,508

Hawaii • $355,739

New York $63,492,253

Alaska • $648,930

Texas • $31,520,535

South Dakota • $871,682

Michigan • $22,754,958

Montana • $1,113,197

Pennsylvania • $22,327,616

Rhode Island • $1,307,710

•

Highest and Lowest Spending by Category (in thousands of dollars) E D U C AT I O N

H E A LT H CA • $64,160,795 NY • $34,010,940 TX $28,073,828 •

FL • $16,284,021 MI • $14,757,127

NY • $6,747,105 CA • $5,263,894 MD • $1,148,404 PA • $1,122,086 OH • $891,691

RI • $1,115,151

ME • $18

MT $856,513

VT • $6

SD • $725,215

NH • $0

HI • $319

LA • $0

AK • $0

RI • $0

•

P U B L I C W E L FA R E CA • $19,168,793

H I G H W AY S CA • $3,270,501

•

MI • $1,751,151

MI • $3,208,601

VA • $1,265,673

IL • $2,619,094

PA • $1,125,664

PA • $2,148,866

NY • $1,091,788

NY $8,093,527

AR $0

DE • $7,676

FL • $0

WV • $5,761

LA • $0

HI • $2,871

MT • $0

DE • $0

NM $0

AK • $0

•

VT • $0 WY • $0

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 9

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TABLE 2 .4 State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By Type of Receiving Government and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars)

State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total intergovernmental expenditure $562,587,857 7,006,778 648,930 10,268,171 5,489,804 108,218,508 7,518,654 5,908,441 1,611,413 18,958,978 12,889,900 355,739 2,570,844 21,109,911 10,328,805 5,373,071 5,030,280 4,890,345 6,380,598 1,347,094 9,874,995 9,434,585 22,754,958 14,174,246 4,861,117 6,336,401 1,113,197 2,668,741 5,180,050 1,764,616 15,250,952 5,176,572 63,492,253 14,706,189 1,995,041 18,933,185 4,470,670 6,320,421 22,327,616 1,307,710 6,768,154 871,682 7,619,932 31,520,535 4,166,842 1,839,019 12,257,922 14,338,188 2,693,408 11,108,614 1,353,782

Federal $3,280,506 0 0 0 189 2,931,228 1,987 0 1,406 0 0 382 0 15,375 1,155 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 1,615 1,766 0 16,788 0 54,212 3,790 0 12,500 0 0 0 0 16,451 44,907 0 123,051 19,907 0 0 0 0 0 0 135 0 0 0 33,620

2 0â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

School districts $315,410,474 5,149,083 0 6,343,767 4,683,066 60,141,289 4,624,594 281,401 1,425,472 15,982,303 11,279,451 0 2,015,598 10,635,814 8,306,652 3,920,591 4,568,957 4,015,118 5,044,479 519,093 0 940,970 14,745,940 9,749,593 3,015,457 5,741,671 856,513 1,709,392 3,388,943 823,151 8,268,345 3,206,916 17,353,223 0 1,164,813 12,386,964 3,539,872 5,305,407 13,873,855 55,758 4,344,038 725,215 172,233 28,045,603 3,961,409 1,693,906 0 11,619,579 2,258,519 6,378,601 1,147,860

Other local governments $243,896,877 1,857,695 648,930 3,924,404 806,549 45,145,991 2,892,073 5,627,040 184,535 2,976,675 1,610,449 355,357 555,246 10,458,722 2,020,998 1,452,480 461,281 875,227 1,336,119 828,001 9,874,995 8,493,615 8,007,403 4,422,887 1,845,660 577,942 256,684 905,137 1,787,317 941,465 6,970,107 1,969,656 46,139,030 14,706,189 830,228 6,529,770 885,891 1,015,014 8,330,710 1,232,045 2,424,116 146,467 7,447,699 3,474,932 205,433 145,113 12,257,787 2,718,609 434,889 4,730,013 172,302

from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology <https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html>. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

FEDERAL AID

TABLE 2 .5 State Intergovernmental Revenue from Federal and Local Governments: 2018 (In thousands of dollars)

Total intergovernmental revenue $688,138,024 10,303,451 3,457,365 16,011,205 7,877,352 103,018,851 9,402,733 7,440,296 2,619,277 28,298,587 15,295,883 3,013,717 2,819,674 22,429,882 15,075,489 6,075,843 4,072,601 11,970,566 13,648,190 3,012,515 13,023,465 17,101,109 21,365,685 11,742,550 8,271,815 11,947,706 3,124,693 3,264,232 5,454,068 2,799,206 18,014,349 7,534,520 64,587,716 18,704,775 1,742,138 24,388,743 7,100,962 10,470,949 29,418,893 2,868,687 9,916,827 1,499,310 11,826,420 47,201,933 4,724,208 2,091,212 10,957,750 14,446,364 4,846,089 9,494,180 2,363,993

Total (a) $670,548,803 10,114,128 3,448,655 15,572,048 7,832,635 99,074,876 9,338,266 7,206,925 2,552,478 27,994,479 15,229,931 3,005,181 2,804,710 22,042,413 14,994,627 6,030,784 4,029,932 11,928,331 13,179,225 2,975,329 12,747,119 16,455,455 21,207,961 11,548,779 8,152,399 11,742,639 3,119,450 3,231,492 5,258,544 2,393,791 17,148,185 7,296,863 63,271,908 18,532,821 1,694,899 23,764,912 6,945,621 10,439,170 29,188,234 2,788,520 9,633,306 1,466,916 11,718,391 43,967,109 4,721,316 2,089,472 10,173,474 14,098,406 4,753,828 9,286,777 2,356,093

Education $85,022,930 1,737,497 328,576 1,739,713 809,887 10,928,634 1,476,255 689,080 240,452 4,658,944 3,036,722 552,587 393,912 3,126,295 1,808,707 971,090 742,893 1,275,104 1,513,633 286,102 1,724,646 1,525,432 3,439,545 1,353,673 942,795 1,255,243 329,020 268,974 654,442 216,433 1,760,183 778,462 4,657,710 2,744,131 273,475 2,445,456 1,075,315 1,360,751 3,666,974 226,330 1,405,021 273,591 1,426,306 7,106,878 1,023,229 252,075 1,965,315 2,427,227 525,661 1,443,055 159,499

From federal government Public welfare $454,338,760 6,454,307 1,708,064 12,345,220 5,696,400 77,658,733 5,920,161 4,885,763 1,723,474 16,435,293 7,976,250 1,920,633 1,756,755 15,651,466 10,891,362 3,814,530 2,317,430 8,900,799 9,118,497 2,135,432 7,197,671 11,759,467 13,891,328 8,631,863 5,805,019 7,098,323 1,627,575 2,430,590 3,323,741 1,446,791 478,114 5,580,183 50,597,809 12,994,203 878,215 18,313,961 3,462,952 7,718,260 21,810,372 1,754,229 6,130,392 658,840 7,219,927 27,153,974 2,722,839 1,288,385 6,075,804 9,038,353 3,351,111 6,146,249 441,651

Heath & hospitals $36,011,416 270,828 86,979 268,583 118,134 1,490,684 353,927 273,319 114,749 2,367,450 1,821,380 10,630 11 499,367 325,398 124,700 236,120 224,677 237,657 38,471 2,018,341 414,939 1,282,810 264,468 202,346 1,764,713 358,533 2,005 151,341 36,211 10,942,677 151,043 872,555 346,589 95,152 454,645 1,218,298 208,902 509,743 304,842 337,230 88,741 870,113 1,992,415 239,213 73,466 550,592 969,099 99,376 278,333 49,621

Highways $43,175,723 916,954 595,085 822,978 766,639 4,610,991 769,477 562,418 236,688 2,506,406 1,436,257 141,044 333,457 1,305,810 962,659 541,576 381,017 734,549 737,050 222,473 687,917 520,724 701,534 680,802 529,167 949,690 467,847 312,763 380,546 172,767 838,692 398,300 1,707,540 1,183,350 261,404 1,422,881 649,873 463,213 1,946,264 221,193 988,315 282,404 904,713 3,986,435 415,410 261,362 1,009,555 852,842 388,160 737,665 268,867

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 1

FE D E RA L A ID

TABLE 2 .5 State Intergovernmental Revenue from Federal and Local Governments: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued)

Total (a) $17,589,221 189,323 8,710 439,157 44,717 3,943,975 64,467 233,371 66,799 304,108 65,952 8,536 14,964 387,469 80,862 45,059 42,669 42,235 468,965 37,186 276,346 645,654 157,724 193,771 119,416 205,067 5,243 32,740 195,524 405,415 866,164 237,657 1,315,808 171,954 47,239 623,831 155,341 31,779 230,659 80,167 283,521 32,394 108,029 3,234,824 2,892 1,740 784,276 347,958 92,261 207,403 7,900

Education $5,621,782 19,864 7,360 11,180 44,611 320,500 24,942 301 63,581 13,221 11,626 0 596 27,732 10,785 191 12,591 25,604 8,521 7,234 22,059 25,703 9,452 13,187 3,184 3,878 0 8,605 1,846 3,599 319,214 67,319 364,982 9,071 1 51,676 871 18,079 187,805 21,961 107,942 18,407 21,120 3,059,154 2,626 0 440,461 216,944 2,971 9,225 0

2 2â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

From local governments Public welfare $4,735,791 16,386 0 203,908 0 2,189,831 249 0 0 0 0 0 10,862 243,997 1,105 0 0 0 416,270 0 0 0 72,520 107,256 0 122,072 4,686 61 148,814 386,521 0 23,670 203,689 110,176 268 361,047 439 0 312 0 12,428 4,380 36,993 5,629 0 0 0 0 0 52,156 66

Health & hospitals $1,021,566 33,127 0 643 7 18,391 17 0 0 216,999 0 0 0 0 0 3,247 779 0 0 0 99,927 0 23,145 11 0 10,231 0 91 26,982 0 91,135 136,924 0 6,249 4,175 24,910 6,416 0 6,709 0 6,888 962 3,398 166,940 186 0 70,023 28,513 0 32,307 2,234

Highways $2,205,545 55,748 0 77,728 0 434,826 25,463 0 0 0 32,141 0 3,505 92,042 68,961 31,134 26,098 0 22,097 28,446 40,663 0 15,618 57,350 63,716 50,608 0 23,467 192 4,975 332,539 0 23,889 24,765 30,156 62,784 33,211 0 22,364 0 86,265 6,237 32,865 0 0 1,632 255,383 43,223 0 92,176 3,278

nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Total includes other types of intergovernmental revenue not shown separately in this table.

FEDERAL AID

Table 2.5 | State Intergovernmental Revenue Total intergovernmental revenue (in thousands of dollars) HIGHEST

LOWEST

California • $103,018,851

South Dakota • $1,499,310

New York • $64,587,716

North Dakota • $1,742,138

Texas • $47,201,933

Vermont • $2,091,212

Pennsylvania $29,418,893

Delaware • $2,363,993

Florida • $28,298,587

Rhode Island • $2,619,277

•

Highest and Lowest Federal Spending by Category (in thousands of dollars) E D U C AT I O N

H E A LT H & H O S P I TA L S

CA • $10,928,634

NJ • $10,942,677

TX • $7,106,878

FL • $2,367,450

FL • $4,658,944

MD • $2,018,341

NY • $4,657,710

TX • $1,992,415

PA $3,666,974

GA • $1,821,380

•

VT • $252,075

ME • $38,471

DE $240,452

NH • $36,211

RI • $226,330

HI • $10,630

NH $216,433

NE • $2,005

WY • $159,499

ID • $11

•

P U B L I C W E L FA R E

H I G H W AY S CA $77,658,733 •

NY • $50,597,809 TX • $27,153,974 PA • $21,810,372 OH • $18,313,961

CA • $4,610,991 TX • $3,986,435 FL • $2,506,406 PA • $1,946,264 NY • $1,707,540

VT • $1,288,385

DE • $236,688

ND • $878,215

ME • $222,473

SD • $658,840

RI • $221,193

NJ • $478,114

NH • $172,767

WY • $441,651

HI • $141,044

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 3

CHAPTER THREE

S TAT E L E G I S L AT I V E BRANCH

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 Names of State Legislative Bodies and Convening Places State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Both bodies Legislature Legislature Legislature General Assembly Legislature General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature General Assembly General Court Legislature Legislature Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature Legislature General Court Legislature Legislature Legislature General Assembly Legislative Assembly General Assembly Legislature Legislative Assembly General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature General Assembly General Assembly Legislature Legislature Legislature Legislature "Council of the District of Columbia" Legislature Legislature Legislature Legislative Assembly Legislature

Upper house Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate (a) Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate Senate

Lower house House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives Assembly House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Delegates House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives Assembly House of Representatives General Assembly House of Representatives Assembly House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Delegates House of Representatives House of Delegates Assembly (b) House of Representatives

(a) Senate (a) Senate Senate (a)

Source: The Council of State Governments, Directory Iâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Elective Officials 2018. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands

Convening place State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Hall The Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Building State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Legislative Building State Capitol State House State Capitol State Capitol Main Capitol Building State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Council Chamber

House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives

Maota Fono Congress Building Civic Center Building The Capitol Capitol Building

Key: (a) Unicameral legislature. Except in the District of Columbia, members go by the title Senator. (b) Members of the lower house go by the title Representative.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 7

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana

Regular sessions Legislature convenes Year Annual Annual Annual Annual Biennium (k) Annual Annual Biennium Annual Annual Annual Annual Biennium Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual

Maine

(t)

Maryland Massachusetts Michigan

Annual Biennium Annual

Minnesota

Biennium

Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Annual Annual BiennialBiennium BiennialAnnual Biennium Annual Annual (ee) Biennial-odd year Biennium Annual Annual Biennium (hh) Annual Biennium Annual Biennium (kk) Biennial-odd year Annual Annual (yy) Annual Annual Annual Biennium Biennium (oo) Annual (pp) Annual Annual (rr) Annual

Month Jan.; Mar.; Feb. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan.(odd yrs.); Feb. (even-yrs.) Jan. Mar. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Mar. (even-years); Apr. (odd-years) Dec.(even-years); January (subsequent even-year) Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. (odd years); agreed upon start in even years Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. (dd) Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan Jan. Jan.(odd yrs.); Feb. (even-yrs.) Jan. Jan.; July Jan. (rr) Jan.; Aug. Jan. (ss)

See footnotes at end of table

2 8â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Day 2nd Tues. (b); 1st Tues. (c); 1st Tues. (d)(e) 3rd Tues. (g) 2nd Mon. 2nd Mon.; 2nd Mon. 1st Mon. (d) No later than 2nd Wed. Wed. after 1st Mon. 2nd Tues. 1st Tues. after 1st Mon. (o) 2nd Mon. 3rd Wed. Mon. on or nearest 9th day 2nd Wed. 2nd Mon. (r) 2nd Mon. 2nd Mon. 1st Tues. after 1st Mon. second Mon. (even and odd-years) 1st Wed. (quadrennial election year); Wed. after 1st Tues. 2nd Wed. 1st Wed. 2nd Wed.

Limitation on length of session (a) 30 L in 105 C 121 C; 90 Statutory (g) (h) 60 C (i); 30C (i) None 120 C (m) June 30 60 C (i) 40 L 60 L (i) None None (q) odd-61 C or Apr. 29; even-30 C or Mar. 14 None (bbb) odd-None; even-90 C (i) even-60 L; odd-30 L (s) even-60 L in 85 C; odd-45 L in 60 C Calendar days set by statute (u) 90 C (v) None

1st Tues. after 1st Mon.

120 L

Tues. after 1st Mon. Wed. after 1st Mon. 1st Mon. (vv) Wed. after 1st Mon. 1st Mon. Wed. after 1st Tues. 2nd Tues. of even year 3rd Tues. Wed. after 1st Mon. 3rd Wed. after 2nd Mon. (odd-years) First Tues. after the third day in Jan. 1st Mon. (gg) 1st Mon. 1st Mon. 1st Tues. 1st Tues. 2nd Tues. 2nd Tues. 2nd Tues. 2nd Tues. 4th Mon. Wed. after 1st Mon. (yy) 2nd Wed. 2nd Mon. 2nd Wed. 1st Mon. 2nd Tues. (odd-years); 2nd Mon. (even-years) 2nd day 2nd Mon.; 3rd Mon. 2nd Mon. (d)(rr) 2nd Mon.; 3rd Mon. 2nd Mon. (ss)

125 C (y); 90 C (y) May 30 90 L odd-90 L; even-60 L 120 C 45 L None odd-60 C; even-30 C None None 80 L in the biennium None last Fri. in May (ff) None None (ii) odd-40 L; even-40 L 90 L (ll) 140 C 45 C None odd-30 C (i); even-60 C (i) odd-105 C; even-60 C 60 C (i) None odd-40 L; even-20 L; biennium-60 L None 45 L; 45 L None (pp) 90 L (qq) 5 mo.; 4 mo. None

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Legislature may call No By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house No No By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, majority, each house (n) Joint call, presiding officers, both houses Joint call, presiding officers, both houses or by petition By petition, 3/5 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house (uu) No Joint call, presiding officers, both houses; Governor also may call No By petition, 2/3 members, each house Petition to governor of 2/3 members, each house No By petition, majority, each house Joint call, presiding officers of both houses with the consent of a majority of the members of each political party By petition, majority, each house By petition (w) No No (x) No By petition, 3/4 members, each house By petition, majority, each house (ww) By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, (xx) By petition, majority, each house (cc) By petition, 3/5 members, each house (l) By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 3/5 members, each house (ccc) Joint call, presiding officers, both houses By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, majority, each house Governor may call Joint call, presiding officers, both houses By vote, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house No Yes (ddd) No (eee) (tt) By vote, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 3/5 members, each house (nn) By petition, majority members, each house. Joint call, presiding officers for purpose of resolving challenge or dispute of any kind in the determination of the presidential electors. ... No Only the governor may call Upon request of presiding officers, both houses No No, governor calls

Special sessions Legislature may determine subject Yes (f) Yes Yes No No Yes (l) Yes Yes Yes No (p) Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Limitation on length of session 12 L in 30 C 30 C None None (j) None None None None 20 C (zz) 40 L 30 L (i) 20 C None 30 L or 40 C None None None 30 C

Yes

None

Yes Yes No Yes No Yes (z) Yes Yes Yes (aa) Yes Yes No (l) Yes (l) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes (jj) Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (l) No

30 C None None None None 30 C (z) None None 20 C (aa) 15 L (bb) None 30 C (l) None None (ccc) None None None None None None None 30 L (ll) 30 C 30 C None None (mm) 30 C None None

Yes

20 L (aaa)

... No No Yes (j) No No

... None None (pp) 10 C 20 C None

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 9

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and state websites, February 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: Annual—holds legislative sessions every year. Biennial-odd year—holds legislative sessions every other year. Biennium—holds legislative sessions in a two-year term of activity. C—Calendar day L—Legislative day (in some states called a session day or workday; definition may vary slightly, however, generally refers to any day on which either house of legislature is in session). (a) Applies to each year unless otherwise indicated. (b) General election year (quadrennial election year). (c) In first year after quadrennial election. (d) Legal provision for organizational session prior to stated convening date. Alabama—in the year after quadrennial election, second Tuesday in January for 10 C. California—in the even-numbered general election year, first Monday in December for an organizational session, recess until the first Monday in January of the odd-numbered year. Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands—in year after general election, second Monday in January. (e) In second and third years of quadrennium. (f) By 2/3 vote each house. (g) Convening date is statutory. Length of session is 121 calendar days, 90 by statute. (h) No constitutional or statutory provision; however, by legislative rule regular sessions shall be adjourned sine die no later than Saturday of the week during which the 100th day from the beginning of each regular session falls. The Speaker/President may by declaration authorize the extension of the session for a period not to exceed seven additional days. Thereafter the session can be extended only by a majority vote of the House/Senate. (i) Session may be extended by vote of members in both houses. Arkansas—2/3 vote to extend up to 75 days; 3/4 vote to go beyond 75 days. Even year fiscal session may be extended one-time only by a 3/4 vote, with the extention no more than 15 C days. Florida—3/5 vote, session may be extended by vote of members in each house. Hawaii—petition of 2/3 membership for maximum 15-day extension. Kansas—2/3 vote. Virginia—2/3 vote for 30 C extension. West Virginia—may be extended by the governor. (j) After governor’s business has been disposed of, members may remain in session up to 15C days by a 2/3 vote of both houses. (k) Regular sessions begin after general election, in December of even-numbered year. In California, in the even-numbered general election year, first Monday in December for an organizational session, recess until the first Monday in January of the odd-numbered year.

3 0 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(l) Only if legislature convenes itself. In New York, special sessions may also be called by the governor. Legislature may determine subject only if it has convened itself. In New Mexico, the constitution does not limit the subjects that may be considered in a special session that is called by the legislature. However, only those subjects specified by the governor may be considered in a specail session called by the governor. Special and extraordinary essions are limited to 30 days, but an extraordinary session may be extended if an impeachment trial is pending. (m) Odd-numbered years—not later than Wednesday after first Monday in June; even-numbered years not later than Wednesday after first Monday in May. (n) Adoption of a joint resolution by a majority of each house. (o) A regular session of the legislature shall convene on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of each odd-numbered year, and on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March, or such other date as may be fixed by law, of each even-numbered year. (p) If three-fifths of the General Assembly certifies to governor that an emergency exists, governor must convene a special session for all purposes. (q) Constitution encourages adjournment by May 31. (r) Legislators may reconvene at any time after organizational meeting; however, second Monday in January is the final date by which regular session must be in process. (s) During the odd-year session, members convene for four days, then break until February. Any legislation introduced but not enacted in the first part of the session carries over to the second part in February. No bills carry over after sine die of any session. (t) Regular session begins after general election in even-numbered years. Session which begins in December of general election year runs into the following year (odd-numbered); second session begins in next even-numbered year. The second session is limited to budgetary matters; legislation in the governor’s call; emergency legislation; legislation referred to committee for study. (u) Statutory adjournment for the First Regular Session (beginning in December of even-numbered years and continuing into the following odd-numbered year) is the third Wednesday of June; statutory adjournment for the Second Regular Session (beginning in January of the subsequent even-numbered year) is the third Wednesday in April. The statutes provide for up to two extensions of up to five legislative days each for each session. (v) Legislative rules say formal business must be concluded by Nov. 15th of the 1st session in the biennium, or by July 31st of the 2nd session for the biennium. (w) Joint rules provide for the submission of a written statement requesting special session by a specified number of members of each chamber. (x) Special session is called by the governor. (y) 90 C sessions every year, except the first year of a gubernatorial administration during which the legislative session runs for 125 C. (z) 30 C if called by legislature; 60 C if called by governor. On both the session called by governor or legislature, it must state specifically what is to be addressed.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions (continued) (aa) Legislature may determine the subject if it calls itself into special session. Special sessions are limited to 20 calendar days except in cases of impeachment of state and judicial officers or expulsion of a member of the Legislature. (bb) Limitation is on legislative pay and mileage. (cc) Or by joint call, presiding officers, both houses. (dd) Session officially begins on the first Wednesday following the first Monday of the new legislative term ( commencing the first of the year), and lasts until the legislature completes its business and adjourns sine die. However, over the past several years, both houses have adopted the tactic of declaring a recess at the call of the leaders, in order to facilitate easy recall of the legislature to override vetoes, etc. Over time the custom has become to formally adjourn both houses just before the new session opens. This leads to the rather interesting convention that when the governor calls the legislature into session, it is considered “special” or “executive,”even though the regular session is ongoing. (ee) Legal provision for session in odd-numbered year; however, legislature may divide, and in practice has divided, to meet in even-numbered years as well. (ff) The Oregon Constitution establishes a maximum of 160 calendar days for an odd-year regular session and a maximum of 35 calendar days for an even-year regular session. Each regular session may be extended in five-day increments by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of each house. (gg) Unless Monday is a legal holiday; in second year, the General Assembly convenes on the same date. (hh) Sessions are two years and begin on the 1st Tuesday of January of the odd-numbered year. Session ends on November 30 of the even-numbered year. Each calendar year receives its own legislative number. (ii) The regular session ends the first Thursday in June; it can be extended with a two-thirds majority vote. (jj) Legislators must address topic for which the special session was called. (kk) Each General Assembly convenes for a First and Second Regular Session over a two-year period. (ll) 90 legislative days over a two-year period. During special sessions members will be paid up to 30 legislative days; further days will be without pay or per diem. (mm) No limitation, but the convening of the new General Assembly following an election would by operation end the special session. (nn) The Legislature may call itself into Extraordinary Session on any subject by a majority vote of the organizing committees of each house, by joint resolution, or by a petition of a majority of each house. Only the governor may call a special session. (oo) Each Council period begins on January 2 of each odd-numbered year and ends on January 1 of the following odd-numbered year. (pp) Legislature meets on the first Monday of each month following its initial session in January. One legislative day or one special session day may become several calendar days. Special sessions may address only one subject. (qq) 60 L before April 1 and 30 L after July 31. (rr) Legislature meets twice a year. During general election years, the legislature only convenes on the January session.

(ss) The legislature convenes in January on the second Monday, March, June and September, the third Wednesday. (tt) The Constitution provides that the governor must call a special session upon “application” of 2/3 of the members of each house. (uu) Governor may call both houses of the legislature or the Senate alone into special session. Also, upon a 2/3 affirmative vote, the Senate may call itself into special session to consider judicial nominations. (vv) If the first Monday falls on New Years Day, the Legislature convenes on the first Wednesday. (ww) Majoirty of the total Legislature; i.e., 76 members of the combined 100-member House and 50-member Senate. (xx) Petition filed with Secretary o State signed by not less than 50 members of House (not more than 10 from the same county) and not less than eight members of the Senate. (yy) Wed. after 1st Monday for the biennial (odd numbered year) session. The adjourned session (even numbered year) is established legislatively in a resolution adopted at the conclusion of the biennial session. It is tradionally a date during the first two weeks of January. (zz) Session may be extented by 3/5 vote Per s. 11.011, Florida Statutes, if 20 percent of the members of the Legislature certify in writing that conditions warrant convening a special session, the Department of State shall, within seven days after receiving the required number of certificates, poll the members. Upon affirmative vote of 3/5 of the members of both houses, the Department of State shall fix the day and hour for convening the special session. (aaa) Twenty legislative days if Legislature calls themseleves. Unlimited if governor calls special session. (bbb) No formal limitation, but legislator per diems are limited by statute to 110 calander days during odd-year sessions and 100 calendar days during even-year sessions. (ccc) Legislative management may call special session as long as the length of the special session is within 80 day limit. If special session is called by the Legislative Management, the 80 legislative day limit applies. (ddd) Effective January 1, 2019, the Utah Constitution was amended to authorize the Legislature to convene into a limited session if twothirds of the Utah Senate and House members agree that convening is necessary because of a fiscal crisis, war, natural disaster, or emergency in the affairs of the state. A session called under this new constitutional provision is limited to 10 calendar days. This type of session is in addition to the regular annual general session and any special sessions called by the governor. This new type of session allows the Legislature to determine the subject, while a special session called by the governor does not. (eee) Governor may call. However, the General Assembly may adopt an adjournment resoultion that does not provide for a sine die adjournment and that grants the joint leadership the right to call back on an agreed upon or to be determined date.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .3 The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations: 2020 Senate State or other jurisdiction Democrats Republicans Other Vacancies State and territory 899 1,089 10 7 totals State totals 859 1,058 1 5 Alabama 8 27 … … Alaska 7 13 … … Arizona 13 17 … … Arkansas 9 26 … … California 29 10 … 1 Colorado 19 16 … .. Connecticut 22 14 … … Delaware 12 9 … … Florida 17 23 … … Georgia 20 35 … 1 Hawaii 24 1 … … Idaho 7 28 … … Illinois 40 19 … … Indiana 10 40 … … Iowa 18 32 … … Kansas 11 29 … … Kentucky 9 29 … … Louisiana 12 27 … … Maine 21 14 … … Maryland 32 15 … … Massachusetts 34 4 … 2 Michigan 16 22 … … Minnesota 32 (d) 35 … … Mississippi 16 36 … … Missouri 10 24 … … 30 … … Montana 20 Nebraska --------- Nonpartisan election --------… Nevada 13 8 … … New Hampshire 14 10 … … New Jersey 25 15 … … New Mexico 26 16 … … New York 40 23 … … North Carolina 21 29 … … North Dakota 10 37 … … Ohio 9 24 … … Oklahoma 9 38 … 1 Oregon 18 12 … … Pennsylvania 21 28 1 … Rhode Island 33 5 … … South Carolina 19 27 … … South Dakota 5 30 … … Tennessee 5 28 … … Texas 12 19 … … Utah 6 23 … … Vermont 24 (r) 6 … … Virginia 21 19 … … Washington 29 20 … … West Virginia 14 20 … … Wisconsin 14 19 … … Wyoming 3 27 … … Dist. of Columbia (i) 10 0 2 (b) 1 American Samoa ------------------Nonpartisan election------------------Guam 10 5 … … CNMI** … 6 3 (b) … Puerto Rico 7 (m) 20 (n) 2 (l) 1 U.S. Virgin Islands 13 … 2 (b) … See footnotes at end of table

3 2 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Total

Term

2,072*

…

1,972* 35 20 30 35 40 35 36 21 40 56 25 35 59 50 50 40 38 39 35 47 40 38 67 52 34 50 49 21 24 40 42 63 50 47 33 48 30 50 38 46 35 33 31 29 30 40 49 34 33 (h) 30 13 18 (j) 15 9 30 (o) 15

… 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 (g) 4 2 4 2 (a) 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 (p) 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 (f) 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2

House/Assembly Democrats Republicans Other Vacancies 2,597

2,822

Total

Term

Senate and House/ Assembly totals

5,503

…

7,575*

2,582 2,775 32 22 5,411 … 28 77 … … 105 4 14 22 3 (k) 1 40 (k) 2 29 31 … … 60 2 23 75 … 2 100 2 61 18 1 (b) … 80 2 41 24 … … 65 2 91 60 … … 151 2 26 15 … … 41 2 47 73 … … 120 2 75 105 … … 180 2 46 5 … … 51 2 14 56 … … 70 2 74 44 … … 118 2 33 67 … … 100 2 47 53 … … 100 2 41 84 … … 125 2 38 60 … 2 100 2 35 68 2 (b) … 105 4 87 56 6 (c) 2 151 2 98 42 … 1 141 4 125 31 1 (q) 3 160 2 52 58 … … 110 2 (p) 75 (d) 59 … … 134 2 45 75 2 (b) … 122 4 48 114 … 1 163 2 43 57 … … 100 2 ----------------------------------------- Unicameral -----------------------------------------28 13 … 1 42 2 233 162 1 (s) 4 400 2 52 28 … … 80 2 46 24 … … 70 2 103 43 1 (e) 3 150 2 55 65 … … 120 2 15 79 … … 94 4 38 61 … … 99 2 23 77 … 1 101 2 38 22 … … 60 2 93 110 … … 203 2 65 8 1 (b) 1 75 2 44 80 … … 124 2 11 59 … … 70 2 26 73 … … 99 2 67 83 … … 150 2 16 59 … … 75 2 95 43 12 (r) … 150 2 55 45 … … 100 2 57 41 … … 98 2 41 58 1 (b) … 100 2 36 63 … … 99 (h) 2 9 50 1 (b) … 60 2 ---------------------------------------------Unicameral------------------------------------------------------------Nonpartisan election------------------21 (j) 2 ---------------------------------------------Unicameral------------------------------------------… 13 7 (b) … 20 2 15 (m) 34 (n) 2 (l) … 51 (o) 4 ---------------------------------------------Unicameral-------------------------------------------

7,383* 140 60 90 135 120 100 187 62 160 236 76 105 177 150 150 165 138 144 186 188 200 148 201 174 197 150 49 63 424 120 112 213 170 141 132 149 90 253 113 170 105 132 181 104 180 140 147 134 132 90 13 38 15 29 78 15

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .3 The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations: 2020 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, February 2020. * Note: Senate and combined body (Senate and House/Assembly) totals include Unicameral legislatures. ** Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: … - Does not apply (a) The entire Senate comes up for election in every year ending in “2” with districts based on the latest decennial Census. Senate districts are divided into three groups. One group elects senators for terms of four years, four years and two years; the second group for terms of four years, two years and four years; the third group for terms of two years, four years, and four years. (b) Independent. (c) Five Independent and Common Sense Independent. (d) Democratic-Farmer-Labor. (e) Independence Party. (f) All 40 Senate terms are on a ten year cycle which is made up of a 2 year-term, followed by 2 consecutive four year terms, beginning after the decennial census. (g) Some terms of 2 years occur during reapportionment. (h) All House seats contested in even-numbered years; In the Senate 17 seats contested in gubernatorial years; 16 seats contested in presidential years.

(i) Council of the District of Columbia. (j) Senate: senators are not elected by popular vote, but by county council chiefs. House: 21 seats; 20 are elected by popular vote and one appointed, non-voting delegate from Swains Island. (k) One Non-affiliated, one Independent, one Undeclared. (l) Senate: 1 Independent and I Puerto Rican Independence Party. House: I Puerto Rican Independence Party and 1 Independent. (m) Popular Democratic Party. (n) New Progressive Party. (o) Constitutionally, the Senate consists of 27 seats and the House consists of 51 seats. However, extra at-large seats can be granted to the opposition to limit any party’s control to 2/3. (p) If a person is elected or appointed to fill a vacancy for more than one-half of a term, it shall be counted as one of the 2 times. (q) Unenrolled. (r) Senate: Of the 24 Democrats, three are listed as Democrat/Progressive and two as Progressive/Democrat. House: 5 Independent and 7 Progressive. (s) Libertarian.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 3

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

Table 3.3 | Legislative Partisan Control

Democrat (22, D.C. included) Republican (30) Split (1) Nonpartisan (2) New Progressive Party (1)

NEBRASKA IS THE ONLY STATE to have both a nonpartisan and unicameral legislature. It is also the smallest at 49 members.

Legislatures with highest percentage of Democrats HI 92.1%

RI 86.7%

MA 79.5%

CA 75.0%

MD 69.1%

ID 80.0%

UT 78.8%

Legislatures with highest percentage of Republicans WY 85.5%

SD 84.7%

3 4â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

ND 82.2%

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .4 Membership Turnover in the Legislatures: 2019 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Total number of members 35 20 30 35 40 35 36 21 40 56 25 35 59 50 50 40 38 39 35 47 40 38 67 52 34 50 49 21 24 40 42 63 50 47 33 48 30 50 38 46 35 33 31 29 30 40 49 34 33 30 13 18 15 9 30 15

Senate Number of membership changes 0 1 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 1 1 20 0 2 0 0 1 14 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 4 0 2 4 0 1 4 2 0 0 0 5 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Percentage change of total 0 5 0 0 5 3 6 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 2 3 3 51 0 4 0 0 1 27 0 0 0 5 0 3 5 2 4 2 12 0 7 8 0 2 11 6 0 0 0 13 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

House/Assembly Total number Number of Percentage change of members membership changes of total 105 0 0 40 0 0 60 1 2 100 0 0 80 1 1 65 3 5 151 7 5 41 0 0 120 3 3 180 4 2 51 0 0 70 3 4 118 5 4 100 2 2 100 1 1 125 2 2 100 2 2 105 51 49 151 4 3 141 7 5 160 0 0 110 0 0 134 3 2 122 28 23 163 5 3 100 1 1 ------------------------------------------------ Unicameral ----------------------------------------------42 1 2 400 0 0 80 7 9 70 2 3 150 0 0 120 4 3 94 2 3 99 8 8 101 0 0 60 3 5 203 3 1 75 1 1 124 3 2 70 2 3 99 1 1 150 6 4 75 2 3 150 3 2 100 19 19 98 2 2 100 3 3 99 1 1 60 0 0 ------------------------------------------------ Unicameral ----------------------------------------------20 0 0 ------------------------------------------------ Unicameral ----------------------------------------------18 0 0 51 0 0 ------------------------------------------------ Unicameral -----------------------------------------------

Source: The Council of State Governments, February 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .5 Legislators: Qualifications for Election State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Minimum age 21 21 25 21 18 25 21 24 21 21 18 21 21 21 21 18 24 18 21 21 18 21 21 21 24 18 U 21 18 21 21 18 21 18 18 21 21 21 18 21 21 21 21 25 ... 21 18 18 18 21 U 25 U 21 25 U

U.S. citizen (years) (a) ... ★ ★ ★ 3 ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 5 ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... U ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 1 ★ ★ U ★(l) U ... ★ U

See footnotes at end of table

3 6 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

House/Assembly State resident (years) (b) 3 (c) 3 3 2 3 1 ★ 3 2 2 (c) 3 1 2 2 1 ★(c) 2 (c) 2 1 1 (c) ... ★ 1 4 (c) ★ 1 U 1 (c) 2 (c) 2 (c) ★ 5 ... 1 30 days ★(c) ★ 4 (c) 30 days ... 2 (c) 2 3 2 ★ ... 1 (c) 1 ★(c) U 5 U 3 2 U

District resident (years) 1 1 1 1 1 1 ★ 1 ... ... ★ 1 2 (d) 1 60 days ★ 1 1 3 mo. 6 mo. (e) 1 (f) 6 mo. 2 1 6 mo. (g) U 30 days (h) ★ 2 ★ 1 (i) 1 30 days in precinct 1 (o) ★ 1 1 ... ★ (j) ... 1 1 6 mo. 1 1 ... ... ★(k) 1 U 1 U (f) 1 (n) U

Qualified voter (years) ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... 1 ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ 2 ... U ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★(p) ... ★ ★ ... ★(k) ... U ... U ★ ... U

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .5 Legislators: Qualifications for Election (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Minimum age 25 25 25 25 18 25 21 27 21 25 18 21 21 25 25 18 30 18 25 25 18 21 21 25 30 18 21 21 30 30 25 18 25 18 18 25 21 25 18 21 21 30 26 25 ... 21 18 25 18 25 18 30 (m) 25 25 30 21

U.S. citizen (years) (a) ... ★ ★ ★ 3 ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ 2 ★ ★ ★ ★ 5 ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 5 ★ ★ ... ★(l) ★ ... ★ ...

Senate State resident (years) (b) 3 (c) 3 3 2 3 1 ★ 3 (c) 2 2 (c) 3 1 2 2 1 ★(c) 6 (c) 2 1 1 (c) 5 ★ 1 4 (c) ★ 1 ★(c) 1 (c) 7 (c) 2 (c) ★ 5 2 1 30 days ★(c) ★ 4 (c) 30 days ... 2 3 5 3 2 ★ ... 5 (c) 1 ★(c) 1 5 5 5 2 3 (c)

District resident (years) 1 1 1 1 1 1 ★ 1 ... ... ★ 1 2 (d) 1 60 days ★ 1 1 3 mo. 6 mo. (e) (j) (f) 6 mo. 2 1 6 mo. (g) 1 30 days (h) ★ (j) ★ 1 (i) 1 30 days in precinct 1 (o) ★ 1 1 ... ★ (j) ... 1 1 6 mo. 1 1 ... ... ★(k) 1 ★ 1 ... (f) 1 (n) 3

Qualified voter (years) ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ 3 ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★(p) ... ★ ★ ... ★(k) ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 7

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .5 Legislators: Qualifications for Election (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey, December 2019 and state websites 2020 *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Many state constitutions have additional provisions disqualifying persons from holding office if they are convicted of a felony, bribery, perjury or other infamous crimes. Key: U — Unicameral legislature; members are called senators, except in District of Columbia. ★ — Formal provision; number of years not specified. . . . — No formal provision. (a) In some states candidate must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (b) In some states candidate must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (c) State citizenship requirement. In Tennessee- must be a citizen for three years. (d) In the first election after a redistricting, a candidate may be elected from any district that contains a part of the district in which (s)he resided at the time of redistricting, and may be re-elected if a resident of the district (s)he represents for 18 months before re-election.

3 8 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(e) If the district was established for less than six months, residency is length of establishment of district. (f) Must be a qualified voter of the district; number of years not specified. (g) Shall be a resident of the county if it contains one or more districts or if the district contains all or parts of more than one county. (h) 30 days prior to close of filing for declaration of candidacy. (i) After redistricting, candidate must have been a resident of the county in which the district is contained for one year immediately preceding election. (j) At the time of filing. (k) Ten consecutive days before any election. (l) Or U.S. national. (m) Must be registered matai. (n) The district legislator must live in the municipality he/she represents. (o) One year unless absent from the district on the public business of the United States or Ohio. (p) In the district.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .6 Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection State or other jurisdiction Alabama (b) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (ll) Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky (i) Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (q) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (d) Montana Nebraska (U)(g) Nevada (s) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (u) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (w)(x) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (y) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah (z) Vermont Virginia Washington (cc) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia (U) American Samoa Guam (U)(gg) CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (U)

President (a) ES ES (a) (a) ES (a) (a) EC/ES (a) ES (a) ES (a) ES ES ES ES ES ES EC (a) ES (a) (a) ES (a) (a) ES ES (a) (a) (a) (a) ES (x) (a) ES ES ES (a) (a) ES (a) ES (a) (a) (a) ES ES (dd) ES (ee) ES ES (r) ES (hh) ES (p) ES

President pro tem ES … AP ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES (e) ES AP ES ES ES (e) ES ES ES ES … ES ES ES ES ES ES (r) ES AP ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES AP ES AL ES ES ES AP ES ES (e) (ff) ES ES (e) … EC …

Majority leader (b) EC EC EC EC EC EC EC AP EC EC EC AP … EC EC … … EC AP (n) AP EC EC … … EC … … AP MA EC (t) (v) EC EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … EC EC EC (bb) EC AP EC … … … EC (hh) EC ES

Assistant majority leader … … … … … EC AT (nn) … AL … … EC AP … EC EC … … EC AP (n) AP EC EC … … … … … … MA … AT (v) … EC … EC EC EC AL … EC … … … EC … EC … EC … … … EC … … …

Majority floor leader … … … … … … … … … … EC … … AT … … EC … … AP (n) … EC … … EC EC (j) … EC … MA EC (t) AT (v) … … ES EC … EC … … … EC … … EC (aa) EC (bb) EC … … EC … … EC ES (ii) EC (jj) …

Assistant majority floor leader … … … … … … … … … … … … … AT … … … … … (n) … EC … … EC … … EC … MA … … … … … EC … EC … … … EC … … EC (aa) … EC … … … … … EC … … …

Majority whip … EC EC EC EC EC … EC … EC EC … AP AT EC EC EC … … AP … EC AL … EC EC … EC (s) … MA EC AT EC … ES EC EC EC AL … EC … … EC EC (aa) … EC AP … … … … EC … … …

Majority caucus chair … EC … … EC EC … … … EC EC (f) EC AP EC … EC EC … … AP (p) EC … … EC … … … … MA EC AT (v) EC EC … EC … EC … … … EC EC (k) … EC (aa) EC EC … EC … … … … … (kk) ES

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .6 Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama (b) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (ll) Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky (i) Louisiana Maine (ll) Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (q) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (d) Montana Nebraska (U)(g) Nevada (s) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (u) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (w)(x) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (y) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington (cc) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia (U) American Samoa Guam (U)(gg) CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (U)

Minority leader (b) EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … … EC EC (o) EC EC EC … … EC … … EC MI EC (t) EC (v) EC EC ES (x) EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC … … … EC EC EC (p) ES

Assistant minority leader … … EC … … EC AL (m) … EC … … EC AL … EC EC … … EC … … EC EC … … … … … … MI … AL (v) … EC ES EC EC EC AL … EC … … … EC … EC … EC … … … EC … … …

See footnotes at end of table

4 0 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Minority floor leader … … … … … … … … … … EC … … EC … … EC … … (o) … EC … … EC EC (l) … EC … MI EC (t) AL (v) … … … EC … EC … … … EC … … EC (aa) EC EC … … EC … … EC … EC (jj) …

Assistant minority floor leader … … … … … … … … … … … … … (h) … … … … … … … EC … … EC … … EC … MI … AL (v) … … … EC … EC … … … … … … EC (aa) … EC … … … … … EC … … …

Minority whip … EC EC EC EC EC AL (c) EC AL EC … … AL (h) EC EC EC … … EC … EC EC … EC EC … EC AL MI EC AL (v) EC … ES EC EC EC AL … EC … … EC EC (aa) … EC AL … EC … … EC … … …

Minority caucus chair … EC … … EC EC … … AL EC … EC AL EC … EC … … … … (p) EC … … EC … … (mm) … MI EC AL (v) EC EC … EC … EC … … … EC EC (k) … EC (aa) EC EC … EC EC … … … … (p) ES

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .6 Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and state websites 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: In some states, the leadership positions in the Senate are not empowered by the law or by the rules of the chamber, but rather by the party members themselves. Key: ES—Elected or confirmed by all members of the Senate. EC—Elected by party caucus. AP—Appointed by president. AT—Appointed by president pro tempore. AL—Appointed by party leader. MA—Elected by majority party. MI—Elected by minority party. (U)—Unicameral legislative body. …—Position does not exist or is not selected on a regular basis. (a) Lieutenant governor is president of the Senate by virtue of the office. Idaho—(Idaho Const. art.IV, § 13, Senate Rule 1.) (b) Majority leader elected by the members of the majority party. Minority leader elected by members of the minority party. Additional leadership positions: deputy president pro tempore— appointed by Committee on Assignments and Dean of Senate— appointed by Committee on Assignments. (c) Senate Republican caucus has three minority whips. (d) Additional positions of minority caucus secretary (EC) and majority caucus secretary (EC) (e) Official title is vice president. In Guam, vice speaker. (f) Official title is majority caucus leader. (g) Additional positions appointed by the majority leader: Senate Finance Committee chair, vice president pro tem, Majority Program Development Committee Chair, Majority Steering Committee chair, two assistant majority leaders, various deputies and assistants. Additional positions appoint by the minority leader: Senate Finance Committee ranking member, Minority Policy Committee chair, Minority Program Development chair, three additional minority leaders, various deputies and assistants. (h) Appointed by minority leader. (i) In each chamber, the membership elects chief clerk; assistant clerk; enrolling clerk; sergeant-at-arms; doorkeeper; janitor; cloakroom keeper; and pages. (j) Same position as majority leader. (k) Caucus chairs have no official role under Senate rules. (l) Same position as minority leader. (m) Senate Republican caucus has one minority leader pro tempore, one chief deputy minority leader, five deputy minority leaders, three assistant minority leaders, three minority whips. (n) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; deputy majority leader is official title and serves as assistant majority floor leader. There is also an assistant deputy majority leader, a majority whip, deputy majority whip, and two assistant majority whips. (o) Minority leader also serves as the minority floor leader. (p) President and minority floor leader are also caucus chairs. In Puerto Rico, president and minority leader. In Oregon, majority leader and minority leader.

(q) Senate Rule 1.104 provides that the president pro tempore (ES), assistant president pro tempore (ES), and the associate president pro tempore (ES) are elected by a majority of the Senate. (r) Official title is speaker. In Guam the Speaker is elected on the Floor by majority and minority members on Inauguration Day. (s) Co-whips elected for 2017 session. (t) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader. Minority leader also serves as minority floor leader. (u) Majority, appointed by president pro tem: Assistant majority leader on conference operations, Deputy majority whip, Assistant Senate majority whip, Deputy majority leader for policy, et al. Minority, appointed by minority leader: Assistant democratic conference leader for conference operations, Vice chair of democratic conference, Deputy democratic conference whip, Assistant democratic conference whip, et al. (v) President pro tem is also majority leader. Assistant majority leader is called deputy majority leader for legislative operations. Majority floor leader is called assistant majority leader for house operations. Majority caucus chair called Senate majority caucus chair. Minority leader is called democratic conference leader, and independent democratic conference leader (i.e. two minority conferences); voting usually falls along conference lines. Assistant minority leader is called deputy democratic conference leader and deputy independent democratic conference leader. Minority floor leader is called assistant democratic leader for floor operations. Assistant minority floor leader is called deputy democratic conference floor leader. Minority whip is called democratic conference whip, and independent democratic conference whip. Minority caucus chair is called chair of democratic conference. (w) While the entire membership actually votes on the election of leaders, selections generally have been made by the members of each party prior to the date of this formal election. (x) In Ohio president acts as majority leader and caucus chair; minority leader also acts as minority caucus chair; the fourth ranking minority leadership position is assistant minority whip (ES). (y) Additional positions include deputy president pro tempore. (z) Majority assistant whip, minority assistant whip and minority caucus manager elected by party caucus. (aa) Majority leader serves as majority floor leader, majority caucus chair and majority whip. Assistant majority leader serves as assistant majority floor leader. Minority leader serves as minority floor leader and minority caucus chair. Assistant minority leader serves as assistant minority floor leader and minority whip. (bb) Majority party and Minority party in Senate elects caucus officers. (cc) Washington Senate also has the leadership position of vicepresident pro tem. (dd) Caucus nominee elected by whole membership. (ee) Chair of the Council, which is an elected position. (ff) Appointed by the chair; official title is chair pro tem. (gg) Additional positions include: Parliamentarian, elected by majority caucus and Senior Senator, elected by majority caucus. (hh) Speaker also serves as majority leader. (ii) Official title is floor leader. (jj) Official title is alternate floor leader. (kk) Official title is caucus chair. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 1

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .6 Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) (ll) All positions other than president, president pro tempore and majority leader are party caucus designations. (mm) Co-Minority Caucus Coordinators elected by party caucus. (nn) Senate Democratic caucus has one chief deputy president pro tempore, 13 deputy president pro tempore and one chief deputy majority leader and five deputy majority leaders.

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STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .7 House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas (f) Kentucky (g) Louisiana Maine Maryland (cc) Massachusetts Michigan (n) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (ff) Montana Nebraska Nevada (gg) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (p) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (r) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah (s) Vermont Virginia (u) Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Speaker Majority Assistant Majority Assistant majority Majority Majority Speaker pro tem leader majority leader floor leader floor leader whip caucus chair EH EH EC … … … … … EH … EC … … … EC EC EH AS EC … … … EC … EH AS EC … … … EC … EH AS … … AS AS AS EC EH AS EC EC … … EC EC EH AS (b) EC (b) … … AS (b) AS (b) EH (hh) EC … … … EC … EH EH AS AS (ee) … … AS (ee) … EH EH EC … … … EC EC EH EH (d) EC EC EC EC EC … EH … EC EC … … … EC EH … AS AS (e) … … … AS (e) EH AL EC AL AL AL AL AL EH EH EC EC … … EC … EH EH EC EC … … EC EC EH EH … … EC … EC EC EH EH … … … … … … EH AS (h) EC EC … … … … EH EH (i) AS (j) AS (j) (j) AS AS (k) EC … AS AS … … … … EH EH … … EC EC EC EC EH AS EC EC … … EC … EH EH … … … … … … EH EH … … EC EC EC EC EH EH … … … … EC … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EH EH … … EC EC EC … EH AS (d) AS AS (dd) AS AS (dd) … … EH EH MA MA MA MA MA MA EH … EC … EC (m) … EC EC EH AS AS AS (p) … AS AS (q) EH EH EC … … … EC EC EH … EC EC … … … EC EH (k) EH … … EH EH EH … EH EH … (bb) AS AS AS EC EH EH EC EC … … EC … EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EH EH EC AL … … AL … EH EH EC … … … … … EH EH EC EC … … EC … EH EH EC EC EC … EC EC … … … EC (ii) EH AS … … EH AS EC … … … EC … EH … EC EC (t) (t) (t) (t) EH … EC (v) … EC (v) … EC EC EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EH AS AS AS … … AS AS EH (x) EH (x) EC EC … … … EC EH EH … … EC … EC … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EH EH (d) … … … … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EH (y) … (y) … EH (z) … … … EH (k) EH (d) EC … EC (aa) … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 3

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .7 House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas (f) Kentucky (g) Louisiana Maine (bb) Maryland (cc) Massachusetts Michigan (n) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (ff) Montana Nebraska Nevada (gg) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (p) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (r) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia (u) Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Minority Assistant Minority Assistant minority Minority Minority leader minority leader floor leader floor leader whip caucus chair EC … … … … … EC … … … EC EC EC EC … EC EC … EC … … … EC … EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC … … EC EC EC AL (b) … … AL (b) AL (b) EC … … … EC … EC EC (ee) AL … AL (ee) AL (ee) EC … … … EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … EC EC … … … EC EC (e) … AL … AL (e) EC AL EC AL AL AL EC EC … … … … EC EC … … EC EC … … EC … EC EC … … … … … … EC EC … … … … EC (l) EC EC (l) EC (l) EH (k) EC AL … … … … EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … … EC … … … … … … … … … EC EC EC EC EC … … … EC … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … EC EC EC … AS AL (dd) AL (dd) … … MI MI MI MI MI MI EC … EC (m) … EC EC EH AL … … AL AL (q) EC … … … EC EC EC EC … … … EC EH (k) EH … … EH … EC … AL … … EC EC EC … … EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC EC AL … … AL … EC … … … … … EC EC … … EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC … … … … … EC (ii) EC … … … EC EC EC (t) (t) (t) (t) EC (w) … EC (w) … AL EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … … … … … EC EC … … … EC … … EC … EC EC --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … … … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EC … … … … … EC (k) … EC … … (k) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table

4 4 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .7 House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and state websites 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: In some states, the leadership positions in the House are not empowered by the law or by the rules of the chamber, but rather by the party members themselves. Key: EH—Elected or confirmed by all members of the House. EC—Elected by party caucus. AS—Appointed by speaker. AL—Appointed by party leader. MA—Elected by majority party. MI—Elected by minority party. …—Position does not exist or is not selected on a regular basis. (a) Additional positions include deputy majority caucus chair (EC) and deputy majority whip (EC). (b) Speaker pro tem—1 Deputy Speaker Pro Tempore, 8 Deputy Speakers and 4 Assistant Deputy Speakers. Assistant majority leader—Majority leader appoints 8 Deputy Majority Leaders; Speaker appoints 17 Assistant Minority Leaders (in consultation with Majority Leader). Majority Whip—1 Chief Majority Whip, 2 Majority Whip At-Large, 2 Deputy Majority Whips At-Large and 5 Assistant Majority Whips (in consultation with Majority Leader). Majority caucus chair—selected in consultation with Majority Leader. Assistant Minority Leader—1 Deputy Minority Leader, 4 Deputy Minority Leaders At-Large and 10 Assistant Minority Leaders. Minority Whip—1 Chief Minority Whip, 3 Senior Minority Whips and 6 Minority Whips. Minority Caucus Chair—1 Minority Caucus Chair and 2 Minority Policy Chairs. (c) Other positions in Hawaii include speaker emeritus, majority policy leader (EC) and minority leader emeritus. (d) In Hawaii, American Samoa and Puerto Rico, title is vice speaker. In New Hampshire, there is also a position of deputy speaker. (e) The two deputy majority leaders appointed by the speaker are among eight assistant majority leaders; and the two deputy Republican (minority) leaders appointed by the Republican (minority) leader are among the eight assistant leaders. Majority and minority caucus chairs are selected by conference chairs. (f) Additional positions include minority agenda chair (EC) and minority policy chair (EC). (g) In each chamber, the membership elects chief clerk; assistant chief clerk; enrolling clerk; sergeant-at-arms; doorkeeper; janitor; cloakroom keeper; and pages. (h) Speaker pro tem each occurrence. (i) There is also a deputy speaker pro tem. (j) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader. Official title of assistant majority leader is deputy majority leader. There are also an assistant majority floor leader, majority whip, chief deputy majority whips, and deputy majority whips. (k) Speaker and minority leader are also caucus chairs. (l) Minority leader also serves as the minority floor leader. There are also a minority whip, assistant minority leader, a chief deputy minority whip, an assistant minority whip, and several deputy minority whips.

(m) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; minority leader also serves as minority floor leader. (n) Other positions include: two associate speakers pro tempore (EH); majority caucus chair (EC); assistant majority whip (EC); assistant associate minority floor leader (EC); minority assistant caucus chair (EC); assistant minority whip (EC). (o) Unicameral legislature; see entries in Table 3.6, “Senate Leadership Positions—Methods of Selection.” (p) Majority floor leader duties assumed by majority leader. Additional majority positions appointed by the speaker: deputy speaker, assistant speaker, deputy majority leader, deputy majority whip, assistant majority whip Steering Committee chair, various deputies and assistants. Minority leader voting along conference lines, the member with the second highest number of votes; minority floor leader duties are assumed by minority leader pro tem. Additional minority positions appointed by the minority leader: deputy minority leader, assistant minority leader, deputy minority whip, assistant minority whip, various deputies and assistants. (q) Official titles: the majority caucus chair is majority conference chair; minority caucus chair is minority conference chair. (r) While the entire membership actually votes on the election of leaders, selections generally have been made by the members of each party prior to the date of this formal election. Additional positions include assistant majority whip, the 6th ranking majority leadership position (EH) and assistant minority whip, the 4th ranking minority leadership position (EH). (s) Majority assistant whip, minority assistant whip and minority caucus manager elected by party caucus. (t) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; assistant majority leader also serves as assistant majority floor leader and majority whip; minority leader also serves as minority floor leader; assistant minority leader also serves as assistant minority floor leader and minority whip. (u) The majority caucus also has a secretary, who is appointed by the speaker; the minority caucus has 2 vice-chairs, 1 vice-chair/treasurer and an interim sergeant-at-arms. (v) The title of majority leader is not used in Virginia; the title is majority floor leader. (w) The title of minority leader is not used in Virginia; the title is minority floor leader. (x) Caucus nominee elected by whole membership. (y) Speaker also serves as majority leader. (z) Official title is floor leader. (aa) Official title is alternate floor leader. (bb) The Speaker appoints 3 deputy floor leaders and 2 deputy majority leaders. (cc) There is a parliamentarian for the majority appointed by the Speaker and a minority parliamentarian elected by the minority party caucus. (dd) Assistant majority leader official title is deputy majority leader. Assistant majority floor leader is deputy majority floor leader. Assistant minority leader official title is deputy Republican leader. Assistant minority floor leader is deputy Republican floor leader.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 5

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .7 House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) (ee) The position of assistant majority leader is known as deputy majority leader. In addition to a majority whip, deputy whips are also appointed by the speaker. The position of assistant minority leader is known as minority leader pro tem. In addition to a minority whip, deputy whips are appointed by the party leader. There is no minority caucus chairâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;instead there is a policy chair. (ff) Additional positions of minority and majority caucus secretaries (EC).

4 6â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(gg) Co-assistant leaders, called deputy minority floor leaders, elected for 2019 session and two minority whips elected for the 2019 session; a chief deputy majority whip and 2 assistant majority whips elected for 2019 session. (hh) The most Senior member of the Majority Party. (ii) Caucus chairs have no official role under House rules.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .8 Method of Setting Legislative Compensation State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Method Constitutional Amendment 57 Compensation Commission; Alaska Stat. §24.10.100 , §24.10.101; §39.23.200 thru 39.23.260 Compensation Commission Send to a Public Vote Arizona Revised Statutes 41-1103 and 41-1904 Amendment 70, Ark. Stat. Ann. §10-2-212 et seq. State Constitution - Art. III, §8, which establishes a compensation commission. Colorado Stat. 2-2-307 (1) Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §2-9a ; The General Assembly takes independent action pursuant to recommendations of a compensation commission. Del. Code Ann. Title 29, §710 et seq.; §§3301-3304; Are implemented automatically if not rejected by resolution. Florida Statutes §11.13(1); statute provides members same percentage increase as state employees Ga. Code Ann. §45-7-4 and §28-1-8 Hawaii State Constitution Article XVI §3.5; Legislative Salary Commission recommendations take effect unless rejected by concurrent resolution Idaho Code 67-406a and 406b; Citizen’s Committee on Legislative Compensation makes recommendations that the legislature can reduce or reject, but not increase 25 ILCS 120-Compensation Review Act and 25 ILCS 115-General Assembly Compensation Act IC 2-3-1-1: An amount equal to 18% of the annual salary of a judge under IC 33-38-5-6, as adjusted under IC 33-38-5-8.1. Iowa Code Ann. §2.10; Iowa Code Ann. §2A.1 thru 2A.5 Kan. Stat. Ann. §46-137a et seq.; §75-3212 Kentucky Rev. Stat. Ann. §6.226-229. The Kentucky committee has not met since 1995; the most recent pay raise was initiated and passed by the General Assembly. La. Rev. Stat. 24:31 & 31.1 Maine Constitution Article IV, part third, §7 and 3 MRSA, §2 and 2-A. Increase in compensation is presented to the legislature as legislation; the legislature must enact and the governor must sign into law. Takes effect only for subsequent legislatures. Article III, §15. Commission meets before each four-year term of office and presents recommendations to the General Assembly for action. Recommendations may be reduced or rejected. Massachusetts Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 3, §§9, 10. In 1998, the voters passed a legislative referendum that, starting with the 2001 session, members will receive an automatic increase or decrease according to the median household income for the commonwealth for the following two-year period. Article IV §12. Compensation Commission recommends legislature by majority vote; must approve or reduce for change to be effective for the session immediately following the next general election. Minn. Stat. Ann §3.099 et seq.; §15A.082; The Council submits salary recommendations to the presiding officers by May 1 in odd numbered years. Miss. Code Ann. 5-1-41 Art. III, §§16, 34; Mo. Ann. Stat. §21.140; Recommendations are adjusted by legislature or governor if necessary. Mont. Laws 5-2-301; Tied to executive broadband pay plan. Neb. Const. Art. III, §7; Neb. Rev. Stat. 50-123.01 §218.210–§218.225 Art. XV, part second Article IV Sec. IV 7, 8; NJSA 52:10A-1; NJSA 52:14-15.111–114 Art. IV. §10 ; 2-1-8 NMSA Constitution - Art. 3, §6 ; Consolidated Laws of NY - Legislative Law, Section 5. N.C.G.S. 120-3 NDCC 54-03-10 and 54-03-20 Art. II, §31; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. title 1 ch. 101.27 thru 101.272 Okla. Stat. Ann. title 74, §291 et seq.; Art V, §21; Title 74, §291.2 et seq.; Legislative Compensation Board Or. Rev. Stat. §171.072 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. 46 PS §5; 65 PS §366.1 et seq.; Legislators receive annual cost of living increase that is tied to the Consumer Price Index. Art. VI, §3 S.C. Code Ann. 2-3-20 and the annual General Appropriations Act Art. III, §6 and Art. XXI, §2; S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §20402 et seq. Art. II, §23; Tenn. Code Ann. §3-1-106 et seq. Art. III, §24; In 1991, a constitutional amendment was approved by voters to allow Ethics Commission to recommend the salaries of members. Any recommendations must be approved by voters to be effective. The provision has yet to be used. Art. VI, §9; Utah Code Ann. §36-2-2, et seq. Vt. Stat. Ann. title 32, §1051 and §1052 Art. IV, §5; Va. Code Ann. §30-19.11 thru §30-19.14 Article II §§23 and 43.03.060, Washington Rev. Code Ann. §43.03.028. The salary commission sets salaries of the legislature and other state officials based on market study and input from citizens. Art. 6, §33; W. Va. Code §4-2A-1 et seq.; Submits by resolution and must be concurred by at least four members of the commission. The Legislature must enact the resolution into law and may reduce, but shall not increase, any item established in such resolution. Wisconsin Statutes §§20.923 and 230.12, created by Chapter 90, Laws of 1973, and amended by 1983 Wisconsin Acts 27 and 33. Generally, compensation is determined as part of the state compensation plan for non-represented employees and is approved by vote of the joint committee on employment relations. Wyo. Stat. §28-5-101 thru §28-5-105

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures 2016.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .9 Legislative Compensation and Living Expense Allowances During Sessions, 2020 Salaries Regular sessions State

Per diem salary

Limit on days

Annual salary

Mileage cents per mile

Session per diem rate For overnight stays: $85/d. For two or more days with overnight stays: $100/d.

Alabama

…

$49,861

57.5/mile.

Alaska

…

$50,400

57.5/mile.

$287/d.

Arizona

…

$24,000

57.5/mile.

For legislators residing within Maricopa County: $35/d for the first 120 days of regular and special sessions and $10/d for all following days. For legislators residing outside of Maricopa County: $60/d for the first 120 days of regular and special sessions and $20/d for all following days. Set by statute.

Arkansas

…

$42,428

57.5/mile.

For legislators residing within 50 miles of the capitol: $55/d. For legislators residing more than 50 miles from the capitol: $151/d.

California

…

$114,877

53/mile.

$206/d.

52/mile.

For legislators residing within 50 miles of the capitol: $45/d. For legislators living more than 50 miles from the capitol: $219/d. Set by the legislature (V). No per diem is paid.

Colorado

…

$40,242 for legislators whose terms commence in or after Jan. 2019; $30,000 for those whose terms began before Jan. 2019.

Connecticut

…

$28,000

57.5/mile.

Delaware

…

$47,291

40/mile.

No per diem is paid.

Florida

…

$29,697

44.5/mile.

$152/d for up to 50 days for senators and up to 60 days for representatives (V).

Georgia

…

$17,342

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$173/d (U). Set by the Legislative Services Committee.

Hawaii

…

$62,604

57.5/mile.

For legislators who do not reside on Oahu: $225/d. For legislators living on Oahu during the mandatory five-day recess only: $10/d.

Idaho

…

$18,415

57.5/mile.

For legislators residing within 50 miles of the capitol: $71/d. For legislators residing more than 50 miles from the capitol: $139/d.

Illinois

…

$69,464

57.5/mile.

$151/d.

Indiana

…

$27,204

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$184/d (U). $169/d (U).

Iowa

…

$25,000

39/mile.

$88.66/d (C)

…

57.5/mile. One round trip per week.

$151/d.

Kentucky

$188/d

…

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$166/d.

Louisiana

…

"$22,800 for senators; $16,800 for representatives."

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$161/d (U). Tied to federal rate.

Maine

…

$14,862 for the first regular session. $10,582 for the second regular session

44/mile.

$38/d lodging (or mileage and tolls up to $38/d in lieu of housing). $32/d meals. Set by statute.

Maryland

…

$50,330

57.5/mile. Legislators receive $750/y as taxable income for in-district travel, but they may decline the allowance.

$109/d for lodging. $56/d for meals.

No mileage reimbursement. Legislators residing within 50 miles No per diem is paid. Legislators residing within 50 miles of the of the statehouse receive an office statehouse receive an office expense stipend of $16,248 that expense stipend of $16,248 that can can be used for travel expenses. Legislators residing more than be used for travel expenses. Legislators 50 miles from the statehouse receive $21,664. residing more than 50 miles from the statehouse receive $21,664.

Kansas

Massachusetts

…

$66,256

Michigan

…

$71,685

57.5/mile.

No per diem is paid. Legislators receive an expense allowance of $10,800/y for session and interim (V). Set by the compensation commison.

Minnesota

…

$46,500

57.5/mile. One round trip per week. Tied to federal rate.

$86/d for senators; $66/d for representatives.

Mississippi

…

$23,500

57.5/mile.

$151/d (U). Tied to federal rate.

Missouri

…

$35,915

43/mile.

$121/d (U). Tied to federal rate.

Montana

$92.46 (L)

…

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$120.11/d

See footnotes at end of table

4 8 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .9 Legislative Compensation and Living Expense Allowances During Sessions, 2020 (continued) Salaries Regular sessions State Nebraska

Nevada

Per diem salary …

Limit on days …

$164.69/d (C). Senators who are Up to 60 not up for reelection days. until 2022 receive $159.89/d (C).

Annual salary

Mileage cents per mile

Session per diem rate

$12,000

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

For legislators residing within 50 miles of the capitol: $55/d. For legislators residing more than 50 miles from the capitol: $151/d.

…

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$151/d.

$100

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate. Legislators can instead choose the state mileage reimbursement option, which is 38/mile for the first 45 miles, and 19/mile thereafter. With this alternative method, the reimbursement is taxed as income, and legislators do no need to drive their personal vehicle.

No per diem is paid.

New Hampshire

…

New Jersey

…

$49,000

No mileage reimbursement.

No per diem is paid.

New Mexico

…

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$192/d (V). Tied to federal rate.

New York

…

$110,000

57.5//mile. Tied to federal rate.

For non-overnight travel: $61/d. For overnight stays: $176/d.

North Carolina

…

$13,951

29/mile. One roundtrip per week.

$104/d (U). Set by statute.

…

$505/m until July 1, 2020. $515/m after July 1, 2020.

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$181/d until July 1, 2020. $186/d after July 1, 2020.

North Dakota Ohio

…

$65,528

52/mile for legislators living outside Franklin County.

No per diem is paid.

Oklahoma

…

$35,021

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$166/d (U). Tied to federal rate.

Oregon

…

$31,200

57.5/mile

$151/d.

Pennsylvania

…

$90,335

57.5/mile.

$178/d.

Rhode Island

…

$15,959

57.5/mile.

No per diem is paid.

South Carolina

…

$10,400

58/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$140/d.

$11,892

One trip is paid at 5/mile, and the remaining are paid at 42/mile. One round trip per week.

$151/d (L) (U).

South Dakota

Tennessee

…

$24,316

47/mile.

For legislators residing within 50 miles of the capitol: $61/d. For legislators residing more than 50 miles from the capitol: $284/d (U). Tied to federal rate.

Texas

…

$7,200

50/mile. $1.21/mile for single, twin and turbo engine airplanes. Set by general appropriations bill.

$221/d (U). Set by ethics commission.

Utah

$393/d (C)

…

57/mile.

No per diem is paid. Legislators residing more than 100 miles from the capitol can receive expense reimbursement for meals and lodging.

…

$742.92/w during session.

57.5/mile. Tied to federal rate.

$132/d lodging. $66/d for meals.

Vermont Virginia

…

$18,000 for senators; $17,640 for delegates.

57.5/mile.

$210/d.

Washington

…

$48,731

57.5/mile.

$120/d.

West Virginia

…

$20,000

48.5/mile.

$131/d (U). Set by compensation commission.

Wisconsin

…

$52,999

51/mile. One roundtrip per week.

"$115/d for senators. $162 (with overnight) for $81/d (no overnight) for representatives. Per diem can be claimed up to 90 days per year. "

Wyoming

$150/d

…

57.5/mile.

$109/d (V). Set by legislature.

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2020. Key: C — Calendar day L — Legislative day

(U) — Unvouchered (V) — Vouchered … — Not applicable

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 9

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 0 Legislative Compensation: Other Payments and Benefits Insurance benefits Disability Vision insurance

Legislator’s compensation for office supplies, district offices and staffing

Health

Dental

None

S.A.

None

$20,000/y Senators. $12,000/y Representatives for postage, stationery and other legislative expenses. Staffing allowance determined by rules and presiding officers, depending on time of year.

S.A.

Arizona

None

S.A., S.P.P.

S.A., O.P.

S.P.P.

Arkansas

Up to $3,600/y additional reimbursement for committee chairs, vice chairs and standing subcommittee chairs.

S.A.

California

Senate member expenses are paid directly and maintained by the Senate Rules Committee. Assembly member expenses are paid directly and maintained by the Assembly Rules Committee.

S.A., S.P.P.

(a)

Colorado

None

S.A., S.P.P.— Amount differs according to plan selected

(b)

None

S.A. State pays full amount for $50,000 policy. Additional is optional at legislator's expense.

$5,500 senators. $4,500 representatives.

S.P.P.

Some health insurance plans include discounts on eyewear.

S.A., O.P.

State Alabama

Alaska

Connecticut Delaware

Life insurance benefits

Senators are Senators are eligible for up covered by a longto $250,000 term coverage: term disability members pay 10% of the insurance age-based premium plus the policy; Assembly taxable value on coverage above members do not $50,000. $250,000 term policy have disability for the Assembly: members pay insurance the taxable value on coverage coverage. above $50,000.

None

S.A.

$44,452/y Senate district office expenses. $39,534/y House district office expenses.

S.A.

S.A., O.P.

S.P.

S.A. State pays for $25,000 coverage.

Georgia

None

S.A.

Hawaii

Members receive $13,804/y for legislative related expenses, including office supplies, postage, official travel etc.

S.A. (e)

S.A. (c)

None

S.A., S.P.

Idaho

$2,500/y for unvouchered constituent expense.

S.A., S.P.P.

Illinois

$69,409/y for office expenses, including district offices and staffing.

S.A.

Florida

Indiana

None

S.A.

Iowa

$300/m district constituency postage, travel, telephone and other expenses.

S.A.

S.A

Kansas

$7,083/y. Staffing allowances vary for leadership.

S.A.

Kentucky

$1,789/y district expenses during interim.

S.A.

None

S.A.

Louisiana

$2,000/m supplemental allowance for vouchered office expenses, rent and travel mileage in district. Newly elected members receive $2,000 for office furniture allowance and $500 upon each re-election Staff allowance based on promotional grade, beginning at $27,300/y.

S.A., S.P.P.

S.A.—legislator pays 100%.

O.P.—legislator pays 100%

None. However, supplies for staff offices are provided and paid for out of general legislative account.

S.A.—State pays up to 100% of legislator coverage and 50% of dependent coverage.

S.A., S.P.

O.P.

None

O.P.

Maine

See footnotes at end of table

5 0 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 0 Legislative Compensation: Other Payments and Benefits (continued)

State Maryland

Massachusetts

Legislator’s compensation for office supplies, district offices and staffing

Insurance benefits Disability Vision insurance

Health

Dental

Senate—$45,165/y plus one institutionally compensated legislative aide. House—$54,732/y.

S.A.

$16,248/y office stipend for legislators who live 50 miles or less from the statehouse; $21,664/y for members who live more than 50 miles from the statehouse.

S.A.

No response

Michigan

Senate—No response House—$104,000/y office allowance per maj. member. $101,000/y office allowance per min. member.

Minnesota

$2,112/y postage allotment. No allowance for district offices.

No response

S.A.

None

Life insurance benefits

S.A.

None

S.A.

O.P.

S.A., S.P.P.—State pays 50% and legislator pays 50%.

Missouri

$94,464/y for staff salaries. $24,100/y for mailings, travel, supplies and other office expenses.

S.A.

Montana

$1,500/y for constituent services.

S.A.

None

S.A.

Nebraska

None

O.P.

S.A., O.P.

S.A., O.P. S.A., O.P.

Mississippi

Nevada

None

S.A., O.P.

None

New Hampshire

None

S.A., O.P.

None

Permanent disability available if enrolled in pension plan.

Members enrolled in the pension plan—up to three times annual salary. Members enrolled in defined contribution plan—one and a half times annual salary. Members not covered by either plan—no death benefit.

New Jersey

$135,000/y district office personnel. State provides stationery for each legislator and 10,000 postage stamps.

New Mexico

S.A. (d)

None

S.A., O.P.

None

S.A., O.P.

No response

North Carolina

$2,275 per biennium for office expenses. No staffing allowance.

S.A.

S.A., O.P.

S.A.

North Dakota

None

S.A., S.P.

None

S.A. State pays for $7,000 term life policy.

New York

Ohio

None

S.A.

Oklahoma

$2,000/y for office supplies and expense.

S.A.

Oregon

$65,939 per biennium for interim expenses. $56,008 session staffing. $4,880 for session services and supplies.

S.A., S.P.P.

S.A.—premium S.A.—premium paid by legislator. paid by legislator. S.A.

S.A.

S.A. S.A., S.P.P.

S.A., S.P.P.

S.A. S.A.

S.A., O.P.

Pennsylvania

$20,000 per fiscal year for office expenses. Staffing is determined by leadership.

(e)

None

S.A.

Rhode Island

None

S.A.

None

South Carolina

$1,000/m each member district expenses.

S.A.

S.A. None S.A. State pays first $35,000 of the basic life insurance; remainder paid by legislator.

South Dakota

Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont

None

S.P.—accidental death/ dismemberment ins. only.

$1,000/m expenses in district.

S.A.

None

No response

None

S.A., S.P.P.

S.A.

S.A., S.P.

S.A., S.P.—State pays full premium for $25,000 basic term life coverage.

No response

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 5 1

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 0 Legislative Compensation: Other Payments and Benefits (continued)

State Virginia

Washington West Virginia

Legislator’s compensation for office supplies, district offices and staffing

Health

Dental

Insurance benefits Disability Vision insurance

Life insurance benefits

Leaders: $78,668/y staffing allowance. $1,750/m office expense allowance. Legislators: $57,783/y staffing allowance. $1,250/m office expense allowance.

S.A., S.P.P.

S.A.

S.A., O.P.

None

S.A., S.P.—The state pays for basic group life insurance. Optional Life Insurance (up to 4x salary) available at legislator's expense.

$9,000/y for legislative expenses, for which the legislator has not been otherwise entitled to reimbursement. No staffing allowance.

S.A.

Included in health coverage.

S.A., S.P.P.

None

O.P.

None

S.A., O.P.

Wisconsin

Senate: $223,650 per biennium staffing allowance. $55,955 per biennium office expenses. Assembly: $20,000 per biennium session office expenses.

S.A.

Wyoming

$750/quarter through constituent service allowance.

None

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: (U)—Unvouchered. (V)—Vouchered. d—day. m—month. w—week. y—year. O.P.—Optional at legislator’s expense. S.A.—Same as state employees. S.P.—State pays full amount. S.P.P.—State pays portion and legislator pays portion.

5 2 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(a) California: State pays for basic plan; enhanced coverage is available at an additional cost to member. (b) Colorado: Vision is part of health coverage without extra cost. (c) Hawaii: Several plans are available with differing employee contribution rates and copayments. (d) New Jersey: Members appointed or elected after 5/21/10 must pay full cost of coverage. (e) Pennsylvania: Legislators pay 1% of salary toward medical/hospital, dental, vision and prescription benefits.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 1 Additional Compensation for Senate Leaders State

Presiding officer

Majority leader

Minority leader

Lt. gov. holds this position.

None

Alaska

$500/y

None

Arizona

(a)

None

Arkansas

Lt. gov. holds this position.

None

$5,600/y pres. pro tem.

California

Lt. gov. holds this position.

None

Colorado

(b)

Connecticut

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$8,835/y

Leaders: $10,689/y pres. pro tem. $6,446/y each for dep. maj. ldrs, dep. min. ldrs. $4,241/y each for asst. maj. ldrs., asst. min. ldrs., maj. whips, min. whips. Committee chairs: $4,241/y.

Delaware

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$12,376/y

Leaders: $19,983/y pres. pro tem. $7,794/y each for maj. whips, min. whips. Committee chairs: $11,459/y each for joint fin. Chair and vice chair. $4,578/y each for capital improvement chair and vice chair.

Alabama

Florida

$11,484/year

None

Georgia

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$200/m

Other leaders and committee chairs

(b)

None Leaders: $400/m pres. pro tem. $100 floor leaders. Committee chairs: None.

Hawaii

$7,500/y

None

Idaho

$5,000/y

$2,000

None

Illinois

$27,477/y

$20,649/y

$27,477/y

Indiana

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$5,500/y for maj. flr. leader

$6,000/y min. flr. leader

Iowa

$12,500/y

Leaders: $2,000/y pres. pro tem. Committee chairs: None.

Kansas

$14,039/y

$12,665/y

Leaders: $7,165/y each for vice pres., asst. maj. ldrs, asst. min. ldrs. Committee chairs: $11,290/y w&m chair.

Kentucky

$47.35/d

$37.40/d

Leaders: $28.66/d each for maj. caucus chairs, min. caucus chairs, maj. caucus whips, min. caucus whips. Committee chairs: $18.71/d.

Louisiana

$15,200/y

None

50% of base salary/y

25% of base salary/y

12.5% of base salary/y

$15,041/y

None

Maine Maryland

Leaders: $20,649/y each for asst. maj. ldrs., asst. min. ldrs., maj. caucus chairs, min. caucus chairs. Committee chairs: $10,327/y. Leaders: $7,000/y pres. pro tem. $5,500/y maj. caucus chair. $4,000/y for majority whip. $2,000/y for minority whip. Committee Chairs: $1,000/y for each chair.

Leaders: $7,700/y pres. pro tem. Committee chairs: $15,200/y joint budget chair. None None

$86,656/y

$64,992/y

Leaders: $54,160/y for pres. pro tem, $37,912/y for asst. maj. ldrs and asst. min. ldrs. Committee leaders: $70,408/y w&m chair. $32,496/y division chairs. $16,248/y for all other chairs. $5,633/y vice chairs.

Michigan

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$23,400/y

$19,800/y

Leaders: $10,800/y for maj. flr. ldr., $9,000/y for min. flr. ldr. Committee chairs: $6,300/y for app. cmte. chairs.

Minnesota

$3,600/y

$18,000/y

Leaders: $3,600/y deputy ldrs. Committee chairs: $3,600/y fin. chair and tax chair.

Massachusetts

Mississippi

$5,000/m

None

Missouri

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$1,500

Montana

$5/d during session

None

$1,250/m pres. pro tem Leaders: $2,500 for pres. pro tem. None

Nebraska

Lt. gov. holds this position.

None

Nevada

Lt. gov. holds this position.

None

New Hampshire

$50/2-y term

None

New Jersey

$16,333

None

New Mexico

Lt. gov. holds this position.

None

No Response

North Carolina

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$3,097/y

North Dakota

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$15/d during legislative sessions.

New York

No Response Leaders: $24,200/year pres. pro tem. $7,788/year deputy pres. pro tem. Leaders: $10/d during session asst. ldrs. Committee chairs: $10/d all standing cmtes.

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 5 3

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 1 Additional Compensation for Senate Leaders (continued) State

Ohio

Oklahoma

Presiding officer

Majority leader

Minority leader

$35,207/y

None

$26,605/y

Other leaders and committee chairs Leaders: $26,605/y pres. pro tem. $21,403/y asst. pres. pro tem. $16,209 maj. whip. $18,808/y asst. min ldr. $11,013/y min whip. $2,909/y asst. min. whip. Committee chairs: $13,500/y fin. chair. $9,000/y each for fin. ranking min. member, fin. cmte standing subcmte chair, all other standing cmte chairs. $7,500/y fin. vice chair. $6,750/y each for ranking min. member fin. standing subcmte, vice chairs, ranking min. members, standing subcmte chairs. $3,250/y standing subcmte ranking min. members.

No Response

$2,600/month

None

Pennsylvania

Lt. gov. holds this position.

$39,745/year

Rhode Island

$15,959/y

None

South Carolina

Lt. gov. holds this position

None

Leaders: $11,000/y pres. pro tem. Committee Chairs: $600/y

South Dakota

Lt. gov. holds this position.

None

Texas

No Response

Utah

$5,000/y

$4,000/y

Vermont

Lt. gov. holds this position.

None

Leaders: $482.50 bi-weekly pres. pro tem.

Virginia

None

Lt. gov. holds this position

$9,259/y

$4,629/y

None

Oregon

Tennessee

Washington West Virginia

$150/d during session.

No Response None Leaders: $49,716/y pres. pro tem. $30,186/y maj. whips, min. whips. $12,430/y each for maj. caucus secretaries, min. caucus secretaries, maj. policy chairs, min. policy chairs, maj. caucus admin., min. caucus admin. Committee chairs: $30,186/y each for maj. app. chair, min. app. chair. $18,832/y each for maj. caucus chair, min. caucus chair.

No Response Leaders: $3,000/y each for maj. whips, min. whips, asst. maj. whips, asst. min. whips. Committee leaders: $3,000/y app. chair.

Leaders: $150/d (up to 30 days) for a maximum of six add’l persons named by $50/d during session $50/d during session presiding officer. Committee chairs: $150.00/d (up to 30 days) fin. & judiciary chairs.

Wisconsin

None

Wyoming

$3/day

None

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: d—day m—month w—week y—year

5 4 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

app.— Appropriations w&m—Ways and means Lt. gov.—lieutenant governor who is not a member of the Senate. (a) Arizona. Generally approved for additional interim per diem. (b) Colorado. All leaders receive $99/d salary during interim when in attendance at committee or leadership matters.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 2 Additional Compensation for House/Assembly Leaders State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts

Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota

Presiding officer $18,000/y $500/y (a) $5,883/y

Majority leader None None (a) None

Minority leader None None (a) None

Other leaders and committee chairs None None (a) None Leaders: $8.284/y second ranking min. ldr. $16,567/y $8,284/y $16,567/y Committee chairs: None. (b) (b) (b) (b) Leaders: $6,446/y each for dep. spkr., dep. maj. ldrs., min. ldrs., asst. maj. ldrs., asst. $10,689/y $8,835/y $8,835/y min. ldrs. $4,241/y each for maj. whips, min. whips. Committee chairs: $4,241/y Leaders: $7,794/y each for maj. whips, min. whips. $19,893/y $12,376/y $12,376/y Committee chairs: $11,459/y each for joint fin. Chair and vice chair. $4,578/y each for capital improvement chair and vice chair. $11,484/y None None None Leaders: $400/m for spkr. pro tem. $100/m for gov.’s floor ldr. $100/m for asst. floor ldr. $6,811/m $200/m $200/m Committee chairs: None. $7,500/y None None None $5,000/y $2,000 $2,000 None Leaders: $19,791/y each for dep. maj. ldrs., dep. min. ldrs. $18,067/y each for asst. $27,477/y $23,230/y $27,277/y maj. ldrs., asst. min. ldrs and maj. conference chair. Committee chairs: $10,327/y each for chairs. No Response No Response No Response No Response Leaders: $2,000/y spkr. pro tem. $12,500/y $12,500/y $12,500/y Committee chairs: None. Leaders: $7,165/y each for spkr. pro tem, asst. maj. ldrs., asst. min. ldrs. $14,039/y $12,665/y $12,665/y Committee chairs: $11,290/y app. chair. Leaders: $28.66/d each for maj. caucus chairs & whips, min. caucus chairs & whips. $47.35/d $37.40/d $37.40/d Committee chairs: $18.71/d. $15,200/y None None Leaders: $13,700/y spkr. pro tem. 50% of base salary 25% of base salary 12.5% of base salary None $15,041/y None None None Leaders: $54,160/y for spkr. pro tem, $37,912/y for asst. maj. ldrs and asst. min. ldrs. $86,656/y $64,992/y $64,992/y Committee leaders: $70,408/y w&m chair. $32,496/y division chairs. $16,248/y for all other chairs. $5,633/y vice chairs. Leaders: $10,800/y for maj. floor ldr., $9,000/y for min. flr. ldr., $24,300/y None $19,800/y $4,962/y for spkr. pro tem. Committee chairs: $6,300/y for app. cmte. chairs. $18,000/y $18,000/y $18,000/y None No Response No Response No Response No Response $2,500/y $1,500/y $1,500/y None $5/d during session None None None --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N/A—Unicameral legislature-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------$2/d during session None None None. $50/2-y term. None None None $16,333 None None None None None None None No Response No Response No Response No Response $24,200/y $3,097/y $3,097/y Leaders: $7,788/y spkr. pro tem. Leaders: $10/d for asst. ldrs. during session. $15/d during session $15/d during session $15/d during session Committee chairs: $10/d for all standing cmtes. Leaders: $26,605/y spkr. pro tem. $16,209/y asst. maj. floor ldr. $11,013/y maj. whip. $5,815/y asst. maj. whip. $18,808/y asst. min. floor ldr. $11,013 min. whip. $2,909/y asst. min. whip. Committee chairs: $13,500/y fin. chair. $9,000/y each for fin. ranking min. member, $35,207/y $21,403/y maj. flr. ldr. $26,605/y fin. cmte standing subcmte chair, all other standing cmte chairs. $7,500/y fin. vice chair. $6,750/y each for ranking min. member fin. standing subcmte, vice chairs, ranking min. members, standing subcmte chairs. $3,250/y standing subcmte ranking min. members. $16,354/y $11,276/y $11,276/y Committee chairs: $11,276/y each for app. chair, budget chair. $2,600/m None None None No Response No Response No Response No Response $15,959/y None None None Leaders: $3,600/y spkr. pro tem. $11,000/y None None Committee Chairs: $650/y None None None None

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 5 5

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 2 Additional Compensation for House/Assembly Leaders (continued) State Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Presiding officer $48,632/y No Response

Majority leader None No Response

Minority leader None No Response

$5,000/y

$4,000/y

$482.50 bi-weekly. $18,681/y $9,259/y; $8,000/y eff. 7/1/2019.

None None

None None $4,629/y; $4,000/y eff. 7/1/2019.

$150/d during session.

$50/d during session

$25/m $3/d

None None

None

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: d—day. m—month. w—week. y—year.

5 6 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Other leaders and committee chairs None No Response Leaders: $3,000/y each for whips, asst. whips, minority caucus leaders and executive app. chair. None None None Leaders: $150/d (up to 30 days) for a maximum of six add’l persons named by presiding officer. Committee chairs: $150.00/d (up to 30 days) fin. & judiciary chairs. None None

app.—Appropriations w&m—Ways and means (a) Arizona. Generally approved for additional interim per diem. (b) Colorado. All leaders receive $99/d salary during interim when in attendance at committee or leadership matters.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits State Alabama Alaska

Participation None available. Optional

Requirements for regular retirement

Employee contribution rate

Benefit formula

Four tiers. Varies depending upon tier. Detailed information set forth in Public Employees’ Retirement System (PERS) plan comparison chart.

Arizona

Mandatory

No requirements, same as other federal Employee: 8%; Employer: 6% qualified defined contribution plans.

2016 information: 4% x years of credited service x highest 3 yr. average in the past 10 years The benefit is capped at 80% of FAS. An elected official may purchase service credit in the plan for service earned in a non-elected position by buying it at an actuarially determined amount. AZ SB 1609 of 2011—For those elected to office after 1/1/2012: 3% x years of credited service x highest 5 yr. average in the past 10 years The benefit is capped at 75% of FAS.

Arkansas

Mandatory for those legislators first elected in 2003 or after. Optional for those elected before 2003.

Age 65 with 10 years of service; 55/12; Members pay 5%, state pays 15.32% any age with 28 years of service; any age if serving in the General Assembly on 7/1/79; any age if in elected office on 7/1/79 with 17½ years of service. As a regular employee, 65/5 or any age/28 years. Members of the contributory plan established in 2005 must have a minimum of 10 years legislative service if they have only legislative state employment.

(Years of service) x (Final Average Compensation—high 3 years) x (Multiplier—2.00 for contributory members; 1.75 for service rendered prior to 7/1/07 and 1.72 for service after 7/1/07 for non-contributory members) = Retirement Annual Benefit

California

Legislators elected after 1990 are not eligible for retirement benefits for legislative service.

Colorado

Mandatory

PERA: age 65 with 5 years of service; Employee: 8% (inc. to 10% by 7/1/21) age 55 with 35 years of service; when age + service equals 85 or more (min. age of 55). State Defined Contribution Plan (DCP): no age requirement and immediate vesting.

PERA: 2.5% x FAS x years of service, capped at 100% of FAS. DCP benefit depends upon contributions and investment return.

Connecticut

Mandatory

Age 60 with 25 years credited service; age 62 with 10–25 years credited service; age 62 with 5 years actual state service. If elected after 2011—age 63 with 25 years of vesting service or age 65 with 10–25 years of vesting service. Reduced benefit available with earlier retirement ages.

Employee 2%

(1.33% x average annual salary) + (5% x average salary over “breakpoint”) x credited service up to 35 years; 2003—$36,400; 2004—$38,600; 2005—$40,900; 2006—$43,400; 2007—$46,000; 2008—$48,800; 2009—$51,700. After 2009—increase breakpoint by 6% per year rounded to nearest $100.

Delaware

Mandatory. DE HB 81 of 2011—Mandatory for those elected after January 1, 2012.

Elected before 2012—Age 60 with 5 years of credited service; or 55 with 10 years of service. Elected after 2012—65 with 10 years of service; or 60 with 20 years of service. Vesting at 10 years.

Elected before 2012—3% of annual compensation in excess of $6,000. Elected after 2012—5% of annual compensation in excess of $6,000.

2% x FAS x years of service before 1997 + 1.85% times FAS times years of service from 1997 on. FAS = average of highest 3 years.

Florida

Optional.

DB Plan: Six to eight years to vest Legislator contribution is 3%; depending on the start date of service: employer contribution is 56.75% Retirement at age 62 with at least 6 service years or 30 years of service regardless of age; or, Retirement at age 65 with at least 8 service years or 33 years of service regardless of age. DC Plan: One year to vest, retirement at any age.

DB plan—3% x years of creditable service x average final compensation (average of highest 5 years). DC plan—dependent upon investment experience.

Georgia

Optional.

Vested after 8 years. Age 62 with 8 years Employee: 3.75% + $7/m. of service; age 60 with reduction for early retirement.

$36/month for each year of service.

Hawaii

Optional

Age 60 and 10 years service for normal 9.8% of monthly base salary. retirement.

3% x years of service x average final compensation.

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 5 7

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits (continued) State

Participation

Requirements for regular retirement

Employee contribution rate

Benefit formula

Idaho

Mandatory; same plan as public employees (PERSI) except legislators are automatically vested.

Age 65 with 5 years of service; reduced 7.16% paid by member, 11.94% paid benefit at age 55 with 5 years of service. by employer.

Average monthly salary for highest 42 consecutive months x 2% x months of credited service.

Illinois

Optional; not the same as the State Employees’ Retirement System. Only state senators, representatives and statewide elected officials have the option to participate.

Tier 1—age 55 with 8 years of service or age 62 with 4 years of service. Tier 2—age 67 with 8 years of service or age 62 with 8 years of service reduced ½ of 1% for each month.

First 4 yrs x 3.0% = 12%; next 2 yrs x 3.5% = 7.0%; next 2 yrs x 4.0% = 8.0%; next 4 yrs x 4.5% = 18.0%; next 8 yrs x 5.0% = 40.0%

Indiana

Mandatory

Age 65 with 10 years of service; 5% paid by legislator, age 60 with at least 15 years of service 7% paid by state contribution. or at least age 55 and years of service plus age equal at least 85. Reduced benefits available for those age 55 with at least 10 years of service.

DB plan—monthly benefit: Lesser of (a) $40 x years of General Assembly service completed before 11/8/89; or (b) 1/12 of the average of the three highest consecutive years of General Assembly service salary. DC plan—numerous options for withdrawing accumulations in accord with IRS regulations. Loans are available. A participant in both plans may receive a benefit from both plans.

Iowa

Optional. Same as state employees plan (IPERS).

Age 65; age 62 with 20 years of service; 6.29% paid by legislator, Rule of 88; age 55 with reduced 9.44% paid by state. benefits.

2% x FAS. x years of service for first 30 years, + 1% x FAS x years in excess of 30 but no more than 5 in excess of 30. FAS is average of 3 highest years taken at June 2012, or average of 5 highest years.

Kansas

Legislators may elect to join the state 2016 info—Age 65; age 62 with 5 years 6% of the annualized salary. retirement program unless they have of service, or when age plus years of already retired from state employment. service equals 85. Those individuals receive an 8% of income deposit by the state into a deferred compensation plan.

2016 information—3 highest years x 1.75% x years of service ÷ 12= monthly benefit.

Kentucky

Optional. Those who opt out are covered by the state employees’ plan. Legislators who were first elected prior to 1/1/2014 are eligible for the DB plan. Legislators first elected after 1/1/14 are eligible for the hybrid plan.

DB Plan: Final compensation x service credit rate x years of service. Final compensation is calculated as the average of the member’s three highest years of legislative creditable compensation. Hybrid Plan: Multiple options available. Primary option is to receive monthly allowance payable for life by having accumulated account balance annuitized.

Louisiana

Not available

Maine

11.5% of salary (includes contributions for retirement annuity and survivors annuity) or 9.5% of salary as contributions for just retirement annuity (no survivor annuity).

DB Plan: Vesting after 5 years of legislative service of 8 years of state governmental service. Age 65 for normal retirement benefits. Hybrid Plan: Age 65 with 5 years of active service credit or age 57 with 30 years of service.

DB Plan: Members electing to participate in the plan prior to 9/1/2008 contribute 5% of creditable compensation. Members electing to participate in the plan on or after 9/1/2008 contribute 6% of creditable compensation. Hybrid Plan: Members contribute 6% of creditable compensation, employer contributes 4%.

Mandatory

Age 60 if 10 years of service on 7/1/93; age 62 if less than 10 years of service on 7/1/93. Reduced benefit available for earlier retirement.

7.65% legislators; employer contribution 2% of average final compensation (the is actuarially determined. average of the 3 high salary years) x years of service.

Maryland

Mandatory

Age 60 with 8 years; age 50 with 8+ years creditable service for early reduced retirement.

7% of annual salary.

2016 info: 3% of legislative salary for each year of service up to 22 years 3 months. Benefits are recalculated when legislative salaries are changed.

Massachusetts

Mandatory unless they are already receiving a pension from the Massachusetts State Employee Retirement System.

Vesting after 10 years. Eligible to retire at age 55 or 60 after 10 years of service depending on their hire date, eligible to retire at any age after 20 years of service.

9%, although some legislators are grandfathered at lower rates.

Age factor x years of creditable service x FAS. FAS = average of highest 60 or 36 months depending on when service began.

Michigan

Optional. Same as state employee retirement plan.

Age 55 with 5 years or when age plus years of service equal 70. Employee contributions are immediately vested. Employer contributions are vested as follows: Zero after one year; 50% after two years; 75% after three years; 100% after four years.

For legislators elected before 3/31/97—7–10% for (DB) plan. Elected after 3/31/97—(DC) plan, the state contributes 4% of salary. Members may contribute up to 3% of salary. The state will match the member’s contribution in addition to the state 4% contribution.

Vesting for contributions to 401(k)— 2 years of service vested 50%; 3 years vested 75% and 4 years vested 100%.

See footnotes at end of table

5 8 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits (continued) Participation

Requirements for regular retirement

Minnesota

State

Mandatory. Legislators elected since 1997 participate in a mandatory retirement plan called the Unclassified Plan; it is a defined contribution 401 (a) plan. Legislators elected prior to 1997 participate in the Legislators Plan which was closed to new members at that time; it is a defined benefit pension plan. All members may choose to participate in the Minnesota deferred compensation plan 457 (b).

Legislators Retirement Plan (LRP) before 7/1/97—62 years with 6 years of service and fully vested. LRP members do not have Social Security coverage. Defined Contribution Plan (DCP) since 1997—age 55 and immediate vesting. DCP members have Social Security coverage.

Employee contribution rate

Mississippi

Mandatory

Age 60 with 4 or more years of service, Regular—15.75% state, 9.00% member. Legislators who qualify for regular Supplemental Legislative Retirement state retirement benefits also autoor 25 years of service. Plan—7.40% state, 3.00% member. matically qualify for the legislators’ supplemental benefits. Regular—2% x average compensation x years of service up to and including 25 years of service + 2.5% x average compensation x service in excess of 25 years. Average compensation is calculated using the highest 4 years of compensation. Supplement—1% x average compensation x years of legislative service through 25 years + 1.25% x average compensation x years of service in excess of 25.

Missouri

Mandatory. The retirement plan for For those hired on or before 12/31/2010 Legislators is calculated differently —vesting at 6 years of service. Age 55; from the plan for other state employees. service in three full biennial assemblies (6 years) or Rule of 80. For those entering system after 1/1/2011 —vesting at 6 years of service. Age 62; service in three full biennial assemblies (6 years) or the Rule of 90 with a minimum age of 55.

Montana

Optional. Same as state employees retirement plan.

Nebraska

None available

Nevada

Mandatory, but a legislator, within 30 days after he/she is first elected or appointed, may elect not to participate; a decision to terminate participation in the plan cannot be reversed. The legislators’ retirement system is separate from the state employee retirement plan.

New Hampshire

None available

New Jersey

New Mexico

LRP—9%. DCP—5.75% (inc. to 6% 7/1/19) from member, 6% (inc. to 6.25% 7/1/19) from state.

For those hired on or before 12/31/2010—non-contributory. For those entering system after 1/1/2011—contribution of 4% of salary.

Benefit formula LRP—2.5% x high 5 year average salary x years of service. DCP benefits depend upon contributions and investment return.

For those hired on or before 12/31/2010 —monthly pay divided by 24 x years of creditable service, capped at 100% of salary. Benefit is adjusted by the percentage increase in pay for an active legislator. For those entering system after 1/1/2011 —no change.

Members hired before 7/1/11— 7.9% employee and 8.67% employer Age 60 with at least 5 years service; for DB and DC plan. age 65 regardless of years of service; or 30 years of service regardless of age. After 7/1/11—vesting at 5 years. Age 65 with 5 years service, or age 70 and in active service.

2016 info: DB plan—Membership Service Factor (see below) x years of Service Credit x HAC. More than 5 years and less than 10 years of membership service—1.5% Less than 30 years of membership service—1.7857% 30 years or more of membership service—2%

Must have at least 10 years of service, 15% of session salary. be age 60, and no longer be a legislator in order to retire without benefit reduction. A legislator who is no longer serving, has at least 10 years of service, but is under the age of 60 can elect to wait to receive his/her benefit until the age of 60 or begin receiving a reduced benefit prior to the age of 60.

Number of years (not to exceed 30) x $25 = monthly allowance.

Mandatory

Age 60; no minimum service requirement.

3% x FAS x years of service. FAS = higher of three highest years or three final years. Benefit is capped at 2/3 of FAS. Other formulas apply if a legislator also has other service covered by the Public Employee Retirement System.

Optional

Age 65 with 5 years of service or at any $600 per year. age with 10 years of legislative service.

7.5%

11% of the per diem rate in effect on the first day of the calendar year that the legislator retires x 60 and further multiplied by credited service as a legislator.

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 5 9

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits (continued) Participation

Requirements for regular retirement

Employee contribution rate

Benefit formula

New York

State

Detailed information set forth in Your Retirement Plan: Legislative and Executive Plan, published by New York State Office of the State Comptroller.

North Carolina

Mandatory

Age 65 with 5 years of service; reduced 7%. benefit available at earlier ages.

Highest annual compensation x 4.02% x years of creditable service.

North Dakota

None available.

Ohio

Optional. OPERS offers three plans for retirement—the traditional plan (a defined benefit plan); the member directed plan (a defined contribution plan); and the combined plan.

Varies depending upon plan. Detailed information set forth in Legislative Benefits, Privileges, and Restrictions of Office.

Oklahoma

Mandatory. Same as state employees retirement plan.

Vesting at 8 years. 3.5% of total compensation. If member joined plan before 11/1/11: Age 62 with 6 years of service. If member joined plan after 11/1/11: Age 65 with 6 years of service. Early retirement with reduced benefits at age 55 or 60 with 10 years of service.

2% FAS x total years of service. FAS = average of 3 or 5, depending on when member joined plan, highest years of last 10.

Oregon

Optional

OPSRP for general service members is age 65, or age 58 with 30 years of retirement credit. Tier 2—60 years or 30 years of retirement credit. Tier 1—58 or 30 years of retirement credit.

OPRSP DC component—employees contribute 6% of salary. DB component—non-contributory. 457 plans—members may contribute amounts to limits set by IRS.

OPRSP individual account component, or DC component—at retirement, employees may receive the IAP as a lump-sum payment or in equal installments over a 5, 10, 15 or 20-year period. DB component—benefit calculation is 1.5 percent x final average salary x years of service.

Pennsylvania

Optional. Same as state employee retirement plan.

Vesting at 10 years. Retirement age is 55 with 3 years of credited service or according to the Rule of 92 with a minimum of 35 years of service.

7.5% or 8.25% depending on plan.

Annual accrual rate x final average salary x credited years of service. FAS = average of 3 final years of service.

Rhode Island

None available.

South Carolina

Optional (but not available to anyone first elected to the General Assembly after November 2012). Legislators elected after 2012 have the option of participating in the state employee retirement plan.

2016 information: Age 60 with 8 years of service. 30 years of service regardless of age. Act 278, Laws of 2012—SCRS: vesting at 8 years; retirement benefits at age 65 with 8 years of service or in accord with the Rule of 90. Reduced benefits are available at age 60 with 8 years of service. ORP: immediate vesting in employer contributions.

2016 information: 10% 11% as of January 1, 2013. Act 278, Laws of 2012—SCRS: 7% as of July 1, 2012, rising to 8% on July 1, 2014. ORP: 7% + 5% employer contribution, immediately vested.

2016 information: 4.82% x earnable compensation x years of service. “Earnable compensation” means 40 x the daily rate of remuneration, plus $12,000, of a member of the General Assembly, as from time to time in effect. Act 278, Laws of 2012—SCRS: 2.25% x years of service x final average compensation, which is the average of the member’s 5 highest years of earned compensation. ORP: upon retirement a member may annuitize the balance in the account or take a lump sum or partial distribution. Federal provisions apply.

South Dakota

None available.

Tennessee

Optional. Same as state employees retirement plan.

Hybrid plan—Vesting at 5 years, age 60 or any combination of age and service to equal 80. Legacy plan—Vesting at 4 years, age 55.

Hybrid plan—$57.28 x years of service. State contributes 4% toward defined Legacy plan—$89.72 x years of service. benefit, 5% into 401K Member contributes 5% toward defined benefit, 2% into 401K. Legacy Plan—19.66% for original members.

Texas

Optional

Age 60 with 8 years of service; or age 50 with 12 years of service.

9.5%

See footnotes at end of table

6 0 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Varies depending upon plan. Detailed information set forth in Legislative Benefits, Privileges, and Restrictions of Office.

2.3% x district judge’s salary x length of service, with the monthly benefit capped at the level of a district judge’s salary, and adjusted when such salaries are increased. Various annuity options are available. In September 2018, a district judge’s salary was set at $140,000 a year.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits (continued) State

Participation

Utah

Optional

Vermont

None available. Deferred compensation plan available.

Virginia

Requirements for regular retirement

Employee contribution rate

Benefit formula

Non-contributory. For the DC plan, employer will contribute 10% of compensation, which will vest after four years of service. Employees may, but are not required, to contribute.

$30.40/month (as of July 2018) x years of service; adjusted semi-annually according to consumer price index up to a maximum increase of 2%. An additional $3.50/month for each year of service is payable to elected and appointed legislators who were members of this plan before March 1, 2000.

Mandatory. Eligibility for various plans Plan 1—Age 50 with 30 years of service based on membership date. Same as (unreduced); age 55 with 5 years of service; age 50 with 10 years (reduced). state employees plan. Plan 2—When age and service = 90; or normal Social Security retirement age with 5 years of service (unreduced); age 60 with 5 years of service (reduced). Hybrid plan—When age and service = 90; or normal Social Security retirement age with 5 years of service (unreduced); age 60 with 5 years of service (reduced).

Plan 1—members who qualify do not make an employee contribution. Plan 2—5% of creditable compensation. Hybrid plan—mandatory and voluntary contributions to defined benefit and defined contribution components.

Plan 1—1.7% of average final compensation x years of service (average over highest 36 consecutive months). Plan 2—1.65% of average final compensation x years of service (average over highest 60 consecutive months). Hybrid plan—1.65% of average final compensation x years of service (average over highest 60 consecutive months).

Washington

Optional. If before an election the legislator belonged to a state public retirement plan, he or she may continue in that plan by making contributions. Otherwise, new legislators may join PERS Plan 2 or Plan 3.

Plan 2—age 65 with 5 years of service credit. Plan 3—age 65 with 10 years of service credit for the DB side of the plan; immediate benefits (subject to federal restrictions) on the DC side of the plan. The member may choose various options for investment of contributions to the DC plan.

Plan 2—employee contribution of 7.41% for 2019. Plan 3—no required member contribution for the DB component. The member may contribute from 5% to 15% of salary to the DC component.

Plan 2—2% x years of service credit x average final compensation. Plan 3—DB is 1% x service credit years x average final compensation. DC benefit depends upon the value of accumulations.

West Virginia

Optional

Age 55, if years of service + age equal 80.

Before 10/1/87—7%. After 10/1/87—5%.

2% x final average salary x years of service. Final average salary is based on 3 highest years out of last 10 years.

Wisconsin

Mandatory. Same as state employees retirement plan.

Age 62 for members who began employment before 1/1/17; Age 65 for members who began employment on or after 1/1/17. Age 55 with reduced benefits.

2019 contribution rate is 6.6% of monthly gross salary to their state pension The employer matches this for a total contribution of 13.2%.

Final average monthly earnings x creditable service x formula multiplier x age reduction factor (if any) = monthly amount. Final average monthly earnings is calculated by adding the highest earnings for three calendar years and dividing this total by the creditable service earned during these years and then dividing by 12.

Wyoming

Optional—Deferred 457 Plan.

Age 62 with 10 years and an actuarial reduction; age 65 with 4 years of service for full benefits.

Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: COLA—Cost of living adjustment. CPI—Consumer price index. DB—Defined Benefit. DC—Defined Contribution.

$20 minimum monthly contribution is required to participate.

FAS—Final average salary. None available—No retirement benefit provided. OPERS—Ohio Public Employee’s Retirement System. OPSRP—Oregon Public Employee’s Retirement System. PERA—Public Employee Retirement Association. PERS—Public Employee’s Retirement System.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 6 1

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 4 Bill Pre-Filing, Reference and Carryover State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico

Pre-filing of bills allowed (b)

New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia (nn) Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

★(d) ★ ★ ★ ★(h) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (j) ... ★ ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★(r) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★(y) ★ ★ (x) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (hh) ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ...

Bills referred to committee by: Senate House/Assembly (e) (f) Speaker (f) President Speaker President Speaker President (g) Speaker Rules Cmte. Rules Cmte. President Speaker Pres. Pro Tempore Speaker Pres. Pro Tempore Speaker President Speaker President (f) Speaker (j) Speaker President (e) Speaker (e) Cmte. on Assignments Rules Cmte. Pres. Pro Tempore Speaker President Speaker President Speaker Cmte. on Cmtes. Cmte. on Cmtes. President (o) Speaker (o) Secy. of Senate Clerk of House President (q) Speaker (q) Clerk Clerk Majority Ldr. Speaker President Speaker President (e) Speaker Pres. Pro Tempore Speaker President Speaker Reference Cmte. (s) U President (u) Speaker (u) President Speaker President Speaker (w) Speaker President pro tem in consultation with Speaker Independent democratic conference leader Rules Chair Speaker Majority Leader Speaker Reference Cmte. Rules & Reference Cmte. Majority Leader Speaker President Speaker President Pro Tempore Chief Clerk President Speaker President Speaker President Pro Tempore Speaker Speaker Speaker President Speaker President (p) Speaker (p) President Speaker Clerk Clerk (ii) (mm) Speaker President Speaker President Speaker President Speaker ... ... Committee on Calendar Chairs U President Speaker President Secretary Senate President in Pro-Forma meeting U

See footnotes at end of table

6 2 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Bill referral restricted by rule (a) Senate House/Assembly L, M L, M L, M L, M L L L L L L (i) (i) M M L L M ... ... ... ... ... (qq) (qq) (k) (k) (m) ... M M L (n) L (n) L, M L, M L L L L L L M M (uu) (uu) L, M L, M L L L L L (tt) L (tt) L U L (v) ... M M L, M L, M L L, M

Bill carryover allowed (c) ... ★ ... ... ★(h) ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ (oo) ... ★(rr) ... ★ ★ ★(r) ... ... ... ★(t) ... ★(ss) ★ ...

L,M

L, M

★

M L L (z) L (dd) M M M L L, M L L L, M L,M (jj) L L, M L, M L (vv) ... L, M (pp) L M L

M L L, M (aa) L (ee) M M M L L, M L L L, M (kk) L L, M L, M L (vv) ... U L M U

★ ... ★(bb) ★(cc) ... ... ★ ★(ff) ... ★(gg) ... ... ★ ★(ll) ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 4 Bill Pre-Filing, Reference and Carryover (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and update from state websites 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★ — Yes . . . — No L — Rules generally require all bills be referred to the appropriate committee of jurisdiction. M — Rules require specific types of bills be referred to specific committees (e.g., appropriations, local bills). U — Unicameral legislature. (a) Legislative rules specify all or certain bills go to committees of jurisdiction. (b) Unless otherwise indicated by footnote, bills may be introduced prior to convening each session of the legislature. In this column only: ★ —pre-filing is allowed in both chambers (or in the case of Nebraska, in the unicameral legislature); . . . — pre-filing is not allowed in either chamber. (c) Bills carry over from the first year of the legislature to the second (does not apply in Alabama, Arkansas, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon and Texas, where legislatures meet biennially). Bills generally do not carry over after an intervening legislative election. (d) Except between the end of the last regular session of the legislature in any quadrennium and the organizational session following the general election and for special sessions. (e) Lieutenant governor is the president of the Senate. Senate Rule 14. House Rule 10. (f) Senate bills referred by president with concurrence of president pro tem. House bills referred by president pro tem with concurrence of president, if no concurrence, referred by majority leader for assignment. (g) Senate chief counsel makes recommendations to the presiding officer. (h) Bills may be drafted prior to session, but may not be introduced until the first day of session. Bills introduced in the first year of the regular session and passed by the house of origin on or before the January 31st constitutional deadline in the second year are carryover bills. (i) In either house, state law requires any bill which affects the sentencing of criminal offenders and which would result in a net increase of imprisonment in state correctional facilities must be assigned to the appropriations committee of the house in which it was introduced. In the Senate, a bill must be referred to the Appropriations Committee if it contains an appropriation from the state treasury or the increase of any salary. Each bill which provides that any state revenue be devoted to any purpose other than that to which it is devoted under existing law must be referred to the Finance Committee. (j) Prefiling allowed in the House by rule, seven calendar days before the commencement of the regular session, in even-numbered years. Senate allows prefiling of bills as determined on a year-to-year basis. Senate bills are referred to committee by the members of the majority leadership appointed by the President. (k) In even-numbered years, the Committee on Assignments (Sen-

ate) or Rules Committee (House) is to refer to substantive committees only appropriation bills implementing the budget, and bills deemed by the Committee on Assignments (Senate) or Rules Committee (House) to be of an emergency nature or of substantial importance to the operation of government. (l) Only in the Senate (m) At the discretion of President Pro Tempore. (n) Appropriation bills are the only "specific type" mentioned in the rules to be referred to either House Appropriation Cmte. or Senate Ways and Means. (o) Subject to approval or disapproval. Louisiana–majority members present. (p) Senate and House Rules Committees provide recommendations. (q) The President and Speaker may refer bills to any of the standing committees or the Rules Committees, but usually bills are referred according to subject matter. (r) Only in the House. Pre-filing of bills allowed prior to the convening of the 2nd year of the biennium. Bill carryover allowed if in second year of a two-year session. (s) The Nebraska Legislature's Executive Board serves as the Reference Committee. (t) Bills are carried over from the 90-day session beginning in the odd-numbered year to the 60-day session, which begins in evennumbered year. Bills that have not passed by the last day of the 60-day session are all indefinitely postponed by motion on the last day of the session. The odd-numbered year shall be carried forward to the even-numbered year. (u) In the Senate any member may make a motion for referral, but committee referrals are under the control of the Majority Floor Leader. In the House any member may make a motion for referral, and a chart is used to guide bill referrals based on statutory authority of committee, but committee referrals are under the control of the Majority Floor Leader. (v) Rules do not require specific types of bills be referred to specific committees. (w) Sponsor subject to approval of the body. (x) Only in the Senate. (y) Senate Rule 33: Between the general election and the time for the next convening session, a holdover member or member-elect may file bills for introduction in the next session with the Clerk's office. Those bills shall be treated as if they were bills introduced on the first day of the session. House Rule 61(d): Bills introduced prior to the convening of the session shall be treated as if they were bills introduced on the first day of the session. Between the general election and the time for the next convening session, a member-elect may file bills for introduction in the next session with the Clerk's office. The Clerk shall number such bills consecutively, in the order in which they are filed, beginning with the number "1". (z) Rule 35. (Bills, Second Consideration and Committee on Reference, Public Hearing.) On the second reading of a bill, the Committee on Reference shall, if no motion or order be made to the contrary, refer the bill to the proper standing committee in regular order. Further, no bill shall be reported for a third reading and passage unless the same shall have been considered at a Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 6 3

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 4 Bill Pre-Filing, Reference and Carryover (continued) meeting of the committee to which the same has been referred. All Senate bills and resolutions referred by the Committee on Reference on or before the first day of April in an even-numbered year shall be scheduled by the chairperson of the committee to which the same has been referred for a minimum of one public hearing. (aa) House Rule 37: (a) All House bills and resolutions introduced on or before the fifteenth day of May in an even-numbered year, and in compliance with the rules of the House, shall be referred to a standing, select, or special committee or standing subcommittee, and shall be scheduled by the chairman of the committee for a minimum of one public hearing. (b) The sponsor of a bill or resolution shall appear at least once before the committee that is considering the bill or resolution unless excused by the chairman of the committee or the Speaker. It is not in order for the committee to report the bill or resolution unless its sponsor has appeared or has been excused from appearing before the committee. Rule 65. (Bills carrying appropriations.) All bills carrying an appropriation shall be referred to the Finance Committee for consideration and report before being considered the third time. (bb) Bills carry over between the first and second year of each regular annual session, but not to the next biennial 2-year General Assembly. (cc) A legislature consists of two years. Bills from the first session can carry over to the second session only. (dd) The President can refer bills to any standing or special committee and may also attach subsequent referrals to other committees following action by the first committee. (ee) Rules specify bills shall be referred by the Speaker to any standing or special committee and may also attach subsequent referrals to other committees following action by the first committee. (ff) Allowed during the first year of the two year session. (gg) Bills and resolutions introduced in the First Regular Session may carry over to the Second Regular Session (odd-numbered year to even-numbered year) only. (hh) Bills are drafted prior to session but released starting first day of session. (ii) Under the direction of the speaker. (jj) Jurisdiction of the committees by subject matter is listed in the Rules. (kk) The House Rules establish jurisdictional committees. The Speaker refers legislation to those committees as he deems appropriate.

6 4â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(ll) Even-numbered year session to odd-numbered year session. (mm) By the floor leader. (nn) Prefiling allowed only in the house in even-numbered years. (oo) During the odd-year session, members convene for four days, then break until February. Any legislation introduced but not enacted in the first part of the session carries over to the second part in February. No bills carry over after sine die of any session. (pp) Substantive resolutions referred to sponsor for public hearing. (qq) Bills may be referred by the President to an appropriate standing committee (Senate Rule 14). In the House the " Speaker shall refer the instrument to a standing committee or shall order the instrument for a second reading."(House Rule 10). (rr) Allowed between session in a biennium, not to subsequent legislatures. (ss) Referred bills may be held in committee and acted on during second year session. (tt) President and Speaker have broad discretion. (uu) Senate Rule 3.203 a) The Senate Majority Leader shall refer all bills, joint resolutions and alternative measures to a standing committee no later than one (1) Senate legislative day after being submitted to the Secretary of the Senate. The presiding officer shall announce the reference of all bills, joint resolutions and alternative measures... c) The Senate Majority Leader may change the original referral of a bill, resolution or alternative measure by oral notice to the Senate or written communication submitted to the Secretary of the Senate before the end of session on the next Senate legislative day following the day of the original referral. Notices of the written communication shall be announced by the Secretary of the Senate during session and both oral and written notifications shall be printed in the Journal. House Rule 41: (4) The Speaker shall refer all bills and joint resolutions to a standing committee no later than one House legislative day after being submitted to the Clerk. (5) The Speaker may change the original referral of a bill or resolution by written communication submitted to the Clerk before the end of session on the next House legislative day following the day of the original referral. Notice of the referral shall be announced by the Clerk and printed in the Journal. (vv) Bills containing an appropriation are rereferred to the Appropriations Committee.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 5 Time Limits on Bill Introduction State or other jurisdiction

Time limit on introduction of bills

Procedures for granting exception to time limits

Alabama

House: no limit. Senate: 24th legislative day of regular session (a).

House: N.A. Senate: Unanimous vote to suspend rules

Alaska

35th C day of 2nd regular session.

Introduction by committee or by suspension of operation of limiting rule.

Arizona

House: 29th day of regular session; 10th day of special session. Senate: 22nd day of regular session; 10th day of special session.

House: Permission of rules committee. Senate: Permission of rules committee.

Arkansas

House: Appropriation bills shall be filed no later than the 50th day of the regular session nor after the 15th day of a fiscal session. Retirement and health care legislation affecting licensures shall be introduced during the first 15 days. Resolutions proposing constitutional amendments shall not be filed after the 35th day of the regular session. Senate: 55th day of regular session (50th day for appropriations bills). Retirement and health care legislation affecting licensures shall be introduced during the first 15 days.

2/3 vote of membership of each house for appropriations bills and all others except retirement and health care legislation affecting licensures which require 3/4 vote of the membership of each house.

California

Deadlines established by the Joint Rules Committee adpoted in each session.

Approval of Rules Committee and 3/4 vote of membership.

Colorado

House: 22nd C day of regular session. Senate: 17th C day of regular session.

Committees on delayed bills may extend deadline.

Connecticut

10 days into session in odd-numbered years, 3 days into session in even-numbered years (b).

2/3 vote of members present.

Delaware

House: no limit. Senate: no limit.

Florida

House: noon of the first day of regular session (h). Senate: noon first day of regular session (h).

Georgia

Only for specific types of bills

Hawaii

Actual dates established during session.

Idaho

House: 20th day of session for personal bills; 36th day of session for all commHouse: speaker may designate any standing committee to serve as a privileged ittees; beyond that only privileged cmtes. Senate: 12th day of session for personal committee temporarily. House Rule 6. Senate: President may refer bill to bills; 36th day of session for all committees; beyond that only privileged cmtes. privileged committee. Senate Rule 14.

Illinois

House: determined by speaker. Senate: determined by senate president.

House: the speaker may set deadlines for any action on any category of legislative measure, including deadlines for introduction of bills. Senate: At any time, the president may set alternative deadlines for any legislative action with written notice filed with the secretary.

Indiana

House: Mid-January. Senate: Date specific—set in Rules, different for long and short session. Mid-January

House: 2/3 vote. Senate: If date falls on weekend/Holiday—extended to next day. Sine die deadline set by statute, does not change.

Iowa

House: Drafting request received by Friday of 5th week of 1st regular session; or by Friday of 2nd week of 2nd regular session. Senate: Drafting request received by Friday of 5th week of 1st regular session; or by Friday of 2nd week of 2nd regular session.

House: Constitutional majority; Senate: Constitutional majority.

Kansas

Actual dates established in the Joint Rules of the House and Senate every two years when the joint rules are adopted.

Resolution adopted by majority of members of either house may make specific exceptions to deadlines.

Kentucky

House: No introductions after 14th L day of odd-year session, after 38th L day of even-year session. Senate: No introductions after 13th L day of odd-year session, after 40th L day of even-year session.

None.

Louisiana

House: 10th C day of odd year sessions and 23rd C day of even-year sessions. Senate:10th C day of odd year sessions and 23rd C day of even-year sessions.

None.

Maine

House and Senate: Cloture dates established by the Legislative Council.

House and Senate: Bills filed after cloture date must be approved by a majority of the Legislative Council. Appeals heard by Legislative Council. Six votes required to allow introduction of legislation

Maryland

House: No introductions during the last 35 days of regular session, unless 2/3 House and Senate: 2/3 vote of elected members of each house. of the elected members of a chamber vote yes. Additional limitations involve committee action. House bills introduced during the last 59 calendar days (after the 31st day) are referred to the House Rules Committee. The House Rules contain further provisions concerning the requirements for forcing legislation out of these committees. Senate: No introductions during the last 35 days of regular session, unless 2/3 of the elected members of a chamber vote yes. Additional limitations involve committee action. Senate bills introduced after the 27th calendar day must be referred to the Senate Rules Committee. Senate bills introduced on behalf of the Administration (Governor) after the 13th calendar day Senate bills introduced on behalf of other Executive Department agencies that are not prefiled, must be referred to the Senate Rules Committee upon introduction. The Senate Rules contain further provisions concerning the requirements for forcing legislation out of these committees.

House: No exception as such; if needed, one would be granted by waiving the rule by 2/3 vote on the floor. Senate: Existence of an emergency reasonably compelling consideration notwithstanding the deadline. Majority vote of membership.

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 6 5

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 5 Time Limits on Bill Introduction (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Time limit on introduction of bills

Procedures for granting exception to time limits

Massachusetts

1st Wednesday in December even-numbered years, 1st Wednesday in November odd-numbered years.

2/3 vote of members present and voting.

Michigan

No limit.

Minnesota

No limit.

Mississippi

14th C day in 90 day session; 49th C day in 125 day session (e).

2/3 vote of members present and voting.

Missouri

March 1.

Majority vote of elected members each house; governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s request for consideration of bill by special message.

Montana

Introduction of bills & resolutions: 10th L day if requested prior to convening or 2 days after receipt of finished bill draft after session convenes, whichever is earlier. Requests for general bills & resolutions: 12th L day; revenue bills: 17th L day; committee bills & resolutions: 36th L day; appropriations bills: 45th L day; interim study resolutions: 60th L day; committee revenue bills and bill proposing referenda: 62nd L day; committee bills implementing provision of a general appropriation act: 67th L day; resolutions confirmin governor appointees or bill amending/repealing administrative rule: no deadline

2/3 vote of members.

Nebraska

10th L day of any session (f).

3/5 vote of elected membership

Nevada

Actual dates established at start of session.

Waiver granted by majority leader of the Senate and speaker of the Assembly acting jointly.

New Hampshire

Determined by rules.

2/3 vote of members present.

New Jersey

No limit.

New Mexico

House: 15 days in short session/even years, 30 days in long session/odd years. Senate: 15 days in short session/even years, 30 days in long session/odd years.

None. Statutory limit for legislators; governor not limited and can send bill with message.

New York

Assembly: for unlimited introduction of bills, the final day is the last Tuesday in May of the 2nd year of the legislative term. Senate: Determined by the Majority Conference leaders, but no earlier than 1st Tuesday in March; except introduction by agencies is March 1, for all other program bills it is 1st Tuesday in April.

Assembly: By unanimous consent, by introduction by Rules Cmte., by message from the Senate, consent of the Speaker, or by members elected at special election who take office after the first Tuesday in May. Senate: Introduction by Rules Committee after 2nd Friday in June, or by message from the Assembly.

North Carolina

Actual dates established during session.

Senate: 2/3 vote of membership present and voting shall be required.

North Dakota

House: 8th L day. Senate: 13th L day (i).

2/3 vote of the floor or by approval of Delayed Bills Committee (i).

Ohio

No limit.

Oklahoma

Time limit set in rules.

2/3 vote of membership.

Oregon

House: Set by House rules for odd-numbered year sessions. It was the 126th calendar day in 2019. All measures must be presession filed for even-year session. Senate: Set by Senate rules for odd-numbered year sessions. It was the 26th calendar day in 2019. All measures must be presession filed for even-year session.

House: Bills approved by the Rules Committee; appropriation or fiscal measures sponsored by the Cmte. on Ways and Means; other joint committee bills; member priority requests (limited to five measures for odd-year session, none for even-year session). Senate: Measures approved by the Senate President: appropriations or fiscal measures sponsored by the Cmte. On Ways and Means; other joint committee bills; caucus leaders are limited to two measure requests after the deadlines; member priority requests (limited to five measures for odd-year session, none for even-year session).

Pennsylvania

No limit.

Rhode Island

Second week of February for Public Bills.

Sponsor must give one legislative day's notice.

South Carolina

House: Prior to April 15 of the 2nd yr. of a two-yr. legislative session; May 1 for bills first introduced in Senate. Rule 5.12. Senate: May 1 of regular session for bills originating in House. Rule 47

House and Senate: 2/3 vote of members present and voting.

South Dakota

Individual bills: 40-day session: 15th L day; 35-day session: 10th L day. Committee bills: 40-day session: 16th L day; 35-day session: 11th L day. If a session calendar is adopted for a period of 36 days to 39 days, the legislative deadlines for the 35-day session shall be increased by the number of days by which the length of the session calendar exceeds 35 days.

2/3 approval of members-elect.

Tennessee

General bills, 10th L day of regular session (g).

Unanimous approval by Delayed Bills Committee.

Texas

60th C day of regular session, except for local bills, emergency appropriations and all emergency maters submitted by the governor in special message to the legislature.

House: 4/5 vote of members present and voting. Senate: 4/5 vote of members.

Utah

12:00 p.m. on 11th day of session.

Floor motion for request must be approved by a constitutional majority vote.

See footnotes at end of table

6 6â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 5 Time Limits on Bill Introduction (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Time limit on introduction of bills

Procedures for granting exception to time limits

Vermont

House: 1st session—last day of February, individually introduced for standard form bills; 2nd session—For individually introduced standard form bills the Wednesday of the second week of the session. There are varying deadlines for short form and committee sposnored bills. Senate: 1st session—no limit; 2nd session—25 C days before start of session.

Approval by Rules Committee.

Virginia

Set by joint procedural resolution adopted at the beginning of the session (usually the second Friday of the session is the last day to introduce legislation that does not have any earlier deadline).

As provided in the joint procedural resolution (usually unanimous consent or at written request of the governor).

Washington

Until 10 days before the end of session unless 2/3 vote of elected members of each house.

2/3 vote of elected members of each house.

West Virginia

House: 35 C day. Senate: 41st C day.

2/3 vote of members present.

Wisconsin

No limit.

Wyoming

House: 15th L day of session in odd numbered years. 5th L day in even numbered years. Senate: 12th L day of session in odd numbered years. 5th L day in even numbered years.

American Samoa

House: After the 25th L day of the fourth Regular Session. Senate: After the 15th L day.

Guam

Public hearing on bill must be held no more than 120 days after date of bill introduction.

CNMI*

No limit.

Puerto Rico

1st session - within first 125 days; 2nd session - within first 60 days.

House: 2/3 vote of elected members. Senate: 2/3 vote of elected members. (During Budget Session need unanimous consent )

None.

U.S. Virgin Islands No limit.

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and updates from state websites 2020. *Commonwealth of Mariana Islands Key: C—Calendar L—Legislative (a) Not applicable to local bills, advertised or otherwise. (b) Specific dates set in Joint Rules. (c) Not applicable to appropriations bills. (d) Not applicable to local bills and joint resolutions. (e) Except Appropriation and Revenue bills (51st/86th C day) and Local & Private bills (83rd/118th C day). (f) Except appropriations bills and bills introduced at the request of the governor, bills can be introduced during the first 10 legislative days of the session. Appropriation bills and bills introduced at the request of the governor can be introduced at any time during the session.

(g) Local bills have no cutoff. (h) House: For Member-filed bills, noon of the first day of regular session. House Rule 5.2 sets a time limit for the introduction of bills, but this applies to Member-filed bills only. Proposed committee bills, local bills (dependent on completion of 30-day public notice period), and committee substitutes (treated by House Rules as new bills) are routinely filed after the first day of Session. Senate: Not applicable to appropriations bills, concurrent resolutions regarding certain subjects, local bills (which have no deadline), claim bills (deadline is August 1 of the year preceding consideration or within 62 days of a Senator’s election), committee bills, trust fund bills, and public records exemptions linked to timely filed bills. (i) Determination of introduction deadline generally is based upon second and third Mondays after convening of session.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 6 7

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 6 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date Governor may item veto appropriation bills State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (q) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (q) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (q) Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Amount ★ (e) ★ ★ ★ ★(i) ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ (r) ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (w) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(iii) ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(ccc)

Other (b) ... ... ★ ... ... (l) ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ (i) ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★(tt) ★ (i) ★(eee) ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★(ccc)

See footnotes at end of table

6 8 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

During session Bill becomes law unless vetoed 6 (f) 15 5 5 12 (j) 10P (ggg) 5 10P 7 (ddd) 6 10 (s) 5 60 (m) 7 3 10 (m) 10 10 (m) 10 6 (x) 10 14 (m) 3P 5 15 10 (m) 5 5 (gg) 5 45 3 (hh) 10 (ii) 10 3 10 5 (mm) 5 10 6 5 5 (rr) 10 10 10P 5 7 (m) 5 5 6 3 10 10 40 (m)(aaa) 10 10

Days allowed governor to consider bill (a) After session Bill becomes law Bill dies unless vetoed unless signed 10A 20P 10A 20A 30A 30A (m) 15P (o) 10P 30A 15P (m) 40A 45A (s)(p) 10P (p) 10P 60P (m) 7P 30A 10P 10A 20P (m) (v) 30P (y) (z) 10P 10A 14P (m) 14A, 3P 3A, 14P 15P (dd) 45A 25A (m) 5A, 5P (ff) 10A (gg) 5P

(ii) 30A 15A 10P 30A (s) 30A 10P (oo) (qq) 15P (rr) (ss) 20A 20A 5A 30A (uu) 20A 15A (xx) 6P 15A

20A 30A

10A 15A (mm)

(oo)

(fff)

10P

30A 30P (zz)

10P

30P 30A

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 6 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (q) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (q) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (q) Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Votes required in each house to pass bills or items over veto (c) Majority of elected body 2/3 elected (g) 2/3 elected (h) Majority elected 2/3 elected (hhh) 2/3 elected 2/3 elected 3/5 elected 2/3 members present in each house 2/3 elected 2/3 elected 2/3 present 3/5 elected (g) Majority elected

Effective date of enacted legislation (d) Date signed by governor, unless otherwise specified. 90 days after enactment or the specified effective date. 90 days after adjournment 91st day after adjournment (k) 90 days after adjournment (n) Oct. 1, unless otherwise specified. Immediately or enactment clause 60 days after adjournment since die or on specified date. Unless other date specified, July 1 for generals, date signed by governor for locals. Immediately or on the prospective date stated in the legislation. July 1 Usually Jan. 1 of next year (t) (u) July 1, unless otherwise specified. Effective date for bills which which become law on or after July 1, 45 days after 2/3 elected approval, unless otherwise specified. 2/3 membership Upon publication or specified date after publication Majority elected 90 days after adjournment sine die. Unless the bill contains an emergency clause or special effective date. 2/3 elected Aug. 1 2/3 elected 90 days after adjournment unless enacted as an emergency. 3/5 elected (aa) (bb) 2/3 present 90 days after enactment 2/3 elected and serving Immediate effect if vote of 2/3 elected and serving. 90 days after adjournment, if immediate effect not given 2/3 elected- 90 House; 45 Senate Aug. 1 unless other effective date given. (cc) 2/3 elected July 1 unless specified otherwise. 2/3 elected Aug. 28 (ee) 2/3 present Oct. 1 (cc) 3/5 elected 90 days following adjournment sine die. Unless bill contains an emergency clause or a specific operative date. 2/3 elected Oct. 1, unless measure stipulates a different date. 2/3 present 60 days after enactment, unless otherwise noted. 2/3 elected Dates usually specified 90 days after adjournment unless other date specified. General appropriations acts or emergency clauses passed by 2/3 present 2/3 present take effect immediately. 2/3 present 20 days after enactment unless otherwise prescribed in the bill. 3/5 elected 60 days after adjournment 2/3 elected (jj) 3/5 elected (kk) 91st day after filing with secretary of state. (ll) 2/3 elected 90 days after adjournment unless specified in the bill. 2/3 present Jan. 1st of following year. (nn) 2/3 majority 60 days after signed by governor 3/5 present Immediately (pp) 2/3 vote of the members present and voting Date of signature 2/3 elected July 1 Constitutional majority 40 days after enactment unless otherwise specified 2/3 present 90 days after adjournment unless otherwise specified 2/3 elected 60 days after adjournment of the session at which it passed. 2/3 present July 1 unless otherwise specified. 2/3 present (vv) July 1 (ww) 2/3 present 90 days after adjournment Majority elected 90 days after enactment 2/3 present Day after publication date unless otherwise specified 2/3 elected Specified in act 2/3 elected 60 days after adjournment (yy) 10 votes to override Immediately (bbb) 2/3 elected Upon signing by the governor. 2/3 elected Specified in act 2/3 elected Immediately

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 6 9

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 6 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and state websites 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★— Yes . . . — No A — Days after adjournment of legislature. P — Days after presentation to governor. (a) Sundays excluded, unless otherwise indicated. (b) Includes language in appropriations bill. (c) Bill returned to house of origin with governor’s objections. (d) Effective date may be established by the law itself or may be otherwise changed by vote of the legislature. Special or emergency acts are usually effective immediately. (e) The governor may line item distinct items or item veto amounts in appropriation bills, if returned prior to final adjournment. (f) Except bills presented within five days of final adjournment, Sundays are included. (g) Different number of votes required for revenue and appropriations bills. Alaska–3/4 elected. Illinois–Only the usual majority of members elected is required to restore a reduced item. (h) Several specific requirements of 3/4 majority. (i) Line item veto. (j) For a bill to become law during session, if 12th day falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday, the period is extended to the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday. (k) For legislation enacted in regular sessions: January 1 of the following year. Urgency legislation: immediately upon chaptering by Secretary of State. Legislation enacted in special session: 91st day after adjournment of the special session at which the bill was passed. (l) The governor may not line-item veto any portion of any bill (including appropriation clauses in bills) other than line items in the Long Appropriations Bill. The governor may line-item veto individual lines in the Long Appropriations Bill. In those instances, the governor must line-item veto the entire amount of any item; an item is an indivisible sum of money dedicated to a single purpose. (m) Sundays included. (n) An act takes effect on the date stated in the act, or if no date is stated in the act, then upon signature of the governor. If no safety clause on a bill, the bill takes effect 90 days after sine die if no referendum petition has been filed. The state constitution allows for a 90 day period following adjournment when petitions may be filed for bills that do not contain a safety clause. (o) Bill enacted if not signed /vetoed within time frames. (p) The governor must notify the legislature 10 days before the 45th day of his intent to veto a measure on that day. The legislature may convene at or before noon on the 45th day after adjournment to consider the vetoed measures. If the legislature fails to reconvene, the bill does not become law. If the legislature reconvenes, it may pass the measure over the governor’s veto or it may amend the law to meet the governor’s objections. If the law is amended, the governor must sign the bill within 10 days after it is presented to him in order for it to become law. 7 0 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(q) Constitution withholds right to veto constitutional amendments proposed by the legislature. (r) Governor can also reduce amounts in appropriations bills. In Hawaii, governor can reduce items in executive appropriations measures, but cannot reduce or item veto amounts appropriated for the judicial or legislative branches. (s) Except Sundays and legal holidays. In Hawaii, except Saturdays, Sundays, holidays and any days in which the legislature is in recess prior to its adjournment. In Oregon, if the governor does not sign the bill within 30 days after adjournment, it becomes law without the governor’s signature, Saturdays and Sundays are excluded. (t) Effective date for bills which become law on or after July 1: A bill passed after May 31 cannot take effect before June 1 of the following year unless it states an earlier effective date and is approved by 3/5 of the members elected to each house. (u) Varies with date of the veto. (v) “If the bill or resolution shall not be returned by the governor within 10 days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to the Governor, it shall have the same force and effect as if the Governor had signed it unless the Legislature by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall have such force and effect, unless returned within 3 days after the next meeting of the same Legislature which enacted the bill or resolution; if there is no such next meeting of the Legislature which enacted the bill or resolution, the bill or resolution shall not be a law.” (excerpted from Article IV, Part Third, Section 2 of the Constitution of Maine). (w) The Governor cannot veto the budget bill but may exercise a total veto or item veto on a supplementary appropriations bill. In practice, this means the Governor may strike items in the annual general capital budget bill. Occasionally, the Governor will also veto a bond bill or a portion of a bond bill. (x) If a bill is presented to the governor in the first 83 days of session, the governor has only six days (not including Sunday) to act before the bill automatically becomes law. (y) All bills passed at regular or special sessions must be presented to the governor no later than 20 days after adjournment. The governor has a limited time to sign or veto a bill after it is presented. If the governor does not act within that time, the bill becomes law automatically; there is no pocket veto. The time limit depends on when the presentment is made. Any bill presented in the last 7 days of the 90-day session or after adjournment must be acted on within 30 days after presentment. Bills vetoed after adjournment are returned to the legislature for reconsideration at the next meeting of the same General Assembly. (z) The governor has a limited time to sign or veto a bill after it is presented. If the governor does not act within that time, the bill becomes law automatically; there is no pocket veto. The time limit depends on when the presentment is made. (aa) Vetoed bills are returned to the house of origin immediately after that house has organized at the next regular or special session. When a new General Assembly is elected and sworn in, bills vetoed from the previous session are not returned. These vetoed bills are not subject to any further legislative action.”

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 6 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date (continued) (bb) Unless otherwise provided, June 1 is the effective date for bond bills and July 1 is the effective date for budget, tax and revenue bills. By custom, October 1 is the usual effective date for other legislation. If the bill is an emergency measure, it may take effect immediately upon approval by the Governor or at a specified date prior to June 1. For vetoed legislation, 30 days after the veto is overridden or on the date specified in the bill, whichever is later. An emergency bill passed over the Governor’s veto takes effect immediately. (cc) Different date for fiscal legislation. Minnesota–July 1. Montana– Appropriations effective July 1 unless otherwise specified in bill; revenue bills effected July 1 unless otherwise specified in bill, often next Jan. 1. (dd) Bills vetoed after adjournment are returned to the legislature for reconsideration. Mississippi–returned within three days after the beginning of the next session. (ee) If bill has an emergency clause, it becomes effective upon governor’s signature. If a bill is neither signed nor vetoed by a governor, it becomes law. (ff) Nebraska allows a bill to become law without the signature of the governor. In addition, bills are carried over from the 90-day session beginning in the odd-numbered year to the 60-day session, which begins in even-numbered years. Bills that have not passed by the last day of the 60-day session are all indefinitely postponed by motion on the last day of the session. (gg) The day of delivery and Sundays are not counted for purposes of calculating these periods. (hh) For bills presented to governor before the last three days of session. If bills presented to the governor in the last three days of session, governor has 20 days from adjournment to sign; if not signed in this time period, bill is pocket vetoed. (ii) If the legislature adjourns during the governor’s consideration of a 10-day bill, the bill shall not become law without the governor’s approval. (jj) Postsession veto - 15 days, Saturdays and Sundays excluded. August 1 after filing with the secretary of state. Appropriations and tax bills July 1 after filing with secretary of state, or date set in legislation by Legislative Assembly, or by date established by emergency clause in a bill that passes each house by a vote of two-thirds of the members-elect of each house. (kk) The exception covers such matters as emergency measures and court bills that originally required a 2/3 majority for passage. In those cases, the same extraordinary majority vote is required to override a veto. (ll) Emergency, current appropriation, and tax legislation effective immediately. The General Assembly may also enact an uncodified section of law specifying a desired effective date that is after the constitutionally established effective date. (mm) During session the governor has 5 days (except Sunday) to sign or veto a bill or it becomes law automatically. After Session a bill becomes a pocket veto if not signed 15 days after sine die. (nn) Unless emergency declared or date specific in text of measure, which must be at least 90 days after adjournment sine die unless emergency is declared. Emergency cannot be declared in bills regulating taxation or exemption.

(oo) Bills become effective without signature if not signed or vetoed. (pp) Date signed, date received by Secretary of State if effective without signature, date that veto is overridden, or other specified date. (qq) Two days after the next meeting. (rr) During a session, a bill becomes law if a governor signs it or does not act on it within five days, not including Saturdays, Sundays or holidays. If the legislature has adjourned or recessed or is within five days of a recess or an adjournment, the governor has 15 days to act on the bill. If he does not act, the bill becomes law. (ss) Adjournment of the legislature is irrelevant; the governor has 10 days to act on a bill after it is presented to him or it becomes law without his signature. (tt) If part of the item. (uu) The governor has thirty days after adjournment of the legislature to act on any bills. The Constitution of Virginia provides that : “If the governor does not act on any bill, it shall become law without his signature.” (vv) Must include majority of elected members. (ww) Unless a different date is stated in the bill. Special sessions– first day of fourth month after adjournment. (xx) Five days for supplemental appropriation bills. (yy) Laws required to be approved only by the governor. An act required to be approved by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior only after it is vetoed by the governor and so approved takes effect 40 days after it is returned to the governor by the secretary. (zz) After Legislature adjourns sine die at end of two-year term. (aaa) Twenty days for appropriations bills. (bbb) U.S. Congress may annul. (ccc) May item veto language or amounts in a bill that contains two or more appropriations. (ddd) The governor has seven days, Sundays included, to act on presented bills while the Legislature is in session. If the Legislature adjourns sine die during the seven-day period or takes a recess of more than 30 days, the governor has 15 consecutive days from the date of presentation to act on the bill(s). (eee) Governor may partially veto words or numbers in the case of appropriation bills. (fff) In odd-numbered years 2 days prior to adjournment; in even numbered years 3 days subsequent to presentation following adjournment. However the actual practice is that bills are sent anytime prior the start of the next fiscal year (July 1). Governor has five business days (Sundays excepted) to sign. (ggg) Ten calendar days after receipt of bill. When the Governor receives bills within the last 10 days of session, the Governor has 30 days to act on the bills. (hhh) Per Joint Rule 58.5, the Legislature may consider a Governor’s veto for only 60 legislative days or until adjournment sine die of the session in which the bill subject to the veto was passed by the Legislature, whichever period is shorter. (iii) If a line item is vetoed, everything in the line item including all amounts and all language in that line item is vetoed.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7 1

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 7 Legislative Appropriations Process: Budget Documents and Bills Legal source of deadline

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California

Budget document submission Submission date relative to convening

Constitutional « « … … «

Statutory « « « « …

Prior to session (a) … « « …

Within one week « (a) … … …

Within two weeks … … … … …

…

«(a)

…

… … « « … … … … … … « … … « … … … … « … … « … … … « … … … « … « … … … … … … … … «(t) « …

« … « … « « « « « « … « « … « « « « … « « … « « « … … « « « « … « « « « « «(t) « « … … «

… … … (a) … … … … … … … (f) (a) «(e) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … … … « … … (n) … (s) … … « …

Wyoming

…

American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

… … « … …

« « « « «

… … « … 30 days … … … … … … (f) … … … … … « … « … (a) … … « (a) … (k) … … « … … … … … … (a) … Dec. 20 (u) … … 3rd Mon. in Nov. « … April 1 … May 30

Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin

See footnotes at end of table

7 2 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Budget bill introduction Not until cmte. review of budget Another time document … … … … « … « … … … 76th day by … rule … … … « … « … … « … « … «(c) … « … … «(d) « … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … « … « … « … … … « … « … … « « … «(j) … … … «(k) … … … « … … «(m) « … « … … « «(p) … … … « (q) … « … « … … … … … … … … …

Same time as budget document « « … … «(b)

Within one month … … … … (a)

Over one month … … … … …

…

… … … … … … … … … « (e) … … … … … … … … … … « (a) … … … … « (a) … … … … … … … … … «(a)(e) … … … … … … …

(a) … … … … … … … (a) … (a) … … … « « (a) … « (a) … « (a) … … … (a) … … … « (d)(e) … … … … … … «(a)(e) … … … … … … «(v)

… … … … … «(a) «(a) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (a) … … … … … … … «(l) « « … «(o) … … … … … … … …

« … … « … … … … … … « (g) « «(h) « « … … … … « (i) … … … … … « … «(x) … … … … … … « … … … « « « «

…

… … … … …

… «(w) … « …

… … … … …

« « … … …

… … « … «

… … « « …

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 7 Legislative Appropriations Process: Budget Documents and Bills (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and state websites, 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: « —Yes …—No (a) Specific time limitations: Alabama—within first five days of session; Alaska—December 15, 4th legislative day; California—January 10; Connecticut—not later than the first session day following the third day in February, in each odd numbered year; Colorado—presented by November 1 to the Joint Budget Committee; Georgia—first five days of session; Idaho—September 1 ( I.C. § 67-3502). Illinois—Third Wednesday in February; Iowa—no later than February 1; Kentucky—On or before the 15th L day with a new governor, or on or before the 10th L day if not a new governor. Maine—The Governor shall transmit the budget document to the Legislature not later than the Friday following the first Monday in January of the first regular legislative session…. A Governor-elect elected to a first term of office shall transmit the budget document to the Legislature not later than the Friday following the first Monday in February of the first regular legislative session (Maine Revised Statutes, Title 5, Chapter 149, Section 1666); Minnesota—by the 4th Tuesday in January each odd-numbered year Missouri: Missouri Constitution, Article III Section 24: The governor shall, within thirty days after it convenes in each regular session, submit to the general assembly a budget for the ensuing appropriation period, containing the estimated available revenues of the state and a complete and itemized plan of proposed expenditures of the state and all its agencies. Nebraska—The budget bill is Nebraska’s budget document and must be submitted to the governor by Jan. 15 of each odd-numbered year and by Feb. 1 when a governor is in their first year of office. Nevada—No later than 14 days before commencement of regular session; New Hampshire—Governor statutorily required to submit budget to legislature by February 15. New Mexico—by January 10 in an odd year, January 5 in an even year. Legislative Finance Cmte. Must submit budget no later than first week of session. New York—The legislative budget must be submitted to the governor no later than December 1. The executive budget must be submitted by the governor to the legislature by the 2nd Tuesday following the opening of session (or February 1 for the first session following a gubernatorial election); Tennessee—on or before February 1 for sitting governor; Utah—Must submit to the legislature by the calendared floor time on the first day of the annual session. (b) Budget and Budget Bill are annual—to be submitted within the first 10 days of each calendar year. (c) Deadlines for introducing bills in general are set by Senate presi-

dent and House speaker. (d) Executive budget bill is introduced and used as a working tool for committee. (e) Later for first session of a new governor; Kansas—21 days; Maryland—10 days after; New Jersey—February 15; Ohio—by March 15; Tennessee—March 1; (f) The governor shall submit his executive budget to the Joint Legislative Committee on the budget no later than 45 days prior to each regular session; except that in the first year of each term, the executive budget shall be submitted no later than 30 days prior to the regular session. Copies shall be made available to the entire legislature on the first day of each regular session. (g) Bills appropriating monies for the general operating budget and ancillary appropriations, bills appropriating funds for the expenses of the legislature and the judiciary must be submitted to the legislature for introduction no later than 45 days prior to each regular session, except that in the first year of each term, such appropriation bills shall be submitted no later than 30 days prior to the regular session. (h) Appropriations bill other than the budget bill (supplementary) may be introduced at any time. They must provide their own tax source and may not be enacted until the budget bill is enacted. (i) Governor’s budget bill is introduced and serves as a working document for the Appropriations Committee. The governor must submit the budget proposal by January 15 of each odd-numbered year. (Neb.Rev.Stat. sec.81-125). The statute extends this deadline to February 1 for a governor who is in his first year of office. (j) Submission of the governor’s budget bills to the legislature occurs with submission of the executive budget. (k) Legislative Council’s Budget Section hears the executive budget recommendations during legislature’s December organizational session. Drafts of proposed general appropriations acts are required to be submitted seven days after adjournment of the organizational session. There is no requirement that the drafts be permitted to be introduced. (l) Governor must propose budget by December of even-numbered year unless new governor is elected; if new governor is elected, then February 1 of odd-numbered year. (m) Legislature introduces its own budget bills during legislative session that are not part of the governor’s recommended budget. (n) The Legislative Budget Board is required to submit a copy of the budget of estimated appropriations to the governor and members of the legislature not later than the fifth day after session convenes. The board is required to submit a copy of the general appropriations bill not later than the seventh day after session convenes. (o) It is usually over a month. The budget must be delivered to the Legislature not later than the first Tuesday after the first Monday in December. (p) It must be introduced no later than the 16th legislative day. (q) State law does not specify a special deadline for filing the General Appropriations Act, but it is generally filed soon after the Legislative Budget Board submits the budget document. (r) Legislative rules require budget bills to be introduced by the 43rd day of the session. (s) Third Tuesday each year. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7 3

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 7 Legislative Appropriations Process: Budget Documents and Bills (continued) (t) And Rules. (u) For fiscal period other than biennium, 20 days prior to first day of session. (v) On or before the last Tuesday in January. A later submission date may be requested by the governor.

7 4â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(w) Usually January before end of current fiscal year. (x) Bill may actually be officially introduced a few days later; it is usually not immediately introduced upon the presentation of the governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s budget.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 8 Fiscal Notes: Content and Distribution Distribution Content

Legislators

Appropriations Fiscal committee Intent or Projected Proposed impact Available Executive State or other purpose Cost future source of on local on Bill budget jurisdiction of bill involved cost revenue govt. Other All request sponsor Members Chair only Fiscal staff staff « « « « « « « « « « Alabama … « (a) … « « « « « « « « Alaska … … … … … « « « « « « « « « « « Arizona « … « « « « « Arkansas (b) … … … … … … … … « « « « « « « « California … … … … … « « « « « « Colorado … … … … … … … « « « « Connecticut « … -------------------------------------------------------------- (c) --------------------------------------------------------------« « « « « Delaware « (m) … … … … … … … « « « « « « « Florida « … … … … … « « « « « Georgia … … … … … … … … Hawaii … … … … … « (hh) … … … … … … … « « « « « « Idaho (ll) … … … … (e) (e) « « « « « « Illinois … … « (f) … … … … « « « « « « « « Indiana … … … … … « « « « « Iowa … -------------------------------------------------------------- (g) --------------------------------------------------------------« « « « « « « « « « Kansas … … « « « « « « « « « « « Kentucky … … … « « « « « Louisiana … … … … … « (h) … … « « « « « « « Maine … … … «(i) … … « « « « « Maryland « (j) « (k) « (k) « (k) « (k) … « (k) … « « « « Massachusetts … « (l) … … … … … … … « « « « « Michigan « (m) « (n) … … … … … … « « « « « « « « « Minnesota « (ee) … … … « « « Mississippi … … … … … «(o) … … … … « « « « « « « « Missouri … … … … … « « « « « « … « (p) … … … … Montana … « « « « « « « « Nebraska … … … … … « « « « Nevada … … « (kk) … … … … … … « « « « « « « « … … … … … New Hampshire (ii) « « « « « « New Jersey … … … … … … … « « « « « « « New Mexico … … … … (q) (q) « « « « « « « « New York … « (r) … … … « « « North Carolina … … « (s) … … … … … … « « « « North Dakota … … « « (t) (u) … … … « « « « « « « « « Ohio … (v) … … … « « « « « « « « Oklahoma … … … … … « « « « « « « « Oregon … … … … … « « « « « Pennsylvania … … … … … … … … « « « « « « « « « Rhode Island … … … … « « « « « « « « South Carolina … … … (w) … « « « « « South Dakota … … … … … … … … « « « « « « « Tennessee … … … … … … « « « « « Texas … «(x) … … (jj) … … … « « « « « « « « « Utah … «(y) … … « « Vermont ----------------------------------------------------- (z) ----------------------------------------------------… … … … … « « « « « « « Virginia «(aa) (bb) … … «(cc) … « « « « « « « « « « Washington … «(dd) … « « « « « West Virginia … … … … … … … … « « « « Wisconsin … … … … … … … … … « « « « Wyoming … … … … … … … … … « « « « « « Guam … … … «(ff) … … … « « « « « « « « « CNMI* … … … … Puerto Rico ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (gg) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « « U.S. Virgin Islands … … … … … … … … … See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7 5

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 8 Fiscal Notes: Content and Distribution (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and state websites 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: A fiscal note is a summary of the fiscal effects of a bill on government revenues, expenditures and liabilities. Key: «—Yes …—No (a) Fiscal notes included on final passage calendar. (b) Only retirement, corrections, revenue, tax and local government bills require fiscal notes. During the past session, fiscal notes were provided for education. (c) The fiscal notes are printed with the bills favorably reported by the committees. (d) Statement of purpose. (e) Attached to bill, so available to both fiscal and executive budget staff. Joint Rule 18. (f) A summary of each fiscal note is attached to the summary of its bill in the printed Legislative Synopsis and Digest, and on the General Assembly’s Web site. Fiscal notes are prepared for the sponsor and attached to the bill on file with the House Clerk or Senate Secretary. (g) Fiscal notes are available to everyone. (h) Prepared by the Legislative Fiscal Office when a state agency is involved and prepared by Legislative Auditor’s office when a local board or commission is involved; copies sent to House and Senate staff offices respectively. (i) Distributed to members of the committee of reference; also available on the Legislature’s Web site. (j) A fiscal note is now known as a fiscal and policy note to better reflect the contents. Fiscal and policy notes also identify any mandate on local government and include analyses of the economic impact on small businesses. (k) In practice fiscal and policy notes are prepared on all bills and resolutions prior to a public hearing on the bills/resolutions. After initial hard copy distribution to sponsor and committee, the note is released to member computer system and thereafter to the legislative Web site. (l) Fiscal notes are prepared only if cost exceeds $100,000 or matter has not been acted upon by the Joint Committee on Ways and Means. (m) In regards to Impact on Local Government, Fee Impact Statements are written. (n) At present, fiscal information is part of the bill analysis on the legislative Web site. (o) And committee to which bill referred. (p) Mechanical defects in bill. (q) Fiscal impact statements prepared by Legislative Finance Committee staff are available to anyone on request and on the legislature’s Web site. (r) Fiscal notes are required for retirement bills, bills enacting or amending tax expenditures, and all bills increasing or decreasing state revenues, or affecting appropriation or expenditure of state monies.

7 6 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(s) Fiscal notes are posted on the Internet and available to all members. (t) Notes required only if impact is $5,000 or more. Bills impacting workforce safety and insurance benefits or premiums have actuarial statements as do bills proposing changes in state and local retirement systems. (u) Fiscal notes are available online to anyone from the legislative branch Web site. (v) Fiscal notes are prepared for bills before being voted on in any standing committee or floor session. Fiscal notes for all introduced bills are posted on the Web. They are also distributed to the committees in which the bills are heard. (w) Fiscal impact statements on proposed legislation are prepared by the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office and sent to the House or Senate standing committee that requested the impact. All fiscal impacts are posted on the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs website. (x) Some bills may also require the preparation of one or more of the following: a dynamic economic impact statement, an actuarial impact statement, a criminal justice policy impact statement, an equalized education funding impact statement, a higher education impact statement, an open government impact statement, a tax equity note, or a water development policy impact statement. (y) Fiscal notes are to include cost and revenue estimates on all bills that anticipate direct impact on state government, local government, residents, and businesses. (z) Fiscal notes are not mandatory and their content will vary. (aa) Technical amendments, if needed. Fiscal notes do not provide statements or interpretations of legislative intent for legal purposes. A summary of the stated objective, effect, and impact may be included. (bb) Fiscal impact statements are widely available because they are also posted on the Internet shortly after they are distributed. The Joint Legislative Audit Review Commission (JLARC) also prepares a review of the fiscal impact statement if requested by a standing committee chair. The review statement is also available on the Internet. (cc) Legislative budget directors. (dd) Impact on private sector (ee) Long-term costs. (ff) Fiscal impact on local economy. (gg) The Legislature of Puerto Rico does not prepare fiscal notes, but upon request the economics unit could prepare one. The Department of Treasury has the duty to analyze and prepare fiscal notes. (hh) Hawaii does not require the submission of fiscal notes. (ii) Whenever possible, fiscal notes appear at end of introduced version of bill. (jj) A fiscal note must be distributed in committee before a bill is considered (house) or approved (senate) and must be attached to a committee report when distributed to the full membership. An updated fiscal note must be distributed to all the members before a conference committee report or a measure amended by the other chamber is acted on. (kk) Fiscal notes are posted on the Legislature’s website. (ll) Joint Rule 18.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 9 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2019 Regular Sessions Introductions Resolutions*

Enactments/adoptions Bills Resolutions*

Measures vetoed by governor (a)(b)

State

Duration of session**

Bills

Alabama

Mar. 5 - May 31, 2019

1,070

425

382

153

Length of session 28L

Alaska

Jan. 15 - May 15, 2019

305

1 (a)

120C

Arizona

Jan. 14 - May 28, 2019

1,318

100

320

134C

Arkansas

Jan. 14 - Apr. 24, 2019

986

127

629

87C

California

Dec. 3, 2018 - Sep. 9, 2019

2,625

408

870

301

172 (a)

127L

Colorado

Jan. 4 - May 3, 2019

598

454

120C

Connecticut

Jan. 9 - Jun. 5, 2019

3,574

280

226

1 (e)

148C

Delaware

Jan. 8 - Jun. 30, 2019

455

170

219

147

46C

Florida

Mar. 5- May 4, 2019

1,027

184

60C

Georgia (k)

Jan. 14 - Apr. 2, 2019; Jan. 13 - Mar. 27, 2020

1,572

2,246

317

1,911

N/A

Hawaii

Jan. 16 - May 2, 2019

3,142

851

286

220

60L

Idaho

Jan. 7 - Apr. 11, 2019

522

329

95C 71C

Illinois

Jan. 9 - Jun. 1, 2019

6,298

1,653

637

1,381

8 (a)(b)

Indiana

Jan. 3 - Apr. 24, 2019

1,344

368

293

104

N/A

Iowa

Jan. 14 - Apr. 27, 2019

1,544

(g)

169

(g)

1 (a)

104C 79C

Kansas

Jan. 14 - May 29, 2019

660

3 (a)

Kentucky

Jan. 4 - Mar. 28, 2019

786

502

198

(a)(b)

30L

Louisiana

Apr. 8 - Jun. 6, 2019

844

866

454

826

6 (a)

45C

Maine (d)

Dec. 5, 2018 - Jun. 20, 2019

1,846

695

59L

Maryland

Jan. 9 - Apr. 8, 2019

2,481

772

92 (i)

90C

Massachusetts (k)

Jan. 2 -Dec, 31, 2019; Jan. 2 - Dec. 31, 2020

7,061

177

N/A

Michigan

Jan. 9 - Dec. 19, 2019

2,005

355

178

245

2 (a)

(f)

Minnesota

Jan. 8 - May 20, 2019

5,846

133C

Mississippi

Jan. 8 - Mar. 29, 2019

2,876

429

353

333

80C

Missouri

Jan. 9 - May 30, 2019

1,766

171

141C

Montana

Jan. 7 - Apr. 25, 2019

1,140

169

486

111

N/A

Nebraska (U)

Jan. 9 - May 31, 2019

739

278

257

122

4 (b)

60L

Nevada

Feb. 4 - Jun. 3, 2019

1,117

636

N/A

New Hampshire

Jan. 2 - Sep. 25, 2019

779

346

55 (b)

17L

New Jersey

Jan. 9, 2018 - Jan. 14, 2020

10,100

1,200

472

12 (a)

N/A

New Mexico

Jan. 15 - Mar. 16, 2019

1,483

309

36 (a)

60C

New York (k)

Jan. 9 - Jun. 21, 2019; Jan 8, 2020 - N/A

17,292

3,688

778

3,552

169

N/A

Jan. 9, 2019 - (h)

1,679

251

(h)

Jan. 3 - Apr. 26, 2019

905

579

2 (a)(b)

76L

North Carolina (h) North Dakota Ohio

Jan. 9 - Dec. 30, 2019 (j)

718

(a)

(j)

Oklahoma

Feb. 4 - May 23, 2019

2,855

510

16 (a)

N/A

Oregon

Jan. 21 - Jun. 30, 2019

2,768

(g)

701

(a)

160C

Pennsylvania

Jan. 1 - Dec. 18, 2019

3,071

899

N/A

Rhode Island

Jan. 1 - Jun. 30, 2019

1,788

520

440

450

N/A

South Carolina (k)

Jan. 8 - May 9, 2019; Jan. 14, 2020 - N/A

1,845

1,607

103

1,257

N/A

South Dakota

Jan. 8 - Mar. 29, 2019

464

218

N/A

Tennessee (k)

Jan. 8 - May 2, 2019; Jan. 14 - Apr. 22, 2020

5,833

2,436

1,106

1,821

N/A

Texas

Jan. 8 - May 27, 2019

7,324

3,553

1,429

3,152

140C

Utah

Jan. 28 - Mar. 14, 2019

763

511

1 (a)

45C

Vermont

Jan. 9 - May 29, 2019

729

258

230

80L

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 7 7

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .1 9 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2019 Regular Sessions (continued) Introductions Resolutions*

Enactments/adoptions Bills Resolutions*

State

Duration of session**

Bills

Virginia

Jan. 9 - Feb. 23, 2019

1,999

1,126

849

Jan. 14 - Apr. 28, 2019; Jan. 13 - Mar. 12, 2020

3,662

229

468

Washington (k)

Measures vetoed by governor (a)(b)

Length of session

1,015

45C

N/A

West Virginia

Jan. 9 - Mar. 9, 2019

1,823

316

294

158

30 (b)

60C

Wisconsin (c)

Jan. 7, 2019 - Jan. 4, 2021

1,339

217

11 (a)

55L

Jan. 8 - Feb. 28, 2019

454

186

3 (a)(b)

36L

Wyoming

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey and legiscan. com, March 2020. * Includes Joint and Concurrent resolutions. **Actual adjournment dates are listed regardless of constitutional or statutory limitations. For more information on provisions, see Table 3.2, “Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions.” Key: C — Calendar day. L — Legislative day (in some states, called a session or workday; definition may vary slightly; however, it generally refers to any day on which either chamber of the legislature is in session). U — Unicameral legislature N/A — Not available. (a) Line item or partial vetoes: Alaska - 3; California - 1; Illinois - 1; Iowa - 1; Kansas - 1; Kentucky - 3; Louisiana - 9; Michigan - 16; New Mexico - 8; New Jersey - 69 (conditional and line item); North Dakota - 1; Ohio - 25 items in budget bill; Oklahoma - 1; Oregon - 2; Utah - 3; Wisconsin - 1; Wyoming - 4 (b) Number of vetoes overridden: Illinois - 1; Kentucky - 2; Nebraska - 4; New Hampshire - 1; North Dakota - 1; West Virginia - 2; Wyoming - 2 (c) Information for the 2019-2020 two-year session as of Jan. 8, 2020. (d) The Maine Governor held 40 bills since the end of the 129th First Regular Session. At the beginning of the 129th Second Regular Session, some of these became law, some were vetoed, and some were recalled from the Governor’s desk by the Legislature. Since these bills were enacted during the 1st Regular Session of the 129th Legislature, they are counted as enactments here. Vetoes of some of these bills, which occured during the 2nd Regular Session of the 129th are not counted here. The Resolutions

7 8 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

statistics do not include Constitutional Resolutions. Other than Constitutional Resolutions, there are two other types of Resolutions in Maine: ones that memorialize Congress and ones that recognize a person, day, week, or month such as Autism Awareness Month. These two types of Resolutions have different introduction and enactment procedures but are lumped together here. (e) This number reflects the resolution proposing an amendment to the state constitution that passed both Senate and House, but does not reflect any executive or judicial nomination resolutions that passed both Senate and House. (f) House held 115 session days, Senate 116 session days. There were 345 calendar days from convening to adjournment. (g) Resolutions are included in bill numbers. (h) Information as of 11/20/2019, for the 2019 session, which was set to continue on 1/14/20. (i) Of the 92 measures vetoed by the governor, 13 were “policy vetoes” (governor had objections to the bills due to policy concerns), while the others were duplicative (the bill in the opposite chamber, which also passed, accomplished the same purpose, so the governor signed only one of the measures and vetoed the other). (j) The House adjounred on Dec. 27, 2019 and the Senate on Dec. 30, 2019. The House of was in session for 140 calendar days and the Senate for 139 calendar days. (k) Figures reflect the number of bills and resolutions introduced and enacted for the 2019-2020 two-year session as of March 3, 2020.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 0 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2019 Special Sessions Introductions

State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (b) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (c) Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska (U) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Enactments/adoptions

Measures vetoed by Length of Duration of session** Bills Resolutions* Bills Resolutions* governor session Mar. 6–12, 2019 10 16 3 0 0 5L May 16–Jun. 13, 2019 7; 1; 4; 0; (a); 28C; Jul. 8–Aug. 6, 2019 6 1 2 0 (a) 29C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sep. 16–17, 2019; 0; 1; 0; 1; 0; 1L; Nov. 12–13, 2019 0 1 0 1 0 1L ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jul. 19–24, 2019 1 9 1 1 0 5L ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aug. 26, 2019 7 0 3 0 0 1L ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------May 24–25, 2019 31 0 13 0 0 1L ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sep. 9–16, 2019 35 2 1 0 0 6L ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sep. 16, 2019; 5; 1; 5; 1; 0; 1C; Dec. 12, 2019 2 0 2 0 0 1C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jul. 9–Nov. 18, 2019 72 85 0 75 0 N/A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mar. 10–Jul. 23, 2019; 16; 16; 47; 12; 0; 12L; Nov. 18, 2019 6 0 2 0 0 1C Nov. 7, 2019 0 0 0 0 0 1C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2019 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7 9

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 0 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2020 Special Sessions (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey and legiscan.com, Feb. 2020. * Includes Joint and Concurrrent resolutions. ** Actual adjournment dates are listed regardless of constitutional or statutory limitations. For more information on provisions, see Table 3.2, “Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions.” Key: N/A — Not available C—Calendar day. L—Legislative day (in some states, called a session or workday; definition may vary slightly; however, it generally refers to any day on which either chamber of the legislature is in session).

8 0 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

U—Unicameral legislature. (a) Two partial or line item vetoes. (b) Two Senate special sessions were convened to confirm judicial nominations. (c) The governor held one bill, which become law without her signature shortly after the convening of the 2nd Regular Session. Since it was enacted in the 2019 special session, it is included in the enactments statistic here.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 1 Staff for Individual Legislators Senate State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (f) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (nn) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Capitol

House/Assembly Capitol

Personal Shared District Personal Shared District YR YR/2 (a) YR YR/10 (a) YR/SO … YR YR/SO … YR YR (c) … … … YR (c) … … YR … … YR (d) … YR … YR YR … YR SO (e) YR (e) … YR (e) YR (e) … YR/1 … … … YR/4 … ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (g) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------YR (h) … YR (h) YR (h) … YR (h) … YR/3, SO/68 … … YR/25, SO/113 … YR/2 … … YR/1 … … … SO, YR (i) … … SO, YR (i) … YR (j) YR (j) YR (j) YR (j) YR (j) YR (j) … YR/2 (k) … … YR … SO/1 (oo) … (oo) SO/1 (oo) … (oo) SO/1 … … (l) SO/3 … … YR (m) … … YR (m) … (n) YR (o) YR (n) (n) YR (o) YR (n) (p) YR, SO (p) … … YR/11 (q) … (r) … YR (r) YR (r) SO (r) YR (r) YR … … YR … … YR (s) … … YR/2 (s) … … YR (t) Varies … YR (t) Varies … … YR … … YR … YR/2 YR/1 … YR/1 YR/1 … … SO … … SO … YR/2 … … ---------------------------------------------------- Unicameral --------------------------------------------------SO (u) YR … SO (pp) YR … … YR … … YR … YR (h) … YR (h) YR (h) … YR (h) SO/1 … … … SO/2 … YR (w) … YR (w) YR (w) … YR (w) YR (x) YR … YR (x) YR … … SO (v) … … SO (v) … YR/2 (y) … (z) YR/1 (aa) … (z) YR/1(bb) YR (bb) … YR (bb) YR/1 (bb) … YR (cc) YR YR (dd) YR (cc) YR YR (dd) YR … YR YR … YR … YR (ee) … … YR (ee) … … YR/2 … YR/4 … … (ff) (ff) … (ff) (ff) … YR/1 … … (gg) YR/1 … (hh) … (hh) (hh) … (hh) SO (ii) YR /6-8(ii) … SO (ii) YR/5-8(ii) … YR/1 (jj) … … YR/1 (jj) … … SO/1 (kk) … (kk) SO (kk) SO/2 (kk) YR/1 … IO/1 YR/1 … YR/1 SO … … … SO/17 … (ll) … (ll) (ll) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ---------------------------------------------------- Unicameral --------------------------------------------------YR (mm) (mm) … YR (mm) (mm) (ll) YR (mm) … … YR (mm) … … YR (mm) … … ---------------------------------------------------- Unicameral ---------------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 1

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 1 Staff for Individual Legislators (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: For entries under column heading “Shared,” figures after slash indicate approximate number of legislators per staff person, where available. Key: …—Staff not provided for individual legislators. YR—Year-round. SO—Session only. IO—Interim only. (a) Six counties have local delegation offices with shared staff. (b) The number of staff per legislator varies depending on their position. (c) Representatives share a secretary with another legislator; however, House leadership and committee chairs usually have their own secretarial staff. All legislators share professional research staff. (d) The legislators share eight member-services staff members; two staff members per 25 legislators. (e) Senate: Personal—Each Senator is granted 1,300 aide hours and may employ up to two aides each fiscal year, with each aide working a maximum of 40 hours each week. Shared—The majority have ten full time year round employees and two session-only positions. The minority have six full time year round employees and two session-only positions. The Senate also employs nonpartisan staff, including four full time year round employees and 13 session-only positions. There are also three session-only employees in the bill room who are jointly managed by the Colorado Senate and House. House: Personal—Each Representative is allowed to hire up to 2 paid Legislative Aides who share a limit of 1,300 hours per fiscal year. Representatives may have an unlimited number of unpaid interns and volunteers. Shared—The majority have 10 full time year round employees and two session-only positions. The minority employs 4 full time year round employees and three session-only positions. The House also employs nonpartisan staff, including four full time year round employees and 20 session-only positions. (f) The numbers are for staff assigned to specific legislators. There is additional staff working in the leadership offices that also support the rank and file members. (g) Staffers are a combination of full time, part time, shared, personal, etc. and their assignments change throughout the year. (h) Personal and district staff are the same. In Florida, district employees may travel to the capitol for sessions (two district employees in the Senate and one district employee in the House). (i) The Senate has two full-time, year-round employees (chief of staff to president pro tempore and secretary of the senate) and one part-time, year-round employee (minority chief of staff). The Senate had 50 full-time employees during the 2019 legislative session (January-April). The House has two full-time, year round employees (chief of staff to the speaker and chief fiscal officer) and one part-time, year-round employee (chief clerk of the hosue). The House had 36 full-time employees during the 2019 legislative sesson (January-April).

8 2 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(j) Each senator has one secretary and two House members share a secretary. Partisan staffers also help legislators with many issues as well as staffing committees. Most senators and representatives have one or two district office employees, paid from a separate allowance for that purpose. (k) Leadership has one legislative assistant. During session, college interns are hired to provide additional staff—one for every two members. Leadership has one intern. (l) One clerical staff person for three individual House members is the norm. Chairpersons are provided their own individual clerical staff person. (m) The General Assembly is provided professional and clerical staff services by a centralized, non-partisan staff, with the exception of House and Senate leadership which employs partisan staff. No district staff provided. (n) Each legislator may hire as many assistants as desired, but pay from public funds ranges from $2,000 to $3,000 per month per legislator. Assistant(s) generally work in the district office but may also work at the capitol during the session. (o) The six caucuses are assigned one full-time position each (potentially 24 legislators per one staff person). (p) Presonal: No Senate positions are exclusive to any one member. The President’s Office does work for the Senate President, however they also work in conjunction with the Majority Office caucus. Shared: Year Round and Session Only. Secretary’s Office: 10 YR, 5 SO; President’s Office: 8 YR; Majority office: 8 YR; Minority office: 6 YR. This is difficult to quantify. It can fluctuate depending on the office structure and total number of members for each caucus. Currently, the Senate Democrats have 21 members and the Senate Republicans have 14. Number of legislators per staff person: again, this is difficult to quantify. Legislative Aides are assigned to multiple members, yet the Communications Director works for all members of the caucus. (q) This is an average as some have 12, 14 and one legislator has seven. The 151 House members do not have individual staff. Speaker’s office: 8 year round. Clerk’s office: 12 year round, 1 parttime, 10 session-only. (r) Senate: Funds are included to permit each senator to hire an administrative aide that is a regular full-time, benefited employee. The current salary range for these positions is $39,000 to $71,190. Funds are included to permit each senator to hire a secretary for the legislative session. This is generally a benefited employee. For fiscal 2017, each position was budgeted at $8,118. Each senator is provided with a District Office Allowance of $18,965. Of this amount, $5,800 is restricted to staff assistance. Nine leadership positions are each provided with $20,436, of which $6,500 is restricted to staff assistance.Each senator is provided with a Supplemental Operating Fund in the amount of $7,500. This amount is intended to supplement the District Office Allowance and may be spent on operating expenses or for staff assistance at the senator’s option. House: Funds are included in the House budget to provide for payment of salaries attributable to specifically budgeted delegation staff positions. These are generally benefited positions that may work either a full-time or a part-time schedule depending on workload. The applicable salary for each budgeted delegation staff position is established based

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 1 Staff for Individual Legislators (continued) primarily on qualifications, experience, and anticipated workload. Funds are included to permit each delegate to hire a secretary for the legislative session. Each delegate’s secretary was funded at $2,755 for fiscal 2017, which if combined with two other delegates, approximates the amount budgeted for each senator’s secretary. Each delegate is provided with a District Office Allowance of $18,965. Of this amount, $5,800 is restricted to staff assistance. Twelve senior leadership positions are each provided with $20,436, of which $6,500 is restricted to staff assistance. Five delegation chair positions are each provided with $19,810, of which $5,800 is restricted to staff assistance.Each delegate is provided with a Supplemental Operating Fund in the amount of $3,546. This amount is intended to supplement the District Office Allowance and may be spent on operating expenses or for staff assistance at the delegate’s option.. (s) Senate—majority, 2-6 staff per legislator; minority, 2-3 staff per legislator. House—2 staff per legislator. (t) Senate: One to two staff persons per legislator. House: .5 to 1.5 staff persons per legislator (u) Senate—Majority Leader, 3 staff; Minority Leader, 2 staff; Other Senators 1 staff per legislator. Secretarial staff. House—1 staff per legislator. Secretarial staff; Leadership positions are assigned additional staff. (v) Secretarial staff; in North Dakota, leadership only. (w) Varies depending upon allowance allocated to each member. Members have considerable independence in hiring personal and committee staffs. Legislative employees can be annual, session, or temporary. (x) Part time during interim. (y) Some leadership offices have more. (z) Some legislators maintain district offices at their own expense. (aa) Some offices have more. (bb) Senate: Pro Tem—6 staff persons; Senate minority leader—1 staff person. House: year round one to eight, majority party only; minority party one staff person per legislator. Committee, fiscal and legal staffs are available to legislators on a year round. (cc) Two staff persons per legislator during session. (dd) Senate— Equivalent of one full-time staff. House—1 during interim. (ee) The General Assembly has a total of 280 full time positions, 267 full-time shared staff and additional 13 full-time positions for the House. (ff) The non-partisan Legislative Research Council serves all members of both houses year round. Committee secretaries and legislative interns and pages provide support during the sessions.

(gg) Several House members have year-round personal staff. It depends on seniority, duties (such as committee chairs), and committee assignments. (hh) Staff numbers vary depending on the legislator. Each legislator is allotted and office budget and has independence in using that budget for hiring staff. (ii) Most legislators are assigned one university student intern during session who is temporarily employed by the Office of Legislative Research and General Counsel. Some legislators provide their own personal intern (volunteer or financial arrangements are made between them). Senate: The Senate employs four full-time constituent services staff to take care of administrative matters and constituent inquiries year round. Three serve 23 majority members and one serves six minority members. House: The House Majority has seven full-time staffers that serve 59 majority house members. The House Minority has three fulltime staffers who serve 16 minority house members. The Utah House of Representatives also employs three full-time non-partisan staff members. (jj) No personal staff except one administrative assistant for the Speaker and one for the Senate Pro Tempore. (kk) Senate—One administrative assistant (secretary) provided to the members during the session by the Clerk’s offices. Members also receive a set dollar allowance to hire additional legislative assistants who may serve year round at the capitol and in the district. House—Members also receive a set dollar allowance to hire additional legislative assistants who may serve year round at the capitol and in the district. (ll) Staffing levels vary according to majority/minority status and leadership or committee responsibilities. Members may assign staff to work in the district office. (mm) Individual staffing and staff pool arrangements are at the discretion of the individual legislator. (nn) Each senator has the authority to hire at least two full-time, year-round staff. Each representative has the authority to hire at least one full-time, year-round staff. Depending on leadership or committee chair assignment, additional staff positions may be authorized. (oo) One clerk provided in capitol. District/Caucus—11 staff persons for Republicans and 9 staff persons for Democrats.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 3

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 2 Staff for Legislative Standing Committees Committee staff assistance State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (m) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Senate Prof. • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ • ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(i) ★(k) ★(l) ★ ★ ★ • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … • ★ ★ ★ ★

Cler. ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(k) ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(n) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

House/Assembly Prof. Cler. • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ • ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(i) ★ ★(k) ★(k) ★(l) ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ • ★ … ★ ★ ★ U U ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(n) … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ • ★ U U ★ ★ ★ ★ U U

See footnotes at end of table

8 4 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Source of staff services** Joint central agency (a) Prof. Cler. B … B B B B B B B B B … B … B … B B B B B B B (d) B (d) … … … … B … B B (g) B B B B B B B B … … B … … … … … B … B … … … B … B B B B … … … … B … B B B … … … B B B B B B B B B … B … B B B B B B B … … … B B B … B … B B … … B (q) B (q) B (q) B (q) S (q) S (q)

Chamber agency (b) Prof. Cler. … B … … B B B B B B B B … B B … B B B B B B B B B B S … B (f) B B B B B B B B B … … … … B B B H B B B … … B … … … B B B B B B B B B … … … … … … B B B B B B … B B B … (l) B B B B … … … B B B B B B … … … B B B S S B (q) B (q) B (q) B (q) S (q) S (q)

Caucus or leadership Prof. Cler. H S … … B B … … B B B B (c) B B B … B B B B B B … B B B S … B … B B B (h) B (h) B B B B … … … … B S B B … … S S … … … … … … … S … … … … B B … … … B B … S … B B B B … … B B … (l) … … … … … … B B … … … … B (q) B (q) S (q)

… … B B … … … … B (q) B (q) S (q)

Committee or committee chair Prof. Cler. … … B B B B … … B B … … … B … B B B B … B B … … … … … … … B B B … … B (j) B (j) … B … … … … … … B B B B B … … … S S … … … S … … … … B B … B (n) … … B B B B B B B B B … B B … (l) … B B B … … … … (o) (o) B B B B (p) B … … B … … … B (q) B (q) B (q) B (q) S (q) S (q)

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 2 Staff for Legislative Standing Committees (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands ** — Multiple entries reflect a combination of organizations and location of services. Key: ★ — All committees • — Some committees … — Services not provided B — Both chambers H — House S — Senate U — Unicameral (a) Includes legislative council or service agency or central management agency. (b) Includes chamber management agency, office of clerk or secretary and House or Senate research office. (c) Senate - there is secretarial staff for both majority and minority offices for the Senate in the Capitol. Most of the clerical work is done by caucus staff. House - the clerical and secretarial staff for the House is more centralized and is supervised by the Clerk of the House. (d) Professional staff and clerical support is provided via the Legislative Services Office, a non-partisan office serving all members of the House and Senate on a year-round basis. There are currently 65 employees working in the Legislative Services Office. Leadership in each party hire their respective support staff (e) Leadership in each party hire their respective support staff. (f) The Senate secretary and House clerk maintain supervision of committee clerks.

(g) Senators and House chairpersons select their secretaries and notify the central administrative services agency; all administrative employee matters handled by the agency. (h) Leadership employs partisan staff to provide professional and clerical services. However, all members, including leadership are also served by the centralized, non-partisan staff. (i) House Appropriations and Senate Finance Committees have Legislative Fiscal Office staff at their hearings. (j) Staff are assigned to each committee but work under the direction of the chair. (k) Standing committees are joint House and Senate committees. (l) The clerical support comes from employees who are hired to work only during the legislative sessions. They are employees of either the House or the Senate, and are not part of the central agency. (m) Committees are joint Senate and House. Professional nonpartisan staff serves committees, individual legislators and legislature as a whole, regardless of chamber or party. (n) Member’s personal secretary serves as a clerk to the committee or subcommittee that the member chairs. (o) The House Appropriations Committee and the Senate Finance Committees have their own staff. The staff members work under the direction of the chair. (p) Standing committees are staffed by subject specialists from the office of the Legislative Council staff. (q) In general, the legislative service agency provides legal and staff assistance for legislative meetings and provides associated materials. Individual legislators hire personal or committee staff as their budgets provide and at their own discretion.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 5

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 3 Standing Committees: Appointment and Number State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Committee members appointed by: Senate House/Assembly (v) S CC CC P S (a) (b) CR S MjL S PT S PT S P S CC S P S PT (f) S P, MnL (w) S, MnL (w) PT S MjL, MnL S (x) (g) (g) CC CC P S (h) P S P S P S MjL S CR MjL P S PT (j) S (j) CC S CC U MjL (e) S P (k) S (k) CC CC CC S PT S PT S CC CC P (m) S (m) PT (e) S P S PT S P S (n) S PT S S S P S (p) P S CC S E S CC CC P S MjL (y) S (y) P S (t) U P S (u) U P S P S E U

See footnotes at end of table

8 6â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Committee chairpersons appointed by: Senate House/Assembly (v) S CC CC P S (a) S (b) CR S MjL S PT S PT S P S CC S P (d) PT S P, MnL (w) S, MnL (w) PT S MjL S P S CC CC P S P S P S P S MjL S S S P S PT S CC S E U MjL S P (k) S (k) CC CC CC S PT S PT S CC CC P (m) S (m) PT S P S PT S P S (o) E PT S S S P S P S CC S (q) S CC (r) CC (s) P S MjL S P S (t) U E S (u) U P S P S E U

Number of standing committees during regular 2019 session Senate House/Assembly 20 33 10 10 12 18 9 10 22 32 10 11 (c) (c) 17 23 18 9 29 37 16 18 10 15 26 35 21 21 16 19 15 28 15 19 17 16 5 6 6 7 11 11 19 21 21 10 39 47 22 28 17 16 14 U 10 10 12 24 14 25 9 (l) 14 (l) 41 37 18 34 12 12 16 27 14 22 13 13 22 24 10 13 15 13 14 14 9 14 16 34 11 14 11 14 11 14 16 20 19 20 19 47 ... ... 13 U N/A N/A 11 U 7 11 25 35 11 U

Number of joint committees during 2019 session 0 3 1 7 8 8 25 (c) 4 4 0 0 5 0 1 0 12 0 0 17 19 29 3 2 0 13 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 5 0 16 0 2 4 2 4 0 7 16 0 12 0 10 12 0 N/A 0 0 8 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 3 Standing Committees: Appointment and Number (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019 and state websites 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: CC—Committee on Committees CR—Committee on Rules E—Election MjL—Majority Leader MnL—Minority Leader P—President PT—President pro tempore S—Speaker U—Unicameral Legislature …— None reported. N/A—Not available (a) Selection process based on seniority. (b) For the 2019 session the Speaker appointed members and leadership of all committees. Beginning with the next General Assembly, committee selection process will be based on seniority for standing committees, House Budget Committee, Legislative Council, and Legislative Joint Auditing Committee. Committee composition balanced by geographical region. Speaker appoints members of select committees. (c) Committees are joint Senate and House. There are 22 committees established under the Joint Rules and three committees established under statue. (d) By resolution with members of majority party designating the chair, vice-chairs and majority party members of committees, and members of minority party designating minority party members. (e) Minority Leader selects minority members. (f) “The following standing committees shall be appointed by the leadership under the direction of the President Pro Tempore, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate … provided that the President Pro Tempore shall appoint a majority of each committee and the chairman of each committee from the membership of the political party having a majority in the Senate… .” (Senate Rule 19). (g) Committee on Organization, Calendar and Rules. (h) Speaker appoints only 12 of the 19 members of the Committee on Appropriations.

(i) There are currently 16 Joint Standing Committees, two Joint Select Committees, and a joint Government Oversight Committee. (j) Senate minority committee members chosen by minority caucus, but appointed by president pro tempore. House minority members of committees appointed by the minority floor leader. (k) Senate president and House speaker consult with minority leaders. (l) Senate: includes eight substantive committees and one procedural committee. House: includes 12 substantive committees and two procedural committees. (m) The minority leader may recommend for consideration minority party members for each committee. (n) Appointment based on seniority (Senate Rule 19D). (o) Appointed by seniority which is determined by tenure within the committee rather than tenure within the Senate. Also, chair is based on the majority party within the committee (Senate Rule 19E). (p) For each standing substantive committee of the House, except for procedural committees, a maximum of one-half of the membership, exclusive of chair and vice-chair, is determined by seniority; the remaining membership of the committee is determined by the speaker. (q) In the Virginia Senate, the chair is the committee member from the majority party who has the most seniority. (r) Recommended by the Committee on Committees, approved by the president, then confirmed by the Senate. (s) Recommended by the Committee on Committees, then confirmed by the House. (t) Chair of the Council. (u) Members are appointed by the Chairperson; Chairperson is elected during majority caucus prior to inauguration. (v) Committee on Assignments. (w) Senate: President and Minority Leader appoint committee members including chairperson and minority spokesperson. House: Speaker appoints chairperson and majority members; Minority Leader appoints minority members. (x) Speaker confers with Minority Leader regarding minority member appointments. (y) Minority party committee appointments are based on minority party leadership nominations.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 7

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 4 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure

State or other jurisdiction

Constitution permits Committee meetings open to public* each legislative body to determine House/ its own rules Senate Assembly

Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings

Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor

Alabama

★

Senate: Four hours, if possible. House: Twenty-four hours, Senate: final vote on a bill, except a local bill, is recorded. except Rules & Local Legislations Committee. Exceptions House: recorded vote if requested by member of after 27th legislative day and special sessions. committee and sustained by one additional committee member.

Alaska

...

★

For meetings, by 4:00 p.m. on the preceding Thurs.; for first hearings on bills, 5 days.

Arizona

★

Senate: Written agenda for each regular and special Senate and House: roll call vote. meeting containing all bills, memorials and resolutions to be considered shall be distributed to each member of the committee and to the Secretary of the Senate at least five days prior to the committee meeting. House: The committee chair shall prepare an agenda and distribute copies to committee members, the Information Desk and the Chief Clerk's Office by 4 p.m. each Wednesday for all standing committees meeting on Monday of the following week and 4 p.m. each Thursday for all standing committees meeting on any day except Monday of the following week.

Arkansas

★

Senate: 2 days (anytime with 2/3s vote of the committee). Senate: roll call votes are recorded. House: report of House: 18 hours (2 hours with 2/3s vote of the committee) committee recommendation signed by committee chair.

California

★

Senate: advance notice provisions exist and are Senate and House: roll call. published in the agendas of each house. House: public notice is published in the agendas of each house. For bill hearings, the first committee of reference has a four-day notice and the second committee of reference has a two-day notice. Informational hearings have a four-day notice. No public notice is required for resolutions or special session bills.

Colorado

★

Senate: final action on a measure is prohibited Senate and House: final action by recorded roll call vote. unless notice is posted one calendar day prior to its consideration. The prohibition does not apply if the action receives a majority vote of the committee. House: Meeting publicly announced while the House is in actual session as much in advance as possible.

Connecticut

★

★ (e)

Delaware

★

Florida

★

Georgia

Roll call vote on any measure taken upon request by any member of either house.

Senate and House: one day notice for meetings, five days notice for hearings.

Senate and House: roll call required.

★

Senate: agenda released one day before meetings. House: agenda for meetings released four days before meetings

Senate and House: results of all committee reports are recorded.

★

Senate: during session–3 weekdays for first 40 days, 4 hours thereafter. House: two days for first 45 days, 1 day thereafter.

Senate and House: vote on final passage is recorded.

★

Senate: a list of committee meetings shall be posted by 10:00 a.m. the preceding Friday. House: none

Senate: bills can be voted out by voice vote or roll call.

Hawaii

★

★ (a)

Senate: 72 hours before 1st referral committee meetings, Senate and House A quorum of committee members 48 hours before subsequent referral committee. House: must be present before voting. 48 hours.

Idaho

★

★ (a)

Senate: Yes, for committee meetings to be held in executive session. (Senate Rule 20). House: Yes, for committee meetings to be held in executive session. (House Rule 26). "The chair of each standing or select committee shall lay on the Clerk's desk, to be read previous to adjournment, notice of the time and place of meeting of such committee." (House Rule 55).

Senate: Bills can be voted out by voice vote or roll call. (Senate Rule 39). House: Bills can be voted out by voice vote or roll call. (House Rule 79).

Illinois

★

★ (b)

Senate and House: 6 days.

Senate and House: votes on all legislative measures acted upon are recorded.

See footnotes at end of table

8 8 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 4 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure (continued)

State or other jurisdiction

Constitution permits Committee meetings open to public* each legislative body to determine House/ its own rules Senate Assembly

Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings

Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor

Indiana

★

Senate: 48 hours. House: prior to adjournment of the meeting day next preceding the meeting or announced during session

Senate: committee reports - do pass; do pass amended, Reported out without recommendation. House: majority of quorum; vote can be by roll call or consent.

Iowa

★

Senate and House: yes, but can be suspended.

Senate: final action by roll call. House: committee reports include roll call on final disposition.

Kansas

★

Senate and House: none.

Senate: vote recorded upon request of member. House: total for and against actions recorded.

Kentucky

★

★ (f)

Senate and House: none.

Senate and House: each member’s vote recorded on each bill.

Louisiana

★

★ (a)

Senate: no later than 1:00 p.m. the preceding day. House: no later than 4:00 p.m. the preceding day

Senate and House: any motion to report an instrument is decided by a roll call vote.

Maine

★

Senate and House: must be advertised two weekends in advance.

Senate and House: recorded vote is required to report a bill out of committee.

Maryland

★

Senate and House: none . General directive in the Senate Senate and House: the final vote on any bill is recorded. and House rules to the Department of Legislative Services to compile a list of the meetings and to arrange for distribution which in practice is done on a regular basis.

Massachusetts

★

Senate and House: 48 hours for public hearings.

Senate: voice vote or recorded roll call vote at the request of 2 committee members. House: recorded vote upon request by a member.

Michigan

★

Senate and House: Notice shall be published in the journal in advance of a hearing. Notice of a special meeting shall be posted at least 18 hours before a meeting. Special provisions for conference committees.

Senate: committee reports include the vote of each member on any bill. House: the daily journal reports the roll call on all motions to report bills.

Minnesota

★

Senate and House: 3 days.

Senate and House not needed.

Mississippi

★

Senate and House: none

Senate and House: bills are reported out by voice vote or recorded

Missouri

★

Senate and House: 24 hours

Senate and House: bills are reported out by a recorded roll call vote.

Montana

★

Senate and House: 3 legislative days or as circumstances Senate and House: every vote of each member is require recorded and made public.

Nebraska

★

Seven calendar days notice before hearing a bill.

Nevada

★

Senate and House: by rule - "adequate notice" shall be Senate and House: recorded vote is taken upon final provided. Senate: This rule may be suspended for emer- committee action on bills. gencies by a two thirds vote of appointed committee members. House: This rule may be suspended for emergencies by a majority vote of appointed committee members. In the Assembly this rule does not apply to committee meetings held on the floor during recess or conference committee meetings.

New Hampshire

★

Senate: 4 days. House: no less than 4 days.

Senate and House: committees report bills out by recorded roll call votes.

New Jersey

★

Senate and House: 5 days

Senate and House: the chair reports the vote of each member present on a motion to report a bill.

New Mexico

★

Senate and House: none

Senate and House: vote on the final report of the committee taken by yeas and nays. Roll call vote upon request.

New York

★

★ (a)

Senate: 1 week for meetings; Rules require that notice be given for public hearings, but the Rules are silent as to how long. House: 1 week for hearings, Thursday of prior week for meetings.

Senate and House: majority vote required

North Carolina

(c)

★

In executive session, majority of the committee must vote in favor of the motion made.

Senate and House: none. If public hearing, five calendar Senate: majority vote required. House: roll call vote days. taken on any question when requested by member & sustained by one-fifth of members present.

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 9

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 4 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure (continued)

State or other jurisdiction

Constitution permits Committee meetings open to public* each legislative body to determine House/ its own rules Senate Assembly

Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings

Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor

North Dakota

★

Senate and House: Printed and online hearing schedules, Senate and House: Recorded roll call vote of the committee electronic signage, floor announcements, rss feeds, members on each bill or resolution referred out of the committee and, in the case of divided reports, on each report. handheld device application.

Ohio

★

Senate: Rule 21 Each committee shall meet upon the call of its chairperson, and in case of the chairperson's absence, or refusal to call the committee together, a meeting may be called by a majority of the members of the committee. At least two days preceding the day bills or joint resolutions to propose a constitutional amendment are to be given a first hearing, bills and joint resolutions in each standing committee or subcommittee with the exception of the standing Committee on Rules. In a case of necessity, the notice of hearing may be given in a shorter period than two days by such reasonable method as shall be prescribed by the Committee on Rules. Where applicable, the rules of the Senate apply to the committee proceedings of the Senate. In addition, all Where applicable, the rules of the Senate apply to the committee proceedings of the Senate. In addition, all committee meetings shall be governed by section 101.15 of the Revised Code. On any occasion when a majority or more of the members of a standing committee, select committee, or subcommittee of a standing or select committee of the Senate meet together for a prearranged discussion of the public business of the committee or subcommittee, the meeting shall be open to the public unless closed in accordance with Ohio Constitution, Article II, Section 13. House: Rule 36(a) The chair of a standing committee, subcommittee, select committee, or joint committee shall give due notice of a meeting of the committee, subcommittee, select committee, or joint committee not later than twenty-four hours before the meeting, in accordance with section 101.15 of the Revised Code, and shall attempt to give that notice not later than five days before the meeting. The notice shall identify the committee; identify the chair; state the date, time, and place at which the meeting will be held; and set forth an agenda showing each bill, resolution, or other matter that will be considered at the meeting. (b) It is not in order for a committee to meet at a date, time, or place, or to consider any bill, resolution, or other matter at a meeting, other than as stated in the notice of the meeting, unless otherwise ordered by the House or the committee. If, however, an emergency requires consideration of a matter at a meeting, and the matter has not been stated in the notice of the meeting, the chair may revise or supplement the notice at any time before or during the meeting to include the matter and the matter may then be considered as the emergency requires. "

Senate: Rule 24 The affirmative votes of a majority of all members of a committee shall be necessary to report or to postpone further consideration of bills or resolutions. Every member present shall vote, unless excused by the chair. At discretion of chair the roll call may be continued for a vote by any member who was present at the prior meeting, but no later than 10:00 a.m. of next calendar day. House: Rule 40 (b) The affirmative votes of a majority of all members constituting a committee shall be necessary to report a bill or resolution out of committee, and a record of every vote shall be kept by the necessary to agree to any motion to recommend for passage or to postpone indefinitely further consideration of bills or resolutions, and a record of such vote shall be kept by the committee. Every member present shall vote unless excused by the committee. Rule 41(a) No proxy vote shall be valid. Nor shall any member vote except while sitting in committee in actual session, unless the member shall have first been present and recorded as such immediately before or during actual session before the vote is taken, and by motion the roll call on a motion to recommend a bill or resolution for passage is continued for a vote by any member who is temporarily absent from the meeting until the adjournment thereof, which shall be not later than 12:00 o'clock noon one day following the committee meeting. It is not in order for a member to vote on an amendment unless the member is actually present when the amendment is voted upon. (b) Three consecutive absences from regular committee meetings shall operate to suspend a member from such committee, unless excused by the chair of said committee.

Senate and House: roll call vote.

Oklahoma

★

Senate: 48 hours notice. House: 3 day notice.

Oregon

★

Senate: At least 48 hrs. notice except at the end of session Senate and House: affirmative roll call vote of majority when President invokes 1 hr. notice when adjournment of members of committee and recorded in committee sine die is imminent. House: First public hearing on a minutes. measure must have at least 72 hours notice, all other meetings at least 48 hours notice except in case of emergency.

Pennsylvania

★

Senate and House: written notice to members containing Senate and House: a majority vote of committee members. date, time, place and agenda

Rhode Island

★

Senate and House: notice required.

Senate and House: majority vote of the members present.

South Carolina

★

Senate and House: 24 hours

Senate and House: favorable report out of committee (majority of committee members voting in favor).

South Dakota

★

Senate and House: at least one legislative day must intervene between the date of posting and the date of consideration in both houses.

Senate and House: a majority vote of the members-elect taken by roll call is needed for final disposition on a bill. This applies to both houses.

See footnotes at end of table

9 0 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 4 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure (continued)

State or other jurisdiction

Constitution permits Committee meetings open to public* each legislative body to determine House/ its own rules Senate Assembly

Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings

Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor

Tennessee

★

Senate: 6 days; House: 72 hours

Texas

★

Senate: 24 hours; House: Five calendar days notice Senate and House: committee reports include the record during a regular session and 24 hours during a special vote by which the report was adopted, including the vote session, with certain exceptions for formal meetings, but of each member. not public hearings, during session.

Utah

★

Senate and House: Not less than 24 hours public notice. Senate and House: All votes are recorded in the meeting minutes by legislator name. For a motion to pass, a quorum must be present and a majority of members present must vote in the affirmative.

Vermont

★

Senate and House: none

Senate and House: vote is recorded for each committee member for every bill considered.

Virginia

★

★ (a)

Senate and House:: none

Senate: recorded vote, except resolutions that do not have a specific vote requirement under the Rules. In these cases, a voice vote is sufficient. House: vote of each member is taken and recorded for each measure.

Washington

★

Senate and House: 5 days

Senate: bills reported from a committee carry a majority report which must be signed by a majority of the committee. House: every vote to report a bill out of committee is by yeas and nays; the names of the members voting are recorded in the report.

West Virginia

★

Senate and House:: none

Senate and House: majority of committee members voting.

Wisconsin

★

Senate and House: At least 24 hours prior to commencement of meetings unless impossible or impractical, then at least 2 hours.

Senate and House: number of ayes and noes recorded.

Wyoming

★

Senate and House: by 3:00 p.m. of previous day

Senate and House: bills are reported out by recorded roll call vote.

American Samoa

★

★ (d)

Senate and House: At least 3 calendar days in advance.

Senate and House: There are four methods of ascertaining the decision upon any matter: by raising of hands; by secret ballot, when authorized by law; by rising; and by call of the members and recorded by the Clerk of the vote of each.

Senate and House: majority referral to Calendar and Rules Committee, majority of Calendar and Rules Committee referral to floor.

Guam

★

Five days prior to public hearings.

Majority vote of committee members.

CNMI**

★

Senate: 3 days. House: 1 day.

Senate and House: majority.

Puerto Rico

★

Senate: Must be notified every Thurs., one week in Senate: bills reported from a committee carry a majority advance. House: 24 hours advanced notice, no later than vote. House: bills reported from a committee carry a 4:00 p.m. previous day. majority vote by referendum or in an ordinary meeting.

U.S. Virgin Islands

★

Seven calendar days.

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019. **Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: * — Notice of committee meetings may also be subject to state open meetings laws; in some cases, listed times may be subject to suspension or enforceable only to the extent “feasible” or “whenever possible.” ★ — Yes U — Unicameral. (a) “Each house when assembled shall . . . determine its own rules of proceeding. . . .” (Idaho Const. art. III, § 9). “The business of each house, and of the committee of the whole shall be transacted openly and not in secret session.” (Idaho Const. art. III, § 12). “All meetings of any standing, special or select committee of either house of the legislature of the state of Idaho shall be open to the public at all times, except in extraordinary circumstances as provided specifically in the rules of procedure in either house, and

Bills must be reported to floor by Rules Committee.

any person may attend any meeting of a standing, special or select committee, but may participate in the committee only with the approval of the committee itself.” (I.C. § 74-207; see also House Rule 57 and Senate Rule 20). (b) A session of a house or one of its committees can be closed to the public if two-thirds of the members elected to that house determine that the public interest so requires. A meeting of a joint committee or commission can be closed if two-thirds of the members of both houses so vote. (c) Not referenced specifically, but each body publishes rules. (d) Unless privileged information is being discussed with counsel or the security of the territory is involved. (e) Committees are joint. (f) All standing committee meetings are open to the public. Other committee meetings of either chamber are open at the discretion of the chamber, committee, or chair of the committee.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 1

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 5 Legislative Review of Administrative Regulations: Structures and Procedures State or other jurisdiction

Type of reviewing committee

Rules reviewed

Alabama

Joint bipartisan, standing committee

Alaska

Joint bipartisan, standing committee and Legislative Affairs Agency review of proposed regulations.

P, E

…

Arizona

Joint bipartisan

P, E

…

Arkansas

Joint bipartisan

P, E (f)

Time limits in review process If not approved or disapproved within 45 days of filing, rule is approved. If disapproved by committee, disapproval may be appealed to the lieutenant governor.

… The Legislature may study and make recommendations regarding existing or proposed regulations. Comprehensive regulation review conducted by independent executive branch agency.

California

Standing committee

P, E

Colorado

Joint bipartisan

Rules continue unless the annual legislative Rule Reviews Bill discontinues a rule. The Rule Reviews Bill is effective upon the governor's signature, however, the Governor needs to sign the Rule Review Bill on or before midnight on May 15 or all of the rules and amendments to rules adopted during the year before will automatically expire pursuant to statute.

Connecticut

Joint bipartisan, standing committee

Initial submittal of proposed regulation shall be on the first Tuesday of month. After initial submittal, committee has 65 days thereafter. For a second/revised submittal, committee has 35 days thereafter to review /take action on revised regulation.

Delaware

…

Joint bipartisan, standing committee

P, E (e)

Florida

Joint bipartisan

P, E

Georgia

Standing committee

The agency notifies the Legislative Counsel 30 days prior to the effective dates of proposed rules.

Hawaii

Legislative agency

The legislative reference bureau may assist agencies in complying with a uniform style format. This does not affect the status of rules.

Idaho

Germane joint subcommittees

P, E

There is no set time limit for rules review other than by the end of session. Typically they review rules during the first 3-4 weeks of session. Proposed rules: Reviewed pursuant to I.C. § 67-454. Existing rules: "The legislature may review any administrative rule to ensure it is consistent with the legislative intent of the statute that the rule was written to interpret, prescribe, implement or enforce. After that review, the legislature may approve or reject, in whole or in part, any rule as provided by law." (Idaho Const. art. III, § 29).

Illinois

Joint bipartisan

P, E

An agency proposing non-emergency regulations must allow 45 days for public comment. At least five days after any public hearing on the proposal, the agency must give notice of the proposal to the Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, and allow it 45 days to approve or object to the proposed regulations.

Indiana

No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches.

Iowa

Joint bipartisan

P, E

…

Agencies must give 60-day notice to the public and the Joint Committee of their intent to adopt or amend specific rules and regulations, a copy of which must be provided to the committee. Within the 60-day comment period, the Joint Committee must review and comment, if it feels necessary, on the proposals. Final rules and regulations which differ in subject matter or in any material respect from the rules and regulations originally proposed or which are not a logical outgrowth of the rules and regulations originally proposed must be resubmitted to the Joint Committee as part of new rulemaking.

P, E

The deadline for filing proposed regulations is the 15th of the month. Properly filed regulations are published in the Administrative Register on the first of the month following the deadline. Filing the regulation triggers a public comment period and a review by the Administrative Regulation Review Subcommittee (ARRS). The committee meets within 75 days of publication, unless the regulation receives comments, is deferred, or is withdrawn. The subject-matter committee, which has the option to review regulations after ARRS, may meet on a regulation within 90 days of referral of the regulation to the subject-matter committee.

Standing committee

All proposed rules and fees are submitted to designated standing committees of the legislature. If a rule or fee is unacceptable, the committee sends a written report to the governor. The governor has 10 days to disapprove the committee report. If both Senate and House committees fail to find the rule unacceptable, or if the governor disapproves the action of a committee within 10 days, the agency may adopt the rule change. If the committees of both houses fail to find a fee unacceptable, it can be adopted. Committee action on proposed rules must be taken within 5 to 30 days after the agency reports to the committee on its public hearing (if any) and whether it is making changes on proposed rules.

Joint bipartisan, standing committee

P (d)

One legislative session.

P, E

All proposed regulations are submitted to the AELR Committee for review at least 15 days before they are submitted to the Maryland Register for publication. Often changes are negotiated between the committee and the unit before publication. The committee is not required to give its explicit approval in order for a proposed regulation to become effective. In the usual course, the unit may adopt a proposed regulation 45 days after the regulation was published in the Maryland Register. Thirty of the 45 days must be reserved as a public comment period. If the committee cannot complete its review of the proposed regulation within the 45-day period, it may delay, or “hold,” the adoption of the regulation. During this time, the committee may suggest to the unit that certain changes be made. If no agreement is reached, the unit may subsequently notify the committee of its intent to adopt the regulation despite the committee's hold. The hold period ends on the later of the 30th day after the unit's notice to the committee or the 105th day after the initial publication of the regulation in the Maryland Register. At any time, the committee may formally vote to oppose the adoption of the regulation. In this case, notice of the opposition is sent to the governor and the unit, and further negotiations ensue. (continued on next page.)

Kansas

Kentucky

Joint bipartisan

Joint bipartisan statutory committee

Louisiana (a)

Maine

…

Maryland

Joint bipartisan

See footnotes at end of table

9 2 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 5 Legislative Review of Administrative Regulations: Structures and Procedures (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Type of reviewing committee

Rules reviewed

Time limits in review process

P, E

The governor may instruct the unit to withdraw or modify the regulation. However, once the committee has opposed the adoption of the regulation, it may not be adopted unless approved by the governor. Emergency regulations, which bypass the normal public notice and comment period, remain in effect for a limited period of time -not to exceed 180 days -to meet exigent circumstances. Although emergency regulations are not published in the Maryland Register before adoption, notice of the committee’s receipt of the regulation is posted on the MGA website. In addition, the agency submitting the request for adoption of emergency status must post the text of the regulations on the agency website within three business days of submission to the AELR committee.If a member of the committee requests a public hearing on the emergency adoption of a regulation, the committee must hold the hearing. If no public hearing is requested, staff to the committee may poll on the emergency regulation as soon as 10 business days after receipt of the regulation. Approval by the committee is required for an emergency regulation to take effect.

In Massachusetts, the General Court (Legislature) may by statute authorize an administrative agency to promulgate regulations. The promulgation of such regulations are then governed by Chapter 30A of the Massachusetts General Laws. Chapter 30A requires 21 day notice to the public of a public hearing on a proposed regulation. After public hearing the proposed regulation is filed with the state secretary who approves it if it is in conformity with Chapter 30A. The state secretary maintains a register entitled “Massachusetts Register” and the regulation does not become effective until published in the register. The agency may promulgate amendments to the regulations following the same process.

Joint bipartisan

"Joint Committee on Administrative Rules (JCAR) has 15 session days in which to consider the rule. JCAR may waive the remaining session days, object to the rule, propose that the rule be changed, or decide to enact the subject of the rule into law. (1) If JCAR does not object or waives the remaining session days, the rule goes into effect. (2) If JCAR objects, a member of the JCAR shall introduce bills in both houses to rescind the rule, repeal the authorizing statute, or stay the effective date for up to one year. If the legislation does not pass within 15 session days, the agency may file the rule. (3) If the JCAR proposes the rule be changed, the agency has 30 days to change the rule and resubmit or decide to not change the rule. If the agency agrees to change the proposed rule, it withdraws the rule and resubmits it. If the agency does not agree to change the proposed rule, it notifies the JCAR which again has 15 session days to consider the rule. (4) If the JCAR decides to enact the subject of the rule into law, the JCAR chair or alternate chair shall introduce legislation in both houses to do so and the agency may not file the rule for 270 days after the introduction of the legislation. The JCAR can also meet between legislative sessions and suspend rules promulgated during the interim between sessions. "

Minnesota

Joint bipartisan, standing committee

P, E

Mississippi

------------------------------------------------------------------No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches------------------------------------------------------------------

Maryland (cont.)

Massachusetts (a)

Joint bipartisan

Public hearing by agency

Michigan

Missouri

Minnesota Statute Sec. 3.842, subd. 4a

Joint bipartisan, statutory 536.037 RSMo.

P, E

Germane joint

Prior to adoption.

If an agency proposes to repeal, adopt or amend a rule or regulation, it is required to provide the Executive Board Chair with the proposal at least 30 days prior to the public hearing, as required by law. The Executive Board Chair shall provide to the appropriate standing committee of the legislature, the agency proposal for comment

Proposed regulations are either reviewed at the Legislative Commission's next regularly scheduled meeting (if the regulation is received more than 10 working days before the meeting), or they are referred to the Commission's Subcommittee to Review Regulations. If there is no objection to the regulation, then the Commission will "promptly" file the approved regulation with the Secretary of State. If the Commission or its subcommittee objects to a regulation, then the Commission will "promptly" return the regulation to the agency for revision. Within 60 days of receiving the written notice of objection to the regulation, the agency must revise the regulation and return it to the Legislative Counsel. If the Commission or its subcommittee objects to the revised regulation, the agency shall continue to revise and resubmit it to the Commission or subcommittee within 30 days after receiving the written notice of objection to the revised regulation.

Joint bipartisan

Under APA, for regular rulemaking, the joint committee of administrative rules has 45 days to review a final proposed rule from an agency. Otherwise the rule is automatically approved. If JLCAR makes a preliminary or revised objection, the agency has 45 days to respond, and JLCAR has another 50 days to decide to vote to sponsor a joint resolution, which suspends the adoption process. JLCAR may also, or instead, make a final objection, which shifts the burden of proof in court to the agency. There is no time limit on making a final objection. If no JLCAR action in the 50 days to vote to sponsor a joint resolution, the agency may adopt the rule.

Joint bipartisan

…

Montana

The committee must disapprove a final order of rulemaking within 30 days upon receipt or the order of rulemaking is deemed approved.

bipartisan committees Nebraska

Nevada

Standing committee

Ongoing statutory committee (Legislative Commission)

New Hampshire

New Jersey New Mexico New York

----------------- No formal review is performed by legislature. Periodic review and report to legislative finance committee is required of certain agencies. ----------------Joint bipartisan commission

P, E

North Carolina

Rules Review Commission; Public membership appointed by legislature

P, E

North Dakota

Interim committee

Ohio

Joint bipartisan

P, E (c)

… The Rules Review Commission must review a permanent rule submitted to it on or before the 20th of the month by the last day of the next month. The commission must review a permanent rule submitted to it after the 20th of the month by the last day of the second subsequent month. The Administrative Rules Committee meets in each calendar quarter to consider rules filed in previous 90 days. The committee's jurisdiction is 65 days from date of original filing plus an additional 30 days from date of re-filing. Rules filed with no changes, pursuant to the five-year review, are under a 90 day jurisdiction.

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 3

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 5 Legislative Review of Administrative Regulations: Structures and Procedures (continued) State or other jurisdiction Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania

Type of reviewing committee

Rules reviewed

Standing committee (b)

P, E

Time limits in review process The legislature has 30 legislative days to review proposed rules. The legislature reviews all agency rules submitted prior to April 1st. Any rules submitted after April 1st are to be reviewed the next legislative session.

(g)

Agencies must copy Legislative Counsel within 10 days of rule adoption.

Joint bipartisan, standing committee

Time limits decided by the president pro tempore and speaker of the House.

Rhode Island

No formal rule review is performed by legislative and executive branches.

South Carolina

Standing committee. Submitted by General Assembly for approval.

General Assembly has 120 days to approve or disapprove. If not disapproved by joint resolution before 120 days, regulation is automatically approved. It can be approved during 120 day review period by joint resolution.

South Dakota

Joint bipartisan

Rules must be adopted within 75 days of the commencement of the public hearing; emergency rules must be adopted within 30 days of the date of the publication of the notice of intent. Many other deadlines exist; see SDCL 1-26-4 for further details.

Tennessee

Joint bipartisan

All permanent rules take effect 90 days after filing with the secretary of state. Emergency rules take effect upon filing with the secretary of state and may be effective for not longer than 180 days.

Texas

Standing committee

No time limit.

Utah

Created by statute (63G-3-501).

P, E

Vermont

Joint bipartisan

The Joint Legislative Committee on Rules must review a proposed rule within 30 days of submission to the committee.

Virginia

Joint bipartisan, standing committee

Standing committees and the Joint Commission on Administrative Rules may object to a proposed or final adopted rule before it becomes effective. This delays the process for 21 days and the agency must respond to the objection. In addition or as an alternative, standing committees and the Commission may suspend the effective date of all or a part of a final regulation until the end of the next regular session, with the concurrence of the Governor. If the committee determines that a proposed rule does not comply with legislative intent, it notifies the agency, which must schedule a public hearing within 30 days of notification. The agency notifies the committee of its action within seven days after the hearing. If a hearing is not held or the agency does not amend the rule, the objection may be filed in the state register and referenced in the state code. The committee’s powers, other than publication of its objections, are advisory.

Washington

Joint bipartisan

P, E

West Virginia

Joint bipartisan

P, E

Unless a rule is explicitly mandated by a federal law or regulation or Utah's constitution grants specific constitutional authority, every agency rule that is in effect on February 28 of any calendar year expires May 1 of that year unless it has been reauthorized by the Legislature (Utah Code 63G-3-502)

…

Wisconsin

Joint bipartisan

P, E

The standing committee in each house has 30 days to conduct its review for a proposed rule. If either objects the Joint Committee for the Review of Administrative Rules has 30 days to introduce legislation in each house overturning the rules. After 40 days the bills are placed on the calendar. If either bill passes, the rules are overturned. If they fail to pass, the rules go into effect. As an alternative, JCRAR may make an indefinite objection and the agency may not promulgate the rule unless a bill authorizing the promulgation is enacted.

Wyoming

Joint bipartisan

P, E

An agency shall submit copies of adopted, amended or repealed rules to the legislative service office for review within 10 days after the date of the agency's final action adopting, amending or repealing those rules. The legislature makes its recommendations to the governor who within 15 days after receiving any recommendation, shall either order that the rule be amended or rescinded in accordance with the recommendation or file in writing his objections to the recommendation.

American Samoa

Standing committee

Guam

Standing committee

… 45 calendar days

Puerto Rico

-------------------------------------------------------------- No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches.--------------------------------------------------------------

U.S. Virgin Islands

-------------------------------------------------------------- No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches. --------------------------------------------------------------

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019. Key: P — Proposed rules E — Existing rules … — No formal time limits (a) Review of rules is performed by both legislative and executive branches. (b) House has a standing committee to which all rules are generally sent for review. In the Senate rules are sent to standing committee which deals with that specific agency. (c) The Committee reviews proposed new, amended, and rescinded rules. The Committee participates in a five -year review of every existing rule.

9 4 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(d) Major substantive Rules (as designated by the Legislature) are subject to legislative review and approval; Routine Technical Rules are not subject to any formal legislative review and approval process. (e) The chair of a standing committee can call a hearing to review the rule during the interim. The Joint Legislative Oversight Committee can order a review of an agency’s rules during regular session. (f) Amendment 92 to the Arkansas Constitution, which passed in 2014, and laws enacted by Act 1258 of 2015 provided the General Assembly with the power of review and approval of all administrative rules and regulations. (g) Appropriate substantive committee will review if the Legislative Counsel determines that rule exceeds intent or scope of enabling Act.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 6 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers

State or other jurisdiction

Reviewing committee’s powers No objection constitutes Advisory powers approval of Committee may only (a) proposed rule suspend rule

Legislative powers: Method of legislative veto of rules If not approved or disapproved within 45 days of filing, rule is approved. If disapproved by committee, disapproval may be appealed to the lieutenant governor. If the lieutenant governor doesn't approve rule, it is disapproved. If lieutenant governor approves rule, rule is suspended until final adjournment, next regular session. Rule takes effect upon that final adjournment unless committee's disapproval is sustained by legislature. The committee may approve a rule.

Alabama

…

Alaska

…

(b)

Constitution and Statute

Arizona

N.A.

Arkansas

(gg)

…

A motion may be made in the Legilative Council or its Administrative Rules and Regulations Subcommittee to not approve the rule. If such a motion is made, the legislator making the motion must state the basis for not approving the rule. The only two valid reasons for not approving the rule are that it is inconsistent with state or federal law or inconsistent with legislative intent.

California

«(cc)

…

Statute

Colorado

…

«(z)

…

Rules that the General Assembly has determined should not be continued are listed as exceptions to the continuation.

Connecticut

…

Statute CGS 4-170 (d) and 4-171; (c)

Delaware

«(ff)

…

N.A.

Florida

«(ee)

…

Statute

Georgia

…

Resolution (d)

Hawaii

…

Idaho

(ii)

(jj)

Concurrent resolution. All rules are terminated one year after adoption unless the legislature reauthorizes the rule.

Illinois

…

(e)

«(f)

Indiana

…

(g)

Iowa

…

(h)

By consitutional majority vote of each house, by joint resolution, with approval of governor not required.

Kansas

…

Statute

Kentucky

(x)

(y)

…

Enacting legislation to void the regulation or to amend the authorizing statute.

Louisiana

…

(i)

Concurrent resolution to suspend, amend or repeal adopted rules or fees. Proposed rules and emergency rules exist (i).

«(aa)

«(bb)

…

(j)

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

(f)

«(k)

…

The Joint Committee on Administrative, Executive, and Legislative Review (AELR) is composed of 20 members -10 senators appointed by the President of the Senate and 10 delegates appointed by the Speaker of the House. There is a House chair and a Senate chair who alternate each calendar year as the presiding chair. The Department of Legislative Services (DLS) provides two counsel as the primary staff to AELR. In providing oversight of the regulatory activities of State agencies for the General Assembly, the primary function of AELR is to review any regulations that are proposed for adoption by a unit of the Executive Branch of State government to determine whether the regulations conform to the statutory authority of the unit and the legislative intent of the statute under which the regulations are proposed

…

The legislature may pass a bill which would supersede a regulation if signed into law by the governor.

Michigan

…

(l)

Joint Committee on Administrative Rules (JCAR) has 15 session days in which to consider the rule. JCAR may waive the remaining session days, object to the rule, propose that the rule be changed, or decide to enact the subject of the rule into law. (1) If JCAR does not object or waives the remaining session days, the rule goes into effect. (2) If JCAR objects, a member of the JCAR shall introduce bills in both houses to recind the rule, repeal the authorizing statute, or stay the effective date for up to one year. If the legislation does not pass within 15 session days, the agency may file the rule. (3) If the JCAR proposes the rule be changed, the agency has 30 days to change the rule and resubmit or decide to not change the rule. If the agency agrees to change the proposed rule, it withdraws the rule and resubmits it. If the agency does not agree to change the proposed rule, it notifies the JCAR which again has 15 session days to consider the rule. (4) If the JCAR decides to enate the subject of the rule into law, the JCAR chair or alternate chair shall introduce legislation in both houses to do so and the agency may not file the rule for 270 days after the introduction of the legislation. The JCAR can also meet between legislative sessions and suspend rules promulgated during the interim between sessions.

Minnesota

…

(m)

Missouri

…

Concurrent resolution passed by both houses of the General Assembly.

Montana

…

« (o)

Mississippi

(n) Statute

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 5

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 6 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers (continued)

State or other jurisdiction

Reviewing committee’s powers No objection constitutes Advisory powers approval of Committee may only (a) proposed rule suspend rule

Nebraska

Nevada

Legislative powers: Method of legislative veto of rules

…

N.A.

New Hampshire

(q)

…

(r)

New Jersey

…

(s)

New Mexico

N.A.

No formal mechanism exists for legislative review of administrative rules.

New York

(hh)

…

There is no legislative veto of administrative rules outside of bill process in New York.

North Carolina

…

North Dakota

…

«(t)

…

Ohio

…

Concurrent resolution. Committee recommends to the General Assembly that a rule be invalidated. The General Assembly invalidates a rule through adoption of concurrent resolution.

« (p)

«(p)

The legislature may disapprove (veto) proposed rules by concurrent or joint resolution. A concurrent resolution does not require the governor's signature. Existing rules may be disapproved by joint resolution. A committe may not disapprove; only the full legislature may do so. Failure of the legislature to disapprove constitutes approval. Pursuant to HB 2055 enacted in 2013, legislature shall adopt omnibus resolution approving all proposed permanent rules except those listed in resolution which are to be disapproved.

Oregon

(dd)

By passing statute that overrides terms of rule.

Pennsylvania

…

Upon vote of General Assembly

South Carolina

…

South Dakota

…

The Interim Rules Review Committee may, by statute, suspend rules that have not become effective yet by an affirmative vote of the majority of the committee.

Tennessee

…

The Government Operations committee of either house may stay a permanent rule for up to 60 days, and may request an agency to repeal, amend or withdraw. In accordance with statutorily-imposed termination dates, all permanent rules filed in one calendar year expire on June 30 of the subsequent year unless the general assemble enacts legislation to extend the rules to a date certain or indefinitely.

Texas

…

Legislature may override agency rules only by bill.

Utah

…

All rules must be reauthorized by the legislature annually. This is done by omnibus legislation, which also provides for the sunsetting of specific rules listed in the bill.

Oklahoma

Rhode Island

(n)

Vermont

(u)

Statute

Virginia

…

(v)

The General Assembly must pass a bill enacted into law to directly negate the administrative rule.

Washington

N.A.

West Virginia

…

(w)

Wisconsin

…

Wyoming

…

Action must be taken by legislative order adopted by both houses before the end of the next succeeding legislative session to nullify a rule. The enacting clause of all bills shall be: Be it by the Legislature of American Samoa, and no law shall be except by bill. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended or rejected by the other. The Governor may submit proposed legislation to the Legislature for consideration by it. He may designate any such proposed legislation as urgent, if he so considers it.

American Samoa Guam

N.A

CNMI*

U.S. Virgin Islands See footnotes at end of table

9 6 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Legislation to disapprove rules and regulations. (n)

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 6 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Yes …—No N.A.—Not applicable (a) This column is defined by those legislatures or legislative committees that can only recommend changes to rules but have no power to enforce a change. (b) Authorized, although constitutionally questionable. (c) Disapproval of proposed regulations may be sustained, or reversed by action of the General Assembly in the ensuing session. The General Assembly may by resolution sustain or reverse a vote of disapproval. (d) The reviewing committee must introduce a resolution to override a rule within the first 30 days of the next regular session of the General Assembly. If the resolution passes by less than a twothirds majority of either house, the governor has final authority to affirm or veto the resolution. (e) The Administrative Procedure Act is not clear on this point, but implies that the Joint Committee should either object or issue a statement of no objections. (f) Joint Committee on Administrative Rules can send objections to issuing agency. If it does, the agency has 90 days from then to withdraw, change, or refuse to change the proposed regulations. If the Joint Committee determines that proposed regulations would seriously threaten the public good, it can block their adoption. Within 180 days the Joint Cmte., or both houses of the General Assembly, can “unblock” those regulations; if that does not happen, the regulations are dead. (g) None—except by passing statute. (h) Committee may delay or suspend object to rules, and has authority to approve emergency filed rules. (i) If the committee determines that a proposed rule is unacceptable, it submits a report to the governor who then has 10 days to accept or reject the report. If the governor rejects the report, the rule change may be adopted by the agency. If the governor accepts the report, the agency may not adopt the rule. Emergency rules become effective upon adoption or up to 60 days after adoption as provided in the rule, but a standing committee or governor may void the rule by finding it unacceptable within 2 to 61 days after adoption and reporting such finding to agency within four days. (j) No veto allowed. If Legislature wishes to stop a rule from being adopted, it must enact appropriate legislation prohibiting the agency from adopting the rule. (k) Except for emergency regulations which require committee approval for adoption. (l) Committee can suspend rules during interim. (m) The Legislative Commission to Review Administrative Rules (LCRAR) ceased operating, effective July 1, 1996. The Legislative Coordinating Commission (LCC) may review a proposed or adopted rule. Contact the LCC for more information. See Minn. Stat. 3.842, subd. 4a.

(n) No formal mechanism for legislative review of administrative rules. In Virginia, legislative review is optional. (o) A rule disapproved by the reviewing committee is reinstated at the end of the next session if a joint resolution in the legislature fails to sustain committee action. (p) Pursuant to HB 2055 enacted in 2013, the legislature shall adopt omnibus resolution approving all proposed permanent rules except those listed in resolution which are to be disapproved. Full legislature may suspend rules. (q) Failure to object or approve within 45 days of agency filing of final proposal constitutes approval. (r) The legislature may permanently block rules through legislation. The vote to sponsor a joint resolution suspends the adoption of a proposed rule for a limited time so that the full legislature may act on the resolution, which would then be subject to governor’s veto and override. (s) Article V, Section IV, par. 6 of the NJ Constitution, as amended in 1992, says the legislature may review any rule or regulation to determine whether the rule or regulation is (s) Article V, Section IV, par. 6 of the NJ Constitution, as amended in 1992, says the legislature may review any rule or regulation to determine whether the rule or regulation is consistent with legislative intent. The legislature transmits its objections to existing or proposed rules or regulations to the governor and relevant agency via concurrent resolutions. The legislature may invalidate or prohibit an existing or proposed rule from taking effect by a majority vote of the authorized membership of each house, in compliance with constitutional provisions. (t) Unless formal objections are made or the rule is declared void, rules are considered approved. (u) JLCAR may recommend that an agency amend or withdraw a proposal. A vote opposing rule does not prohibit its adoption but assigns the burden of proof in any legal challenge to the agency. (v) Standing committees and The Joint Commission on Administrative Rules may suspend the effective date of all or a part of a final regulation until the end of the next regular legislative session with the concurrence of the governor. (w) State agencies have no power to promulgate rules without first submitting proposed rules to the legislature which must enact a statute authorizing the agency to promulgate the rule. If the legislature during a regular session disapproves all or part of any legislative rule, the agency may not issue the rule nor take action to implement all or part of the rule unless authorized to do so. However, the agency may resubmit the same or a similar proposed rule to the committee. (x) The promulgating agency’s proposed language may be amended upon agreement of the committee and the promulgating agency. (y) The committee does not approve or disapprove regulations. The committee is charged with reviewing and commenting upon the regulations, may propose amendments for the agency to consider, make recommendations, request that the agency defer the regulation, or determine that a regulation should be found deficient. A finding of deficiency is nonbinding. (z) The rule could still be objected to in future legislative sessions. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 7

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 6 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers (continued) (aa) Committee makes recommendations on Major Substantive Rules, but approval or disapproval is by the full Legislature (the instrument used is a resolve). (bb) Under very specific circumstances the answer is yes with respect to Major Substantive Rules: if the rules are submitted in accordance with the timelines established by law, and the Legislature fails to act on them, the rules may be adopted as if the Legislature approved them. (cc) Executive branch agency has more than advisory power. (dd) Negative rule determinations are made public and remain on website until rule is modified to cmply with statutory authority, statute is modified to establish validity of rule or court case upholds validity of rule. (ee) Joint Administrative Procedures Committee, with approval of the president and speaker, may seek judicial review of validity or invalidity of rules.

9 8â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(ff) A standing committee can recommend a special session to consider committeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendations (gg) Amendment 92 to the Arkansas Constitution, which passed in 2014, and laws enacted by Act 1258 of 2015 provided the General Assembly with the power of review and approval of all administrative rules and regulations. (hh) Commission may hold hearings, subpoena witnesses, administer oaths, take testimony, and compel the production of books, papers, documents and other evidence. (ii) Germane joint subcommittees can submit a report of objection to a rule to the germane standing committee and the Legislature. The Legislature as a whole has the final say in the rejection of rules when voting on the concurrent resolution of the rejection. (jj) Final rules previously approved by the Legislature, can still be rejected in a subsequent session.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation State or other jurisdiction

Scope

Preliminary evaluation conducted by

Alabama

Dept. of Examiners of Public Accounts

Alaska

Arizona

Other legislative review

Other oversight mechanisms in law

Standing Cmtes.

Perf. audit

Budget & Audit Cmte.

…

Legislative staff

Joint Cmte.

…

Arkansas

C (aa)

…

Interim legislative subcommittee given broad latitude in reviewing existing and proposed occupational licensing processes.

California

Jt. Legis. Sunset Review Cmte. (a)

…

Perf. eval.

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Dept. of Regulatory Agencies

Phase-out period No later than Oct. 1 of the year following the regular session or a time as may be specified in the Sunset bill.

Life of each agency (in years)

Other provisions

(Usually 4)

Schedules of licensing boards and other enumerated agencies are repealed according to specified time tables.

1/y

…

6/m

…

Established by the Legislature

…

Legis. Cmtes. of Reference

Bills need adoption by the legislature.

1/y

Up to 15

State law provides certain criteria that are used to determine whether a public need exists for an entity or function to continue and that its regulation is the least restrictive regulation consistent with the public interest.

…

Yearly sunset review schedules must include at least four agencies.

D (b)

Committee of cognizance of program/ entity being reviewed.

…

per CGS 2c-21: unless otherwise provided, a provision of law creating board/commission/ other body on or after Jan. 4, 1995, with primary purpose of issuing report, is deemed repealed 120 days after the date of required submission of such report

Agencies under review submit reports to Joint Legislative Oversight and Sunset Cmte. based on criteria for review and set forth in statute. Cmte. staff conducts separate review.

…

Perf. audit

Dec. 31 of next succeeding calendar year

S (f)

…

Georgia

Dept. of Audits

Standing Cmtes.

Perf. audit

…

A performance audit of each regulatory agency must be conducted upon the request of the Senate or House standing committee to which an agency has been assigned for oversight and review. (d)

Hawaii

Legis. Auditor

Standing Cmtes.

Perf. eval.

None

Established by the legislature

Schedules various professional and vocational licensing programs for repeal. Proposed new regulatory measures must be referred to the Auditor for sunrise analysis.

Idaho

S (e)

…

Illinois

R,S

Governor's Office of Mgmt. and Budget

Cmte. charged with re-enacting law

(g)

…

Usually 10

…

Indiana

…

Iowa

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No program -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Kansas

(h)

…

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 9

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Scope

Preliminary evaluation conducted by

Other legislative review

Other oversight mechanisms in law

Phase-out period

Life of each agency (in years)

Kentucky

R (x)

…

(y)

Certification letters (z)

…

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Other provisions

Standing cmtes. of the two houses with subject matter jurisdiction.

…

Perf. eval.

1/y

Up to 6

Act provides for termination of a department and all offices in a department. Also permits committees to select particular agencies or offices for more extensive evaluation. Provides for review by Jt. Legis. Cmte. on Budget of programs that were not funded during the prior fiscal year for possible repeal.

S (w)

Joint standing cmte. of jurisdiction.

Office of Program Evaluation & Government Accountability

…

Generally 10 years

…

Varies; had been 10 years in the past, but now evaluation will occur as directed by the Legislative Policy Committee, the Joint Audit and Evaluation Committee, the Executive Director of the Department of Legislative Services, the Director of Policy Analysis in the Deparmtment of Legislative Services, or the Director of the Office of Program Evaluation and Government Accountability

…

C,R

Office of Program Evaluation & Government Accountability

Office of Program Evaluation and Government Accountability; "committees of jurisdiction" (the committees of the General Assembly that routinely handle the policy issues and legislation related to a specific governmental activity or unit subject to review under the Program Evaluation Act).

Perf. eval.

Massachusetts

Michigan

(e)

…

Minnesota

S (e)

…

Mississippi

(i)

…

Oversight Division of Cmte. on Legislative Research

…

6, not to exceed total of 12

Can be extended. The provisions of this are located at 23.250 - 23.298 RSMo

Montana

(e)

…

Nebraska

D (e) (j)

…

C (e) (c)

Sunset Subcommittee

Legislative Commission, Full Legislature

…

New Hampshire

(k)

…

New Jersey

(e)

…

New Mexico

Legis. Finance Cmte.

…

Public hearing before termination

1/y

Varies

…

New York

(e)

…

North Carolina

(l)

…

North Dakota

Missouri

Nevada

Ohio

C (m)

Sunset Review Cmte.

…

See footnotes at end of table

1 00 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Perf. eval.

(n)

2-6

(bb)

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Scope

Oklahoma

S, D

Oregon

Preliminary evaluation conducted by

Other legislative review

Stndng cmtes. with jurisdiction over sunset Appropriations bills (Senate) Jt. Cmtes. and Budget Cmte. With jurisdiction over sunset bills (House)

Other oversight mechanisms in law

Phase-out period

Life of each agency (in years)

Other provisions

…

1/y

…

D (o)

…

(o)

…

Pennsylvania

Leadership Cmte.

…

Varies

…

Rhode Island

(p)

…

South Carolina

(q)

…

Perf. Eval.

1/y

…

South Dakota

(r)

…

Office of the Comptroller

Government Operations Committees

…

1/y

Up to 6 years

…

1/y

May not exceed 12

…

Tennessee

Texas

Sunset Advisory Commission staff

Legislature makes the final decisions on statutory changes to an agency, based on the commission's recommendations and public input.

Utah

Interim cmtes., then Legislative Mngmt. Cmte.

Standing cmtes. as amendments may be made to bill

…

(v)

…

Vermont

(s)

Legis. Council staff

Senate and House Government Operations Cmtes.

…

… Sunset provisions vary in length. The only standard sunset required by law is on bills that create a new advisory board or commission in the executive branch of government. The legislation introduced for these boards and commisions must contain a sunset provision to expire the entity after three years.

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

S (e)

…

Perf. Eval.

1/y

…

Jt. Cmte. on Govt. Operations

Performance Evaluation and Research Division

Perf. audit

1/y

Jt. Cmte. on Govt. Operations composed of five House members, five Senate members and five citizens appointed by governor. Agencies may be reviewed more frequently.

S, D (e)

…

D (t)

Program evaluation staff who work for Management Audit Cmte.

…

Perf. eval. (u)

…

Perf. Eval.

1/y

CNMI* See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 0 1

STATE LE GIS LATU R E S

TA BLE 3 .2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, December 2019. *Commonwealth of Mariana Islands Key: C—Comprehensive—requires all statutory agencies to be subject to a sunset review once per review cycle. R — Regulatory—review focus is on regulatory and licensing agencies and bureaus. S—Selective—selective implementation and reviews are concentrated on entities such as occupational licensing and administrative agencies such as highway, health and education departments. D—Discretionary—sunset review board has the ability to select which entities will face review. d—day m—month y—year …—No provision (a) Jt. Legis. Sunset Review Cmte.—Review by the Jt. Legislative Sunset Review Cmte. of professional and vocational licensing boards, pursuant to Government Code 9147.7. Sunset clauses are included in other selected programs and legislation. (b) No longer comprehensive—in 2016, funding for Legislative Program Review and Investigations Committee and staff eliminated; in 2017, provisions of law requiring decennial review of certain programs/entities repealed. (c) The 2011 Nevada Legislature created the Sunset Subcommittee of the Legislative Commission with the enactment of Senate Bill 251 (Chapter 480, Statutes of Nevada). The Subcommittee is to conduct reviews of all boards and commissions not provided for in the Nevada Constitution or created by Executive Order of the Governor, and is charged with determining whether those entities should be terminated, modified, consolidated, or continued. The Subcommittee must review each entity no less often than once every ten years. After making it’s initial recommendations no later than June 30, 2012, the Subcommittee must submit all subsequent recommendations to the Legislative Commission on or before June 30 of each even numbered year. The Legislative Commission may accept or reject the recommendations in whole or part and may then request that legislation be drafted for consideration by the full Legislature. (d) The automatic sunsetting of an agency every six years was eliminated in 1992. The legislature must pass a bill in order to sunset a specific agency. (e) While they have not enacted sunset legislation in the same sense as the other states with detailed information in this table, the legislatures in Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Virginia and Wisconsin have included sunset clauses in selected programs or legislation. (f) Comprehensive agency sunset review and repeal was repealed in 2011. Florida does have Open Government Sunset Review of public records and meetings exemptions with a 5-year review period (g) Governor is to read GOMB report and make recommendations to the General Assembly every even-numbered year. (h) Sunset legislation terminated July 1992. Legislative oversight of designated state agencies, consisting of audit, review and evaluation, continues. (i) Sunset Act terminated December 31, 1984. House and Senate 1 02 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Rules are available at billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. New Rules were adopted in January 2012. (j) Sunset legislation is discretionary, meaning that senators are free to offer sunset legislation or attach termination dates to legislative proposals. There is no formal sunset commission. Nebraska. Revised Statutes section 50-1303 directs the Legislature’s Government, Military and Veteran’s Committee to conduct an evaluation of any board, commission, or similar state entity. The review must include, among other things, a recommendation as to whether the board, commission, or entity should be terminated, continued or modified. (k) New Hampshire’s Sunset Committee was repealed July 1, 1986. (l) North Carolina’s sunset law terminated on July 30, 1981. Successor vehicle, the Legislative Committee on Agency Review, operated until June 30, 1983. (m) There are statutory exceptions. (n) HB 471 of the 131st General Assembly revised and renewed the Sunset Review Committee to be convened each odd-numbered general assembly. Therefore, Sunset Review will operate on a recurring four-year cycle. (o) Sunset legislation was repealed in 1993.No general law sunsetting rules or agencies. Oversight mechanisms, including auditing, reporting or performance measures, are discretionary but may be included in specific bills as determined by legislature. (p) No standing sunset statutes or procedures at this time. (q) Law repealed by 1998 Act 419, Part II, Sect. 35E. (r) South Dakota suspended sunset legislation in 1979. A later law directing the Executive Board of the Legislative Research Council to establish one or more interim committees each year to review state agencies was repealed in 2012. (s) Sunsets are at the legislature’s discretion. Their structure will vary on an individual basis. (t) Wyoming repealed sunset legislation in 1988. (u) The program evaluation process evolved out of the sunset process, but Wyoming currently does not have a scheduled sunset of programs. (v) Default is ten years, although years may be decreased by legislative decisions. (w) Sometimes programs or agencies are subject to sunset provisions; this is entirely ad hoc as the Legislature determines appropriate. There is a general law, however, called State Government Evaluation Law that provides for regular reviews of agencies and boards by committee of jurisdiction; the committees can recommend termination (sunset) but, again, this is ad hoc. (x) A regulation expires seven years after its last substantive review unless appropriate action is taken by agency. (y) The certification process does not involve a specific review unless requested by a committee member. (z) The agency is required to review its regulations for compliance with current law at least once every 7 years and file a certification letter stating whether the regulation will be amended or remain in effect without amendment. If the certification letter is not filed or the regulation is not repromulgated, the regulation will expire 7 years after the last substantive committee review. (aa) Act 600 of 2019 creates cyclical process for reviewing licensing entities.

STATE LE G I S LATU R E S

TABLE 3 .2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation (continued) (bb) Agency expiration schedule under the act: agencies will expire, unless renewed, according to the following schedule: (1) An agency in existence on January 1 in the year of the first regular session of an oddnumbered general assembly expires at the end of December 31 in the year of the second regular session of that general assembly; (2) An agency created during an even-numbered general assembly expires at the end of December 31 in the year of the second regular session of the next odd-numbered general assembly; and (3) An agency created during an odd-numbered general assembly expires at the end of December 31 in the year of the second regular session of the next odd-numbered general assembly.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 0 3

CHAPTER FOUR

S TAT E EXECUTIVE BRANCH

G OVE R N O R S

TABLE 4 .1 The Governors, 2020

Name and party Kay Ivey (R) Mike Dunleavy (R) Doug Ducey (R) Asa Hutchinson (R) Gavin Christopher Newsom (D) Jared Schutz Polis (D) Ned Lamont (D) John Carney Jr. (D) Ronald Dion DeSantis (R) Brian P. Kemp (R) David Ige (D) Brad Little (R) J.B. Pritzker (D) Eric Holcomb (R) Kim Reynolds (R) Laura Kelly (D) Andy Beshear (D) John Bel Edwards (D) Janet Trafton Mills (D) Larry Hogan (R) Charlie Baker (R) Gretchen Esther Whitmer (D) Timothy James Walz (DFL) Tate Reeves (R) Mark Parson (R) Steve Bullock (D) Pete Ricketts (R) Steve Sisolak (D) Chris Sununu (R) Phil Murphy (D) Michelle Lujan Grisham (D) Andrew Cuomo (D) Roy Cooper (D) Doug Burgum (R) Mike DeWine (R) Kevin Stitt (R) Kate Brown (D) Tom Wolf (D) Gina Raimondo (D) Henry McMaster (R) Kristi Noem (R) Bill Lee (R) Greg Abbott (R) Gary Herbert (R) Phil Scott (R) Ralph Northam (D) Jay Inslee (D) Jim Justice (R) (j) Anthony Steven Evers (D) Mark Gordon (R) Lolo Matalasi Moliga (I) Lourdes Leon Guerrero (D)

CNMI*

Ralph Deleon Guerrero Torres (R)

Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Wanda Vázquez Garced (PNP) (l) Albert Bryan (D)

Length of regular term Date of in years first service 4 4/2017 (c) 4 12/2018 4 1/2015 4 1/2015 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 1/2017 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 12/2014 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 1/2017 4 5/2017 (d) 4 1/2019 4 12/2019 4 1/2016 4 1/2019 4 1/2015 4 1/2015 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 1/2020 4 6/2018 (e) 4 1/2013 4 1/2015 4 1/2019 2 1/2017 4 1/2018 4 1/2019 4 1/2011 4 1/2017 4 12/2016 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 2/2015 (f) 4 1/2015 4 1/2015 4 1/2017 (g) 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 1/2015 4 8/2009 (i) 2 1/2017 4 1/2018 4 1/2013 4 1/2017 4 1/2019 4 1/2011 4 1/2013 4 1/2019 12/2015 4 (k) 4 8/2019 (l) 4 1/2019

Present term ends 1/2023 12/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 12/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 12/2023 1/2024 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2024 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 12/2020 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2021 1/2022 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2019 1/2021 1/2023

Number of previous terms (c) ... 1 1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... 1 (d) ... ... 1 ... 1 1 ... ... ... ... 1 1 ... 1 ... ... 2 ... ... ... ... 1 (f) 1 1 1(g) ... ... 1 3 1 ... 1 ... ... 1 1 ...

Term limits 2-4 2-4 2-4 2A 2A 2-4 ... 2A 2-4 2-4 2-4 ... ... 2-12 ... 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 ... 2A ... 2A 2A 2-16 2-4 2A ... 2-4 2-4 ... 2-4 ... 2-4 2-A 2-12 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 ... ... ... 1-4 ... 2-4 ... 2-16 2-4 2-4

Joint election of governor & lieutenant governor (a) No Yes (b) No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No (b) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No (b) Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No (b) Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No (b) Yes (b) Yes Yes

1/2023

1 (k)

2-4

1/2021(l) 1/2023

... ...

... 2-4

Official who succeeds governor LG LG SS LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG PS LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG PS LG LG LG LG LG LG LG SS LG LG LG LG SpS (h) LG LG LG LG LG PS (h) LG SS LG LG

Birthdate 10/15/44 5/5/61 4/9/64 12/3/50 10/10/67 5/12/75 1/3/54 5/20/56 9/14/78 11/2/63 6/26/38 2/15/54 1/19/65 5/2/68 8/4/59 1/24/50 11/29/77 9/16/66 12/30/47 5/25/56 11/13/56 8/23/71 4/6/64 6/5/74 9/17/55 4/11/66 8/19/64 12/26/53 11/5/74 8/16/57 10/24/59 12/6/57 6/13/57 8/1/56 1/5/47 N/A 3/5/47 11/17/48 5/17/71 5/27/47 11/30/71 10/9/59 11/13/57 5/7/47 8/4/58 9/13/59 2/9/51 4/27/51 11/5/51 3/14/57 1949 11/8/50

Birthplace AL PA OH AR CA CO DC DE FL GA NY ID CA IN IA NY KY LA ME DC NY MI NE MS MO MT NE WI NH MA NM NY NC ND OH OK WA PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI NY AS Guam

Yes

8/6/79

CNMI

(b) Yes

SS (l) LG

7/9/60 2/21/68

PR USVI

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 0 7

GOVE RNORS

TABLE 4 .1 The Governors, 2019 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, March 2020. Key: *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands C — Covenant D — Democrat DFL — Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party I — Independent PDP— Popular Democratic Party PNP— New Progressive Party R — Republican LG — Lieutenant Governor SS — Secretary of State PS — President of the Senate SpS — Speaker of the Senate . . . — Not applicable 2A — Two terms, absolute. 2-4 — Two terms, re-eligible after four yrs. 2-12— Two terms, eligible for eight out of 12 yrs. 2-16 — Two terms, eligible for eight out of 16 yrs. 1-4 — One term, re-eligible after four years. N/A — Not available (a) The following also choose candidates for governor and lieutenant governor through a joint nomination process: Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, American Samoa, Guam, No. Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands. (b) No lieutenant governor. (c) Kay Ivey (R) took office on April 10, 2017, following the resignation of former governor Robert Bentley. Ivey then ran and was elected to a full term in the 2018 general election.

1 08 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(d) Lt. Gov. Kim Reynolds was sworn in as governor on May 24, 2017 when Gov. Branstad accepted the U.S. Ambassadorship to China. She then ran and won a full term in office in the 2018 general election. (e) Lt. Gov. Mark Parson was sworn in as governor in June 2018 after Eric Greitens resigned. (f) Oregon Secretary of State Kate Brown became governor on February 18, 2015, following Gov. John Kitzhaber’s resignation. Brown won a November 2016 special gubernatorial election to officially fill the position for the final two years of Gov. Kitzhaber’s term. She was elected for a full term in the 2018 general election. (g) Gov. McMaster was sworn in on January 24, 2017 after Gov. Nikki Haley resigned to become the United State ambassador to the United Nations. He was elected to a full term in the Nov. 2018 general election. (h) Official bears the additional title of “ lieutenant governor.” (i) Lt. Gov. Gary Herbert was sworn in as Governor on August 10, 2009 after Gov. Huntsman resigned to accept President Obama’s appointment as ambassador to China. Utah law states that a replacement governor elevated in a term’s first year will face a special election at the next regularly scheduled general election, November 2010, instead of serving the remainder of the term. Gov. Herbert was reelected to serve full terms in Nov. 2012 and again in Nov. 2016. (j) Gov. Jim Justice switched parties in August 2017. (k) Torres became governor on Dec. 28, 2015 after Gov. Inos passed away. He was elected to a full term in November 2018. (l) Justice Secretary Wanda Vázquez Garced took the oath of office on Aug. 7, 2019 becoming Puerto Rico’s third governor within a week.

G OVE R N O R S

TA BLE 4 .2 The Governors: Qualifications for Office State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Minimum age 30 30 25 30 18 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 30 30 … 30 25 30 30 … 30 25 30 30 25 30 25 30 30 30 30 30 30 18 31 30 30 18 30 21 30 30 30 18 30 18 30 18 30 35 30 35 35 30

State citizen (years) 7 ★ 5 ★ … … 6 months … ★ … … 2 ★ … 2 … 2 5 … … … … … ★ … ★ 5 2 … … … … … … … … … ★ 30 days 5 ★ 7 … 5 … ★ … 5 ★ ★ … … … 5 …

Source: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, January 2020 and state websites. * Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Formal provision; number of years not specified. … — No formal provision. (a) In some states you must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (b) In some states you must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run.

U.S. citizen (years) (a) 10 7 10 ★ 5 ★ ★ 12 ★ 15 5 ★ ★ 5 ★ … … 5 15 (c) … ★ ★ 20 15 ★ ★ … … 20 ★ ★ 5 ★ ★ 10 ★ ★ 30 days ★ ★ ★ ★ 3 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 5 ★ 5 5

State resident (years) (b) 7 7 5 7 5 2 ★ 6 7 6 5 2 3 5 2 … 2 5 5 5 7 ★ 1 5 10 2 5 2 7 7 5 5 2 5 ★ 10 3 7 30 days 5 2 … 5 5 4 5 ★ ★ ★ 5 5 5 10 5 5

Qualified voter (years) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … 7 … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … 5 ★ 4 ★ ★ … ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ ★ (d) … ★ 30 days … ★ … … ★ ★ 1 ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★

(c) Crosse v. Board of Supervisors of Elections 243 Md. 555, 221A.2d431 (1966) — opinion rendered indicated that U.S. citizenship was, by necessity, a requirement for office. (d) In order to file as a candidate for nomination by a political party to any state or county office, a person must have been a registered voter of that party for the six-month period preceding the first day the filing perod (26 O.S.§. 5 - 105A - A).

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 0 9

GOVE RNORS

TABLE 4 .3 The Governors: Compensation, Staff, Travel and Residence State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Salary 127,833 145,000 95,000 151,838 209,747 92,700 150,000 (c) 171,000 130, 273 175,000 165,048 138,302 181,670 (c) 121,331 130,000 110,707 152,181 130,000 70,000 170,000 185,000 159,300 127,629 122,160 133,821 118,397 105,000 149,573 (c) 134,581 175,000 110,000 225,000 150,969 135,360 (c) 159,182 147,000 98,600 201,729 145,755 106,078 116,400 198,780 153,750 160,746 184,100 175,000 182,179 150,000 152,756 105,000 90,000 130,000 70,000 70,000 150,000

Governor’s office staff (a) 38 82 29 (f) 50 88 50 27 28 276 (f) 56 (f) 51 17 91 35 18 24 45 93 (f) 30 85 (f) approx. 60 75 37 29 21 58 (f) 9 19 (f) 20 128 33 180 59 18 58 34 65 (f) 68 39 16 18.75 38 277 23 14 36 36 56 35 18 23 42 16 28 84

Access to state transportation Automobile Airplane Helicopter « « « « « … « « … « « « « … … « « … « … … « … … « «(j) … « « « « … … « « … « … … « « … « … … « « « « « « « « « « … … « « « « « … « « « « « « « «(k) … « « … « « « « « … « « … « … … « « … « « « « « « « « … « « … « « « « « … « … … « « … « « … « « … « « … « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « … « « « « « … « « … « … … « … … « … … « (g) (g) « … …

See footnotes at end of table

1 10 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Receives travel allowance … … … … … « … … (b) … « … … «(b) … … … … « (b) «(b) (b) … … (b) … « «(b) (b) … … … « … (b) … (b) «(b) … … … … «(b) … … … … (b) (b) … … (b) $218/day (b) … …

Reimbursed for travel expenses Official residence « «(b) « «(b) «(b) … « « (d) « « … (e) « … « (b) « … « « « …(e) « … « «(b) « « « « « «(b) « « « « « (b) «(b) …(e) « (b) « « « « « (d) « « « « « «(b) (d) (e) « «(b) « « « « « « « « (d) (e) « «(b) « «(b) « «(b) «(b) … « « « « « (d) « « « « … … « « « (d) « … « «(d) « «(b) « … « … « … « « « «

G OVE R N O R S

TABLE 4 .3 The Governors: Compensation, Staff, Travel and Residence (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, June 2020 and state websites. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «— Yes …—No N.A.—Not available. (a) Definitions of “governor’s office staff” vary across the states—from general office support to staffing for various operations within the executive office. (b) Travel expenses. Alabama—According to state policy. Alaska—$60/day per diem plus actual lodging expenses. American Samoa—$105,000.Amount includes travel allowance for entire staff. Arizona—Receives up to $64/day for meals based on location; receives per diem for lodging out of state; default $41/day for meals and $93/day lodging in state. Florida—The Executive Office of the Governor allocates an annual budget for the governor’s travel expenses. The Governor is not reimbursed for personally incurred travel expenses. The Executive Office of the Governor pays the governor’s travel expenses directly (hotel accommodations, meals, etc.) out of funds allocated for travel. Guam—The amount varies based on destination but averages $218/ per day. Indiana—No statute provides for a separate travel allowance. Instead, travel allowance comes from the general appropriations made for the governor’s office expenses. Travel expenses are approved in advance and are paid for; reimbursement is never necessary. Kentucky—Mileage at same rate as other state officials. Maryland—Travel allowance included in office budget. Massachusetts—As necessary. Michigan—The Governor is provided a $54,000 annual expense allowance, as determined by the State Officers Compensation Commission in 2010. “Expense allowance” is for normal, reimbursable personal expenses such as food, lodging, and travel costs incurred by an individual in carrying out the responsibilities of state office. Missouri—Amount includes travel allowance for entire staff. Amount not available. Nevada—Travel allowance inlcuded in office budget. Reimbursed for travel expenses per GSA/Conus rate. New Hampshire—Travel allowance included in office budget. New Jersey—Reimbursement may be provided for necessary expenses. Northern Mariana Islands—Travel allowance included in office budget. Governor has a “contingency account” that can be used for travel expenses and expenses in other departments or other projects. Ohio—Set administratively. Oklahoma—Reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses. Oregon—$1,000 a month for expenses, not specific to travel. Reimbursed for actual travel expenses.

Pennsylvania—Reimbursed for reasonable expenses. Rhode Island—The majority of travel expenses are not reimbursed since the State has centralized direct pay agreements with the various airlines / hotels for approved travel for state employees. If necessary, the governor is subject to the same per diem allowance for personal meals as other state employees, which is a maximum of $35 per day. Tennessee—Travel allowance included in office budget. Washington—Travel allowance included in office budget. West Virginia—Included in general expense account. Wyoming—Actual lodging and transportation/federal M&IE rates. (c) Governor’s salary: Connecticut—Governor Ned Lamont will forego his salary of $150,000. Illinois—Governor Pritzker will not take his salary of $181,670. Nevada—Gov. Sisolak pledged to donate his salary to K—12 schools. Salary amount, per NRS 223.050: “On the first Monday in January 2011 and on the first Monday of every fourth year thereafter, the salary of the Governor must be increased by an amount equal to the cumulative percentage increase in the salaries of the classified employees of this State during the immediately preceding term of the Governor.” North Dakota—Governor Doug Burgum has declined his salary of $135,360. (d) Information not provided. (e) Governor’s residence: Many governors are choosing to live in their own residences even when an official residence is provided . Connecticut—Provided by the Department of Administrative Services. Idaho—A housing stipend of $54,608 annually is provided. Massachusetts—Does not have an official governor’s residence but allows a $65,000 housing alowance. New Hampshire—The current governor does not occupy the official residence. Ohio—The governor chooses not to live in the state provided housing. (f) Governor’s staff: Arizona—There are 29 members of the governor’s executive staff, not including administrative staff. Florida—There are 276 full-time employees. Those are broken into the following areas: Executive Direction and Support Services—124 positions; Systems Development and Design—48 positions; Office of Policy and Budget—104 positions. Georgia—Full-time employees—56 and 2 part-time employees. Louisiana—Full-time employees—93, part-time (non-student)—21, students—25. Maryland—Full-time employees—85 and 1 part-time employee. Montana—Including 16 employees in the Office of Budget and Program Planning. Nevada—Currently 19. Maximum permitted is 23. Oregon—Of this total, 45 are true Governor’s staff and 20 are on loan for agency staff. Vermont—Voluntary 5 percent salary reduction. (g) The Governor’s office pays for access to an airplane or helicopter with a corporate credit card and requests a refund of those Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 1

GOVE RNORS

TABLE 4 .3 The Governors: Compensation, Staff, Travel and Residence (continued) expenses with the corresponding documentation to the Dept. of Treasury. (h) Provided for security reasons as determined by the state police. (i) When not in use by other state agencies. (j) Governor does not utilize a state-owned airplane, but instead uses his personal aircraft. (k) Only for official business.

1 12â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

G OVE R N O R S

TABLE 4 .4 The Governors: Powers Item veto power

Governor has line item veto power

Governor has line item veto power on appropriations amounts

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★ ★(p) ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★

Budget making power State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Full Shares responsibility responsibility … ★ (b) … ★ … ★ (b) … ★ … ★ (b) … ★ … ★ … ★(b) … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★(b) … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★(f) … ★ … ★(h) … ★(b) … ★ … ★ … ★(b) … ★(b) … ★(b) … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★(b) … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★

Authorization for Governor has reorganization line item veto Governor through power on has no Legislative votes required executive appropriations item order (a) language veto power to override governor’s veto … Majority elected … ★ … … Three-fourths ★ … … Two-thirds elected … … … Majority elected ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★(c) … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★(d) … … Three-fifths elected ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★ … Two-thirds elected … ★ … … Three-fifths elected ★ … Majority elected ★ ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★ … Majority elected ★ ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★(e) … … Majority elected … … … Majority elected ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★(c) … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★(g) … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ (i) … … Three-fifths elected … … Two-thirds elected ★ ★(j) … Two-thirds elected … ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ (k) … Two-thirds elected … ★ … Two-thirds elected … ★ … Three-fifths elected ★ ★(l) … … Two-thirds elected ★ … Three-fifths elected … ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★(m) … … Two-thirds elected ★ … Two-thirds elected … ★ … Three-fifths elected ★ ★ … … Two-thirds elected … … … Two-thirds elected ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★ … … Two-thirds elected … … … Two-thirds elected ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★(n) … Two-thirds elected … ★ … Majority elected … ★ … Two-thirds elected … ★(p) … Two-thirds elected … ★ … … … ★ … … Two-thirds elected ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★ … Two-thirds elected ★ ★(o) … Two-thirds elected ★ ★

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 3

GOVE RNORS

TABLE 4 .4 The Governors: Powers (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of governors’ offices, January 2020 and National Association of State Budget Officers. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★ —Yes; provision for. … — No provision. (a) For additional information on executive orders, see Table 4.5. (b) Full responsibility to propose; legislature adopts or revises and governor signs or vetoes. (c) Authorization for reorganization provided for in state constitution. (d) Governor cannot create a budgeted agency but may “direct such action by the several budgeted agencies as will, in his judgment, effect efficiency and economy in the conduct of the affairs of the state government.” (e) Only for agencies and offices within the Governor’s Office. (f) Governor has sole authority to propose annual budget. No money may be paid out of state treasury except in pursuance of appropriations made by law and passed by the legislature. (g) Statute provides for reorganization by the Commissioner of Administration with the approval of the governor. (h) Governor has the responsibility of presenting a balanced budget. The budget is based on revenue estimated by the Governor’s office and the Legislative Budget Committee.

1 14 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(i) The office of the governor shall continuously study and evaluate the organizational structure, management practices, and functions of the executive branch and of each agency. The governor shall, by executive order or other means within the authority granted to him, take action to improve the manageability of the executive branch. (j) Only as to commissions, boards and councils. (k) Executive reorganization plans can be disapproved by majority vote in both houses of the legislature. (l) Executive Order must be approved by the legislature if changes affect existing law. (m) The governor has the authority, through state statute , to enact executive orders that: create agencies, boards and commissions; and reassigns agencies, boards and commissions to different cabinet secretaries. However, in order for the continued operation of any agency created by executive order the state legislature must approve legislation that allows the agency to continue to operate, if not, the agency cannot continue operation beyond sine die adjournment of the legislature for the session. (n) The governor submits a reorganization plan to the General Assembly which must approve the plan by a vote of a majority of the membership in each house. (o) Only if it is not prohibited by law. (p) In Wisconsin, the governor has “partial” veto over appropriation bills. The partial veto is broader than item veto.

G OVE R N O R S

TA BLE 4 .5 Gubernatorial Executive Orders: Authorization, Provisions, Procedures

★

…

★ ★ ★

★ (bb) …

★ ★ ★

C,S

★

…

★

…

S, I, Case Law S C C,S C,S,I S, I S,I C,S S C,S C,S (kk) C,S C C C, S, I, Case Law S

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ (m)(cc) (dd)(ee) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★

★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ (ff) ★ … … ★ … ★ (h) … ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★

★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★

Pennsylvania

Subject to legislative review

S,I

Subject to administrative procedure act

State personnel administration

… ★ ★(a) ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(limited) ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★

Filing and publication procedures

Respond to federal programs and requirements

★ … ★(a) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Executive branch reorganization plans and agency creation

Other emergencies

… … ★(a) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★

★ … ★ (a) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ (a) ★ ★ ★ ★

C,S,I (z) C I

Ohio Oklahoma Oregon

Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

… … ★(a) ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★

★ … ★ (a) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Other administration

North Dakota

★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … ★

★ … ★(a) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Energy emergencies and conservation

Authorization for executive orders S, I, Case Law C I S, I, Common Law I (c) C C, S C C,S S, I (d) C, S, Common Practice S C,S C,S, Case Law (e) C,S C,S C,S (l) S,I C,S C, S C S C, S C, S,Common Law S, I, Common Law C,S S,I C,S C,S,I C,S C,S C,S

Civil defense disasters, public emergencies

Procedures

Create advisory, coordinating, study or investigative committees/commissions

Provisions

… … ★(a) … ★ ★ ★ … … … … … ★ … (f) ★ ★ … … ★ (m) ★ ★ (p)(q) … ★ ★ … ★ ★ (j) ★(u) ★ … ★ (k)(p)(u) (w)(x)(y) (aa) … … ★ (dd) (ee) … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … (ii) (jj) … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ (b) … … ★ (b) ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★(o) ★ (b) (r) ★(n) ★ ★ ★ (t) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

… … … … … ★ … … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … … … … ★ … … ★ (r) … … … … … … … … …

… ★ … … … ★ … … … … ★ … ★ … ★ (g) ★ … … ★(n) … … ★(n) … ★(n)(s) … … … … … … … ★(v)

…

★ ★ …

… … …

★(b)(cc)

…

★(b) ★ ★ ★ (b) … … … … … … ★ … ★(ll) ★ … (i) ★

… … … … … … … … … … … … ★(ll) … … … …

… … … … … … ★(gg) ★(hh) … … … … … … … … …

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 5

GOVE RNORS

TA BLE 4 .5 Gubernatorial Executive Orders: Authorization, Provisions, Procedures (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, January 2020 and state websites. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: C — Constitutional S — Statutory I — Implied ★— Formal provision. … — No formal provision. (a) Broad interpretation of gubernatorial authority. In Arizona, the governor is authorized to make executive orders in all of these areas and situations so long as there is not a conflicting statute in place. (b) Executive orders must be filed with secretary of state or other designated officer. (c) Authorization implied from constitution and statute as recognized by 63 ops. Cal. Atty. Gen. 583. (d) Implied from Constitution. (e) Constitution, statute, implied, case law, common law. (f) Executive clemency. (g) Only for EROs. When an ERO is submitted the legislature has 30 days to veto the ERO or it becomes law. (h) Can reorganize, but not create. (i) Executive Orders are filed in the Department of State. (j) To impound or freeze certain state matching funds. (k)To reduce state expenditures in revenue shortfall. (l) Inherent. (m) To control procedures for dealing with public. (n) Reorganization plans and agency creation. (o) Executive reorganizations not effective if rejected by both houses of legislature within 60 calendar days. Executive orders reducing appropriations not effective unless approved by appropriations committees of both houses of legislature. (p)To assign duties to lieutenant governor, issue writ of special election. (q) Filing. (r) Governor is exempt from the Administrative Procedures Act and filing and administrative procedures Miss. Code Ann. § 25-43-102 (1972). (s) Reorganization plans and agency creation and for meeting federal program requirements. To administer and govern the armed forces of the state. (t) In addition to filing and publication procedures - Executive Orders are countersigned by and filed with the Secretary of State and published. (u) To administer and govern the armed forces of the state. (v) Must submit to the Secretary of State who must compile, index

1 16 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

and publish Executive Orders. Copies must also be sent to President of the Senate, Speaker of House and Principal Clerk of each chamber (w) To suspend certain officials and/or other civil actions. (x) To designate game and wildlife areas or other public areas. (y) Appointive powers. (z) Executive authority implied by constitution except for emergencies which are established by statute. (aa) General power to issue executive orders to execute the authority of the Governor as provided in the Constitution and state statute. (bb) The governor has the authority, through state statute , to enact executive orders that: create agencies, boards and commissions; and reassigns agencies, boards and commissions to different cabinet secretaries. However, in order for the continued operation of any agency created by executive order the state legislature must approve legislation that allows the agency to continue to operate, if not, the agency cannot continue operation beyond sine die adjournment of the legislature for the session. (dd) For fire emergencies. (ee) To transfer funds in an emergency. (ff) Subject to legislative approval when inconsistent with statute. (gg) Only if reorganization order filed with the legislature. (hh) Some statutes set forward requirements for executive orders, but few established procedures. (ii) Expansion of governor’s existing state of emergency power to now create a state of prepardness. The governor has the authority to issue an executive order for a state of preardness in advance of an anticipated event affecting public safety (as of March 8, 2014). During the first special session in 2016 the legislature gave the governor the power, in the event a budget bill has not been enacted by June 30 of any year, to, by executive order, direct scheduled payments of principal and interest due on bonds or notes of the state or its agencies, boards, or commissions. (jj) The governor has power to direct the Department of Administration to conduct investigations of any executive or administrative agency in order to determine feasibility of consolidating , creating or rearranging agencies for the purpose of affecting the elimination of unnecessary state functions, avoiding duplication, reducing the cost of administration and increasing efficiency. Wis. Stat. 16.004(3)(a). The governor has power to coordinate services of personnel across state agencies. Wis. Stat. 14.03. (kk) No specific authorization granted, general authority only. (ll) If executive order fits definition of rule.

G OVE R N O R S

TABLE 4 .6 State Cabinet Systems

Gubernatorial appointment regardless of office

Elected to specified office (a)

Appointed to specific office (a)

Tradition in state

Governor created

Criteria for membership

Number of members in Open cabinet (including cabinet governor) Frequency of cabinet meetings meetings ... ... 22 Quarterly (p) ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... 17 Gov.'s discretion ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 37 Quarterly ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 15 Quarterly ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... 11 Every two weeks ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... 21 Bi-monthly ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 29 Gov.’s discretion ... ★(k) ★ ... ... ... ... 17 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 4 Appox. 1-2 per month ★ ★ ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... 43 Bi-monthly ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 39 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 65 Gov.’s discretion (b) ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 21 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ... ... 30 Monthly ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 15 Bi-weekly ... ★ ★ ... ... 13 Twice monthly ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... 16 Monthly ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 16 Monthly ... ★ ★(q) ... ... ... ... ... 25 Every other week ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 11 Weekly ... ★ ★ ... (e) 22 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 25 Quarterly ... ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... ... 17 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 21 Monthly ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... 31 Monthly ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ------------------------------------------------------------ (d) ---------------------------------------------------------21 At call of the governor ... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... ... 23 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... 31 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 75 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ... ... ... 11 Weekly (n) ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 17 Monthly ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 27 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 16 (h) Monthly ... ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... ... 27 Gov.’s discretion ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(i) ★ ... ... ... ... 22 Gov.'s discretion ★ ★ ★(l) ★(m) ... ... ... ... 18 Monthly ★ ★ ★(i) ★ ... ... ... ... 20 Monthly ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 30 Monthly ... ★ ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) -----------------------------------------------------------------------... ... ... 24 Monthly, weekly during legislative session ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 12 Gov.’s discretion ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... 16 Weekly ... ★ ★(j) ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 25 Monthly ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 17 Weekly ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 17 Monthly ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 44 Quarterly ... ★ ★ ... ... ... 16 Gov.’s discretion ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 55 Bi-monthly ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 17 Gov.’s discretion ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... 10 (c) Every 6 weeks ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... 21 Monthly ★ ★ ★ State statute

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (o) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina (f) North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

State constitution

Authorization for cabinet system

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 7

GOVE RNORS

TABLE 4 .6 State Cabinet Systems (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, January 2020 and state websites. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★ —Yes . . . — No N/A — Not available (a) Individual is a member by virtue of election or appointment to a cabinet-level position. (b) Certain cabinet meetings are open to the public and media. (c) The Constitutional Cabinet has 10 members including the governor. There are other members of the Cabinet provided by statute. (d) No formal cabinet system. In Nevada, the cabinet is comprised of directors, chairpersons and leaders of Nevada’s top agencies, departments, institutions and the National Guard, in addition to the tt. governor. (e) Membership determined by governor. Some officers formally designated as cabinet member by executive order. (f) The Governor’s cabinet consists of 10 department heads who have responsibility for the majority of the executive branch. They are appointed by the governor and report to the governor. The Council of State exists as a separate body and is composed independently elected statewide officials who oversee certain

1 18 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

areas of the executive branch. While the Council of State is provided for in the Constitution and state statutes, the cabinet is created by the governor. (g) Frequency of meetings may fluctuate with Governor’s schedule. (h) State statute allows for 15 cabinet members. With the Governor included there are 16 members. (i) With the consent of the senate. (j) While there is no specific state statute that establishes the cabinet system, the state code makes repeated references to cabinet secretaries and sets forth the duties of each secretary and the agencies assigned to the secretary. (k) Governor’s cabinet is specified in statute, but no longer in use. Governor directs department heads through commissioners’ meetings and subject matter groups called clusters. (l) At the discretion of the governor. (m) Varies by meeting. (n) Council of State, but not cabinet meetings, are open to the public. (o) Agency directors are provided by statute. Governor may create and appoint other cabinet-level positions. (p) Quarterly with weekly optional phone calls with the cabinet and governor. (q) Consists of commmissioners who serve at the governor’s pleasure.

G OVE R N O R S

TABLE 4 .7 The Governors: Provisions and Procedures for Transition Provision for: Legislation pertaining to State or other gubernatorial jurisdiction transition Alabama … Alaska • Arizona … Arkansas ★ California ★ Colorado ★ Connecticut ★ Delaware ★ Florida ★ Georgia ★ Hawaii ★ Idaho ★ Illinois ★ Indiana ★ Iowa • Kansas ★ Kentucky ★ Louisiana ★ Maine • Maryland ★ Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota ★ Mississippi • Missouri ★ Montana ★ Nebraska ★ Nevada ★ New Hampshire ★ New Jersey ★ New Mexico ★ New York … North Carolina ★ North Dakota • Ohio ★ Oklahoma • Oregon ★ Pennsylvania ★ Rhode Island ★ South Carolina … South Dakota ★ Tennessee ★ Texas • Utah ★ Vermont • Virginia ★ Washington ★ West Virginia … Wisconsin ★ Wyoming • American Samoa … Guam ★ CNMI* ★ Puerto Rico ★ U.S. Virgin Islands ★

Gov-elect’s participation in Appropriation state budget for available to gov-elect coming fiscal year … ★ • … … ★ 10,000 ★ 450,000 ★ 10,000 ★ ★ ★ 15,000 • (b) • 50,000 • 50,000 ★ 15,000 ★ … … 40,000 … 100,000 ★ 150,000 (c) ★ 220,000 ★ • 65,000 ★ 5,000 ★ • … • • $1.5 million • (v) … (e) ★ ★(f) ★ 100,000 ★ ★ ★ 85,288 ★ Reasonable amount ★ 75,000 ★ • ★(j) (k) ★ … … … ★(l) 10,000 (m) Unspecified (o) • • ★ ★ ★ … … (u) • • • … … • ★ • • ★(p) ★ ★(q) ★ ★(h) ★ • ★ • … ★ ★ … • Unspecified ★(i) (t) … Unspecified … … ★ 100,000 …

Gov-elect to hire staff to assist during transition • • … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ • … • ★ ★ ★ • ★ … • ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ (n) ★ • ★ ★ ★ • … ★ • ★ … ★ ★ • ★ • ★ … ★ ★ ★

State personnel to be made available to assist gov-elect • • • … ★ ★ ★ • • ★ • ★ … … • ★ ★ … • ★ • • ★ ★ • ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ • • • • ★ • ★ • … ★ • ★ ★ ★ • … ★ • • ★ ★ ★ ★

Acquainting Office space in gov-elect staff with buildings to be office procedures Transfer of made available to and routing office information (files, gov-elect functions records, etc.) • • • • • ★ • • • … … … • • ★ • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ • • • • • ★ • ★ ★ • • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ • • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … • ★ • • • ★ ★ ★ • • • • • • • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ • • (g) ★ • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ • ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … • ★ … • • • • ★ ★ ★ ★ • • … • • ★ • • • … … … • • (u) ★ • • • ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★ ★ • • ★ • • • ★ ★ ★ • • • • • ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 9

GOVE RNORS

TABLE 4 .7 The Governors: Provisions and Procedures for Transition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, January 2020 and state websites. * Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: … — No provisions or procedures. ★ — Formal provisions or procedures. • — No formal provisions, occurs informally. N.A. — Not applicable. (a) Varies. (b) Section 14.057, Florida Statute provides: Governor-elect; establishment of operating fund.— (1) There is established an operating fund for the use of the Governor-elect during the period dating from the certification of his or her election by the Elections Canvassing Commission to his or her inauguration as Governor. The Governor-elect during this period may allocate the fund to travel, expenses, his or her salary, and the salaries of the Governorelect’s staff as he or she determines. Such staff may include, but not be limited to, a chief administrative assistant, a legal adviser, a fiscal expert, and a public relations and information adviser. The salary of the Governor-elect and each member of the Governor-elect’s staff during this period shall be determined by the Governor-elect, except that the total expenditures chargeable to the state under this section, including salaries, shall not exceed the amount appropriated to the operating fund. The Executive Office of the Governor shall supply to the Governor-elect suitable forms to provide for the expenditure of the fund and suitable forms to provide for the reporting of all expenditures therefrom. The Chief Financial Officer shall release moneys from this fund upon the request of the Governor-elect properly filed. (c) Transition funds are used by both the incoming and outgoing administrations. (d) Amount to be determined. (e) 1.5% of amount appropriated for the fiscal year to the Governor’s office. (f) Miss. Code Ann.§ 7-1-101 provides as follows: the governor’s office of general services shall provide a governor-elect with office

1 20 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

space and office equipment for the period between the election and inauguration. A special appropriation to the governor’s office of general services is hereby authorized to defray the expenses of providing necessary staff employees and for the operation of the office of governor-elect during the period between the election and inauguration. The department of finance and administration shall make available to a governor-elect and his designated representatives information on the following: (a) all information and reports used in the preparation of the budget report; and (b) all information and reports on projected income and revenue estimates for the state. (g) Activity is traditional and routine, although there is no specific statutory provision. (h) Determined every 4 years. (i) Can submit reprogramming or supplemental appropriation measure for current fiscal year. (j) $250,000 line item - necessary services and facilities. (k) Legislature required to make appropriation; no dollar amount stated in legislation. (l) Governor receives $80,000 and lieutenant governor receives $10,000. (m) Responsible for submitting budget for coming biennium. (n) Governor usually hires several incoming key staff during transition. (o) Determined in budget. (p) Appropriated by legislature at the time of transition. (q) Governor-elect entitled to 70% of Governor’s salary. (t) Appropriations given upon the request of governor-elect. (u) The governor’s transition team was authorized $130,000 for transition costs during the 2014 - 2015 transition. Approximately $120,000 was spent. (v) Typically the appropriation is included in the budget but may fluctuate in size. (u) Subject to records retention and archival requirements

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

TABLE 4 .8 Impeachment Provisions in the States

Governor and other state executive and judicial officers subject to impeachment

Legislative Official who Legislative body which Chief justice serves as acting Legislature body which conducts presides at governor if may call special holds power of Vote required for impeachment impeachment Vote required for governor session for impeachment impeachment trial trial (a) conviction impeached (b) impeachment H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. present LG ★ ★ ★ S 2/3 mbrs. H (c) 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. SS ★ (d) ★ (e) ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ ★ H … S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. must be present LG ★ ★(f) ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. present (h) LG (i) ★ ★(g) ★ H … S 2/3 mbrs. … ★ ★ (e) ★ (j) H 2/3 mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ ★ H 2/3 mbrs.(k) S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ ★ ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ (l) ★ H maj. mbrs. S … majority of elected mbrs. LG ★ ★ H (m) S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. present LG … ★ ★ H (n) S … (n) LG ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. present PS ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ H maj. mbrs. S … … LG ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. present LG … ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. present (s) LG (u) ★ ★(r) H … (t) (t) (t) LG … ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ ★ ★ S (v) maj. mbrs. (w) (w) (w) LG … ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ (d) ★ ★ H … S … PS ★ ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ ★ ★(aa) H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ ★(p) ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. present LG ★ ★ ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. present LG ★ ★(x) ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★(d) ★ H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. present LG … ★ S maj. mbrs. H&S 2/3 mbrs. present LG ★ ★ ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (y) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H … S … 2/3 maj. mbrs. LG ★ ★ H 2/3 maj. mbrs. S 2/3 maj. mbrs. LG ★ ★ ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. (z) PS ★ ★ ★ H (o) maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. present LG … ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG ★ ★(f) ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ H maj. mbrs. present S … 2/3 mbrs. present LG ★ ★(bb) H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ (d) ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. PS ★ ★ ★ H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. SS ★ ★ ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (p) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(q) H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. … … ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (p) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------H 2/3 mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … ★ H 2/3 mbrs. S 3/4 mbrs. SS ★ ★ ★ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (p) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 2 1

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TABLE 4 .8 Impeachment Provisions in the States (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, January 2020 and state websites. * Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★ —Yes; provision for. ... - Not specified, or no provision for. H - House or Assembly (lower chamber). S - Senate. LG - Lieutenant Governor PS- President or Speaker of the Senate SS - Secretary of state. (a) Presiding justice of state court of last resort. In many states, provision indicates that chief justice presides only on occasion of impeachment of governor. (b) For provisions on official next in line of succession if governor is convicted and removed from office, refer to Chapter 4, “The Governors.” (c) An appointed Supreme Court justice presides. (d) With exception of certain judicial officers. In Arizona and Washington - justices of courts not of record. In Nevada - justices of the peace. In North Dakota - county judges, justices of the peace, and police magistrates. (e) Should the Chief Justice be on trial, or otherwise disqualified, the Senate shall elect a judge of the Supreme Court to preside. (f) Only if Governor is on trial. (g) Except in a trial of the chief justice, in which case the governor shall preside. (h) An officer impeached by the house of representatives shall be disqualified from performing any official duties until acquitted by the senate, and, unless impeached, the governor may by appointment fill the office until completion of the trial. (i) Governor may appoint someone to serve until the impeachment procedures are final. (j) Special sessions of the General Assembly shall be limited to a period of 40 days unless extended by 3/5 vote of each house and approved by the Governor or unless at the expiration of such period an impeachment trial of some officer of state government is pending, in which event the House shall adjourn and the Senate shall remain in session until such trial is completed.

1 22 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(k) No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of twothirds of there senators elected. When the governor is impeached, the chief justice shall preside. (l) Judicial officers technically not impeached, but there are removal provisions provided for in the state constitution. (m) No statute, simple majority is the assumption. (n) Concurrence of 2/3 of the elected senators. (o) House votes on articles of impeachment; Senate presides over impeachment trial to remove official. (p) Removal of elected officials by recall procedure only. (q) Governor, lieutenant governor. (r) When the governor is tried; if Chief Justice is unable to preside, the next longest serving justice shall preside. (s) No person shall be convicted without concurrence of 2/3 of all senators present. Miss Const. 1890 Art. IV § 52. (t) All impeachments are tried before the state Supreme Court, except that the governor or a member of the Supreme Court is tried by a special commission of seven eminent jurists to be elected by the Senate. A vote of 5/7 of the court of special commission is necessary to convict. (u) It is implied but not addressed directly in Miss Const. 1890 Art. IV §§ 49-53. (v) Unicameral legislature; members use the title “senator”. (w) Court of impeachment is composed of chief justice and supreme court. A vote of 2/3 present of the court is necessary to convict. (x) Chief Justice presides if it is the Governor or Lieutenant Governor; otherwise , the President of the Senate presides. (y) No provision for impeachment. Public officers may be tried for incompetence, corruption, malfeasance, or delinquency in office in same manner as criminal offenses. (z) Vote of 2/3 of members sworn to try the officer impeached. (aa) In the event of simultaneous vacancies in both the offices of governor and lieutenant governor resulting from any cause, the president of the Senate shall become governor until a new governor or lieutenant governor is elected and qualifies. (bb) Two-thirds of both houses may call a special session for any purpose. The Senate may try impeachments in recess; the House may not impeach unless in session.

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

Lt. Governor

Secretary of state

Attorney general

Treasurer

Auditor

Comptroller

Education

Agriculture

Labor

Insurance

Governor

TA BLE 4 .9 Constitutional and Statutory Provisions for Number of Consecutive Terms of Elected State Officials (All terms are four years unless otherwise noted)

2C 2C 2C 2T 2T 2C N 2T 2C 2C 2C N N 2 (e) N 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C N 2T N 2T 2T 2 (i) 2C 2T N (j) 2C 2C N 2C N 2C 2 (l) 2 (e) 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C N N N (j) 1C N 2C N 2 (i) N (p) 2C 2C 2T N 2C

2C 2A (c) 2T 2T 2C N 2T 2A N 2C N N N N 2C 2C N (g) N N 2T N 2T N 2 (i) 2A 2T … N 2C N 2C N 2C 2T (m) 2C 2C 2C 2C N N N N (j) N N N (g) N (m) … 2C 2C 2T (m) 2C

2C (a) 2 2T 2T 2C N … N N (a) N N 2 (e) N N 2C N … … N 2T N N N 2 (i) N 2T … … 2C … N N 2C … 2 (e) … 2C N 2C … … (a) N (j) … N N N N … (a) (a) … … (k)

2C … 2 2T 2T 2C N N 2C N … N N … N N 2C N … N N 2T N N N 2 (i) N 2T … … 2C N N N 2C N N 2C 2C N 2C (o) N N N (j) N N N N … … … 2C … … …

2C (b) 2 2T 2T 2C N N 2 C (d) … … N N 2 (e) N N 2C N … … N … … N 2T … 2C 2T … … 2C … N N 2C N 2 (e) 2 C (n) 2C N 2C … (k) N N (j) … N N N N … … … … … (c)

2C … … 2T … … … N … … … … … 2 (e) N … 2C … … … N … N N N 2 (i) N … … … 2C N (k) N N 2C N … 2C … … 2C … … N N (j) … N … … N … … 2C 2T … …

… … … … 2T … N … 2 C (d) … … N N (f) … … … … … N … … … … … … … 2T … … … N … … … … … … … N … … N … … … … N … … … (q) (r) (q) … (c)

2C … 2 … 2T … … … N N … N … … … … … N … … … … … … … 2 (i) … … … … … … N N … N … … … N 2C … … … … … N … N N … … … … … …

2C … … … … … … … 2C N … … … … N … 2C N … … … … … … … … … … … … … … N N … … … … … N … … N … … … … N … … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … … … N … … … … … … 2C … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … N N … N … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

… … … … 2T … … N 2 C (d) N … … … … … N … N … … … … (h) … … … … … … … … … N N … N … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (h) … (a)

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 2 3

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .9 Constitutional and Statutory Provisions for Number of Consecutive Terms of Elected State Officials (All terms are four years unless otherwise noted) (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, April 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: All terms last four years unless otherwise noted. Footnotes specify if a position’s functions are performed by an official under a different title. Key: N — No provision specifying number of terms allowed. C — Consecutive Terms T — Total Terms 2A — After 2 consecutive terms must wait one term before being eligible again. … — Position is appointed or elected by governmental entity (not chosen by the electorate). (a) Lieutenant Governor performs this function. (b) Deputy Commissioner of Department of Revenue performs function. (c) Finance Administrator performs function. (d) Chief Financial Officer performs this function as of January 2003.

1 24 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(e) Eligible for eight years out of any period of 12 years. (f) State auditor performs this function. (g) President or speaker of the Senate is next in line of succession to the governorship. In Tennessee and West Virginia, speaker of the Senate has the statutory title “ lieutenant governor.” (h) Commerce administrator performs this function. (i) Eligible for eight out of 16 years. (j) Two-year term. (k) Comptroller performs this function. (l) Limited to 8 years per office during a lifetime. (m) Secretary of state is next in line to the governorship. (n) Treasurer must wait four years before being eligible for the office of auditor general. (o) Term is eight years; attorney general is appointed by the state Supreme Court. (p) Mayor. (q) State treasurer performs this function. (r) General services administrator performs function.

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

TA BLE 4 .1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Governor CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE SE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE SE

Lieutenant governor (a-1) CE CE (a-2) CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE N.O. CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE (e) CE CE CE CE CE CE CE (a-2) CE SE CE CE CL (e) CE CE CE CE CE (e) CE (a-2) CE CE CE … SE

Secretary of state (a-2) CE (a-1) CE CE CE CE CE GS GS CE N.O. CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CL GS CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CL GS CE GS CE CE CE GS CE GS CE CE CE CL G (a-1) CE GB CE CE CE CE (a-1) … … GS (a-1)

Attorney general (a-3) CE GB CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE GS CE CE SE CE CE CE CE CL CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE GC GS CE CE CE CE CE CE SE CE SE CE CE CT CE CE SE CE CE CE CE GS GB CE GS GS GS

Treasurer (a-4) CE AG CE CE CE CE CE CE CE B GS CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CL CL CE GS (a-24) CE CE GS CE CE CL GS CE GS CE CE CE CE CE CE SE CE CE CL (a-14) CE CE GB CE CE CE CE GB CS CS GS GS

Adjutant general (a-5) G GB GS G GS GS G GS GS G GS GS GS G GS GS G GS GLS G G GS GS GE GS GS GS G GC GS G G A G G GS G GS GS GS GS G G GS SL GB G GS G G N/A GS … GS GS

Admin. (a-6) G GB GS G N.O. GS GE (c) GS G (b) GS GS G GS GS N.O. G GLS (a-16) G GS GS GS GS GS GS G GC N.O. (a-26) G G N.O. GS GS GS G GS GS GS G A GS GS GB GS GS GS GS GB GS G … GS

Agriculture (a-7) SE AG GS BG G GS GE GS CE CE GS GS GS LG CE GS CE CE GLS GS CG GS GS SE GS GS GS BG GC BG A GS CE CE GS GS GS GS GS CE GS G SE GS GS GB GS CE GS GS GB GS … GS GS

Auditor (a-8) CE L L CE GB L (b) CE L CL CL L CL CE CE N.O. CE GS L N/A CE CL CE CE CE CE CE N.O. … (g) CE CE CE CE CE CE SS CE LS B CE (a-14) L CE CE SL CE CE LS CE N/A CE GB GS GS

Banking (a-9) GS AG GS GS GS A GE GS CE G AG (a-24) GS G GS GS G GS GLS AG G GS A GS GS A GS A GC GS N/A GS G GS A GS N.O. GS GS A C G B GS GS B GS GS GS AG N/A GS C GS LG

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 2 5

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Budget (a-10) CS G G AG (a-24) G CS GS G G GS GS G G GS G G A A GS C GS (a-24) (a-6) AGS G A (a-6) GC GS G G (a-24) A GS A A G A A C A G G CG GB N.O. G A AG GB GS G G GS

Civil rights (a-11) N.O. GB G N.O. N.O. A B CG A G B AB GS G GS B B BG B G G B GS N.O. B CP B G CS A N.O. GS A G B N.O. A B B BG N.O. G B A AT AT I GS A (a-37) N/A … A N/A GS

Commerce (a-12) G GB B N.R. N.O. N.O. GE (a-2) N/A B GS GS GS G N.O. GS G GS (a-17) GS G GS GS SE GS GS GS G GC (a-17) (a-17) GS G G GS GS GS G GS GS N.O. G G GS GS GB GS GS N.O. GS GB GS GS GS GS

See footnotes at end of table

1 26 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Community affairs (a-13) G (a-12) N/A N.O. GS A GE N.O. A B N.O. N.O. (a-12) G A N.O. G N.O. (a-17) N.O. G N.O. (a-17) A A CP A N.O. N.O. GS N.O. GS N.O. N.O. A N.O. G G N.O. N.O. N.O. G G AB CG GB N.O. B N.O. N.O. (a-12) … GS N/A GS

Comptroller (a-14) CS AG A AG CE A CE CG CE N.O. GS CE CE (a-8) N.O. C CG G A CE G CS (a-24) (a-6) A CP A CE AGC GS N/A CE G A GS A N.O. G A CE C SL CE AG CG GB G (a-8) CS (a-8) (a-4) CS C GB (a-24)

Consumer affairs (a-15) CS (a-12) A N.O. G AT GE AT A G A (a-3) (a-3) AT AT AT AT A GLS A G N.O. A A CE CP CE A AGC A AT GS N.O. AT A B GS AT SE B AT A (i) GS AT A N.O. (a-3) A SS (a-3) CS GS GS GS

Corrections (a-16) G GB GS B GS GS GE GS GS GD GS B GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS CG GS GS GS GS GS GS G GC GS GS GS G G GS GS GS GS GS GS GS G B GS CG GB GS GS GS GS A GS C GS GS

Economic development (a-17) (a-12) (a-12) B GS N.O. G GE (c) GS GB GS (a-12) (a-12) G GS C GC GS GLS GS G GS GS GS GS G GS G AGC G GS GS A (i) GS N.O. GS GS GS (j) GS GS G G GS CG B N.O. (a-13) G (a-12) (a-12) B C GS GS

Education (a-18) B BG CE BG CE AB GE GS B CE B CE B CE GS B B B GLS B B B GS BS B CE B G B GS GS B CE CE B CE SE GS B CE GS G B B GS GB CE B CE CE GB B B GS GS

Election admin. (a-19) CS LG (a-2) B G CS CS GS A SS B (a-2) B N.R. (b) SS CE B AGS SS B CE (b) (a-2) A SS SS A (b) CL A CE (b) G SS CE L A AG B B SS A (b) LG CE GB N.O. (a-2) BS A G GS B N/A B

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

TABLE 4 .1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Emergency Employment management services (a-20) (a-21) G CS AG AG G A GS G GS GS A A GE GE CG CG G GS G A A CS A (a-32) GS GS G G GS GS (b) GS AG AG GS GS A (a-32) AG A G CG GS CS GS N.O. GS GS A A CP CP A A A A G GC (a-47) A GS (a-32) GS GS G G A G AG GS GS B AG GS G AG G GS A GS C C A G A B A GS AG GS GB GB N.O. GS GS GS A A G GS G A GS GS G C N/A GS GS GS

Energy (a-22) CS (f) N/A G G G GE CG A CE CS GS (a-42) LG (a-17) B AG A (a-38) G CG A A A G CP GS G G A GS B A G GS GS G AG A A (a-42) A N.O. G GS A N.O. GS A G GB G C N/A GS

Environmental protection (a-23) B GB GS BG/BS GS A GE (a-35) GS BG CS GS GS G A C G GS GLS GS CG GS GS GS A GS GS A GC GS GS GS G A GS B B GS GS (b) GS G B GS CG GB GS GS A GS GB GS G N/A GS

Finance (a-24) G AG (a-14) G G A GE GS CE G (b) GS (a-10) G A C G G (a-6) GS G (a-10) GS (a-6) AGS CP (b) (a-14) (a-6) GS GS CE G A (b) GS (a-4) G GS B GS G (a-14) AG CG GB N.O. CS A G (a-4) GS GS G GS

Fish & wildlife (a-25) CS GB B B G A (b) CG B A CS B (a-35) A A CS G GS GLS GS CG (b) A GS (b) GS A GD BGS B A GS G G A B B (b) GS BS C B B (a-35) CG B GD CS A GD GB GS C N/A GS

General services (a-26) CS AG A GS GS A GE CG GS A GS N.O. (a-6) (a-6) A GS N.O. G A (a-6) G N.O. (a-6) N.O. A CP A N.O. GC (b) GS G G G A GS (a-6) GS GS A (a-6) G B (a-6) CG GB N.O. CS GS AG G CS GS GS GS

Health (a-27) B GB GS BG GS (b) GS GE CG GS GD GS B (b) GS G GS GS CG GS GLS GS CG GS GS BS GS GS GS (b) AGC GS GS GS G G GS GS A GS GS (b) GS G BG GS CG GB G GS GS GS GB GS GS GS GS

Higher education (a-28) B B B BG B GS BG B B B B B B G N.O. B B BS N/A G BC N.O. B BS B CP B B B B GS B B B B B B AG B (b) B BG B B N.O. N.O. B N.O. B B GB (a-18) B B N/A GS

Highways (a-29) G AG A BS (a-49) GS GE (a-49) GOC A CS (a-49) (a-49) (a-49) A GS CG GS (a-49) AG G (a-49) GS B B (a-49) GS (a-49) (a-49) A A GS A (a-49) GS B A AG GS GS C (a-49) (a-49) (a-49) CG GB N.O. GS (a-49) GS (a-49) GS C GS GS

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 2 7

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued)

Information systems (a-30) CS AG A GS G G A GS GS GD GS GS GS G GS G G G A A CG GS GS BS A A GS G GC A GS G G G G A A G A A GS A B GS GS B GS G A GS (a-49) GS C N/A G

Insurance (a-31) G AG GS GS CE BA GE CE GOC CE AG GS GS G GS SE G CE GLS GS G (a-9) A SE GS CE GS A GC GS G GS CE CE GS CE GS GS GS GS C G G GS GS B SE GS GS GS G GS CS N/A SE

Labor (a-32) G GB BS G AG GS GE GS GS CE GS GS GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS C GS GS N.O. GS GS GS A GC GS GS GS CE G A CE SE GS GS GS GS G B GS GS GB GS GS GS AG N/A GS C GS GS

See footnotes at end of table

1 28â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Licensing (a-33) N.O. AG N.O. G G A CS CG A SS CS GS (a-9) G A B N.O. N.O. A A G GS A N.O. A CP A N.O. GC N.O. G (b) N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. AG (i) GS N.O. A B (a-12) SS GB GS N.O. GS CS N/A GS B N/A GS

Mental health & developmental disabilities (a-34) G B B A (b) A (b) (b) N/A B G A (a-45) A A C CG GS (a-45) (b) (b) CS GS B BS CP GS (b) AGC (b) N.O. (b) A A (b) B A G GS (b) GS G B (a-45) CG GB N.O. (a-27) A (b) (a-45) GS C N/A GS

Natural resources (a-35) G GB GS G GS GS CS GS GS GB GS B GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS CG GS GS GS GS GS GS G GC A GS GS G N.O. GS (a-48) N.O. GS GS BS (a-23) G B GS GS GB CE (a-25) GS G AG GS GS GS GS

Parks & recreation (a-36) CS AG GS G GS A CS CG A A CS B (a-35) A A CS CG LGS (a-35) A CG CS A GS A CP B A AGC A N/A GS A G A (a-48) B A GS GS C A B AB CG GB I (a-25) A GS GB GS C GS GS

Personnel (a-37) B AG A AG GS A GE GS A A GS GS (a-6) G A C G B A A CG CS (a-24) B G CP A GS AGC GS GD GS G A A GS A G A A GS G N.O. GS CG GB N.O. C A AG A GS GS GS GS

Planning (a-38) (a-12) N.O. (a-10) N.O. N.O. G A CG A (a-10) CS N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. G A N/A GS G N.O. N/A A AGS G GS N.O. ... A N/A GS N/A N.O. GS N.O. N.O. G A AB N.O. N.O. G (a-10) N.O. (a-10) N.O. (a-17) N.O. G (a-12) GS G GS G

Post audit (a-39) LS (a-8) N.O. L N.O. (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) CE (a-8) CS (a-8) (a-8) G N.O. L CE CL N/A A CE CL (a-8) CE CE L CE N.O. (a-14) N.O. (a-8) CE (a-8) A CE N.O. SS (a-8) N.O. B (a-8) SL L (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) N.O. LS (a-8) AG G CE GS N/A L

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

TABLE 4 .1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Pre-audit (a-40) (a-14) N.O. (a-14) N/A (a-14) (a-14) CE (a-8) CE N.O. CS (a-14) (a-14) CE A CS N.O. A (a-14) A CE N.O. (a-8) CE A (a-39) A N.O. (a-14) N.O. N/A CE (a-8) N.O. GS (a-14) (a-10) (a-4) (a-14) (a-14) (a-8) (a-14) (a-14) (a-24) (a-24) (a-14) N.O. (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) (a-4) GS G N/A GS

Public library Public utility development regulation Purchasing (a-41) (a-42) (a-43) B SE CS AG GB AG SS B A B GS AG N.O. GS (a-26) BA CS CS B GB CS CG CG (a-26) A B A N.O. (a-12) A B GS GS B GS A SS GS (a-6) G G A B GS A GS B C G G G LGS BS A B G CS A GS A B CG CG N.O. GS CS N/A (b) A B GS A B GS A CP CE CP B B A (b) G A AGC GC CS N.O. GS GS N/A G N/A B GS G A G A N.O. CE A B BG A B (b) A B GS A G GS AG A GS A B G A C CE C A SE A A B A A A (a-6) CG BGS CG B (b) A N.O. GS N.O. B GS CS A GS A AG G CS (a-18) N/A A (i) GS GS B B C N/A GS GS GS G GS

Revenue (a-44) G GB GS AG BS GS GE CG GOC GS GS GS GS G GS GS G GS A A CG CS GS GS GS GS GS G GC A GS GS G CE GS GS GS GS GS GS GS G (a-14) A CG GB GS GS GS GS (a-4) GS C GS GS

Social services (a-45) B GB GS G GS GS GE (b) GS GD GS GS GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS CG GS (a-34) GS GS GS GS G GC (b) N/A GS A G (b) GS GS GS GS (b) GS GS G (i) GS GS GB GS (a-27) GS (a-27) GB GS C N/A G

Solid waste mgmt. (a-46) CS AG A BG/BS G CS CS B A A CS A (a-23) A A C AG GS CS A CG CS (a-23) A A GS A (a-23) AGC A N/A GS A A A A N.O. AG (h) BS N.O. A N.O. (a-23) CG GB N.O. B A AG GB GS A N/A GS

State police (a-47) G GB GS BG GS A GE CG GOC G N.O. GS GS G GS GS G GS A/GLS GS CG GS A GS GS CP GS G AGC GS GS GS G G GS GS GS GS G GS C G B A GS GB GS GS A AG GB GS GS GS GS

Tourism (a-48) G AG GS G N.O. CS A CG N.O. A B (a-12) (a-12) LG A C G LGS (a-17) A G N.O. A A A CP B GD AGC A GS GS A G LG GS N.O. A (a-17) GS GS G A (a-17) CG G N.O. GS GS AG (a-12) B GB GS GS

Transportation (a-49) (a-29) GB GS BS GS GS GE GS GS GB GS B GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS G GS GS B B GS GS B GC GS GS GS G G GS B GS GS GS BS GS G B GS GS GB GS (a-29) GS (a-29) (a-29) ... CS GS GS

Welfare (a-50) (a-45) AG (a-45) G (a-45) GS GE CG A A CS A GS (a-45) A N.O. (a-45) GS (a-45) (a-45) CG GS (a-34) GS A GS GS (b) AGC A N/A GS N.O. G GS GS (a-45) GS GS (a-45) C G BG (a-45) CG GB N.O. (a-27) A (a-45) N/A GS A N/A GS

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 2 9

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel agencies and state Web sites, June 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N/A—Not available N.O.—No specific chief administrative official or agency in charge of function N.R.—Not reported CE—Constitutional, elected by public CL—Constitutional, elected by legislature SE—Statutory, elected by public SL—Statutory, elected by legislature L—Selected by legislature or one of its organs CT—Constitutional, elected by state court of last resort CP—Competitive process Appointed by: Approved by: G—Governor GS—Governor—Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) GB—Governor—Both houses GE—Governor—Either house GC—Governor—Council GD—Governor—Departmental board GLS—Governor—Appropriate legislative committee & Senate GOC—Governor & Council or cabinet LG—Lieutenant Governor LGS—Lieutenant Governor—Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) AT—Attorney General ATS—Attorney General—Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) SS—Secretary of State C—Cabinet Secretary CG—Cabinet Secretary—Governor A—Agency head AB—Agency head—Board AG—Agency head—Governor AGC—Agency head—Governor & Council AGS Agency head—Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) ALS—Agency head—Appropriate legislative committee ASH—Agency head—Senate president & House speaker B—Board or commission BG—Board—Governor BGS—Board—Governor & Senate BS—Board or commission—Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) BA—Board or commission—Agency head CS—Civil Service LS—Legislative Committee—Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) (a) Chief administrative official or agency in charge of function: (a-1) Lieutenant governor (a-2) Secretary of state (a-3) Attorney general (a-4) Treasurer (a-5) Adjutant general (a-6) Administration 1 30 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(a-7) Agriculture (a-8) Auditor (a-9) Banking (a-10) Budget (a-11) Civil rights (a-12) Commerce (a-13) Community affairs (a-14) Comptroller (a-15) Consumer affairs (a-16) Corrections (a-17) Economic development (a-18) Education (chief state school officer) (a-19) Election administration (a-20) Emergency management (a-21) Employment Services (a-22) Energy ( a-23) Environmental protection (a-24) Finance (a-25) Fish and wildlife (a-26 ) General services (a-27) Health (a-28) Higher education (a-29) Highways (a-30) Information systems (a-31) Insurance (a-32) Labor (a-33) Licensing (a-34) Mental Health & Developmental Disabilities (a-35) Natural resources (a-36) Parks and recreation (a-37) Personnel (a-38) Planning (a-39) Post audit (a-40) Pre-audit (a-41) Public library development (a-42) Public utility regulation (a-43) Purchasing (a-44) Revenue (a-45) Social services (a-46) Solid waste management (a-47) State police (a-48) Tourism (a-49) Transportation (a-50) Welfare (b) California—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health Care Services, Vacant, and Director of Public Health, Sonia Angell, both (GS). California—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities - Responsibilities shared between Director of State Hospitals, Stephanie Clendenin (GS) and Director of Developmental Services, Nancy A. Bargmann, (GS). Connecticut—Auditors—Responsibilities shared between Robert J. Kane and John C. Geragosian. Positions are filled by the legislature.

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

TABLE 4 .1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) Connecticut—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Chief of Wildlife, Richard Jacobson, (CS), Director of Inland and Marine Fisheries, Peter Aarrestad, (CS). Connecticut—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities— Responsibilities shared between Commissioner of Mental Health, Miriam Delphin—Rittmon, (GE) and Commissioner, Dept. of Developmental Services, Jordan Scheff, (GE). Delaware—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Substance Abuse and Mental Health (CG); and Director, Division of Developmental Disabilities Services, same department (CG). Delaware—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of Health and Social Services (GS); and Secretary , Department of Services of Children, Youth and their Families (GS). Hawaii—Administration—the functions are divided amongst the Director of Budget and Finance, Director of Human Resources Development, and the Comptroller. Hawaii—Finance—Responsibilities shared between Director of Budget and Finance, Craig K. Hirai (GS) and the Comptroller, Curt Otaguro, (GS). Idaho—Responsibilities are shared between seven (7) directors all chosen by (B). See Table 4.11 for names. Indiana—Election Administration—Responsibilities shared between Co-Directors, Brad King and Angela Nussmeyer. Kansas—Emergency management—Responsibilities shared between Adjutant General (GS) and Deputy Director (C) Maryland—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Executive Director, Mental Hygiene Administration (A); and Secretary, Department of Disabilities (A). Massachusetts—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities— Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Department of Developmental Disabilities (CG); and Commissioner, Department of Mental Health, Executive Office of Human Services (CG). Michigan—Election Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, (CE); and Director of Elections (CS). Michigan—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Director, Chief of Fisheries, Jim Dexter, (CS) and Chief of Wildlife, Vacant, (CS). Minnesota—Human/Social Services, Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities and Welfare are under the Commissioner of Human Services (GS). Minnesota—Public Utility Regulation—Responsibilities shared between the five Public Utility Commissioners (G). Missouri—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Administrator, Division of Fisheries, Department of Conservation; Administrator, Division of Wildlife, same department (AB). Nebraska—Finance—Responsibilities shared between State Tax Commissioner, Department of Revenue (GS); Administrator, Budget Division (A) and the Auditor of Public Accounts (CE). Nevada—Election Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State (CE), Deputy Secretary of State (SS), Chief Deputy, Secretary of State (A). Nevada—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services (G) and Division Administrator, Health (AG). Nevada—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsi-

bilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services (G) and Division Administrator, MHDS (G). Nevada—Public Library—Responsibilities shared between Director, Dept. of Tourism and Cultural Affairs (G) and Division Administrator of Library and Archives (A). Nevada—Welfare—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services (G) and Division Administrator, Welfare and Support Services (AG). New Jersey—General Services—Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Purchase and Property, Dept. of Treasury (GS), and Director, Division of Property Management and Construction, Dept. of the Treasury (A). New Jersey—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities— Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Mental Health Services, Dept. of Human Services (A) and Assistant Commissioner, Division of Developmental Disabilities, Dept. of Human Services (A). New Jersey—Social Services—Commissioner , Dept. of Human Services (GS) and Commissioner Dept. Of Children and Families (GS). New York—Responsibilities shared between Board of Election members. Two co-chairs and two commissioners. (B) New York—Licensing—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State (GS) and Commissioner of State Education Department (B). New York—Mental health & developmental disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner of Office for People with Developmental Disabilities (GS) and Commissioner of Office of Mental Health (GS. Ohio—Finance—Responsibilities shared between Assistant Director, Office of Budget and Management (A) and Deputy Director same office (A). Ohio—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director, Dept. of Developmental Disabilities (GS) and Director, Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services. (GS). Ohio—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Director, OH Dept. of Job and Family Services (GS), Superintendent of Public Instruction, Dept. of Education (B), Executive Director of Opportunities for Ohioans with Disabilities (B), Director of Dept. of Aging (GS). Oklahoma—Public Utility Regulation—Responsibilities shared between Director of Administration, Public Utility Division, Corporation Commission (B); and 3 Commissioners, Corporation Commission (SE). Pennsylvania—Shared between Executive Director (Fish) (B) and Executive Director (Game) (B). Rhode Island—Higher Education—This employee serves in a dual role as Commissioner of Higher Education and as the President of the Community College of Rhode Island. Rhode Island—Social Services—This position is filled by two employees one, Stephen Costantino, is the Commissioner , Office of Health and Human Services; Sandra Powell serves as the Director of Human Services and reports to the Commissioner , Office of Health and Human Services. South Carolina—Environmental Protection—Responsibilities shared between two Directors, both selected by (BS). Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 3 1

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) South Carolina—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services (GS) and Director of Health & Environmental Control (BS). South Carolina—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities— Responsibilities shared between Director of Disabilities and Special Needs (B) and Director of Mental Health (B). Texas—Election Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State (G); and Division Director of Elections, Elections Division, Secretary of State (A). Virginia—Public Utility Regulation—No single position. Functions are shared between Energy Regulation and Utility and Railroad Safety, both (B). Wyoming—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director, State Hospital (AG) and Director, Life Resource Center, (AG). (c) Department of Administration abolished July 1, 2005; responsibilities transferred to office of Management and Budget, General Services and Department of State. Economic Development Office was abolished in FY 2019; most responsibilities assigned to a new public-private partnership. (d) Appointed by the House and approved by the Senate. (e) In Maine, New Hampshire, Tennessee and West Virginia, the Presidents (or Speakers) of the Senate are next in line of succession to the Governorship. In Tennessee and West Virginia, the Speaker of the Senate bears the statutory title of Lieutenant Governor.

1 32 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(f) The authority is a public corporation of the state and a body corporate and politic constituting a political subdivision within the Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development, but with separate and independent legal existence. (g) The New Jersey State constitution states: “The State Auditor shall be appointed by the Senate and General Assembly in joint meeting for a term of five years and until his successor shall be appointed and qualify.” So it is a Constitutional Officer, but is appointed, not elected by the legislature. (h) Solid waste is managed by the Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation (RRIRRC). Although not a department of the state government, RRIRRC is a public corporation and a component of the State of Rhode Island for financial reporting purposes. To be financially self-sufficient, the agency earns revenue through the sale of recyclable products, methane gas royalties and fees for it services. (i) Method not specified. (j) The Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation is a quasipublic agency.

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

TA BLE 4 .1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Governor 127,833 145,000 95,000 151,838 209,747 92,700 150,000 (d) 171,000 130, 273 175,000 165,048 138,302 181,670 (d) 121,331 130,000 110,707 152,181 130,000 70,000 170,000 185,000 159,300 127,629 122,160 133,821 118,397 105,000 149,573 (d) 134,581 175,000 110,000 225,000 150,969 135,360 (d) 159,182 147,000 98,600 201,729 145,755 106,078 116,400 198,780 153,750 160,746 184,100 175,000 182,179 150,000 152,756 105,000 130,000 70,000 70,000 150,000

Lieutenant governor (a-1) 52,102 115,000 (a-2) 44,674 157,310 93,360 110,000 82,239 124,851 91,609 165,552 48,406 139,200 99,783 103,212 76,313 129,375 115,003 (e) 141,500 122,058 111,510 82,959 60,000 86,484 90,140 75,000 63,648 (e) 175,000 85,000 210,000 133,365 105,285 176,426 114,713 (a-2) 169,451 122,740 46,545 56,375 72,948 (e) 7,200 144,671 78,145 36,321 111,180 20,000 (e) 80,684 (a-2) 85,000 65,000 N.O. 75,000

Secretary of state (a-2) 99,772 (a-1) 70,000 96,918 157,310 93,360 110,000 132,011 141,000 123,637 N.O. 117,557 160,800 86,654 103,212 86,003 129,375 115,000 104,104 99,500 136,402 112,410 95,722 90,000 107,746 98,104 85,000 102,898 105,930 175,000 85,000 160,000 133,365 107,885 117,582 140,000 77,000 145,244 122,740 92,007 93,046 209,520 197,415 (a-1) $116,729 176,730 130,560 95,000 72,551 92,000 N.O. N.O. 125,000 (a-1)

Attorney general (a-3) 169,001 141,156 90,000 139,992 182,189 107,672 110,000 149,893 128,972 139,169 162,552 134,000 160,800 104,246 123,669 98,901 129,375 110,740 105,914 141,500 136,402 112,410 121,248 108,960 116,437 141,023 95,000 141,086 128,260 175,000 95,000 210,000 133,365 159,409 117,582 132,825 82,220 167,838 132,521 92,007 116,277 193,488 153,750 152,709 139,755 150,000 167,381 95,000 148,242 177,000 105,286 80,000 N/A 76,500

Treasurer (a-4) 89,031 163,770 70,000 91,534 167,796 93,360 110,000 117,582 (a-24) 185,000 162,552 117,557 139,200 86,654 103,212 86,003 129,375 110,740 79,518 141,500 133,277 178,500 (a-24) 90,000 107,746 (a-6) 85,000 102,898 105,930 175,000 85,000 190,000 133,365 107,885 117,582 114,713 72,000 167,838 122,740 92,007 93,046 209,520 (a-14) 144,671 116,729 177,172 149,103 95,000 72,551 92,000 52,492 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500

Adjutant general (a-5) 139,008 141,156 146,000 180,072 197,802 168,552 165,000 126,156 170,352 163,200 245,838 147,659 135,600 151,000 223,393 114,505 129,524 200,262 139,734 144,052 (b) 171,392 185,859 190,300 141,105 114,450 123,677 111,236 118,200 105,930 175,000 203,950 160,000 151,292 202,560 143,853 190,289 185,508 176,760 141,259 163,257 124,140 161,904 178,196 145,018 129,126 143,453 190,289 125,000 N/A 142,816 68,152 N.O. N/A 85,000

Admin. (a-6) 158,974 141,156 N/A 173,846 N.O. 169,956 175,000 (c) 141,000 160,000 (c) 123,614 168,000 161,670 154,300 175,000 N.O. 237,500 139,734 146,743 (b) 161,522 (a-10) 144,991 150,000 133,394 112,935 160,001 128,998 117,913 N.O. 156,000 195,145 151,732 N.O. 159,266 11,150 204,058 161,390 136,510 217,643 107,244 209,520 N.O. 147,077 145,537 176,730 173,856 95,000 152,755 167,000 88,915 54,000 N/A 76,500

Agriculture (a-7) 71,380 110,304 132,000 132,000 217,292 159,660 140,000 123,333 128,972 121,557 154,812 149,386 157,200 156,998 103,212 123,000 129,375 110,740 139,734 143,488 (b) 136,000 170,000 144,991 90,000 129,142 112,935 116,727 118,200 100,171 175,000 82,980 160,000 133,365 116,836 143,853 126,508 152,652 145,244 (a-23) 92,007 126,075 161,904 137,500 N/A 145,246 176,730 173,856 95,000 N/A 126,378 60,850 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500

Auditor (a-8) 87,673 169,332 141,986 91,533 217,292 188,808 (c) 112,667 140,004 152,160 154,812 150,446 170,400 86,654 103,212 N/A 129,375 132,620 111,134 N.O. 140,607 180,169 108,485 90,000 107,746 92,236 85,000 N.O. N.O. 151,952 85,000 210,000 133,365 107,885 117,582 114,713 136,488 167,838 159,248 165,872 93,046 (a-14) 181,128 135,000 116,729 178,950 128,120 95,000 137,488 92,000 100,000 80,000 N/A 76,500

Banking (a-9) 181,049 122,988 130,000 155,916 197,798 219,816 149,625 115,595 (a-24) 154,350 125,400 (a-24) 159,600 136,347 128,890 126,075 128,553 145,000 115,274 101,463 (b) 130,000 170,000 130,918 156,900 119,635 110,787 107,338 98,880 105,929 175,000 90,000 210,000 134,410 142,404 128,752 196,721 N.O. 145,244 135,000 126,615 113,391 161,904 242,925 136,573 126,630 175,100 137,808 75,000 137,717 109,184 88,915 40,800 (b) N/A 75,000

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 3 3

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Budget (a-10) 113,355 162,504 130,000 120,543 (a-24) 178,824 167,590 152,088 145,000 225,000 162,552 144,186 166,770 142,800 154,300 120,750 129,524 141,648 104,645 174,417 (b) 134,589 170,000 (a-24) (a-6) 122,027 123,452 164,303 (a-6) 105,930 155,250 95,714 209,684 (a-24) (a-24) 181,875 110,600 157,884 168,490 185,739 133,223 96,111 168,144 205,000 167,045 135,283 177,448 N.O. 93,000 132,600 136,358 88,915 54,000 N/A 76,500

Civil rights (a-11) N.O. 149,016 145,000 N.O. N.O. 130,764 141,039 82,950 99,500 105,202 113,616 88,317 135,600 121,281 97,460 86,423 126,200 90,188 95,098 114,865 (b) 137,382 159,800 144,991 N.O. 86,274 86,548 79,170 88,651 80,971 150,114 N.O. 120,000 109,533 (a-12) 120,328 N.O. 112,428 133,380 86,342 115,000 N.O. 116,964 123,769 103,147 114,982 104,798 120,044 55,000 109,158 (a-37) N.O. 49,000 N/A 60,000

Commerce (a-12) 177,891 141,156 250,000 153,00 N.O. N.O. 15,000 (a-2) N/A 135,000 154,812 139,069 168,000 (a-17) N.O. 123,000 129,524 237,500 (a-17) 172,021 (b) 161,522 (a-32) 144,991 90,000 129,526 112,935 134,172 128,998 114,554 (a-17) 156,000 160,000 (b) 159,903 162,396 154,128 141,000 168,276 149,918 205,706 199,857 N.O. (a-17) N.O. N/A 145,537 176,730 173,856 95,000 N.O. 142,943 88,915 52,000 N/A 76,500

See footnotes at end of table

1 34â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Community affairs (a-13) 170,553 (a-12) N/A N.O. 177,514 159,648 (a-12) N.O 110,000 163,200 N.O. N.O. (a-12) 129,841 140,899 N.O. 109,524 N.O. (a-17) N.O 145,000 N.O. (a-17) 130,000 N/A 81,200 101,653 N.O. N.O. 175,000 N.O. 160,000 N.O. N.O. 159,266 N.O. 156,773 149,918 N/A N.O. N.O. (a-17) 180,084 73,778 113,588 141,072 N.O. 81,548 N.O. N.O. N.O. 52,000 N/A (c)

Comptroller (a-14) 147,580 124,452 140,000 149,594 167,796 152,100 110,000 152,088 128,972 N/A 154,812 117,557 139,200 (a-8) N.O 120,000 108,286 (a-6) 118,934 141,500 176,624 153,428 (a-24) (a-6) 113,300 115,495 140,000 102,898 106,575 175,000 145,600 210,000 166,758 N.O. 181,875 120,000 N.O. 159,081 140,645 92,007 100028 209,520 153,750 146,744 135,283 177,313 N.O. (a-8) 114,587 (a-8) 83,400 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500

Consumer affairs (a-15) (a-3) (a-12) 133,729 N.O. 197,798 158,712 147,798 126,102 100,000 134,227 118,776 (a-3) (a-3) 124,803 128,890 98,000 90,000 140,670 130,811 134,749 (b) 145,000 N.O. 131,878 108,960 116,437 81,417 95,000 75,111 100,171 157,911 95,054 210,000 N.O. 149,784 113,568 132,833 185,508 152,607 (a-3) 125,243 70,000 100,116 155,224 (a-12) 114,982 105,165 (a-3) (a-3) 105,706 136,260 55,341 52,000 N/A 76,500

Corrections (a-16) 165,183 141,156 185,000 158,100 279,216 175,104 167,500 152,088 160,000 163,200 154,812 160,014 176,400 169,076 154,300 140,000 N/A 136,719 139,734 159,072 (b) 150,000 178,500 150,002 132,000 129,142 112,944 188,957 128,998 117,913 175,000 N/A 210,000 183,888 165,804 159,266 185,000 185,104 161,382 145,644 199,857 129,150 161,904 266,500 143,499 129,126 189,112 186,888 90,504 152,755 150,628 67,150 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500

Economic development Education (a-17) (a-18) (a-12) 268,797 (a-12) 141,156 (a-12) 85,000 153,000 239,361 N.O. 182,189 159,648 283,416 (a-12) 192,500 (c) 164,055 141,000 276,000 188,700 123,270 154,812 240,000 (a-12) 117,557 (a-12) 249,600 213,868 103,677 154,300 154,300 89,303 230,000 136,000 N/A 237,500 275,000 139,734 139,734 172,021 (b) 153,532 (b) 161,522 161,522 178,500 221,403 150,002 150,002 183,000 300,000 133,412 199,272 106,897 116,378 143,998 227,390 N/A 128,998 87,423 114,553 225,000 175,000 (a-12) 156,000 (a-13) 210,000 128,125 133,365 142,400 122,810 159,266 209,997 N.O. 124,373 (a-13) 157,581 153,313 161,382 185,000 (j) 212,106 (a-12) 92,007 144,013 135,300 169,392 200,004 164,701 220,375 153,379 235,830 120,265 145,537 350,200 176,730 (a-12) 145,860 (a-13) 230,000 195,000 127,047 (a-12) 92,000 82,025 82,025 45,000 80,000 N/A N/A 85,000 76,500

Election admin. (a-19) (a-2) 145,008 142,518 72,595 154,464 143,436 120,616 92,173 97,250 106,793 119,664 (a-2) 156,000 (c) 111,155 (a-2) 73,500 113,695 110,219 130,059 (b) 136,402 (c) (a-2) 82,500 66,690 89,920 97,562 (c) (a-2) 143,750 85,000 (c) 143,500 55,080 117,582 117,885 150,336 84,930 145,993 111,649 77,203 151,128 (c) 102,190 116,729 121,466 (a-2) (a-2) 122,013 100,134 61,939 53,000 N/A 135,000

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

TABLE 4 .1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Emergency Employment management services Energy (a-20) (a-21) (a-22) 151,496 176,855 (a-12) 122,988 129,132 160,000 112,500 135,000 N/A 112,477 162,872 139,800 217,292 199,056 164,123 163,176 137,868 159,648 183,340 162,495 175,000 94,583 100,014 100,108 141,000 141,000 91,960 112,200 113,662 121,156 134,676 N/A 106,572 (b) 143,853 (a-32) 102,336 152,400 168,000 (a-42) 127,500 178,745 75,000 112,070 154,300 (a-17) (c) 123,000 96,175 84,349 65,000 129,524 140,000 110,000 116,875 91,270 (a-32) (a-38) 161,975 (b) 138,631 (b) 150,000 (b) 143,000 161,522 135,000 (a-47) N/A 115,000 154,992 N.O. 144,907 120,000 135,315 92,782 104,501 108,004 105,060 96,177 106,860 132,545 88,549 134,172 152,249 118,200 128,998 107,973 105,930 105,930 80,971 (a-47) 155,250 123,625 114,400 156,000 156,000 210,000 190,000 (c) 133,250 125,460 99,817 100,896 189,900 162,396 121,909 174,678 159,266 135,000 115,110 140,000 129,936 168,276 145,476 148,011 145,742 151,316 136,489 135,000 140,513 104,198 188,700 115,881 93,258 79,359 (a-42) 134,400 161,904 165,000 198,164 182,500 N.O. 103,958 155,480 N/A 87,110 128,876 126,630 152,954 166,125 99,419 N.O. 177,132 N.O. 80,000 75,000 82,404 117,312 116,418 110,947 102,147 144,000 120,000 68,152 73,020 55,303 45,000 40,800 (b) 45,000 N/A N/A N/A 71,250 76,500 69,350

Environmental protection Finance (a-23) (a-24) 172,967 N.R. 141,156 142,140 175,000 (a-14) 139,800 (a-6) 217,292 217,292 162,864 143,544 175,000 198,000 (a-35) 152,088 150,000 128,972 170,000 158,508 N/A (c) 134,867 144,997 157,200 (a-10) 143,985 152,337 131,955 140,005 118,721 120,000 105,000 136,000 137,197 (a-6) 139,734 (a-6) 104,235 (b) 174,417 (b) 139,050 161,522 170,000 (a-10) 150,002 154,992 129,347 (a-6) 114,433 122,027 112,935 115,495 152,249 (c) 125,021 (a-14) 114,554 (a-10) 175,000 155,250 156,000 114,400 210,000 210,000 133,824 225,815 145,320 180,000 156,187 (c) 143,759 195,000 152,652 (a-4) 161,382 168,490 135,000 (a-44) (c) 106,670 124,140 140,375 168,708 209,520 211,415 (a-14) 144,997 146,744 126,380 135,283 190,188 195,418 177,333 (a-14) 95,000 75,902 115,294 132,600 132,577 102,000 60,850 88,915 58,000 54,000 N/A N/A 76,500 76,500

Fish & wildlife (a-25) 178,819 141,156 160,000 135,383 195,709 157,812 (c) 102,525 140,737 120,948 106,572 (b) 148,054 (a-35) 89,216 137,613 85,075 140,000 123,614 139,734 116,185 (b) 129,000 (c) 137,599 147,216 (c) 112,944 117,260 118,200 100,171 134,847 156,000 210,000 186,229 130,536 117,520 145,400 152,652 (c) (a-23) 134,458 95,422 168,708 200,643 126,630 108,700 144,414 173,352 75,000 115,294 150,593 60,850 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500

General services (a-26) 108,779 (a-43) 120,000 142,252 197,798 120,948 175,000 117,355 141,000 137,625 (a-14) N.O. (a-6) (a-6) 142,542 99,935 N.O. (a-6) 115,586 (a-6) 158,000 N.O. (a-6) N.O. 113,300 103,571 160,001 N.O. (a-6) (c) 156,000 210,000 125,523 (a-24) 119,018 111,350 (a-6) 153,313 (a-6) 146,592 (a-6) 161,904 177,982 140,150 129,126 171,812 (a-6) 82,668 (a-7) 115,565 60,528 54,000 N/A 76,500

Health (a-27) N.R. 141,156 205,505 225,306 (c) 186,996 200,000 175,040 N/A 197,605 154,812 (c) 176,400 194,775 151,008 179,375 202,608 236,000 170,477 170,997 (b) 140,000 178,500 150,002 215,000 147,223 112,935 153,772 (c) 100,171 175,000 156,000 210,000 144,499 172,404 236,330 196,000 185,508 161,382 134,975 (c) 133,395 176,880 242,353 212,659 157,830 176,730 177,333 150,000 152,755 180,000 74,096 80,000 N/A 76,500

Higher education (a-28) 242,025 325,000 120,000 173,847 337,380 172,952 335,000 117,150 200,000 500,500 395,004 159,266 214,800 214,320 N.O. 250,000 275,000 364,000 N/A 157,558 (b) 220,763 N.O. 390,000 300,000 182,053 326,524 187,180 N/A 79,664 175,000 156,000 210,000 N/A 374,000 195,229 412,231 186,084 153,879 265,000 (c) 204,111 338,250 200,004 212,135 N.O. N.O. 204,965 N.O. 289,388 525,000 165,000 195,000 80,000 N/A 76,500

Highways (a-29) (a-49) 133,620 145,000 229,944 (a-49) 165,744 240,000 (a-49) 150,000 124,409 106,572 (b) (a-49) (a-49) (a-49) 176,426 (a-49) 120,000 176,900 (a-49) 160,742 153,536 (a-49) (a-49) 172,700 220,358 (a-49) 151,840 (a-49) (a-49) 146,050 (a-49) 210,000 201,419 (a-49) 159,266 (a-49) 184,724 154,974 (a-49) 160,056 113,887 161,904 (a-49) (a-49) 126,110 218,509 N.O 120,000 (a-49) 158,000 88,915 40,800 (b) N/A 65,000

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 3 5

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued)

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Information systems Insurance (a-30) (a-31) N.R. 176,314 186,804 131,112 180,000 120,000 158,209 139,836 197,798 167,796 169,956 159,660 183,154 175,000 165,055 112,667 130,000 134,158 185,000 120,394 200,004 122,052 122,013 123,490 176400 159,600 N/A 124,147 154,300 128,890 175,000 86,003 129,524 104,762 150,000 110,740 130,811 115,274 167,433 (b) 157,386 (b) (a-44) 130,000 161,099 (a-9) 150,002 147,580 173,209 90,000 165,000 129,142 129,522 98,104 195,821 130,307 118,200 118,200 117,913 105,930 175,000 N/A 156,000 156,000 167,000 210,000 192,587 133,365 214,700 107,885 150,072 154,710 160,000 126,713 211,440 129,936 156,050 145,244 205,706 (a-9) 176,868 160,917 130,000 108,803 213,648 161,904 184,792 202,383 138,694 137,467 145,537 126,630 194,468 170,000 187,536 133,250 127,500 92,500 129,459 132,600 153,300 124,904 88,915 88,915 45, 000 40,800 (b) N/A N/A 71,250 75,000

Labor (a-32) (a-21) 141,156 150,000 155,040 217,292 175,104 162,495 123,333 141,000 122,786 154,812 (a-21) 146,400 119,372 112,070 123,000 129,524 137,000 139,734 161,975 (b) 119,060 175,000 144,991 N.O. 133,158 112,935 134,172 98,880 105,930 175,000 156,000 190,000 133,365 102,000 131,123 105,053 77,000 161,382 (a-21) 143,560 124,140 161,904 182,500 136,573 128,876 143,487 177,333 70,000 142,813 103,200 73,020 45,000 N/A 76,500

Licensing (a-33) N.O. 124,452 N.O. 155,040 186,389 148,620 122,505 113,399 71,400 86,700 101,508 (b) 94,494 (a-9) 118,235 102,835 87,125 N.O. N.O. 139,734 105,000 (b) 115,000 170,000 N.O. N.O. N/A 104,063 81,321 N.O. 105,930 N.O. 156,000 (c) N.O. N.O. (k) N.O. N.O. N/A (i) 143,560 N.O. 142,044 179,375 135,928 95,700 136,818 173,856 N.O. 132,600 71,527 88,915 45,360 N/A 76,500

See footnotes at end of table

1 36â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Mental health & developmental Natural disabilities resources (a-34) (a-35) N.R. (a-25) 106,452 141,156 120,058 175,000 (c) 118,484 (c) 217,292 158,616 175,104 (c) 156,516 (c) 132,011 N/A 150,000 178,500 175,000 138,552 154,812 124,010 139,069 (a-45) 133,273 130,000 130,778 110,490 128,890 N/A 123,000 116,500 100,000 130,000 129,210 (a-45) 139,734 (b)(c) 159,312 (b) (c) 161,522 294,977 170,000 154,992 154,992 170,180 129,347 151,201 129,142 106,691 112,935 141,718 151,919 (c) 128,998 105,930 114,554 (c) 143,750 N.O. 156,000 (c) 210,000 151,733 N/A 127,800 N.O. (c) 174,678 173,318 141,000 136,488 N.O. 154,456 153,313 135,000 (a-23) (c) 134,458 124,140 (a-23) 161,904 168,708 227,000 211,415 120,827 158,870 129,126 145,246 241,463 176,730 (a-45) 145,860 (a-27) (a-25) 136,157 149,947 (c) 125,257 75,208 60,850 40,800 (b) 52,000 N/A N/A 70,000 76,500

Parks & recreation (a-36) (a-25) 110,304 175,000 137,094 186,389 161,952 161,219 102,525 114,000 119,882 106,572 (b) 110,282 (a-35) 102,754 (a-25) 123,000 104,762 122,720 (a-35) 116,053 (b) 130,000 138,625 137,599 147,216 114,433 100,822 149,751 108,540 91,965 136,755 109,200 190,000 133,548 120,000 120,640 141,000 152,652 147,209 (a-23) 149,008 96,111 123,264 200,643 125,798 112,507 155,745 160,944 (a-25) 115,294 128,433 60,850 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500

Personnel (a-37) 213,740 137,664 130,000 130,693 204,955 N/A 165,000 132,011 111,000 132,000 154,812 133,890 (a-6) 121,366 140,005 102,305 129,524 148,616 118,934 141,365 (b) 158,000 185,566 (a-24) 145,000 113,300 108,429 160,001 108,540 88,933 175,000 156,000 160,000 (b) 164,572 144,000 122,949 111,350 157,884 156,558 146,994 133,223 127,000 161,904 N.O. 147,077 128,876 N/A (a-14) 70,000 126,506 126,000 88,915 60,000 N/A 76,500

Planning (a-38) (a-12) N.O. (a-10) N.O. N.O. 160,584 145,000 99,093 100,000 (a-10) N/A N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. 136,000 127,441 N/A 135.048 (b) 161,522 N.O. N/A 93,500 122,027 106,897 144,352 N.O. N.O. 142,640 80,830 160,000 (b) N/A N.O. 159,266 N.O. N.O. 156,011 102,860 N.O. N.O. N.O. 205,000 (a-10) N.O. 177,448 (a-14) (a-17) N.O. 175,000 88,915 45,000 N/A 76,500

Post audit (a-39) 241,695 (a-8) N.O. 191,793 N.O. (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) (a-24) (a-8) 106,572 (b) (a-8) (a-8) 130,096 N.O. 136,480 (a-8) N.R. N/A 73,361 (b) (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) 107,746 121,495 85,000 N.O. (a-14) N.O. 85,000 210,000 (a-8) 122,400 (a-8) N.O. (a-8) (a-8) N/A 118,907 (a-8) (a-14) (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) N.O. 105,664 (a-8) 102,000 100,000 80,000 N/A 55,000

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

Pre-audit (a-40) (a-14) N.O. (a-14) N.O. (a-14) (a-14) (a-14) (a-8) (a-24) N.O. 106,572 (b)

Public library Public utility development regulation (a-41) (a-42) 118,195 107,258 137,664 137,664 73,000 154,320 116,442 139,836 N.O. 219,000 149,868 116,112 53,827 150,000 87,572 110,733 83,000 131,036 N.O. (a-22)

Purchasing (a-43) N.R. N/A 95,176 130,693 (a-26) 124,884 154,653 (a-26) 110,000 148,507

Revenue (a-44) N.R. 141,156 175,000 134,406 213,020 161,952 197,064 132,750 150,000 175,000

Social services (a-45) 175,548 (a-27) 215,250 287,042 215,124 N/A 205,000 (c) 140,000 178,500

Solid waste mgmt. (a-46) (a-23) 114,420 121,992 139,800 186,389 154,500 149,062 190,000 113,000 120,948

State police (a-47) 132,215 141,156 197,000 155,916 282,529 97,776 183,340 195,090 140,100 170,000

154,812

N/A

N.O.

155,004

134,688

126,912

Idaho (a-14) 93,621 Illinois (a-14) 118,800 Indiana 86,654 119,371 Iowa 114,941 150,717 Kansas 86,647 91,481 Kentucky N.O. 82,500 Louisiana N/A 118,040 Maine (a-14) 104,104 Maryland 114,752 (b) 123,236 (b) Massachusetts (a-8) 121,142 Michigan N.O. N.O. Minnesota (a-8) N/A Mississippi (a-8) 96,820 Missouri 113,300 88,392 Montana (a-39) 108,557 Nebraska 140,000 109,051 Nevada N.O. (c) New Hampshire (a-14) 91,965 New Jersey N.O. N.O. New Mexico 95,714 72,488 New York 210,000 210,000 North Carolina (a-8) 116,786 North Dakota N.O. N.O. Ohio (a-10) 113,589 Oklahoma (a-14) 96,000 Oregon (a-10) 138,504 Pennsylvania (a-4) 153,879 Rhode Island (g) (a-14) 113,146 South Carolina (a-14) 110,371 South Dakota (a-8) 87,666 Tennessee 168,144 145,548 Texas (a-14) 143,500 Utah (a-24) 123,469 Vermont (a-24) 105,560 Virginia (a-14) 157,809 Washington (a-4) (a-2) West Virginia (a-8) 72,000 Wisconsin (a-8) 128,544 Wyoming (a-8) 107,600 Guam 88,915 55,303 CNMI* 54,000 45,000 Puerto Rico N/A N/A U.S. Virgin Islands 76,500 53,350

110,074 132,000 137,891 128,890 99,507 104,762 137,000 135,179 165,565 129,000 142,800 (c) 120,745 113,142 111,179 137,025 125,021 111,687 175,000 90,000 190,000 149,451 110,829 159,994 (c) 160,285 155,813 117,412 178,619 108,514 164,688 159,782 111,904 160,763 (c) 149,028 90,000 135,013 121,692 1,200 80,000 N/A 54,500

96,200 (a-6) 101,803 146,536 94,766 86,205 125,008 N/A (b) 158,000 153,428 132,859 77,334 113,300 92,931 120,001 98,880 75,410 149,500 101,001 210,000 118,142 105,672 119,018 97,500 123,828 147,209 125,874 127,268 65,243 167,280 168,000 (a-26) 129,126 141,750 N.O. 90,160 114,046 83,936 88,915 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500

102,049 185,411 99,986 146,411 168,000 176,908 (a-23) 156,000 149,000 208,080 106,120 154,512 154,300 154,300 (a-23) 128,890 123,000 164,000 87,125 124,589 109,524 N/A 90,000 119,048 250,000 129,995 102,000 177,436 130,811 170,477 85,301 136,781 132,569 (b) 167,488 (b) 140,489 (b) 167,661 (b) N/A 140,000 139,050 251,922 138,779 178,500 136,000 170,000 154,992 154,992 150,002 137,599 142,296 130,000 90,059 138,116 133,412 147,723 81,230 144,240 112,935 (a-27) 94,534 111,753 163,781 220,001 100,630 152,249 128,998 128,998 (a-23) 128,998 117,913 121,896 100,171 105,930 147,200 (c) 141,000 175,000 156,000 156,000 83,963 156,000 190,000 210,000 210,000 210,000 151,732 155,800 118,815 151,292 117,087 207,600 85,680 127,404 159,266 (c) 100,922 159,266 150,000 185,600 113,407 143,000 168,276 185,508 N.O. 168,276 153,313 161,382 151,316 153,313 130,100 (c) (h) 148,937 196,311 181,689 181,689 160,056 124,140 140,075 N.O. 105,718 163,800 161,904 141,888 161,904 (a-14) 220,000 N.O. 232,969 88,296 142,646 126,006 130,811 128,876 145,537 126,380 144,955 169,179 214,748 195,418 189,784 177,333 207,864 N.O. 207,864 95,000 (a-27) 82,364 85,000 147,907 137,717 115,294 118,123 128,994 (a-27) 117,620 126,152 88,915 74,096 88,915 74,096 45,000 40,800 (b) 54,000 54,000 N/A N/A N/A 108,000 76,500 76,500 76,500 76,500

Tourism Transportation (a-48) (a-49) N.R. (a-29) 122,988 141,156 175,000 150,000 137,094 (a-29) N.O. 200,000 130,512 175,104 N/A 240,000 80,000 142,572 N.O. 141,000 (a-17) 350,000 283,500

154,812

(a-12) 215,696 (a-12) 176,400 130,000 187,387 69,763 154,300 88,000 117,875 104,762 129,524 121,992 176,900 (a-17) 139,734 113,763 (b) 174,419 (b) 121,800 161,522 N.O. 170,000 137,599 154,992 122,343 172,700 N/A 220,358 96,731 112,935 104,449 151,840 118,200 128,998 91,965 117,913 113,883 175,000 156,000 156,000 160,000 (b) 210,000 81,549 227,899 129,264 172,400 110,885 159,266 141,000 185,000 N.O. 185,103 147,209 161,382 (a-17) 135,000 149,008 251,232 116,879 129,105 161,904 161,904 164,701 299,812 130,187 171,683 105,580 145,537 183,890 218,509 N.O. 207,864 87,160 92,160 132,600 147,930 141,000 (a-29) 88,591 N.O. 70,000 40,800 (b) N/A N/A 76,500 65,000

Welfare (a-50) (a-45) 142,140 (a-45) (a-45) N.O. 176,952 205,000 119,255 N/A 137,940 101,508 (b) 122,512 168,000 (a-45) 143,333 N.O. (a-45) 110,411 (a-45) (a-45) 150,000 178,500 (a-34) 130,000 111,607 (a-27) 220,001 (c) 100,171 143,750 156,000 210,000 N.O. 207,600 174,678 185,600 (a-45) 161,382 (a-45) (a-45) 93,258 161,904 275,000 (a-45) 129,126 214,748 (a-45) (a-27) 121,410 (a-45) 74,096 52,000 N/A 76,500

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 3 7

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel agencies and state Web sites, June 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N/A—Not available. N.O.—No specific chief administrative official or agency in charge of function. (a) Chief administrative official or agency in charge of function: (a-1) Lieutenant governor. (a-2) Secretary of state. (a-3) Attorney general. (a-4) Treasurer. (a-5) Adjutant general (a-6) Administration. (a-7) Agriculture (a-8) Auditor (a-9) Banking (a-10) Budget. (a-11) Civil rights (a-12) Commerce. (a-13) Community affairs. (a-14) Comptroller. (a-15) Consumer affairs. (a-16) Corrections (a-17) Economic development. (a-18) Education (chief state school officer). (a-19) Election administration (a-20) Emergency administration (a-21) Employment Services (a-22) Energy. ( a-23) Environmental protection. (a-24) Finance. (a-25) Fish and wildlife (a-26 ) General services. (a-27) Health (a-28) Higher education (a-29) Highways. (a-30) Information systems (a-31) Insurance (a-32) Labor. (a-33) Licensing (a-34) Mental Health (a-35) Natural resources. (a-36) Parks and recreation. (a-37) Personnel. (a-38) Planning (a-39) Post audit. (a-40) Pre-audit. (a-41) Public library development (a-42) Public utility regulation. (a-43) Purchasing. (a-44) Revenue. (a-45) Social services. (a-46) Solid waste management (a-47) State police 1 38 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(a-48) Tourism. (a-49) Transportation. (a-50) Welfare. (b) Salary ranges, Lower figure appears in the table and top figure in the range is listed below: Hawaii: Energy, $177,408; Fish and Wildlife, $177,408; Highway, $177,408; Licensing, $168,936; Parks and Recreation, $177,408; Post-Audit, $177,408; Pre-Audit, $177,408; Welfare, $168,936. Maryland: For these positions the salary in the chart is the actual salary and the following are the salary ranges: Adjutant General, $114,874-$153,532; Administration, $114,874-$153,532; Agriculture, $114,874-$153,532; Banking, $73,612-$118,197; Budget, $133,069-$177,977; Civil Rights, $92,333-$123,236; Commerce, $133,069-$177,977; Consumer Affairs, $83,836$134,749; Corrections, $133,069-$177,977; Economic Development, $$133,069-$177,977; Elections Administration, $99,275-$132,569; Emergency Management, $114,784$153,532; Workforce Development, $123,618-$165,281; Energy, $99,275-$132,569; Environmental Protection, $123,618$165,281; Finance, $133,069-177,977; Fish and Wildlife—$92,333-$123,236; Health, $133,069-$177,977; Higher Education, $ 123,618-$165,281; Information Services, $133,069-$177,977; Insurance, $133,069-$177,977; Labor, $123,618-$165,281; Licensing, $92,333-$123,236; Mental Health shared duties, $154,064-$254,576 (vacant at press time) and $114,874-$153,532 (actual, $140,526); Natural Resources, $123,618-$165,281; Parks and Recreation, $78,596-$126,186; Personnel, $106,773-$142,646; Planning, $114,874-$153,532; Post-Audit, $53,193-$85,401; Pre-Audit, $99,275-$132,569; Public Library, $92,333-$123,236; Public Utility Regulation—$153,027-$256,866, Purchasing $85,902-114,600 (vacant at press time); Revenue, $99,275-$132,569; Social Services, $133,069-$177,977; Solid Waste Management, $106,773$142,646; State Police, $133,069-$177,977; Tourism, $106,773-$142,646; Transportation, $133,069-$177,977; Welfare, $92,333-$123,236. New York: Commerce, $180,000; Personnel, $180,000; Planning, $180,000; Tourism, $180,000. Northern Mariana Islands: $49,266 top of range applies to the following positions: Treasurer, Banking, Comptroller, Corrections, , Employment Services, Fish and Wildlife, Highways, Insurance, Mental Health and Retardation, Parks and Recreation, Purchasing, Social/Human Services, Transportation. (c) Responsibilities shared between: Arkansas—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities, Responsibilities shared between DHS DDS Commissioner Melissa Stone $118,562 and State Hospital Chief Operating Officer James M. Scoggins $134,406. California—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health Care Services (Vacant), $215,124 and Director Sonia Angell Department of Public Health $276,650. California—Mental health & developmental disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director of State Hospitals, $215,119 and Director Nancy A. Bargemann of Developmental Services, $215,124.

E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H

TABLE 4 .1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) Connecticut—Auditor—Responsibilities shared between John C. Geragosian, $190,386 and Robert J. Kane, $160,188. Connecticut—Fish And Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Chief Richard Jacobson of Wildlife, $156,516 and Director Peter Aarrestad of Inland and Marine Fisheries, $133,476 . Connecticut—Mental Health & Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner Miriam Delphin-Rittmon Mental Health: $165,600 and Commissioner Jordan Scheff, Dept. of Developmental Services: $173,880. Delaware—Administration The Dept. of Administration was abolished in 2005. Responsibilities are now shared between the Office of Management and Budget, General Services and Dept. of State. Delaware—The Delaware Economic Development Office was abolished in FY 2019; most responsibilities assigned to a new public-private partnership. Delaware—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Substance Abuse and Mental Health, Department of Health and Social Services, $148,376 and Director, Division of Developmental Disabilities Service, same department, $119,150. Delaware—Social Services—Function split between two cabinet positions: Secretary, Dept. of Health and Social Services : $152,088 and Secretary, Dept. of Svcs. for Children, Youth and their Families, $137,240. Hawaii—Administration—There is no single agency for Administration. The functions are divided amongst the Director of Budget and Finance, Director of Human Resources Development and the Comptroller. Hawaii—Finance—Responsibilities shared between Director Craig K. Hirai of Budget and Finance, $162,552 and Comptroller Curt T. Otaguro, $154,812. Idaho—Health—Responsibilities shared between 7 Directors—PHD1$114,192, PHD2-$115,482, PHD3-$107,120, PD4-$146,869, PHD5-$102,294, PHD6-$115,190, PHD7-$107,370. Indiana—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between Co-Directors Brad King, $105,050 and Angela Nussmeyer, $99,830. Kansas—Emergency Management—Responsibilities shared between Adjutant General, $114,505 and deputy director, $93,684. Maryland—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Executive Director of Mental Hygiene Administration, salary range $154,064-254,576 (position vacant at press time) and Secretary, Dept. of Disabilities ,$140,525, salary range $114,874-$153,532. Massachusetts—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Commissioners Joan Mikula, $157,982 and Elin M. Howe, $153,511. Michigan—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, $112,410 and Director of Elections, $138,779. Michigan—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Chief of Fisheries, Jim Dexter, $138,779 and Chief of Wildlife, Vacant. Minnesota—Public Utility Regulation—Responsibilities shared between four commissioner’s with salaries of $140,000 for each. Missouri—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Administrator, Division of Fisheries, Department of Conservation,

position vacant; Administrator, Division of Wildlife, same department, $88,632. Nebraska—Finance—Responsibilities shared between, Auditor of Public Accounts, Charlie Janssen—$85,000; Director of Administration, Gerry Oligmueller—$164,303 and State Tax Commissioner, Tony Fulton—$163,781. Nevada—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, $102,898; Deputy Secretary of State for Elections, $108,540 and Chief Deputy, Secretary of State, $118,200. Nevada—Health—Responsibilities shared between Richard Whitley, Director, Health and Human Services, $128,998 and Cody Phinney, Division Administrator, DPBH, $125,021. Nevada—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Director, Health and Human Services, $128,998 and Division Administrator, $125,021. Nevada—Public Library Development—Responsibilities shared between Director, Department of Tourism and Cultural Affairs, $118,200 and Division Administrator, Library and Archives, $98,880. Nevada—Welfare—Responsibilities shared between Richard Whitley, Director, Health and Human Services, $128,998 and Steve Fisher, Division Administrator, Welfare and Support Services, $118,200. New Jersey—General Services—Responsibilities shared between Maurice Griffin, Director, Division of Purchase and Property, Dept. of the Treasury, $149,500 and Christopher Chianese, Director, Division of Property Management and Construction, Dept. of the Treasury, $149,500. New Jersey—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Assistant Commissioner Valerie Mielke, Division of Mental Health Services, Dept. of Human Services, $147,200 and position of Assistant Commissioner Jonathan Seifried, Division of Developmental Disabilities, Dept. of Human Services, $143,750. New Jersey—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Carole Johnson, Commissioner, Department of Human Services, $175,000 and Christine Beyer, Commissioner, Department of Children and Families, $175,000. New York—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between 2 co-chairs, $25,000 each and 2 commissioners, $25,000 each. New York—Responsibilities shared between Chair—Richard Kauffman, $140,000 and President and CEO Alicia Barton, $160,000. New York—Licensing—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, State Education Department, $210,000; Secretary of State, Department of State, $160,000. New York—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner of Office for People with Developmental Disabilities, $210,000 and Commissioner of Office of Mental Health, $210,000 . Ohio—Finance—Responsibilities shared between, Assistant Director of Budget and Management,$157,227 and Deputy Director, Office of Budget and Management, $122,845. Ohio—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Dept. of Developmental Disabilities, $154,128 and Director, Dept. of Mental Health and Addiction Services, $165,006. Ohio—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Director, Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 3 9

EXE CUTIVE B RA NCH

TA BLE 4 .1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) Dept. of Job and Family Services, $174,678; Superintendent of Public Instruction Dept. of Education, $209,997; Executive Director Opportunities for Ohioans with Disabilities, $133,578 and Director of Dept. of Aging, $133,578. Oklahoma—Public Utility Regulation—Responsibilities shared between three Commissioners, Commissioner Bob Anthony, $114,713, Commissioner Dana Murphy, $114,713 and Commissioner Jimmie Hiett, $116,713 and Timothy Rhodes, Director of Administration Div., $142,000. Pennsylvania—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Executive Director (Fish), $152,196 and Executive Director (Game), $142,436. Rhode Island—Higher Education—Serves a dual role as Commissioner of Higher Education and as the President of the Community College of Rhode Island. Rhode Island—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Office of Health and Human Services,$141,828 and Director of the Dept. Human Service, $135,000, and reports to the Commissioner, Office of Health and Human Services. South Carolina—Environmental protection—Responsibilities shared between Director Rick Toomey, $181,689 (BS) and Director Robert Boyles, Jr., $135,458 (B). South Carolina—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services Joshua Baker, $181,689 and Director of Health and Environmental Control Rick Toomey, $181,689, See also Environmental Protection. . South Carolina—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Interim Director for Disabilities and Special Needs, Mary Poole, $171,404 and Director of Mental Health,Mark W. Binkley $181,689. Texas—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, $197,415; and Division Director, $132,600. U.S. Virgin Islands—Community Affairs—Responsibilities for St. Thomas, $74,400; St. Croix, $76,500; St. John, $74,400. Virginia—Public Utility Regulation—Functions shared between Wil-

1 40 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

liam F. “Bill” Stephens; Energy Regulation, $175,100; Utility and Railroad Safety, Massoud Tahamtani, $172,134. Wyoming—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between State Hospital, Heather Babbitt, $118,527 and Life Resource Center, William Rein, $150,000. (d) These individuals have voluntarily taken no salary or a reduced salary: Connecticut—Governor Ned Lamont will forego his salary of $150,000. Illinois—Governor Pritzker will not take his salary of $181,670. Nevada—Governor Sisolak pledged to donate his salary to K—12 schools all four years of his term. North Dakota—Governor Doug Burgum has declined his salary of $135,360. (e) In Maine, New Hampshire, Tennessee and West Virginia, the presidents (or speakers) of the Senate are next in line of succession to the governorship. In Tennessee and West Virginia, the speaker of the Senate bears the statutory title of lieutenant governor. (g) A number of the employees receive a stipend for their length of service to the State (known as a longevity payment). This amount can vary significantly among employees and, depending on state turnover, can show dramatic changes in actual salaries from year-to-year. (h) Solid waste is managed by the Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation (RRIRRC). Although not a department of the state government, RIRRC is a public corporation and a component of the State of Rhode Island for financial reporting purposes. To be financially self-sufficient, the agency earns revenue through the sale of recyclable products, methane gas royalties and fees for it services. (i) Varies by department. (j) The Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation is a quasipublic agency. The salary shown is for the previous director. (k) Numerous licensing boards, too many to list.

LI E U TE N A N T G OV E R N O R S

TABLE 4 .1 2 The Lieutenant Governors, 2020

Joint election of governor and Method of Length of regular Date of Present Number of previous lieutenant governor Name and party selection term in years first service term ends terms (a) Will Ainsworth (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... No Kevin Meyer (R) CE 4 12/2018 12/2022 ... Yes ………..……………………………………………... (b)…………………………………………………………. Tim Griffin (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 ... No Eleni Kounalakis (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... No Dianne Primavera (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Susan Bysiewicz (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Bethany Hall-Long (D) CE 4 1/2017 1/2021 ... No Jeanette Núñez (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Geoff Duncan (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... No Joshua B. Green (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Janice McGeachin (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... No Juliana Stratton (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Suzanne Crouch (R) CE 4 1/2017 1/2021 ... Yes Adam Gregg (R) CE 4 5/2017 (c) 1/2023 ... Yes Lynn Rogers (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Jacqueline Coleman (D) CE 4 12/2019 12/2022 ... Yes Billy Nungesser (R) CE 4 1/2016 1/2024 1 No ………..……………………………………………...(b)…………………………………………………………. Boyd Rutherford (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 Yes Karyn Polito (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 Yes Garlin Gilchrist II (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Peggy Flanagan (DFL) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Delbert Hosemann (R) CE 4 1/2020 1/2024 ... No Mike Kehoe (R) CE 4 (d) (d) 1/2021 ... No Mike Cooney (D) CE 4 1/2016 (i) 1/2021 ... Yes Mike Foley (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 Yes Kate Marshall (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... No ………..……………………………………………...(b)…………………………………………………………. Sheila Oliver (D) CE 4 1/2018 1/2022 1 Yes Henry "Howie" C. Morales (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Kathy Hochul (D) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 Yes Dan Forest (R) CE 4 1/2013 1/2021 1 No Brent Sanford (R) CE 4 12/2017 12/2020 ... Yes John Husted (R) SE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Matt Pinnell (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... No ………..……………………………………………...(b)…………………………………………………………. John Fetterman (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Dan McKee (D) SE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 No Pamela Evette (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... No Larry Rhoden (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes Randy McNally (R) (f) 2 1/2019 1/2021 1 No Dan Patrick (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 No Spencer J. Cox (R) CE 4 10/2013 (e) 1/2021 1 Yes David Zuckerman (D) CE 2 1/2017 1/2021 1 No Justin Fairfax (D) CE 4 1/2018 1/2022 ... No Cyrus Habib (D) CE 4 1/2017 1/2021 ... No Mitch Carmichael (R) (g) 2 1/2017 1/2021 1 No Mandela Barnes (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 Yes (h) ………..…………………………………………….. (b)…………………………………………………………. Lemanu Peleti Mauga (D) CE 4 1/2013 1/2021 ... Yes Yes Josh Tenorio (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2013 ... Arnold Palacios (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes ………..……………………………………………...(b)…………………………………………………………. Tregenza Roach (I) SE SE 1/2019 1/2023 ... Yes

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 4 1

L IE UTE N A N T GOV E R N O R S

TABLE 4 .1 2 The Lieutenant Governors, 2020 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No C—Covenant CE—Constitutional, elected by public D—Democrat DFL—Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party I—Independent LG—Lieutenant Governor PDP—Popular Democratic Party R—Republican SE—Statutorily elected (a) The following also choose candidates for governor and lieutenant governor through a joint nomination process: Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, American Samoa, Guam, No. Mariana Islands, and U.S. Virgin Islands. For additional information see The National Lieutenant Governors Association website at http://www.nlga.us. (b) No lieutenant governor. (c) Gov. Kim Reynolds appointed Adam Gregg, the state’s public defender, as lieutenant governor when she ascended to the office upon Terry Branstad’s resignation. She and Gregg ran for and were elected to a full term in the 2018 general election. (d) Mike Parson became Governor upon the resignation of Eric Greitens. There is no provision for filling this office. The President Pro Tem of the Missouri Senate is next in line to become governor, followed by Speaker of the House, and Secretary of State. On June 18, 2018, Governor Mike Parson appointed Mike Kehoe (R), as Lieutenant Governor. The appointment comes with legal

1 42 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

uncertainty, as the Constitution of Missouri states that the governor can fill all vacancies “other than in the offices of lieutenant governor, state senator or representative ... .” However, Parson stated that he believed that the Constitution gave him authority to name Kehoe as lieutenant governor. The election for lieutenant governor will be held in 2020. (e) Spencer J. Cox was appointed to the office of lieutenant governor in Oct. 2013 after Lt. Gov. Greg Bell resigned to return to the private sector. (f) In Tennessee, the president of the senate and the lieutenant governor are one in the same. The legislature provided in statute the title of lieutenant governor upon the senate president. The senate president serves two-year terms, elected by the Senate on the first day of the first session of each two year legislative term. (g) In West Virginia, the president of the senate and the lieutenant governor are one in the same. The legislature provided in statute the title of lieutenant governor upon the senate president. The senate president serves two-year terms, elected by the Senate on the first day of the first session of each two year legislative term. (h) The governor and lt. governor are elected on a joint ticket at the November general election. However, they run on separate party primary ballots in the August primary election. (i) Governor Bullock appointed former Secretary of State Mike Cooney as his new lieutenant governor in December 2015, and he took the oath of office in January 2016 after Angela McLean resigned at the end of 2015. In a joint election in 2016 Gov. Bullock and Cooney won re-election on November 8, 2016.

LI E U TE N A N T G OV E R N O R S

TABLE 4 .1 3 Lieutenant Governors: Qualifications and Terms State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (f) Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia (g) Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

State citizen (years) 7 7

U.S. citizen (years) (a) 10 7

State resident (years) (b) 7 7

Qualified voter (years) … «

Length of term (years) 4 4

Maximum terms allowed 2C 2A

30 18 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 30 30 … 30 25

7 « … « « « 10 5 … … « … … 6 5

« « « « 12 « « « « « « 2 … « 5

7 5 2 « 6 7 15 5 2 3 « 2 … « 5

… « … « « « « « … … « … … « …

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2T 2T 2C … 2T 2A … 2C … … … … 2C 2C …

30 … 30 25 30 30 25 30 25

« « « … … 10 2 5 2

« « « « 20 15 « « «

« « 4 1 5 10 2 5 2

« « 4 … « … … « «

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

… … 2 T (d) … 2A … 2 (e) 2A 2T

30 30 30 30 30 18 31

… « « … 5 … 10

20 « « 5 … « «

7 5 5 2 … « «

… « « … … « «

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

… 2C … 2C … 2C 2T

30 18 30 21 30 30 30 18 30 18 25 18

« « 5 2 « … « 4 … « 5 «

« « 5 « « « « « « « … «

7 « 5 2 3 5 « 4 5 « 5 «

« « « « 1 … « « 5 « « «

4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4

2C 2C 2C 2C … … … … … … … …

35 30 35

(h) … «

« 5 «

5 5 «

« « «

4 4 4

2C 2C 2T

…

Minimum age 30 30

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 4 3

L IE UTE N A N T GOV E R N O R S

TABLE 4 .1 3 Lieutenant Governors: Qualifications and Terms (continued) Source: The Council of State Government’s survey of state government websites, April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table includes constitutional and statutory qualifications. Key: «—Formal provision; number of years not specified …—No formal provision C—Consecutive terms T—Total terms 2A—After 2 consecutive terms must wait one term before being eligible again. (a) In some states you must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (b) In some states you must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (c) No lieutenant governor.

1 44 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(d) In 1993 a constitutional limit of two lifetime terms in the office was enacted. (e) Eligible for eight out of 16 years. (f) In Tennessee, the speaker of the senate, elected from Senate membership, has statutory title of “lieutenant governor.” (g) In West Virginia, the president of the senate and the lieutenant governor are one in the same. The legislature provided in statute the title of lieutenant governor upon the senate president. The senate president serves two-year terms, elected by the Senate on the first day of the first session of each two year legislative term. (h) Must be a U.S. national.

LI E U TE N A N T G OV E R N O R S

TABLE 4 .1 4 Lieutenant Governors: Powers and Duties State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Member of Serves as acting Appoints Breaks Assigns Authority for governor governor’s cabinet or governor when committees roll-call ties bills to assign duties advisory body governor out of state Other duties (a) … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★(b) … … … … … (c) ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(d)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … … … … (c) ★ ★ … … … (c) ★(r) ★ ★ ★ … … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … … (c) ★ ★ … … … … … … … ★ … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … … (c) ★ ★ … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … … (c) ★ ★ … … … … … (c) ★ ★ … (e) … … (f) (g) … ★ … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … (h) (c) ★ … … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(i)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … … … … … ★ ★ … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(j) … … … … … (c) ★ ★ … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … (q) … ★ ★ … … … … ★(k) ★ ★ ★ … … … … ★ ★(l) ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(i)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★(m) ★ ★ ★ … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … … … ★ ★ … … … … … … ★ ★ … … … … (c) ★(n) ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(d)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … … … … (c) ★ ★ … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … (c) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … … … (c) ★ … … ★ ★(o) ★ ★ ★ ★(o) … … … … … ★ ★ ★ … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … (c) ★ ★ ★ … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(d)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … … … … … … ★ (k) … … … … ★ ★ ★ … … … … … (c) ★ ★ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(d)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … … … … ★(f) ★ ★

Presides over Senate

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 4 5

L IE UTE N A N T GOV E R N O R S

TABLE 4 .1 4 Lieutenant Governors: Powers and Duties (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state government websites, April 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★— Provision for responsibility. … — No provision for responsibility. (a) Lieutenant governors may obtain duties through gubernatorial appointment, statute, the Constitution, direct democracy action, or personal initiative. Hence, an exhaustive list of duties is not maintained, but this chart provides examples which are not all inclusive. (b) The lieutenant governor performs the duties of the governor in the event of the governor’s death, impeachment, disability, or absence from the state for more than 20 days. (c) Alabama — Chairs the Alabama Job Creation & Military Stability Commission; member of the Alabama Historical Commission; a member of the Mental Health Board of Trustees and appoints more than 400 positions to approximately 167 boards and commissions Alaska — The lieutenant governor is assigned the following: 1. CoChair of the Denali Commission per the Governor’s designation; 2. Serves as Alaska Fisheries Advisor to the Governor; 3. Co-Chair of the Transboundary Waters Working Group per the Governor’s Memo of Understanding with Canada; and 4. Co-Chair of the Criminal Justice Working Group Arkansas — Lieutenant Governor Tim Griffin gets to appoint a member to two commissions: the Judicial Discipline and Disability Commission and the Ethics Commission. California — Lieutenant governor is an ex-officio regent, University of California Board of Regents; ex-officio regent, California State University Board of Trustees; chair, California Commission for Economic Development; member and current chair, California State Lands Commission (chair rotates annually between Lt. Governor and State Controller); member, California Ocean Protection Council (membership rotates with chair of State Lands Commission); and ex-officio commissioner of the California Coastal Commission (membership rotates with chair of State Lands Commission); Colorado — Additional responsibilities include: chair of the Colorado Commission of Indian Affairs (by statute); may be appointed by the governor to concurrently serve as the head of a department (by statute). Also serves as co-chair of the Colorado Space Coalition Connecticut — The lieutenant governor is a member of the Finance Advisory Committee, the Commission on Intergovernmental Cooperation and the Corporation of Yale University. Delaware — Serves as president of the Board of Pardons. Georgia — The lieutenant governor, by statute, is responsible for board, commission and committee appointments. In addition the lieutenant governor appoints conference committees, rules on germaneness, and must sign all acts of the General Assembly. Also statutorily serves on the Georgia State Financing and Investment Commission, One Georgia Board and the Georgia Aviation Authority.

1 46 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Hawaii — Also serves as Secretary of State. Illinois — The lt. governor leads the Justice, Equity and Opportunity Initiative, and chairs the Illinois Council on Women and Girls, the Governor’s Rural Affairs Council, the Military Economic Development Council and the Illinois River Coordinating Council. Indiana — Serves as Secretary of Agriculture and Rural Development. Oversees six state agencies: Department of Agriculture, Office of Community and Rural Affairs, Office of Defense Development, Office of Tourism Development, Indianan Small Business Development Center and the Indiana Housing and Community Development Authority. Kentucky — In addition to the duties set forth by the Kentucky Constitution, state law also gives the lieutenant governor the responsibility to act as chair, or serve as a member, on various boards and commissions. Some of these include: the State Property and Buildings Commission, Kentucky Turnpike Authority, Board of the Kentucky Housing Corporation, the Kentucky Council on Agriculture. The governor also has the power to give the lieutenant governor other specific job duties. Louisiana — Serves as commissioner of the Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism and appoints the members of the Board of Directors of the State Museum. Massachusetts — The lieutenant governor is a member of, and presides over, the Governor’s Council, an elected body of 8 members which approves all judicial nominations. Michigan — The lieutenant governor serves as a member of the State Administrative Board; and represents the governor and the state at selected local, state, and national meetings. In addition the governor may delegate additional responsibilities. Minnesota — Serves as the Chair of the Capitol Area Architectural and Planning Board Committee. Mississippi — The lieutenant governor also appoints chairs of standing committees, appoints conferees to committees and is a member of the Legislative Budget Committee, chair of this committee every other year. Missouri — The lieutenant governor is the only statewide elected official that is part of both the executive and legislative branches of state government. Under the constitution, the lieutenant governor is ex officio president of the Missouri Senate. The lieutenant governor is elected independently from the governor, and each can be members of different political parties. Upon the governor’s death, conviction, impeachment, resignation, absence from the state or other disabilities, the lieutenant governor shall act as governor. By law, the lieutenant governor is a member of the Board of Public Buildings, Board of Fund Commissioners, Missouri Development Finance Board, Missouri Community Service Commission, Missouri State Capitol Commission, Missouri Housing Development Commission and the Tourism Commission. The lieutenant governor is an advisor to the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education on early childhood education and the Parents-as-Teachers program. The lieutenant governor is the state’s official advocate for senior citizens, and serves on the Special Health, Psychological, and Social Needs of Minority Older Individuals Commission.

LI E U TE N A N T G OV E R N O R S

TABLE 4 .1 4 Lieutenant Governors: Powers and Duties (continued) New Jersey — The Lieutenant Governor will serve as the head of a principal department or other executive or administrative agency or delegate duties of the office of governor or both. North Carolina — Serves as a voting member on the State Board of Education. Serves on the State Board of Economic Development. Serves on the State Community College Board. Serves as Chairman of the Energy Policy Council. Serves on the Military Affairs Commission. Serves as Chair of the eLearning Commission. Oklahoma — Lieutenant Governor also serves on 10 boards and commissions: Tourism and Recreation Commission, Indian Cultural and Educational Authority, State Board of Equalization, School Land Commission, the Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority, the Oklahoma Archives and Records Commission, the Oklahoma Film and Music Advisory Commission, CompSource Oklahoma Board of Managers, the Commissioners of the Land Office, and the Oklahoma Linked Deposit Review Board. Pennsylvania — Chairs the Board of Pardons (Constitutional); chairs the Pa. Emergency Management Council (appointed by Gov.); chairs the Pa. Military Community Enhancement Commission (member by statute, elected chair by members); chairs Local Government Advisory Commission (statute.) Rhode Island — Serves as Chair of a number of advisory councils including issues related to emergency management, long term care and small business. Each year submits a legislative package to the General Assembly. South Carolina — The lieutenant governor heads the State Office on Aging; appoints members and chairs the South Carolina Affordable Housing Commission. South Dakota — The lieutenant governor also serves as the Chair of the Workers Compensation Advisory Commission and as a member of the Constitutional Revision Commission. Utah — The lieutenant governor serves as chief election officer (statutory); chair of the Lieutenant Governor’s Commission on Volunteers (statutory); chair of the Lieutenant Governor’s Commission on Civic and Character Education (statutory); chair of the Utah Capitol Preservation Board (statutory); West Virginia — The President of the Senate and the Lieutenant Governor are one in the same. The legislature provided in statute the title of Lieutenant Governor upon the Senate President. The West Virginia Constitution requires that, in case of the death, conviction or impeachment, failure to qualify, resignation, or other disability of the governor, the President of the Senate shall act as governor until the vacancy is filled, or the disability removed.

Northern Mariana Islands — The Lieutenant Governor is charged with overseeing administrative functions. (d) No lieutenant governor; secretary of state is next in line of succession to governorship. (e) Appoints all standing committees. Iowa — appoints some special committees. (f) Presides over cabinet meetings in absence of governor. (g) Only in emergency situations. (h) The Kentucky Constitution specifically gives the lieutenant governor the power to act as governor, in the event the governor is unable to fulfill the duties of office. (i) No lieutenant governor; senate president or speaker is next in line of succession to governorship. (j) As defined in the state constitution, the lieutenant governor performs gubernatorial functions in the governor’s absence. In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor is first in line to succeed to the position. (k) Unicameral legislative body. In Guam, that body elects own presiding officer. (l) Except on final passage of bills and joint resolutions. (m) With respect to procedural matters, not legislation. (n) May preside over the Senate when desired. (o) Appoints committees with the Pres. Pro Tem and one Senator on Committee on Committees. Committee on Committees assigns bills. (p) In the event of a vacancy in the office of Governor resulting from the death, resignation or removal of a Governor in office, or the death of a Governor-elect, or from any other cause the Lieutenant Governor shall become Governor, until a new Governor is elected and qualifies. (q) Only when asked or after 45 days of absence. (r) Only upon invitation from the Senate.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 4 7

L IE UTE N A N T GOV E R N O R S

Table 4.14 | Gubernatorial Succession If Something Happens to the Governor, Who Fills the Office?

THE

Secretary of State fills the office in 3 states. Arizona Oregon Wyoming

These states have no lieutenant governor

THE

Lieutenant Governor fills the office in 45 states. Alabama Alaska Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas

1 48â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina

North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin

THE

Senate President fills the office in 2 states. Maine New Hampshire

These states have no lieutenant governor

S E C R E TA R I E S O F STATE

TABLE 4 .1 5 The Secretaries of State, 2020

Maximum consecutive Method of Length of regular Date of first Present term Number of terms allowed by Name and party selection term in years service ends previous terms constitution John Merrill (R) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Katie Hobbs (D) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 John Thurston (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Alex Padilla (D) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 2 Jena Griswold (D) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Denise Merrill (D) E 4 1/2011 1/2023 2 ... Jeffrey Bullock (D) A (b) 4 1/2009 ... 0 ... Laurel Lee (R) A 4 2/2019 ... 0 2 Brad Raffensperger (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 ... ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lawerence Denney (R) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 ... Jesse White (D) E 4 1/1999 1/2023 5 ... Connie Lawson (R) E 4 3/2012 (h) 1/2023 2 2 Paul Pate (R) E 4 12/2014 12/2022 1 ... Scott Schwab (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 ... Michael Adams (R) E 4 12/2019 12/2023 0 2 Kyle Ardoin (R) E 4 5/2018 (c) 1/2024 (c) ... Matt Dunlap (D) L 2 1/2005 (d) 1/2021 (d) 5 (e) John Wobensmith (R) A ... 1/2015 ... 0 ... William Francis Galvin (D) E 4 1/1995 1/2023 6 ... Jocelyn Benson (D) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Steve Simon (DFL) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 ... Michael Watson (R) E 4 1/2020 1/2024 0 ... Jay Ashcroft (R) E 4 1/2017 1/2021 0 ... Corey Stapleton (R) E 4 1/2017 1/2021 0 (f) Robert Evnen (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 ... Barbara Cegavske (R) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 2 William Gardner (D) L 2 12/1976 12/2020 21 ... Tahesha Way (D) A ... 1/2018 ... 0 ... Maggie Toulouse Oliver (D) E 4 12/2016 (g) 12/2022 (g) 2 Rossanna Rosado D) A ... 6/2016 ... 0 ... Elaine Marshall (D) E 4 1/1997 1/2021 5 ... Alvin A. Jaeger (R) E 4 1/1993 12/2022 6 ... Frank LaRose (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Michael Rogers (R) A 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 ... Bev Clarno (R) E 4 4/2019 (k) 1/2021 0 2 Kathy Boockvar (D) A ... 1/2019 ... 0 ... Nellie Gorbea (D) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 2 Mark Hammond (R) E 4 1/2003 1/2023 4 ... Steve Barnett (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Tre Hargett (R) L 4 1/2009 1/2021 2 ... Ruth R. Hughs (R) A ... 8/2019 ... 0 ... ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jim Condos (D) E 2 1/2011 1/2021 4 ... Kelly Thomasson (D) A ... 4/2016 ... 0 ... Kim Wyman (R) E 4 1/2013 1/2021 1 ... Andrew "Mac" Warner (R) E 4 1/2017 1/2021 0 ... Douglas LaFollette (D) E 4 1/1974 (i) 1/2023 10 (i) ... Ed Buchanan (R) E 4 3/2018 (j) 1/2023 (j) ... ... 12/2018 ... 0 ... Kimberly Bassett (D) A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Elmer Roman (NPP) A ... 12/2019 ... ... ... ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 4 9

SECRE TA RIE S O F STAT E

TABLE 4 .1 5 The Secretaries of State, 2020 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, June 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: E - Elected by voters A - Appointed by governor. L - Elected by legislature. . . . - No provision for. (a) No secretary of state; lieutenant governor performs functions of this office. (b) Appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate. (c) Ardoin became acting secretary on May 2018, replacing Tom Schedler. He was elected to his first full term in November 2019. (d) Secretary Matthew Dunlap previously served as secretary of state from 2005 to 2010. He was elected by the Legislature to serve again in January 2013 and re-elected in January 2015, 2017 and 2019. (e) Statutory term limit of four consecutive two-year terms. (f) Eligible for eight out of 16 years.

1 50â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(g) Secretary Oliver was elected in November 2016 to fill the remaining two years of an unexpired term and was re-elected to her first full term in November 2018. (h) Lawson was appointed in 2012 to serve out an unexpired term. She was then elected in 2014 and 2018. (i) LaFollette was first elected in 1974 and served a four-year term. He was elected again in 1982 and has been re-elected since. (j) Edward Buchanan was appointed March 5, 2018 to fill Ed Murrayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s term and was elected to his first full term in November 2018. (k) Secretary Clarno was appointed in April 2019 by Gov. Kate Brown to fill the unexpired term of Dennis Richardson, who died in February 2019.

S E C R E TA R I E S O F STATE

TABLE 4 .1 6 Secretaries of State: Qualifications for Office State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Minimum age U.S. citizen (years) (a) State resident (years) (b) Qualified voter (years) Method of selection to office « 25 7 5 E ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« 25 10 5 E « « « 18 E « « « 18 E « 25 2 … E « « « 18 E … … … … A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A « 25 10 4 E ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « 25 2 E « 25 3 … E « « « … E « « 18 … E … … … … E « « 30 2 E « 25 5 5 E … … … … (e) … … … … A « « 18 5 E « « « 18 E « « 21 30 days E « « 25 5 E « … 1 … E « « 25 2 E « « « « E 25 2 2 … E 18 … … … (e) « « « 18 A « « 30 5 E « « 18 … A « « « 21 E « 25 5 5 E « « « 18 E « « 31 10 A « « « 18 E … … … … A « « 18 30 days E « « « … E … … … … E … … … … (e) « 18 … … A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « 18 E … … … … A « « « 18 E « « … 5 E « « « 18 E « « 25 1 E ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… 5 5 … A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 1

SECRE TA RIE S O F STAT E

TABLE 4 .1 6 Secretaries of State: Qualifications for Office (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey of secretaries of state offices, 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Formal provision; number of years not specified. …—No formal provision. A—Appointed by governor. E—Elected by voters. (a) In some states you must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run.

1 52 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(b) In some states you must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (c) No secretary of state. (d) As of January 1, 2003, the office of Secretary of State shall be an appointed position (appointed by the governor). It will no longer be a cabinet position, but an agency head and the Department of State shall be an agency under the governor’s office. (e) Chosen by joint ballot of state senators and representatives. In Maine and New Hampshire, every two years. In Tennessee, every four years.

S E C R E TA R I E S O F STATE

TABLE 4 .1 7 Secretaries of State: Election and Registration Duties

Determines ballot eligibility of political parties

Receives initiative and/or referendum petition

Files certificate of nomination or election

Supplies election ballots or materials to local officials

Files candidates’ expense papers

Files other campaign reports

Conducts voter education programs

Registers charitable organizations

Registers corporations (a)

Processes and/or commissions notaries public

Registers securities

Registers trade names/ marks

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona (aa) Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware (g) Florida (v) Georgia Hawaii (b) Idaho Illinois Indiana (i) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota (z) Mississippi Missouri (bb) Montana Nebraska Nevada (j) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina (k) North Dakota Ohio (l) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (o) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (q) Texas Utah (b) Vermont (r) Virginia (x) Washington (w) West Virginia Wisconsin (s) Wyoming American Samoa (b) Guam (b) Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (b)

Registration

Chief election officer

Election

« « « « « (c) « « … « « … « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « … « « « … « « « « « … « « … « … … … …

« « « « « « « … « « … « … « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « … « « « … « « « « … … … « … « … … … …

… « « « … « … … « … … « « … … … … … « « « « … « « « « « … « … … … « « « « … … … « … … « … … « … … « … … … …

« « « « « « « (e) « « … « (h) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « «(m) … « « « … « « « « « … « « … « « … … …

« « … … « … « … … « … « … « … « … « « … « … « … … … « « « « « … … « « … « … « … … « « « « … … … … (t) … … … …

« … « « « « … … « … … « … « … « … … … … (f) « … « … … … « « « « … … « « … « … … … « … … « « … … « … « « … … …

« … « « « « … (f) « … … « … « … … … … … … (f) « … « … … … « « « « … … « « … « « … … « … … « … … … « … « « … … …

« « « « « « « … … « … « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « … « « … … « « … « « « … « « « « « … « « … « « … … …

« … « … (d) « « … … « … « … « « « … « (y) « … … … « « « « « « … … … « « « « « « … « … « … … … « « « … « « … « «

« … … « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « … « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « (n) « « « « (p) « « « … « … « « … « « … « «(u)

« « « « « « « « « … … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « … « … « « … « «

… … … … … … … … … « … … « « … … … … … … « … … « « … … « « … … … « … « … … … … … … … … … … … « … … « … … « …

« … « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « … « « … « … … « «

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 3

SECRE TA RIE S O F STAT E

TABLE 4 .1 7 Secretaries of State: Election and Registration Duties (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of secretaries of state offices, 2020. Key: « — Responsible for activity. … — Not responsible for activity. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, office registers domestic, foreign and non-profit corporations. (b) No secretary of state. Duties indicated are performed by lieutenant governor. In Hawaii, election related responsibilities have been transferred to an independent Chief Election Officer. In U. S. Virgin Islands election duties are performed by Supervisor of Elections. (c) Other election duties include: tallying votes from all 58 counties, testing and certifying voting systems for use by local elections officials, maintaining statewide voter registration database, publishing state Voter Information Guide/State Ballot Pamphlet and qualifying statewide ballot initiatives and referenda. (d) This office does not register charitable trusts, but does register charitable organizations as nonprofit corporations; also limited partnerships, limited liability corporations, and domestic partners, Advanced Health care Directives, and administers the Safe at Home mail forwarding program. (e) Files certificates of election for publication purposes only; does not file certificates of nomination. (f) Federal candidates only. (g) Registration duties include alternative business entities such as LLCs and partnerships. (h) Office issues document, but does not receive it. (i) Additional election duties include: statewide voter registration system administrator. Additional registration duties include securities enforcement and auto dealer registration and enforcement. (j) Additional registration duties include: issues annual State Business License, registers domestic partnerships, registers advanced directives for health care, registers guardianship nominations. Charitable organizations soliciting tax deductible charitable contributions must file a charitable solicitation registration statements or claim of exemption before soliciting charitable contributions in Nevada. (k) Other election duties: administers the Electoral College. Other registration duties: Maintains secure online registry of advance health care directives. (l) Supplies poll worker training materials to county boards of elec-

154 The B ook o f t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

tions: certifies official form of the ballot to county board of elections. (m) Issues certificate of nomination or election to all statewide candidates and U.S. Representatives. (n) Certifies U.S. Congressional election results to Washington D.C. Also registers limited partnerships, limited liability companies and limited liability partnerships. (o) Additional registration duties include: Non-resident landlord appointment of agent for service and Uniform Commercial Code. (p) Also registers the Cable Franchise Authority. (q) Appoints the Coordinator of Elections who performs the election duties indicated above, and also prepares the elections manual and elections handbook for use by state officials. Also registers athlete agents, as well as individuals and entities seeking exemption from Tennessee’s workers’ compensation requirements. (r) Additional registration duties include: registers temporary officiants for civil marriages. (s) Additional registration duties include: Issues authentications and apostilles. (t) Materials not ballots. (u) Both domestic and foreign profit; but only domestic non-profit. (v) Additional registration duties include: registers fictitious names and other types of business entities. (w) Additional registration duties include: registers domestic partnerships and registers international student exchange programs. (x) Additional registration duties include: registering organizations’ mottos; registering logos and insignias; authentications. (y) Registers nonprofit entities. (z) Additional registration duties include: registers LLCs, limited partnerships. (aa) Additional registration duties include partnerships, telephonic seller, advance directives and uniform commercial code. (bb) Also administers the Safe at Home address confidentiality/mail forwarding program; issues authentications and apostilles.

S E C R E TA R I E S O F STATE

TABLE 4 .1 8 Secretaries of State: Custodial, Publication and Legislative Duties

Administers uniform commercial code provisions

Files other corporate documents

State manual or directory

Session laws

State constitution

Statutes

Administrative rules and regulations

Opens legislative sessions (a)

Enrolls or engrosses bills

Retains copies of bills

Registers lobbyists

Legislative

Files state agency rules and regulations

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona (w) Arkansas (c) California Colorado Connecticut Delaware (x) Florida (u) Georgia Hawaii (b) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa (y) Kansas (s) Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico (z) New York North Carolina (t) North Dakota Ohio (i) Oklahoma (j) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (k) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah (b) Vermont (m) Virginia (g) Washington (v) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa (b) Guam (b) Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (b)

Publication

Archives state records and regulations

Custodial

… … ★ ★ ★ … ★(e) ★ ★ ★ … … ★ (n) ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(h) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ ★(q) … … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … …

… ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★

★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ … … ★ ★

★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★

… … … … ★ … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ … … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ ★(l) … … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … … … …

★ … … ★ … … … … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … … … … … ★ … … … ★ … … … … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … … … … ★ … ★ …

★ ★ … … … ★ … … ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … … … … … ★ … ★ … … ★ ★ … ★ …

★ … … … … … … … ★ … ★ ★ … … … (o) … ★ … … ★ ★ … ★ … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … … … … ★ ★ … … … … … … … … … ★ ★ …

… ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ … … … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … ★ …

… ★ … … … … S … … … … … H H … ★ … … … … … … H H H H … … … … H … … … … … … … … … H … H … H … … … … H … … … …

★ … … … (d) … … … … … … … … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ … … … … ★ … … ★ … … … ★ … … … … ★ … … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … ★

★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ (n) ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ (p) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … … … ★

… … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … … ★ ★ … … ★ … (f) … … ★ ★ … ★ … … … … ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … … … … ★ … ★ … … ★ ★ … … … … ★ … … … …

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 5

SECRE TA RIE S O F STAT E

TABLE 4 .1 8 Secretaries of State: Custodial, Publication and Legislative Duties (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of secretaries of state offices and websites, 2020. Key: ★ — Responsible for activity. … — Not responsible for activity. (a) In this column only: ★ –Both houses; H–House; S–Senate. (b) No secretary of state. Duties indicated are performed by lieutenant governor. (c) Additional custodial duties for the Arkansas Secretary of State include serving as the caretaker for the Arkansas State Capitol Building and Grounds, including all custodial duties, HVAC system, building maintenance, historic preservation and conducting tours. (d) Office does not enroll or engross bills but does chapter bills that are signed into law and retains final chaptered copies. (e) The secretary of state is keeper of public records, but the state archives is a department of the Connecticut State Library. (f) Only registers political pollsters. (g) Other custodial duties include: restoration of civil rights; liaison to Virginia Indians; gubernatorial appointments. Other publication duties include: state organization charts. Other registration duties include: Pardons; Service of Process (h) Also responsible for the State Library. (i) Additional publication duties include: elections statistics, official roster of federal, state, and county officers and official roster of township and municipal officers. Additional legislative duties include :Distributing laws to specified state and local government agencies. (j) Other custodial duties include: Effective Financing Statements identifying farm products that are subject to a security interest, UCC and mortgage documents pertaining to transmitting utilities and also railroads and files open meeting notices. (k) Additional duties include administering oaths of office to general officers and legislators. (l) The Division of Publications of the Office of the Secretary of State also publishes the following: The Tennessee Blue Book, Board and Commission vacancies, and Executive Orders and Proclamations. (m) Additional custodial duties include: records management, and certifying vital records. (n) The Secretary of State's office receives and authenticates Bills and Enrolled Acts, but does not keep or maintain them. Post-session legislative materials are maintained by the Indiana Public Records Commission.

1 56 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(o) Responsible for distribution only. (p) Chapters and indexes all signed bill and chamber and concurrent resolutions. (q) The Division of Records Management of the Office of the Secretary of State assists state agencies in the appropriate utilization, disposition, retention and destruction of state records. (s) Additionally, the secretary of state publishes the Kansas Register and opens legislative reorganization meetings. (t) Other publication duties include: Publishes state board and commission meeting notices online. Other legislative duties include: The Secretary of State is responsible for the certification of election results before legislators take the oath of office at the opening of each session of the General Assembly. (u) Files other types of business entity and cable franchise documents, records federal tax liens and judgement liens and issues Apostilles (v) Legislative duties also include: chapters bills. (w) The secretary of state works hand-in-hand with the business community. The office is tasked with recording the partnerships of those who do business in Arizona and they register trademarks and issue certificates of registration. They also register telemarketers and veterans' charitable organizations. Improving the quality of life for Arizonans has been a priority of the office. The Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records provides Arizonans access to information about their government, their state and their world. The information available from the State Library empowers citizens to become informed citizens. The Address Confidentiality Program allows victims of domestic violence, sexual abuse or stalking to keep their residential addresses confidential by giving them a substitute address. (x) Other publication duties include constitutional amendments. (y) Began administering a Safe at Home address confidentiality program for victims of domestic abuse, sexual assault and other violent crimes. Approves voluntary non-urbanized annexations and files all annexations of territory by Iowa cities. (z) Files Agency Code of Conduct; Administers Confidential Address Program Publish State Roster of Elected Officials; State Blue Book.

ATTO R N E Y ’ S G E N E R A L

TABLE 4 .1 9 The Attorneys General, 2020 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Name and party Steve Marshall (R) Kevin Clarkson (R) Mark Brnovich (R) Leslie Rutledge (R) Xavier Becerra (D) Phil Weiser (D) William Tong (D) Kathleen Jennings (D) Ashley Moody (R) Christopher Carr (R) Clare Connors (D) Lawrence Wasden (R) Kwame Raoul (D) Curtis Hill (R) Tom Miller (D) Derek Schmidt (R) Daniel Cameron (R) Jeff Landry (R) Aaron Frey (D) Brian Frosh (D) Maura Healey (D) Dana Nessel (D) Keith Ellison (DFL) Lynn Fitch (R) Eric Schmitt (R) Tim Fox (R) Doug Peterson (R) Aaron Ford (D) Gordon MacDonald (R) Gubir Grewal (D) Hector Balderas (D) Letitia James (D) Josh Stein (D) Wayne Stenehjem (R) David Yost (R) Mike Hunter (R) Ellen F. Rosenblum (D) Josh Shapiro (D) Peter Neronha (D) Alan Wilson (R) Jason Ravnsborg (R) Herbert Slatery (R) Ken Paxton (R) Sean Reyes (R) TJ Donovan Mark Herring (D) Bob Ferguson (D) Patrick Morrisey (R) Josh Kaul (D) Bridget Hill (R) Karl Racine (D) Mitzie Jessop Taase Leevin Camacho (I) Edward Manibusan (I) Dennise Longo Quiñones Denise George-Counts

Method of selection E A E E E E E E E E A E E E E E E E L (c) E E E E E E E E E A A E E E E E E E E E E E (k) E E E E E E E A A A E A A A

Length of regular term in years 4 … 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (a) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (g) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 … … 4 4 4 4 4

Date of first service 2/2017 (h) 1/2019 1/2015 1/2015 1/2017 (l) 1/2019 1/2019 1/2019 1/2019 10/2016 (j) 1/2019 1/2003 1/2019 1/2017 1/1979 (b) 1/2011 12/2019 1/2016 1/2019 1/2015 1/2015 1/2019 1/2019 1/2020 1/2019 (d) 1/2013 1/2015 1/2019 4/2017 1/2018 1/2015 1/2019 1/2017 1/2001 1/2019 2/2017 (e) 6/2012 (i) 1/2017 1/2019 1/2011 1/2019 10/2014 1/2015 12/2013 1/2017 1/2014 1/2013 1/2013 1/2019 1/2019 1/2015 2/2020 1/2019 11/2015 8/2019 4/2019

Present term ends 1/2023 … 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 12/2023 1/2024 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2024 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 12/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 8/2022 1/2023 1/2021 1/2021 1/2022 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 … 1/2023 … 1/2023 … … …

Number of previous terms 1 (h) 0 1 1 (l) 0 0 0 0 (j) 0 4 0 0 9 (b) 2 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 (g) 0 (e) 1 (i) 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Maximum consecutive terms allowed 2 … 2 2 2 2 « « 2 « … « « « « « 2 « 4 « … 2 « « « 2 « 2 … … 2 (f) « « « 2 « « 2 2 « 2 (f) … « « « (m) « « « … … … … … … …

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 7

ATTO RNE Y’S GE NE R A L

TABLE 4 .1 9 The Attorneys General, 2020 (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments, June 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «— No provision specifying number of terms allowed. . . . — No formal provision, position is appointed or elected by governmental entity (not chosen by the electorate). A—Appointed by the governor. E —Elected by the voters. L—Elected by the legislature. N.A.—Not available. (a) Term runs concurrently with the governor. (b) Attorney General Miller was elected in 1978, 1982, 1986, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 and 2018. (c) Chosen biennially by joint ballot of state senators and representatives. (d) Eric Schmitt was appointed in January 2019 to fill the unexpired term of Joshua Hawley, who was elected the U.S. Senate in November 2018. (e) Mike Hunter was appointed in Feb. 2017 after Scott Pruitt left to serve as administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. He was elected to his first full term in November 2018. (f) After two consecutive terms, must wait four years and/or one full term before being eligible again.

1 58 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(g) The term of the office of the elected official is four years, except that in 2004 the attorney general was elected for a term of two years. (h) Steve Marshall was appointed on Feb. 10, 2017 to fill the unexpired term of Luther Strange. He was elected to his first full term in November 2018. (i) Rosenblum was appointed by Gov. Kitzhaber on June 29, 2012 to fill the term left vacant when AG John Kroger resigned to become President of Reed College. She was elected in November 2012 to her first full term. (j) Christopher Carr was appointed in October 2016 to fill the unexpired term of Sam Olens. He was elected to his first full term in November 2018. (k) Appointed by judges of state Supreme Court. (l) Attorney General Bercerra was appointed in January 2017 to fill the unexpired term of Kamala Harris and elected to his first full term in November 2018. (m) Provision specifying individual may hold office for an unlimited number of terms. (n) Must be confirmed by the Senate. (o) Taase was appointed in 2020 to replace Talauega Eleasalo Ale who resigned to run for lieutenant governor in 2020.

ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L

TABLE 4 .2 0 Attorneys General: Qualifications for Office State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Minimum age 25 18 25 … 18 27 18 … 30 25 … 30 25 … 18 … 30 25 … … 18 18 21 26 … 25 … 25 … 18 30 30 21 25 18 31 18 30 18 … 18 … … 25 18 30 18 25 … … … … … … … …

U.S. citizen (years) (a) 7 « 10 « « « « … « 10 1 « « 2 « … … « … «(g) … « « « « « … « « … « « « « « « « « … « « … « « « « « … « « … … … … « …

State resident (years) (b) 5 … 5 « « 2 « … 7 4 1 2 3 2 « … 2 (e) 5 … « 5 « 30 days 5 1 2 « 2 « « 5 5 « 5 « « « … … 30 days « … 1 5 (e) « 1 (k) « 5 « « « (c) … 3 … «

Qualified voter (years) « … « « « « « … « « … … « « … … … « … « « … « « … … … « … … « … « « « 10 « … … « « … … « « « « « … « … … … … … «

Licensed attorney (years) … « 5 … « « 10 … « 7 « « « 5 … … 8 « « « … « … 5 … 5 … … « … « (i) « « … … … « « … (i) … (i) « … … « … … 4 « (i) … 5 « «

Membership in the state bar (years) … « … … 5 … 10 … 5 7 (d) « « … … … 2 « « 10 « « … « … « … … « … … … (i) « … … … … « … (i) … (i) « … 5 (k) « … … 4 « (i) … … « «

Method of selection to office E A E E E E E E E E A E E E E E E E (f) E E E E E E E E E A (h) A E E E E E E E E E E E (j) E E E E E E E A (l) A A A A A A

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 9

ATTO RNE YS GE N E R A L

TABLE 4 .2 0 Attorneys General: Qualifications for Office (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of attorneys general, state constitutions and statutes, 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: « — Formal provision; number of years not specified. … — No formal provision. A — Appointed by governor. E — Elected by voters. (a) In some states you must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (b) In some states you must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (c) No statute specifically requires this, but the State Bar Act can be interpreted as making this a qualification.

1 60 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(d) No period specified, all licensed attorneys are members of the state bar. (e) State citizenship requirement. (f) Chosen biennially by joint ballot of state senators and representatives. (g) Crosse v. Board of Supervisors of Elections 243 Md. 555, 221A.2d431 (1966)–opinion rendered indicated that U.S. citizenship was, by necessity, a requirement for office. (h) Appointed by the governor and confirmed by the governor and the executive council. (i) Implied. (j) Appointed by state supreme court. (k) Same as qualifications of a judge of a court of record. (l) Must be confirmed by the Senate.

ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L

TABLE 4 .2 1 Attorneys General: Prosecutorial and Advisory Duties

Before signing

May supersede local prosecutor A (c) D,F ... A,B,C,D,E,F,G A ... (f) ... ... A,B,C,D,E ... G ... D,E,F B,C,D,F,G B E,G A ... A A B D,F G E ... A,B,D,E,F A,E A,B,C,D D,E,F,G B ... A,D,E,G F A,B,C,D,E,F,G B G A A,E D,F F,G ... E G B B,D,G ... B G F (t) A (t) (t) (t)

Prior to passage

May assist local prosecutor A,D (c) A,D,F D A,B,C,D,E,F D,F ... (f) D A,D A,B,C,D,E D D D D,F D D D,E,G A D A,D A A,B,D,G A,D,F B,F D,E A,D,E,F A,B,D,E,F A,D,E A,B,C,D A,B,D,E,F D D A,D,E,F,G D A,B,C,D,E,F,G B,D D,F A A,D,E A,B,D,E D,F D D,E A B,D,F B,D,G ... D B,D D (t) A (t) (t) (t)

On the constitutionality of bills or ordinances

May intervene in local prosecutions A,D (c) A,D ... A,B,C,D,E,F A ... (f) ... ... A,B,C,D,E D, F D,G ... D,F B,C,D,F,G B,D,G D,E,G A D A A B,D,G D,F F E A,D A,B,D,E,F A,E (y) A,B,C,D D,E,F B,D,F D A,D,E,G D A,B,C,D,E,F,G B,D D,F,G A A,B,C,D,E,F D,G D,G ... E,G A B,D,F B,D,G ... B,C,D B,D D (t) A (t) (t) (t)

To local prosecutors

Authority to initiate local prosecutions A (c) A,D,F D A,B,C,D,E,F A, F ... A (f) F B,D,F,G A,B,C,D,E B,D,F D,F F D,F B,C,D,F D,F,G D,E,G A B,F A A B,D,F A,D,F B,F,G D A,D A,B,D,E,F A,E (y) A,B,C,D B,D,E,F B,F ... D,E,F,G D, F A,B,C,D,E,F,G B,D,F A,D,F A A,D,E,F A,B,D,E,F (p) D,F,G F A,B,D,E,F,G A B,F B,D,G (r) B,C,D,F B,D,F F A (t) A A (t) A A (t)

Reviews legislation (b):

To legislators

Issues advisory opinions (a): To state executive officials

Authority in local prosecutions:

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (z) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (d) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(k) ★ ★(k) ★ ★ ★(m) ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★(k) ★ ★ (m) ★ ★ ... ★ (q) ★ ★ (z) ★(q) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ...

★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ (z) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (s) (t) ★ ... ... ...

... ★ ★(x) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★(h) ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ★ (z) ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★(h) ★ (e) ★ ★ ... ★

★ ★ (u) ... (v) ★ (e) (g) ... ... ★ ★ (i) ... (j) ... ... ★ ... ★ (l) ... ... ... (l) ... ... ... (n) ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★(w) ★ ... ... ★(l) ★ ★ (o) ... (e) ★ ★ (l) (l) ... ★ ★

... ★ (u) ... (v) ★ (e) (g) ... ... ★ ★ (i) ... (j) ... ... ★ ... ★ (l) ... (l) ... (l) ... ... ... (n) ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ★(w) ... ... ... ★(l) ★ ★ (o) ... (e) ★ ★ (l) B ... ★ ★

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 1

ATTO RNE YS GE N E R A L

TABLE 4 .2 1 Attorneys General: Prosecutorial and Advisory Duties (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of attorneys general, state constitutions and statutes, 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: A — On own initiative. B — On request of governor. C — On request of legislature. D — On request of local prosecutor. E — When in state’s interest. F — Under certain statutes for specific crimes. G — On authorization of court or other body. ★— Has authority in area. . . . — Does not have authority in area. (a) Also issues advisory opinions to: Alabama- Designated heads of state departments, agencies, boards, and commissions; local public officials; and political subdivisions. Hawaii- Judges/judiciary as requested. Kansas- to counsel for local units of government. Montana- county and city attorneys, city commissioners. Wisconsincorporation counsel. (b) Also reviews legislation: Alabama- when requested by the governor. Alaska- after passage. Arizona- at the request of the legislature. Kansas- upon request of Legislator, no formal authority. (c) The attorney general functions as the local prosecutor. (d) To legislative leadership. (e) Informally reviews bills or does so upon request. (f) The attorney general functions as the local prosecutor. (g) Discretion to informally review upon request of legislative or executive branch, but reviews are not legal advice nor formal action. (h) Bills, not ordinances. (i) Review and track legislation that relates to the Office of Attorney General and the office mission. (j) No requirements for review. (k) To legislature as a whole not individual legislators. (l) Only when requested by governor or legislature. (m) To either the House of Representatives or the Senate, when so requested by resolution or passed by membership; To law directors of townships that have adopted limited self-government under R.C. Chapter 504. (n) Provides information when requested by the Legislature. Testifies for or against bills on the Attorney General’s own initiative.

1 62 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(o) May review legislation at request of clients or legislature. (p) Certain statutes provide for concurrent jurisdiction with local prosecutors. (q) Only when requested by legislature. (r) Can be involved in local at request of local prosecutors. If requested by local authority, can participate in criminal prosecutions. (s) The office of attorney general prosecutes local crimes to an extent. The office’s Legal Counsel Division may issue legal advice to the office’s prosecutorial arm. Otherwise, the office does not usually advise the OUSA, the district’s other local prosecutor. (t) The attorney general functions as the local prosecutor. (u) Reviews enacted legislation only when there is a compelling need. (v) May review legislation at any time but does not have a de jure role in approval of bills as to form or constitutionality; California has a separate Legislative Counsel to advise the legislature on bills. (w) Has concurrent jurisdiction with states’ attorneys. Only when requested by governor or legislature. (x) At the request of one or more members of the legislature, the attorney general shall investigate any ordinance, regulation, order or other official action adopted or taken by the governing body of a county, city or town that the member alleges violates state law or the Constitution of Arizona. (y) Attorney general has statewide prosecutorial authority in any court. No request or order is required for the AG to initiate a prosecution. The Attorney General has authority to intervene, no request or order is required, but does not do so except in an extreme circumstance. (z) The attorney general’s office may issue an opinion on a question affecting the public interest or concerning the official duties of the requesting person. The opinion is a written interpretation of existing law. Authorized requestors are: the governor, head of a department of state government, the head or board or a penal institution, the head or board of an eleemosynary institution, the head of a state board, a regent or trustee of a state educational institution, a committee of a house of the Texas Legislature, a county auditor authorized by law, the chair of the governing board of a river authority and a district or county attorney.

ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L

Table 4.21 | Duties of Attorneys General The length of a regular term for most attorneys general is FOUR YEARS.

Iowa Attorney General Tom Miller is the longest continuously serving state attorney general.

In Vermont and Maine, the term is only two years.

He has been in office since 1995. He also served from 1979â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1991.

In Tennessee, the length is eight years.

IN 6 STATES,

The average time in office for the current group of attorneys general is

4.1 YEARS.

attorneys general are appointed rather than elected.

I N T E N N E S S E E , the Supreme Court is responsible for the appointment as opposed to the governor.

Alaska, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Tennessee and Wyoming

I N M A I N E , the attorney general is elected by the Legislature.

Top 5 Salaries for Current Attorneys General New York $210,000 Tennessee $193,488 California $182,189 Wyoming $177,000

In seven states, you have to be at least 30 years old to serve as attorney general (Florida, Idaho, Kentucky, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia). In Oklahoma, you must be at least 31.

23%

of attorneys general currently in office are women.

New Jersey $175,000 Average $187,535

In 31 states and territories, the attorney general is required to be a licensed attorney. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 6 3

ATTO RNE YS GE N E R A L

TABLE 4 .2 2 Attorneys General: Consumer Protection Activities, Subpoena Powers and Antitrust Duties

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (c) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

May commence civil proceedings « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «(a) « « « «(j) « « « « « « « « « « « «

May commence criminal proceedings « … « … « « (d) « … « « … … … « « « … « «(e) « « … « « « « « « « « « «(f) … … « «(f) « « «(h) « (e)(f) … « « (f) … … « … «(m) « « « « «

See footnotes at end of table

1 64 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Represents the state before regulatory agencies (a) « « … « « « « « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « … « … « « « « « « « … … « « « … « « (f) … «(j) « « « « « « « « « « … «

Administers consumer protection programs « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « … « «(k) « « « « « « « « … «

Handles consumer complaints « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « (i) « … « «(k) « «(k) « « « « « « « « … «

Subpoena powers (b) l

« « l

« l l

« « l

« « « « (n) « « « « « « « … « l

« « « « « « « « l

« « l

« « l l

« l

« « l l

« … l

« « l

Antitrust duties A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B A,B,C,D A,C,D A,B,D A,B,D A,B,D … A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,C A,B B,C A,B,D A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,C B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C (g) A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,D A (l),B,C,D (l) A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,D A,B,C (g) A,B A,B,C,D … A,B,C,D A,B A,B,C,D A

ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L

TABLE 4 .2 2 Attorneys General: Consumer Protection Activities, Subpoena Powers and Antitrust Duties (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of attorneys general, state constitutions and statutes, 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: A—Has parens patriae authority to commence suits on behalf of consumers in state antitrust damage actions in state courts. B—May initiate damage actions on behalf of state in state courts. C—May commence criminal proceedings. D—May represent cities, counties and other governmental entities in recovering civil damages under federal or state law. «—Has authority in area. …—Does not have authority in area. (a) May represent state on behalf of: the “people” of the state; an agency of the state; or the state before a federal regulatory agency. (b) In this column only: «broad powers and llimited powers. (c) Also provides service to consumers through the Identity Theft Unit, administration of Ohio’s Title Defect Rescission Fund, and the

registration of non-charitable telephone solicitors. (d) In certain cases only. (e) May commence criminal proceedings with local district attorney. (f) To a limited extent. (g) May represent other governmental entities in recovering civil damages under federal or state law. (h) When permitted to intervene. (i) On a limited basis because the state has a separate consumer affairs department. (j) Attorney general has exclusive authority. (k) Attorney general handles legal matters only with no administrative handling of complaints. (l) Opinion only, since there are no controlling precedents. (m) In antitrust, not criminal proceedings. (n) The office can issue Civil Investigative Demands, but would go to court in order to get a subpoena.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 5

ATTO RNE YS GE N E R A L

TABLE 4 .2 3 Attorneys General: Duties to Administrative Agencies and Other Responsibilities

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (f) Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (g) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Serves as Appears for counsel for state in criminal state appeals A,B,C (a) « (a) « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C (b) A,B,C «(d) A,B,C « « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C « « A,B,C A,B,C « « A,B,C A,B,C « « A,B,C A,B,C « (m) « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C (b)(c)(d) « A,B,C A,B,C (c)(d) A,B,C … « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C (b) « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C … « A,B,C « A,B A,B … « A,B,C A,B,C « (d) A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B « (k) A,B,C « (a) « A,B,C A,B,C « A,B,C « (i) A,B,C « « A,B,C A,B,C « A,B « (h) A,B,C « (a) « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B

Issues official advice « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « « « … « (a) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «

See footnotes at end of table

1 66 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Interprets statutes or regulations « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «

Duties to administrative agencies Conducts litigation: Prepares or Represents the reviews legal public before On behalf Against documents the agency of agency agency « « (b) (b) « « « « « « … … « « « « « « … … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « … … « « « « « « « « « « … … « « … … « « « « « « « … « « … … « « « … « « … … « « « (b) « « « « « « « « « « « (a) « « … … « « … … « « … … « « « … « « … … « « … (l) « « … … « « « « « « (b) (b) « « « (b) « « « … « « … … « « « « « « … … « « … … « « « … « « (b) … « « « … « « … (e) « « … … « « « (b) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « (b) (b) (b) « « « … « … « … « « … … « « (d) (b) « « « … « « … … « « « «

Involved in rule-making « « « … « « « « … … « « … « « « … « … « « « « … « … … « « « « … « « … « « … … « … (e) « « « « « (j) (b) « « « « « « …

Reviews rules for legality « « « … « « « « … « « « … « « « … « « « « « « … … … « « … « « … « « … « « « … « … « … « « « « (j) (b) « « « « « « «

ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L

TABLE 4 .2 3 Attorneys General: Duties to Administrative Agencies and Other Responsibilities (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of attorneys general, state constitutions and statutes, 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: A — Defend state law when challenged on federal constitutional grounds. B — Conduct litigation on behalf of state in federal and other states’ courts. C — Prosecute actions against another state in U.S. Supreme Court. « — Has authority in area. … — Does not have authority in area. (a) Attorney general has exclusive jurisdiction. (b) In certain cases only to prepare or review legal documents and represent the public before the agency. (c) When assisting local prosecutor in the appeal. (d) Can appear on own discretion. (e) Consumer Advocate Division represents the public in utility rate making hearings and rule making proceedings. (f) Most state agencies are represented by agency counsel who do not answer to the attorney general. The attorney general does provide representation for agencies in conflict situations and where the agency requires additional or specialized assistance.

(g) Other administrative duties include representing one state agency before another state agency. (h) However, OUSA handles felony cases and most major misdemeanors. (i) Limited to certain collateral challenges to state criminal convictions. (j) On request of agency. Office acts as legal counsel to any state agency on request and that can include reviewing legislation and drafting rules and regulations. (k) Regarding criminal appeals, the Office of Attorney General handles federal habeas corpus appeals only. (l) The Attorney General serves as counsel for the public before 1 administrative body, but otherwise does not represent the public before agencies. (m) May appear for the state in criminal appeals either as the actual prosecutor in the case or through the solicitor general if the state has a broader interest.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 7

T R E A S URE RS

TABLE 4 .2 4 The Treasurers and Other Chief Financial Officers: 2020 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (a) Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota (f) Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (g) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Dist. of Columbia Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Name and party John McMillan (R) Pamela Leary Kimberly Yee (R) Dennis Milligan (R) Fiona Ma (D) Dave Young (D) Shawn Wooden (D) Colleen Davis (D) Jimmy Patronis (R) (b) Lynne Riley Craig Hirai Julie Ellsworth (R) Mike Frerichs (D) Kelly Mitchell (R) Michael L. Fitzgerald (D) Jacob LaTurner (R) Alison Ball (R) John Michael Schroder Sr. (e) Henry Beck Nancy K. Kopp (D) Deb Goldberg (D) Rachael Eubanks Myron Frans David McRae (R) Scott Fitzpatrick (R) (i) Gene Walborn John Murante (R) Zach Conine (D) William Dwyer Elizabeth Muoio Tim Eichenberg (D) Christopher Curtis Dale Folwell (R) Kelly L. Schmidt (R) Robert Sprague (R) Randy McDaniel (R) Tobias Read (D) Joseph Torsella (D) Seth Magaziner (D) Curtis Loftis (R) Josh Haeder (R) David H. Lillard Jr. Glenn Hegar (R) David Damschen (R) (h) Elizabeth Pearce (D) Manju Ganeriwala Duane Davidson (R) John D. Perdue (D) Sarah Godlewski (D) Curt Meier (R) Ueli Tonumaipea Bruno Fernandes Rosita Fejeran Mark Rabauliman Francisco Pares Kirk Callwood Sr.

Method of selection E A E A E E E E E A A E E E E E E E L L E A A E E A E E L A E A E E E E E E E E E L E E E A E E E E A A CS A A A

See footnotes at end of table

1 68 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Length of regular term in years 4 Governor's Discretion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Pleasure of the Board Governor's Discretion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 Governor's Discretion Governor's Discretion 4 4 Governor's Discretion 4 4 2 Governor's Discretion 4 Governor's Discretion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 Governor's Discretion 4 4 4 4 4 Pleasure of CFO … 4 4 4

Date of first service 1/2019 1/2014 1/2019 1/2015 1/2019 1/2019 1/2019 1/2019 6/2017 (b) 5/2019 12/2019 1/2019 1/2015 11/2014 1/1983 4/2017 1/2016 11/2017 (e) 1/2019 2/2002 1/2015 2019 1/2015 1/2020 1/1/2019 (i) 5/2018 1/2019 1/2019 12/2014 1/2018 1/2015 8/2016 1/2017 1/2005 1/2019 1/2019 1/2017 1/2017 1/2015 1/2011 1/2019 1/2009 1/2015 12/1/2015 (h) 1/2011 1/2009 1/2017 1/1997 1/2019 1/2019 N/A 8/2018 N/A N/A 7/2019 1/2019

Present term ends 1/2023 … 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 … … 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2024 12/2023 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 … … 1/2024 1/2021 … 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 … 1/2023 … 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2023 12/2020 1/2021 … 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 … N/A … N/A N/A N/A

Maximum consecutive terms allowed by constitution 2 … 2 2 2 2 « « 2 … … « « (d) « « 2 « 4 « « … … « 2 … 2 2 « … 2 … « « 2 « 2 2 2 « 2 … « « « … « « « « … … … … … …

TR E A S U R E R S

TABLE 4 .2 4 The Treasurers and Other Chief Financial Officers: 2019 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, January 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—No provision specifying number of terms allowed. …—No formal provision, position is appointed or elected by governmental entity (not chosen by the electorate). A—Appointed by the governor. (In the District of Columbia, the Treasurer is appointed by the Chief Financial Officer. In Georgia, position is appointed by the State Depository Board.) E—Elected by the voters. L—Elected by the legislature. CS—Civil Service N/A—Not available (a) The official title of the office of state treasurer is Chief Financial Officer.

(b) Gov. Rick Scott appointed Patronis after Jeff Atwater’s resignation. (c) The Director of Finance performs this function. (d) Eligible for eight out of any period of twelve years. (e) John Michael Schroder Sr. won the special election in 2017 to fill John Kennedy’s term after he was elected to the U.S. Senate. He was elected to a full four-year term in 2019. (f) The Commissioner of Management and Budget performs this function. (g) The Comptroller of Public Accounts performs this function. (h) Damschen was appointed in December 2015 to after Richard Ellis’ resignation. He was elected to a full term in November 2016. (i) Fitzpatrick was appointed in January 2019 after Treasurer Schmitt was appointed as attorney general.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 9

T R E A S URE RS

TABLE 4 .2 5 Treasurers: Qualifications for Office State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Minimum age 25 … 25 18 18 25 18 18 30 … … 25 25 … 18 … 30 25 … … … … … 25 30 … … 25 … … 30 30 21 25 18 31 31 … 18 18 … … 18 25 … … 18 18 18 25 …

U.S. citizen (years) 7 … 10 « « « « … « … « « « « … … 2 5 « … … … … « 15 … « 2 … … « « « « « « « … « « … … « « « … « « « « «

Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state treasurers offices, November 2019. Key: «— Formal provision; number of years not specified. … — No formal provision. (a) Five years immediately preceding the date of qualification for office.

1 70 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

State resident (years) 5 … 5 « « 2 « … 7 … 1 2 3 « « … 2 5 « … 5 … … 5 10 … « 2 … « 5 5 1 5 « 10 10 … 30 days « … … « 5 « … … 5 « « …

Qualified voter (years) … … « « « « « … « … … … … « « … « « … … … … … … « … « « … … « … « « « 10 « … « « … … … « … … « « « « …

TR E A S U R E R S

Banking services

Investment of retirement funds

Investment of trust funds

Deferred compensation

Management of bonded debt

Bond issuance

Debt service

Arbitrage

Unclaimed property

Archives for disbursement of documents

College savings

Collateral programs

Local government investment pool

Other

Cash management

TABLE 4 .2 6 Responsibilities of the Treasurer’s Office

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ★

★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★

... ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★

★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

★ ... ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★

★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★

... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ... ... ... ★ ... ★ ★ ... ★ ... ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ...

... ... ... ... ... ... (a) (b) (c) (d) ... ... ... (n) (d) (e) (p) ... (f) ... ... ... ... ... (g) (o) (h) (m) ... ... ... ... (q) (i) ... ... ... ... (l) ... ... ... (j) ... ... (k) ... ... ... (n) ...

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 1

T R E A S URE RS

TABLE 4 .2 6 Responsibilities of the Treasurer’s Office (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state treasurers offices, November 2019. Key: ★—Responsible for activity. . . .—Not responsible for activity. (a) Second Injury Fund. (b) Merchant services. (c) State Accounting Disbursement, Fire Marshall, Insurance and Banking Consumer Services, Insurance Rehabilitation. (d) Merchant card services and ABLE program. (e) Municipal bond servicing. (f) Municipal Revenue Sharing. (g) Investment of all state funds; administers ABLE program. (h) Nebraska Child Support Payment Center, Long-Term Care Savings Plan. (i) Tax collection and distribution, investments, financial literacy. The treasurer serves on the State Investment Board, State Board of Equalization, State Historical Board, Teachers Fund for Retirement Board, Board of Trust Lands, State Canvassing Board. (j) Tax administration, revenue collection, revenue estimating, state purchasing manager, various other legislatively designated programs.

1 72 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(k) Risk Management. (l) Crime Victims Compensation Program. (m) Education Savings Accounts. (n) The treasurer serves as the trustee of the Indiana State Police Pension Trust. (o) Social Security Section 218 agreements; merchant card (Procard) services. (p) STABLE KY (ABLE program) and the Kentucky Financial Empowerment Commission. (q) The Treasurer serves on the State Banking Commission, the State Board of Education, the State Board of Community Colleges, the Teachers’ and State Employees’ Retirement System (TSERS) Board of Trustees, the Local Governmental Employees’ Retirement System (LGERS) Board of Trustees, the Supplemental Retirement Plans (SRP) Board of Trustees, the State Health Plan for Teachers and State Employees (SHP) Board of Trustees, the Local Government Commission (LGC), the NC Capital Facilities Finance Agency (NCFFA), the Debt Affordability Advisory Committee and the NC Housing Partnership Board. Other responsibilities include: administration of TSERS, LGERS, SRP, SHP, LGC, and NCCFFA; local government debt approval; and monitoring fiscal health of local governments.

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

TABLE 4 .2 7 State Auditors: 2020 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire

State Agency Department of Examiners of Public Accounts Division of Legislative Audit Office of the Auditor General Division of Legislative Audit Bureau of State Audits Office of the State Auditor Office of the Auditors of Public Accounts Office of the Auditor of Accounts Office of the Auditor General Department of Audits and Accounts Office of the Auditor Legislative Services Office - Legislative Audits Office of the Auditor General State Board of Accounts Office of the Auditor of State Legislative Division of Post Audit Office of the Auditor of Public Accounts Office of the Legislative Auditor Department of Audit Office of Legislative Audits Office of the Auditor of the Commonwealth Office of the Auditor General Office of the Legislative Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Legislative Audit Division Office of the Auditor of Public Accounts Legislative Counsel Bureau, Audit Division Office of the Legislative Budget Assistant Office of the State Auditor

New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina

Maximum U.S. State consecutive citizen resident terms allowed

Agency head

Title

Rachel Riddle

Chief Examiner

7 yrs.

…

None

Kris Curtis Lindsey Perry Roger A. Norman Elaine M. Howle Dianne E. Ray John C. Geragosian and Robert Kane

Legislative Auditor Auditor General Legislative Auditor State Auditor State Auditor

C, S S S S C,S

L LC LC G LC

(a) 5 yrs. Indefinite 4 yrs. 5 yrs.

… … « « …

… … « … …

None None None None None

State Auditors

4 yrs.

…

None

Kathleen McGuiness

Auditor of Accounts

C, S

4 yrs.

None

Sherrill F. Norman

Auditor General

C, S

(a)

…

None

Greg S. Griffin

State Auditor

Indefinite

…

None

Les Kondo

State Auditor

8 yrs.

…

None

April J. Renfro

Division Manager

(b)

…

None

Frank Mautino Paul D. Joyce Rob Sand

Auditor General State Examiner Auditor of State Interim Legislative Post Auditor Auditor of Public Accounts

C, S S C, S

L GLC E

10 yrs. 4 yrs. 4 yrs.

… … «

None None None

(b)

…

None

C, S

4 yrs.

Daryl G. Purpera

Legislative Auditor

C, S

(a)

…

None

Pola A. Buckley Gregory A. Hook

S S

L ED

4 yrs. Indefinite

… …

2 None

C, S

4 yrs.

None

Doug Ringler

State Auditor Legislative Auditor Auditor of the Commonwealth Auditor General

8 yrs.

…

None

James R. Nobles

Legislative Auditor

6 yrs. (a)

…

None

Julie Blaha Shad White Nicole Galloway Angus Maciver

State Auditor State Auditor State Auditor Legislative Auditor Auditor of Public Accounts

C C C, S C, S

E E E LC

4 yrs. 4 yrs. 4 yrs. 2 yrs.

« « « …

None None None None

4 yrs.

None

Daniel Crossman

Legislative Auditor

Indefinite

…

None

Michael W. Kane

Legislative Budget Assistant

2 yrs. (b)

…

None

Stephen M. Eells

State Auditor

C, S

5 yr. term and until successor is appointed

None

6 yrs.

…

C, S

4 yrs.

Justin Stowe Mike Harmon

Suzanne M. Bump

Charlie Janssen

New Jersey New Mexico

Legal Method basis for of office selection

Term of office

Office of the State Comptroller

Kevin Walsh

Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Comptroller, State Audit Bureau Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the Auditor of State Office of the State Auditor and Inspector Division of Audits Department of the Auditor General Office of the Auditor General Legislative Audit Council Office of the State Auditor

Brian S. Colon

Acting State Comptroller State Auditor

Thomas P. DiNapoli

State Comptroller

C, S

4 yrs.

None

Beth A. Wood Joshua Gallion Keith Faber

State Auditor State Auditor Auditor of State State Auditor and Inspector Director

C C, S C, S

E E E

4 yrs. Indefinite 4 yrs.

« … …

« « …

None None 2

Eugene DePasquale

Auditor General

Dennis E. Hoyle Earle Powell George Kennedy

Auditor General Director State Auditor

Cindy Byrd Kip Memmott

C, S

4 yrs.

None

C, S

Indefinite

…

None

C, S

4 yrs.

…

S S S

LC LC SB

(b) 4 yrs. Indefinite (c)

… … …

None None None

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 3

AUD ITO RS A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S

TABLE 4 .2 7 State Auditors: 2020 (continued) State or other jurisdiction South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

State Agency Department of Legislative Audit Comptroller of the Treasury, Dept. of Audit Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the Auditor of Public Accounts Office of the State Auditor Legislative Auditor's Office Legislative Audit Bureau Department of Audit

Agency head

Title

Martin L. Guindon

Auditor General

Justin P. Wilson Lisa Collier John Dougall Douglas R. Hoffer Martha S. Mavredes Pat McCarthy Aaron Allred Joe Chrisman Jeffrey C. Vogel

Dist. Of Columbia

Office of the D.C. Auditor

Kathleen Patterson

American Samoa Guam CNMI*

AS Territorial Auditor Office Office of the Public Auditor Office of the Public Auditor

Liua Fatuesi Benjamin Cruz Michael Pai Yesmin M. ValdiviesoGalib

Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Office of the Comptroller Office of the Inspector General

Legal Method basis for of office selection

Steven van Beverhoudt

Source: Auditing in the States: A Summary, 2019 edition, The National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Provision for. …—No provision for E—Elected by the public. L—Appointed by the legislature. G—Appointed by the governor. SS—Appointed by the secretary of state. LC—selected by legislative committee, commission or council. ED—appointed by the executive director of legislative services

1 74 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Term of office

Maximum U.S. State consecutive citizen resident terms allowed

8 yrs. (a)

…

None

C, S

2 yrs.

…

None

S C, S C, S

LC E E

(b) 4 yrs. 2 yrs.

… « …

… « «

None None None

Comptroller of the Treasury State Auditor State Auditor State Auditor Auditor of Public Accounts State Auditor Legislative Auditor State Auditor Director District of Columbia Auditor Territorial Auditor Public Auditor Public Auditor

C, S

4 yrs.

…

None

C, S S S S

E L LC GC

4 yrs. (a) Indefinite (b) 6 yrs.

« … … …

« … … «

None None None None

S C,S,

E GL

4 yrs. 6 yrs.

« N.A.

None 2

Comptroller

C,S,

10 yrs.

Inspector General

GC—Appointed by governor, secretary of state and treasurer. GL—Appointed by the governor and confirmed by both chambers of the legislature GLC—Appointed by the governor and confirmed by legislative council SB—Appointed by state budget and control board. C—Constitutional S—Statutory N.A.— Not applicable. (a) Serves at the pleasure of the legislature. (b) Serves at the pleasure of a legislative committee. (c) The term is indefinite, but the state auditor serves at the pleasure of the five-member board.

...

Florida

... ...

Indiana

Iowa Kansas

See footnotes at end of table

★

...

Illinois

...

Delaware

...

Connecticut

Idaho

★ ...

California Colorado

Hawaii

...

Arkansas

...

Arizona

Georgia

...

Alaska

State or other jurisdiction Alabama

State audit agency conducts audit (100%) ...

... ★ ★- governmental (0%), business type activities (<1%), fiduciary (0%), component unit (100%) ... ★- governmental (0%), business type activities (35.27%), fiduciary (1.88%), component unit (35%) ★- governmental activities (3% of total assets, 7% of net position/fund balance, and 3% of total revenues/additions); business type activities (3% total assets and 6% of total net position/fund balance); aggregate discretely presented component units (86% of total assets, 79% of net position/fund balance, and 86% of total revenues/additions); governmental fund - general obligation bond fund projects (100% of total assets, 100% of net position/fund balance, and 100% of total revenues/additions); aggregate remaining fund information (87% of total assets, 48% of total revenues/additions) ... ★- governmental (4.7%), business type activities (83.8%), fiduciary (100%), component unit (98%) ... ★- 2% (public employee's retirement system and component units are contracted to CPA firms) ★ ...

★-8.03%

... ★

...

★

...

★

...

... ...

...

Auditing of basic financial statements State audit agency is primary auditor—% of CPA firm(s) total governmental, business type, fiduciary and component unit expenditures contracted conducts audit (100%) to CPA firms N/A ... ★-We summarize outside audit coverage by percent of assets and percent of revenue. Governmental activities: 89% assets/59% ... revenues; business type activities: 77% assets/66% of revenues; aggregate discretely presented component units: 91% assets/92% revenues ★- governmental (51.2%), business type activities (16.6%), blended component units ... fiduciary funds (99.05%), discretely presented component units (55.49%)

The governing body of the component unit. Office of Auditor of State Contract Audit Committee

The entity going out for contract.

Office of the Auditor

The entity being audited selects the CPA firm through a bid process. The cost of audits performed by CPAs are paid by the audited entity.

The agencies or entities being audited.

Office of Auditor of Accounts

State auditor

★ ...

★

...

★

...

★

...

★

... ...

...

The audited agency selects the auditor with help from the Auditor General's Office. State agency

...

State audit agency conducts audit (100%) ...

Most of the outside audited entities are governmental corporations and the University. The outside entities select their own auditors. However, there are a few that require the legislative auditor approve the outside auditor.

Selection of auditor if part/all of financial audit is contracted out Individual departments/agencies

TA BLE 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit

... ...

...

★- 8% (92% audited by DOAA)

...

... ★- 20%

★- 4.31%

★- 85.33%

★- 24.8%

... ★

...

★

...

★

...

★

...

★ ...

...

Contract Audit Committee

Office of the Auditor General

Office of the Auditor

The state entities administering the major programs select the CPA firm.

Office of Auditor of Accounts

The individual agency receiving a private audit selects the auditor. The state auditor selects the contract auditor. State auditor

The audited agency selects the auditor with input from the Auditor General's Office.

State corporations select their own auditor.

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 5

1 76 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

...

★ ... ...

...

★ ★

...

Louisiana

Maine Maryland Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota Legislative Auditor State Auditor

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire New Jersey

State Auditor

State Comptroller

See footnotes at end of table

...

Kentucky

State or other jurisdiction

State audit agency conducts audit (100%)

...

★- 80% Not involved in the state's financial audit ★- governmental activities (4%), business type activities (47%), fiduciary (99%), component units (100%)

...

... ...

★- 32.2%

★- governmental (6-19%), business type activities (100%), fiduciary (100%), component units (100%)

...

★

... ...

...

★- governmental (2% assets/2.6% revenues), business type (98.7% assets/80.8% revenues), fiduciary (6.4% assets/6.7% additions), component unit (95.2% assets/91.6% revenues)

★- business type activities (60%), component units (99%) Not involved in the state's financial audit

... ★ ★

...

★- governmental (0%), business type activities (7.41%), fiduciary (61.96%), aggregate discretely component unit (15.9%) - Note: fiduciary funds are included in aggregate remaining funds ... ... ...

...

★- governmental activities (1.57%), business type activities (26.12%), component units (90.88%)

Department of the Treasury, Judiciary, individual component units.

...

★ ★

...

Generally, the entity being audited selects the auditor.

Audit Subcommittee of the Legislative Commission Legislative budget assistant

...

★ ... ...

★

State audit agency conducts audit (100%)

Proposals are submitted to the Office of the State Auditor and are selected by representatives of the office with comments by the agencies being audited and Department of Finance and Administration (comptroller) considered.

Each BTA and CU selects their own auditor

State Comptroller's Office Office of the State Comptroller 14 component units (10 state universities and four others) and one enterprise fund select their own auditor. All other contract auditors are selected by the auditor general.

Legislative auditor

Selection of auditor if part/all of financial audit is contracted out The Office of the Auditor of Public Accounts has the right of first refusal for all agencies and component units of the state. We decline some agencies/ component units and allow the agency to contract with a CPA firm.

TA BLE 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit (continued)

Not involved in state's single audit.

...

★- Single audits of public universities and other component units are performed by CPA firms. The federal award expenditures of these entities are not included in the state's SEFA. ... ...

★- 10%

★- 7.1% (student financial assistance cluster) ...

★- 6%

Single audits of some agencies are performed by CPA firms. The SEFA amounts in these stand-alone reports are not included in the SEFA in LA's Single Audit report. ... ... ...

...

★

... ...

...

... ★ ★

...

State Comptroller's Office Office of the State Comptroller

Selection of auditor if part/all of single audit is contracted out

Department of the Treasury, Office of Management and Budget

Audit Subcommittee of the Legislative Commission Legislative budget assistant

The auditor is selected by the entity being audited.

The auditor is selected by the Office of the State Auditor with input from the state agencies and the Department of Finance and Administration.

Not involved in state's single audit.

Minnesota State (BTA) selects its own auditor.

One component unit selects their own and the auditor general selects the rest.

Conducting the single audit CPA firm(s) State audit agency conducts conducts part/ audit CPA firm conducts part— (100%) % conducted by CPA firm

AUD ITO RS A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 7

...

State Auditor

South Dakota

See footnotes at end of table

...

Legislative Audit Council

N/A

Rhode Island South Carolina

Ohio

...

North Dakota

...

North Carolina

Pennsylvania

★

New York

Oregon

...

New Mexico

...

State or other jurisdiction

Oklahoma

State audit agency conducts audit (100%)

...

★- governmental (60%), business type (80%), component units (100%)

★- business type (10%), discretely presented component units (55%); remaining fund information (90%)

N/A

...

Our office does not have anything to do with financial audits in our state. The office of the state auditor is responsible for all financial audits, including contracting out.

★- fiduciary (95%), component unit (100%) ★- governmental (14%), business type (6%), fiduciary & component unit (100%) N/A

...

★- Percentages are available in Ohio's 2018 CAFR, Independent Auditor's Report

★- governmental (4.03%), business type (83.31%), fiduciary (100%), component unit (100%);

...

★- governmental (1.85%), business type (47%), fiduciary (99%), component unit (100%)

★ ...

...

Auditing of basic financial statements State audit agency is primary auditor—% of CPA firm(s) total governmental, business type, fiduciary and component unit expenditures contracted conducts audit (100%) to CPA firms ★- Financial statement audits are prepared at a department level. The department level financial statements are used to compile the statewide ... CAFR. The Office of the State Auditor has a limited staff of auditors who conduct audits of agencies. Therefore, most of these engagements are performed by Independent Public Accountants.

The audited entity with approval of Department of Legislative Audit

Office of the State Auditor

Division of Audits, via RFP process Governor's Office of the Budget (audited entity)

...

N/A

...

★

...

★

Auditor of state makes selection with input from component units and other state officials. It varies depending on statutory requirements.

...

★

...

State audit agency conducts audit (100%)

The state auditor selects the auditor.

Office of the State Comptroller

Agencies that are contracting with Independent Public Accountants select an auditor from a list of audit firms approved on an annual basis by the Office of the State Auditor.

Selection of auditor if part/all of financial audit is contracted out

TA BLE 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit (continued)

★- single audit is a joint opinion issues by our office and a CPA firm ★- it depends of the year. A few grants are audited by CPA firms for agencies that have contracted audit services. Department of Legislative Audit audits the majority of grants.

...

★- outside audited major programs to total audited major programs (1.16%). Outside audited major programs to total SEFA expenditures (0.98%) ... ★- 15% major program expenditure coverage N/A

...

N/A

...

Auditor is selected by the state agency, but the auditor and the final report must be approved by the Department of Legislative Audit.

Office of the State Auditor

N/A

Governor's Office of the Budget

It varies depending on statutory requirements.

Conducting the single audit CPA firm(s) State audit agency conducts conducts part/ audit Selection of auditor if part/all of CPA firm conducts part— (100%) single audit is contracted out % conducted by CPA firm ★- OSA has a limited staff of Single audits are done at the department level, auditors who conduct audits not statewide. Agencies that are contracting with of agencies. Therefore, most Independent Public Accountants select an auditor ... of these engagements are from a list of audit firms approved on an annual performed by Independent basis by the Office of the State Auditor. Public Accountants approved by the office. Office of the State Comptroller and Governor's ... ★ Division of the Budget ... ... ★- Single audits of some agencies are performed by CPA firms. The SEFA amounts in these stand-alone reports are not included in the SEFA ... The Office of the State Auditor selects the auditor. in ND's single audit report. 3% of major federal program expenditures were passed through to these agencies and audited by a CPA firm.

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

1 78 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0 ...

...

★- 18%

... ★ N/A ★

...

★

...

★

...

★

We have allowed agencies to select their auditor.

...

★ ... N/A ...

...

... ... N/A ...

...

★- 15.75%

... ★ N/A ★

...

★

...

★

...

Conducting the single audit CPA firm(s) State audit agency conducts conducts part/ audit CPA firm conducts part— (100%) % conducted by CPA firm ... ... ★- CPA firm is the primary auditor for the federal compliance portion of the ... single audit providing 66% coverage. Our office covers the remaining.

Key: ★—Provision for responsibility. …—No provision for responsibility.

The auditee Department of Audit N/A The CEO of each agency.

...

★

Most of the outsourced component units select their own auditor; however, we do handle the bidding process for a few of these entities. We also handle the bidding process for the BTA audit that is outsourced.

The legislative auditor

...

State audit agency conducts audit (100%) ★

Auditor of Accounts

State auditor or contract officer

The state entity receiving the audit

Selection of auditor if part/all of financial audit is contracted out

Sources: Auditing in the States: A Summary, 2019 edition. The National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers.

...

Washington

★- 16.4% ... N/A ...

...

Virginia

... ... N/A ...

...

Vermont

★- governmental (0.79%), business type (19.02%), fiduciary (19.32%), component unit (46.05%) ... ★- We audit all of the primary government, except one business type entity that is a major fund and represents 60% of BTA total assets and deferred outflows and 38% of BTA net position. And we also do not audit one blended component unit that represents 2.4% of governmental activities assets/deferred outflows and 5% of governmental activities net position. We also do not audit some component units representing 29% of assets and deferred outflows, 24% of net position, and 8% of revenues of the aggregated discretely presented component unit opinion unit.

★- 20.4%

...

Utah

West Virginia Performance Evaluation Research Division Post Audit Division Wisconsin Wyoming Guam Puerto Rico

...

Texas

State or other jurisdiction Tennessee

State audit agency conducts audit (100%) ★

TA BLE 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit (continued)

N/A—Did not respond.

Department of Audit N/A The CEO of each agency

...

The legislative auditor

Auditor of accounts

State auditor or contract officer

Texas State Auditor's Office

Selection of auditor if part/all of single audit is contracted out

AUD ITO RS A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

TA BLE 4 .2 9 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments

State or other jurisdiction

Types of local governments audited Non-profit organizations/ for-profits receiving state/ Counties federal awards

Audits local governments

Cities, towns & villages

Alabama

★

...

★(100%)

...

Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Legislative Auditor State Auditor Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey State Auditor State Comptroller New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota

... ★ ★ ★ ... ... ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ★ ... ... ★ ...

... ... ★(92.4%) ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★(99%) ★(10%) ... ... ... ... ... ★ ...

... ★(67%) ★(100%) ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★(99%) ★(40%) ... ★(36%) ... ... ... ★ ...

... ... ... ★ ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ★ ...

School districts ★(100% county school districts) ... ... ★(81.7%) ★ ... ... ... ★(100%) ★(approx. 84%) ... ... ... ★(99%) ★(1%) ... ... ... ... ... ★ ...

… ★ ★ ★ ... ★ ... ...

… ★(0.4%) ... ... ... ★(1%) ... ...

… ★(47%) ★(30%) ★(78%) ... ★(18%) ... ...

… … ... ... ... ★(<1%) ... ...

… … ... ★ ... ★(<1%) ... ...

★ ★ ★ ★ ... ★

… ★ ... ★(100%) ... ★(43%)

… ★ ... ★(100%) ... ...

★(<5% a year) ★ ... ★(100%) ... ★(3%)

★(78%)

...

★(65%)

★(100%) ... ★ N/A

★(a) ... ★ N/A

★(a) ... ★(100%) N/A

Ohio

★

Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Legislative Audit Council State Auditor South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Performance Evaluation Research Division Post Audit Division Wisconsin Wyoming Guam Puerto Rico

★ ... ★ N/A

… ★ ... ★(100%) ... ★(7%) ★cities (33%); townships (62%); villages (62%) ★(a) ... ★ N/A

… … ★ ★ ... ... ... ... ★

… … ★a few, varies year to year ... ... ... ... ... ★(100%)

… … ★(100%) ★(95%) ... ... ... ... ★(100%)

… … ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

… … ★a few, varies year to year ... ... ... ... ... ★(100%)

… … … ... ★ N/A ★

… … … ... ★(2%) N/A ★(100%)

… … … ... ... N/A ...

… … … ... ★(20%) N/A ★(100%)

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 9

AUD ITO RS A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S

TABLE 4 .2 9 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona

Types of local governments audited (con’t.) Other ... ... Community College Districts (92%)

Arkansas Prosecuting attorney judicial districts (100%) California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana

Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Legislative Auditor State Auditor Mississippi Missouri

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey State Auditor

State Comptroller

Any publicly-created entity. ... ... ... Cities, towns, etc., as directed by the Legislative Auditing Committee, through citizen petition, or the auditor general's discretion ... ... ... As directed by the General Assembly Public libraries, townships, special taxing districts, and state universities. Intergovernmental entities organized under Chapter 28E of the Code of Iowa, landfills, community colleges, area education agencies, merged area schools, hospitals ... Clerk fee - 100%; sheriff fee - 100%; sheriff tax settlements - 100% Almost all audit and other attest engagements of local governments are performed by CPA firms that are approved by the legislative auditor. However, the legislative auditor has the authority to perform local government audits in certain circumstances prescribe by the audit law. LLA's Financial Audit Services performed the audit of one local government (a retirement system) for the fiscal year ended 6/30/18. ... ... Counties, cities, towns and school districts are audited by request. Nonprofit organizations are audited as vendors receiving state funds. ...

Audit standards used GAAS, GAGAS ... GAAS, GAGAS, Federal Uniform Guidance GAAS, GAGAS; very small local governments may have a financial and compliance report in lieu of a full audit report. GAGAS ... GAGAS ...

GAAP required for local government financial statements

GAAS, GAGAS

★

GAGAS ... GAGAS

★ ... ... By statute, GAAP is to be followed to the extent possible. Some smaller units of local government report on a cash basis.

GAAS, GAGAS GAAS, GAGAS (c) GAAS, GAGAS ... GAAS, GAGAS

No, regulatory basis. GAAP is required for counties, schools, hospitals, community colleges, area education agencies and merged area schools; cash basis is used for cities, landfills and entities organized under Chapter 28E of the Code of Iowa. ... No. Regulatory basis for 115/120 counties; 5 of 120 counties follow GAAP.

★ ★

GAGAS

★

...

GAAS, GAGAS

1 80 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

... ... ★ ...

GAAS, GAGAS GAAS

...

See footnotes at end of table

No, regulatory basis per Arkansas Code.

★ Louisiana local governments that may issue debt are required by LRS 24:514 to prepare their financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

… GAGAS

There are 607 school districts in NJ. The office is statutorily required to audit any district with a negative fund balance. Also audits others based on a risk assessment. Actual school district audits - 3 to 4 per year. …

★

GAGAS (d)

… Regional development commissions—10%

Other political subdivisions such as cities and special districts upon petition by a subdivision's voters. Also, performance audits of transportation development districts and community improvement districts under separate statutory authority. ... ... ... ...

★ ...

… Most entities are required to prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Very small entities report on a non-GAAP basis. Entities use both a cash basis and regulatory basis. Some counties prepare GAAP financial statements and some prepare OCBOA (cash/modified cash) financial statements.

GAGAS

No. Some local governments use cash basis.

GAAS, GAGAS GAAS, GAGAS ... ...

★ No, cash basis ... ...

GAGAS s GAGAS

School districts and public authorities follow GAAP; cities and counties follow OCBOA (modified cash basis) as required by Department of Community Affairs, Division of Local Government Services. …

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

TABLE 4 .2 9 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments (continued) State or other jurisdiction New Mexico

Types of local governments audited (con’t.) Other The Office of the State Auditor has a limited staff of auditors who conduct audits of agencies, therefore, most of these engagements are performed by Independent Public Accountants.

Audit standards used GAAS, GAGAS

New York

North Carolina North Dakota

...

GAGAS

... Parks, airports, soil conservation, water resource districts, health districts, and law enforcement centers - all types under 3% of total in ND.

... GAAS, GAGAS, Uniform Guidance if single audit is required

Ohio

Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania

Rhode Island South Carolina Legislative Audit Council State Auditor South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont

Virginia Washington

West Virginia Performance Evaluation Post Audit Division Wisconsin Wyoming

Guam Puerto Rico

GAAP required for local government financial statements ★Very small local governments may be eligible for an AUP engagement in lieu of a full audit. The determination is made based on cash basis annual revenue in accordance with the NM Audit Act. Use cash basis. ★ The city of New York is required by law to prepare GAAP financial statements. School districts and Boards of Cooperative Education Services are required by the State Education Department to prepare GAAP financial statements. All other local governments are encouraged to do so, but are not required. ... No. Modified cash is used. ★ Ohio Administrative Code 117-2-03 requires counties, cities and school districts, including educational service centers and community schools, and government insurance pools organized pursuant to section 9.833 or 2744.081 of the Ohio Revised Code to file annual financial reports prepared using GAAP. Other local governments follow OCBOA and regulatory basis.

Community schools - 33%

GAAS, GAGAS

District attorneys - 100%; emergency medical service districts - 100%

GAAS, GAGAS (e)

No. Counties may chose GAAP or regulatory basis.

GAAS, GAGAS

Cities and counties are required to follow GAAP, but other local government entities may not. They use cash/modified cash basis.

GAGAS (f)

No. Conducts primarily compliance audits related to state funding. Any financial audits are conducted by other auditors. For some engagements of counties and municipal government, conducts attestation examinations of statements prepared on a regulatory basis. Other audits of local governments are conducted as performance audits with the primary focus on compliance.

... Audits of cities, towns, villages, and counties are only if part of the entity and not an audit of the complete entity. Examples are audits of pension plans that receive state funds and county offices that receive state funds or collect funds for the state with the audit limited to the state funds. All nonprofit volunteer firefighters' relief associations are audited, but other nonprofit or for-profit entities may receive state funds that we do not audit. N/A

N/A

… …

...

GAGAS

... ... ... The office does not routinely audit municipalities, counties or school districts or nonprofits. However, statute gives us the authority to audit all three if state or federal money is involved. ...

GAGAS ... GAAS, GAGAS

… … No. Not required of any local governments, but school districts all prepare GAAP statements. Local governments (other than school districts) generally use modified cash basis. ★ ... ★

(g)

No. Towns that do not use GAAP usually use cash basis.

GAAS, GAGAS (h)

94%

GAAS, GAGAS

★ Local governments generally have a choice to report on either a regulatory cash basis of GAAP, although certain governments are required by regulatory or granting agencies to report GAAP. Also, school districts may report on regulatory modified-accrual basis, regulatory cash basis or GAAP.

… … … Audits not for financial purpose; schools done on about a 5-year cycle; town under 4,000 population done randomly approximately 2% per year. N/A ...

… … …

GAGAS

★ Smaller entities can use cash basis.

N/A GAAS (b)

N/A ★

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 1

AUD ITO RS A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S

TABLE 4 .2 9 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments (continued) Sources: Auditing in the States: A Summary, 2019 edition. The National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers and state constitutions and statutes. Key: ★—Yes …—No N/A — Did not respond GAAP — Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAS — Generally Accepted Auditing Standards GAGAS — Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards SAS — Statement on Auditing Standards (a) Special investigative audits only. (b) For audits started before June 30, 2016, the Office of the Comptroller had its own set of auditing standards. After July 1, 2016, all audits are performed under GAGAS.

1 82 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(c) GAGAS is the standard for single audits only. (d) Louisiana Revised Statute 24:513A. (5) (a) (i) requires CPAs to perform the audits and review engagements of local governments in accordance with GAGAS. (e) Special investigative audits do not follow standards. (f) Most, but not all, local government audits are conducted in accordance with GAGAS. (g) Some towns have elected auditors and others hire external auditors (CPA firms). For those towns that hire external auditors, GAGAS is utilized. (h) Localities are also required to follow the Auditor of Public Accounts Specifications for Audits, which include additional audit procedures specifically related to compliance with state laws and regulations.

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

TABLE 4 .3 0 State Comptrollers, 2020

State Alabama

Agency or office Office of the State Comptroller

Name Kathleen Baxter

Bob Jaros

State Controller

(d)

(o)

…

Kevin P. Lembo (D)

Comptroller Director, Division of Accounting Chief Financial Officer State Accounting Officer

…

4 yrs.

unlimited

…

(a)

…

C,S

…

4 yrs.

2 terms

…

(a)

…

4 yrs.

…

C C C S S S

E E E (d) (d) (f)

… … … … … AG

4 yrs. 4 yrs. 4 yrs. (i) (b) (i)

2 terms unlimited 2 terms … … …

… … … … … …

Division of Finance

Hans Zigmund

General Accounting Office

Michael Smarick

Dept. of Finance and Administration Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Controller Department of Finance Department of Personnel and Administration Office of the Comptroller

Larry Walther

Dept. of Finance

Jane Cole

Florida

Dept. of Financial Services

Jimmy Patronis

Georgia

State Accounting Office

Alan Skelton

Colorado Connecticut Delaware

Dept. of Accounting and General Curt Otaguro State Comptroller Services Idaho Office of State Controller Brandon Woolf State Controller Illinois Office of the State Comptroller Susana Mendoza (D) State Comptroller Indiana Office of the Auditor of State Tera Klutz Auditor of State Iowa State Accounting Enterprise Jay Cleveland Chief Operating Officer Kansas Office of Accounts and Reports Jocelyn Gunter Director Kentucky Office of the Controller Edgar C. Ross Controller Office of Statewide Reporting Director, Division of Louisiana Afranie Adomako and Accounting Policy Administration Maine Office of the State Controller Douglas Cotnoir State Controller Office of the Comptroller of the Maryland Peter Franchot (D) State Comptroller Treasury Massachusetts Office of the Comptroller Andrew Maylor Comptroller Michigan Office of Financial Management Heather Boyd Director Minnesota Department of Finance Myron Frans Commissioner Department of Finance and Director, Office of Fiscal Mississippi Laura Jackson Administration Management Missouri Division of Accounting Stacy Neal Director of Accounting Montana State Accounting Division Cheryl Grey Administrator State Accounting Nebraska State Accounting Division Philip Olsen Administrator Nevada Office of the State Controller Catherine Byrne (D) State Controller New Hampshire Department of Administration Dana Call State Comptroller Office of Management and New Jersey David Ridolfino State Comptroller Budget Department of Finance and New Mexico Administration, Financial Donna Trujillo State Controller Control Division New York Office of the State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli State Comptroller North Carolina Office of the State Controller Linda Combs State Controller Office of Management and North Dakota Joe Morrisette Director Budget Office of Budget and Ohio Kim Murnieks Director Management Oklahoma Office of State Finance Lynne Bajema State Comptroller Manager, Statewide Oregon Chief Financial Office Robert Hamilton Accounting and Reporting Office of the Budget/ Chief Accounting Pennsylvania Brian Lyman Comptroller Operations Officer Hawaii

Civil service or merit system employee «

Andrea Lea Betty Yee (D) Richard Gillihan

Alaska

California

Elected comptrollers maximum consecutive terms …

Title State Comptroller Director, Department of Administration Interim State Comptroller Chief Fiscal Officer, Director State Auditor State Controller Chief Operating Officer

Arizona Arkansas

Legal Method Approval or Length basis for of confirmation, of office selection if necessary term S (c) AG (b) S

(d)

(a)

…

(d)

(b)

…

(a)

…

4 yrs.

2 terms

…

(a)

…

(f)

(i)

…

4 yrs.

unlimited

…

S S S

G SBD G

… SBD AS

4 yrs (k) (a)

… … …

… « «

C,S

…

(a)

…

S S

(d) (m)

… …

(i) (b)

… …

… «

(d)

…

(b)

…

C, S S

E G

… …

4 yrs. 4 yrs.

2 terms …

… …

(a)

…

(a)

…

C,S S

E G

… GA

4 yrs. 7 yrs.

unlimited …

… …

…

(a)

unlimited

…

(a)

…

(g)

…

(h)

…

(d)

…

(i)

…

SBD

(a)

…

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 3

AUD ITO RS A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S

TABLE 4 .3 0 State Comptrollers, 2020 (continued)

State Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Agency or office Name Office of Accounts and Control Peter Keenan Office of the Comptroller Richard Eckstrom (R) General Office of the State Auditor Richard Sattgast (R) Bureau of Financial Liza Clark Management Division of Accounts Mike Corricelli Office of the Comptroller of Glenn Hegar (R) Public Accounts Division of Finance John C. Reidhead Department of Finance and Adam Greshen Management Department of Accounts David A. Von Moll Office of Financial Management David Schumacher Office of the State Auditor John McCuskey (R) Finance Division, Office of the Dave Mullins State Comptroller State Controller's Office Carol Herwig Office of the State Auditor Kristi Racines (R)

Title State Controller

Elected comptrollers maximum consecutive terms …

Civil service or merit system employee «

Comptroller General

C,S

…

4 yrs.

unlimited

…

State Auditor Commissioner

C S

E (n)

…

4 yrs. (a)

2 terms

… …

Chief of Accounts Comptroller of Public Accounts Director

(f)

…

(b)

…

C,S

…

4 yrs.

unlimited

…

(d)

(i)

…

Commissioner

(d)

AG,AS

(i)

…

State Comptroller Director

S C

G G

… …

4 yrs. …

…

… …

State Auditor Acting Finance Director

C S

E (d)

… AG

4 yrs. (a)(i)

unlimited …

… …

State Controller State Auditor

S C

CS E

… …

(b) 4 yrs.

… 2 terms

« …

Sources: Comptrollers: Technical Activities and Functions, 2018 edition, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers and The Council of State Governments, updated April 2020. Key: «—Yes, provision for …—No provision for C—Constitutional S—Statutory N.A.—Not applicable E— Elected by the public G—Appointed by the Governor CS—Civil Service AG—Approved by the governor AS—Approved/confirmed by the Senate AL—Approved by the Legislature SBD—Approved by State Budget Director GA—Confirmed by the General Assembly SDB—Confirmed by State Depository Board (a) Serves at the pleasure of the governor. In South Dakota, also serves at the pleasure of the CFO. (b) Indefinite. (c) State merit system appointment; selected and recommended by state finance director.

1 84 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Legal Method Approval or Length basis for of confirmation, of office selection if necessary term S (d) … (b)

(d) Appointed by the head of the department of administration or administrative services. (e) Appointed by the head of finance. department or agency. (f) Appointed by the head of financial and administrative services. (g) Appointed by the director of management & enterprise services. (h) Serves at the pleasure of the head of the director of management & enterprise services. (i) Serves at the pleasure of the head of the financial and administrative services or administration. (j) Appointed by the governor for a term coterminous with the governor. (k) Two-year renewable contractual term; classified executive service. (l) As of July 1, 2005, the responsibility for accounting and financial reporting in Georgia was transferred to the newly-created State Accounting Office. (m) Hired through a selection process. (n) Hired by the chief financial officer. (o) One year contract similar to other division director.

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

TABLE 4 .3 1 State Comptrollers: Qualifications for Office State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West VirginiaOffice of State Auditor Division of Finance, Office of State Comptroller Wisconsin Wyoming

Minimum age … … … 30 … … … … 30 … … 25 25 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 25 … … … 30 … … … … … 21 … 18 … … … … … … …

U.S. citizen (years)  … … … … … … … … … … (b)  … … … … … … … … … … … … … …  … …   … … …  … …  …  … (b)  … … , Whole life

State resident (years) … … … … … … … … , 7 yrs. … 30 days , 2 yrs. , 3 yrs. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … , 2 yrs. … … … , (h) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

Education years or degree (n) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (c) … … … (d) , B.S. … … … (f) (g) … … … … … (i) … … … … , (j) (k) … … … … , (l) … … …

Professional experience and years , 10 yrs. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .. … … … … , 2 yrs. … … … , 10 yrs. , 3 yrs. … … … … …  … … … … , 10 yrs. … … … … … , 6 yrs. … … …

Professional certification and years (a) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … , CPA , CPA … … … … … … … … … … , CPA , CPA … … … … , CPA … … …



…



…

, (m).

, 4 yrs.

…

… 25

… 

… …

, (j) …

… …

, CPA …

… …

Other qualifications … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (e) … … … … … … … … (i) … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 5

AUD ITO RS A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S

TABLE 4 .3 1 State Comptrollers: Qualifications for Office (continued) Sources: Comptrollers: Technical Activities and Functions, 2018 edition, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers and The Council of State Governments, April 2020. Key: —Formal provision …—No formal provision N.A.—Not applicable (a) One of the following CPA, CIA, CPM, CGFM or CGFO. (b) Years not specified. (c) In part the statute reads “the state controller shall be a person qualified by education and experience for the position and held in high esteem in the accounting community.” (d) Advanced degree in accounting, auditing, financial management, business administration or public administration (M.G.L.C. 7A, S.1) (e) The executive director (a) shall be a certified public accountant ; or (b) shall possess a master’s degree in business, public administration or a related field; or (c) shall have at least 10 yrs. experience in management in the private or public sector and a minimum of 5 yrs. experience in high level management with a documented record of management.

1 86 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(f) Bachelor’s degree in accounting. (g) Four-year degree with a concentration in accounting. (h) Five preceding elections. (i) Qualified by education and experience for the office. (j) Bachelor’s degree (k) Master’s degree in accounting or business administration. (l) Accounting or related college degree. (m) College education with a major in business or public administration. (n) Bachelor’s degree with a major in accounting and a master’s degree in accounting, business administration or public administration, both of which must be from an accredited college or university that is a member of one of the six regional accreditation associations in the United States.

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

TABLE 4 .3 2 State Comptrollers: Duties, Responsibilities and Functions State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Disbursements « « « … « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « … « « «

Payroll « « « « « « « … « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « … « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « … « … « « «

Tax reporting « « « « « « « … « … … … « « « « … … « « « « … … « … « « « « « « … « « « « « … … « … « … … … … « … …

Pre-audit « … … … « « « « « … « « « « « « « … « « « … … « « … « … « … « « … … « « … « « « « « « … … « … « « …

Post-audit … … « … « … « « « … « … « … « … … … « « « … … « « … « … « … « « … … « « … « « … … « « « … « … « « …

Operating the financial management system « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « « « … … « «

Financial reporting « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « «

Debt management … … « … … … … … « … … … … … … … « … … … « … « … « … « … … … … « … … « … … … … … … … … « … … … … … …

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 7

AUD ITO RS A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S

TABLE 4 .3 2 State Comptrollers: Duties, Responsibilities and Functions (continued) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Investment management … … … … … … … … « … … … … … … … « … … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … … … … … … … … … … « … … … … … … …

Internal control oversight CMIA … CMIA « … … … « … … … … … … … « … … … … … « … … « … … … « « « « … … … … … … … … … « … … … … … « …

Transparency … … « … « « « « … « « … … … … « « … « … « … « « « … « … … … « « « … « … … « … « « … … « « « … … « …

See footnotes at end of table

1 88 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Quality assurance « « « « « « « « « … … « « « … « « « « « « « « « « … « « « … … « « « « « « « « « … « « « … « … … « …

Enterprise resource planning system responsibility … … … … … « … « … … … … « … … … … … « « « … … « … … « … … … « … « … « « « « … « … « … « … « … … « «(ao)

Data warehouse « « « « … « « … « « « … « « … « « « « « … « « … … … « … … … … … « … … « «(ad) … « … … « « … … … … … «(ao)

Other … (a) … … (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) … (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) … (r) … (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) … … (z) (aa) (ab) (ac) (ae) … (af) (ag) (ah) (ai) (aj) (ak) … (al) (am) (an) (ap)

AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S

TABLE 4 .3 2 State Comptrollers: Duties, Responsibilities and Functions (continued) Source: State Comptrollers: Technical Activities and Functions, 2018 edition, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, April 2020. Key: «—Formal provision. …—No formal provision. CMIA—Cash Management Improvement Act of 1990 (a) Enterprise travel office and one-card program. Performs accounting for the Department of Revenue debt manager, but does not actually manage the debt program. (b) Unclaimed property. (c) Financial system operations; central collection services, purchasing and contracts. (d) Also responsible for providing health insurance and other benefits to state employees and retirees; administer State Employee Retirement System and other retirement systems, and pays retiree pensions. (e) Payroll compliance (not processing). (f) State treasury—deposit security and funds management, risk management, and unclaimed property. (g) Payroll shared services, state travel office and a/p shared services. (h) Archives, records management, risk management, land survey, public works, office leasing, central services—repairs, custodial, district offices—school repairs and maintenance, motor pool and parking. (i) Data center. (j) Distributions to local governments. Administers the state’s deferred compensation plan, Hoosier Start. (k) Income offsets, CMIA and SWCAP, 1099 MISC and 1095 reporting. (l) Municipals statewide, audit of agencies - new audit plan, internal control/systems monitoring. Tax reporting includes payroll tax withholding and remittance. (m) State risk pools (fire and auto). (n) Planning and budgeting, and facility planning and control (capital outlay). (o) Risk management/self-insurance. (p) Tax collection, tax compliance, field enforcement and revenue estimates. (q) Risk management. (r) Budget, human resources, cash management and management consulting. (s) State Social Security administrator; general revenue cash flow monitoring/projections. (t) Statewide procurement and contract services, local government audit and financial report review, and Social Security administration. (u) Tax reporting limited to payroll and 1099; financial reporting includes SWCAP and single audit; P-card and federal letter of credit delayed draw administration.

(v) Tax reporting limited to 1099 reporting. (w) Financial reporting includes SWCAP and single audit; financial management system is operated in conjunction with separate Division of Financial Data Management. (x) Grant accounting and cash accounting. (y) Systems functions are shared with the Department of Information Technology. (z) Purchasing card program administration. (aa) Budget, accounting and shared services, internal audit and 1099 reporting. (ab) P-card administration (with state procurement) and state travel office. (ac) Purchase card program administration. Statewide accounts receivable management. (ad) The comptroller maintains reporting hierarchies for the CAFR in the data warehouse. (ae) Employee travel planning and reimbursement, policy/planning, payable service center, contract review and internal audits. (af) P-card administration (with state procurement) and state employee unemployment insurance program. (ag) Bureau of Finance and Management also performs numerous comptroller functions. (ah) Policy development, technical accounting training, CMIA and certain banking relationships. (ai) The comptroller’s office serves virtually every citizen in the state. As Texas’ chief tax collector, accountant, revenue estimator, treasurer and purchasing managed, the agency is responsible for writing the check and keeping the books for the multi-billon dollar business of state government. (aj) Loan servicing, debt collection, debt service, statewide accounting policies, CMIA, P-card administration, 1099 reporting. Shares system responsibilities with the Department of Technology Services. (ak) Developing statewide budget, statewide accounting policies, SWCAP, SMIA, CAFR, single audit, train users in uses of statewide accounting system and 1099 reporting. (al) Developing statewide budget, setting statewide admin. policies and procedures, HR policies/Labor Relations Office, and forecasting statewide population. (am) Statewide accounting policies, SWCAP, Single Audit, and 1099 reporting. (an) State treasury, SEFA report, Local Government Investment Pool, CAFR, Central Federal Draw, CMIA, 1099-Misc reporting, E-Payments. (ao) Quality Assurance in the Office of State Auditor is for training on the state’s uniform accounting system. Also, the data warehouse is for the state’s uniform accounting system, which includes payroll data as well as financial data. (ap) SEFA, TIN matching, 1099 reporting.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 9

CHAPTER FIVE

S TAT E J U D I C I A L BRANCH

JU D I C I A RY

TABLE 5 .1 State Courts of Last Resort State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas

Name of court S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

Justices chosen (a) By At large district « « « «

Chief justice No. of judges (b) 9 5 7 7

Term (in years) (c) 6 10 6 8

California

S.C.

Colorado Connecticut

S.C. S.C.

« «

7 7

10 8

Delaware

S.C.

Florida Georgia

S.C. S.C.

«(d) «

7 9

6 6

Hawaii

S.C.

Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire

S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.J.C. C.A. S.J.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

« «(e) « « «

« « «(h) « «

5 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 7 7 5

6 10 10 8 6 8 10 7 10 To age 70 8 6 8 12 8 6 6 To age 70

Method of selection Partisan election By court By court Non-partisan popular election Gubernatorial appointment with consent of Commission on Judicial Appointments By court Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature By court By court Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the senate By court By court Judicial nominating commission By court By seniority of service By court By seniority of service Appointed by governor with consent of the legislature Appointed by governor Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council By court Non-partisan popular election By seniority of service By court Non-partisan popular election Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission Rotation by seniority Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council

New Jersey

S.C.

7/To age 70 (j)

Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the senate

New Mexico

S.C.

New York

C.A.

North Carolina North Dakota Ohio

« « «

Oregon

S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.

« «

7 5 7 9 7 7

8 10 6 6 6 10

Pennsylvania

S.C.

Life

Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee

S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. C.C.A. S.C.

« «(l) « « « « «

5 5 5 9 9 9 5

10 8 8 6 6 6 10

By court Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the senate Partisan popular election By Supreme and District Court judges Popular election (k) By court By court Seniority Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature Legislative appointment By court By court Partisan election Partisan election Partisan election By court Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature By court By court By court By court By court

Oklahoma

Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico

«(d)

«(e)

« « « « « « « «(g)

«(h)

«(l)

Term of office for chief justice 6 years 3 years 5 years 8 years 12 years 10 years 8 years 12 years 2 years 6 years 10 years 4 years 3 years 5 years 8 years Duration of service 4 years Duration of service 7 years To age 70 To age 70 2 years 6 years Duration of service 2 years 8 years Duration of service (i) To age 70 7 years, plus tenure, to age 70 2 years 14 years 8 years 5 years 6 years 2 years 6 years Duration of service Hold office during good behavior 10 years 4 years 4 years / 2 years (m) 6 years 6 years 6 years 4 years

S.C.

S.C. S.C. S.C.A. S.C. S.C.

« « « « «

7 9 5 7 5

12 6 12 10 8

C.A.

Judicial Nominating Commission appointment

4 years

S.C.

To age 70

Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature

To age 70

6 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 2 years 4 years

See footnotes at end of table

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TABLE 5 .1 State Courts of Last Resort (continued) Sources: National Center for State Courts, July 2020. Key: —Yes. S.C. — Supreme Court S.C.A. — Supreme Court of Appeals S.J.C. — Supreme Judicial Court C.A. — Court of Appeals C.C.A. — Court of Criminal Appeals (a) See Table 5.6, entitled, “Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges,” for more detail. (b) Number includes chief justice. (c) The initial term may be shorter. See Table 5.6, entitled, “Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges,” for more detail. (d) Elected statewide, but each of five regional appellate districts entitled to at least one justice. (e) Three justices chosen from First District (Cook County), rest from other Districts

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(g) Three justices chosen from each of three districts (h) Chief justice chosen statewide; associate judges chosen by district. (i) The senior justice in commission is the chief justice, and in case the commissions of two or more of the justices bear the same date, the justices shall determine by lot who is the chief justice. (j) All judges are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial seven-year term; thereafter, they may serve until mandatory retirement at age 70. (k) Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations. (l) Initially chosen by district; retention determined statewide. (m) Four years for initial term; two years for additional terms.

JU D I C I A RY

Table 5.1 | State Courts of Last Resort Number of Judges 9 JUDGES AL, GA, MS, OK, TX, WA, D.C., PR 7 JUDGES AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, IL, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, VA, WI 5 JUDGES AK, DE, HI, ID, IN, NH, NJ, NM, ND, RI, SC, SD, TN, UT, VT, WV, WY

Term of Office for Judges 6 years • 15 states 7 years • 1 state

8 years • 12 states

Life • 1 state To age 70 • 3 states, 1 territory 15 years • 1 territory 14 years • 1 state 12 years • 5 states

10 years • 12 states

Term of Office for Chief Justices 2 years • 6 states

Other • 4 states

3 years • 2 states

To 70 • 3 states/1 territory Duration of Service 5 states

4 years 8 states/1 territory

14 years • 1 state 12 years • 2 states

5 years • 3 states 6 years • 7 states

10 years • 3 states 8 years • 5 states 7 years • 1 state Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 9 5

JUDICIA RY

TABLE 5 .2 State Intermediate Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts: Number of Judges and Terms State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska

Intermediate appellate court Name of court 2020 No. of judges Court of Criminal Appeals 5 Court of Civil Appeals 5 Court of Appeals 3

Term (years) 6 6 8

Arizona

Court of Appeals

Arkansas California

Court of Appeals Courts of Appeal Court of Appeals

12 99 22

8 12 8

Colorado Connecticut

Appellate Court

Delaware

…

Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois

District Courts of Appeals Court of Appeals Intermediate Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Appellate Court Court of Appeals Tax Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

64 15 6 4 54 15 1 9 14

6 6 10 6 10 10 10 6 4

Kentucky

Court of Appeals

Louisiana

Courts of Appeal

Indiana Iowa Kansas

Maine

…

Court of Special Appeals Appeals Court

15 25

10 To age 70

Michigan

Court of Appeals

Minnesota Mississippi Missouri

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals

19 10 32

6 8 12

…

Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Appellate Division of Superior Court Court of Appeals Appellate Division of Supreme Court Appellate Terms of Supreme Court Court of Appeals Temporary Court of Appeals Courts of Appeals Court of Civil Appeals

6 3 … 33 10 53 11 15 3 69 12

6 6 … 7/To age 70 (i) 8 5 (j) Duration of term 8 1 (m) 6 6

Court of Appeals

Superior Court Commonwealth Court … Court of Appeals …

23 9 … 9 …

10 10 … 6 …

Court of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals

12 12

8 8

Courts of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Courts of Appeal

80 7 … 11 22

6 6 … 8 6

Maryland Massachusetts

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington See footnotes at end of table

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Name of court Circuit Court

General trial court 2020 No. of judges 144

Term (years) 6

Superior Court Superior Court Tax Court Circuit Court Superior Court District Court Denver Juvenile Court Denver Probate Court Superior Court Superior Court Court of Chancery Circuit Court Superior Court Circuit Court District Court Circuit Court Superior Court, Probate Court and Circuit Court District Court District Court Circuit Court Family Court District Court Juvenile & Family Court Superior Court District Court Circuit Court Superior Court Circuit Court Court of Claims District Court Circuit Court Circuit Court District Court Water Court Workers' Compensation Court District Court District Court Superior Court Superior Court District Court Supreme Court County Court Superior Court District Court Court of Common Pleas District Court Circuit Court Tax Court

42 180 1 121 1,680 177 (b) 3 1 163 21 5 599 213 30 45 934 (c)

6 4 4 (a) 6 6 6 6 6 8 12 12 6 4 10 4 6

317

337 (d) 245 (e) 95 52 218 18 17 36 162 77 214 4 290 57 346 (f) 46 (h) 5 1 55 82 22 386 94 269 122 104 (k) 51 449 241 (n) 172 1

6 4 8 8 6 6 7 7 15 To age 70 6 6 6 4 6 (g) 6 4 6 6 6 To age 70 7/To age 70 (i) 6 14 10 8 (l) 6 6 4 (o) 6 6

Court of Common Pleas

449 (p)

Superior Court Circuit Court Circuit Court Chancery Court Circuit Court Criminal Court Probate Court District Court District Court Superior Court Circuit Court Superior Court

25 (q) 58 43 83 35 33 2 465 72 34 157 192

Life 6 8 8 8 8 8 4 6 6 8 4

JU D I C I A RY

TABLE 5 .2 State Intermediate Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts: Number of Judges and Terms (continued) State or other jurisdiction West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico

Name of court … Court of Appeals … … Court of Appeals

Intermediate appellate court 2020 No. of judges … 16 … … 39

Source: National Center for State Courts, July 2020. Key: …— Court does not exist in jurisdiction or not applicable. (a) Unless rotated to a different court by the presiding judge. (b) Judges also serve Water Court. (c) 514 circuit court judges and 378 associate judges. (d) 146 of these are part-time judicial magistrates. (e) Includes both district judges and district magistrate judges (f) The number of Circuit Court judges includes associate judges. (g) Associate circuit judges serve a term of four years. (h) Three of those judges serve the Water Court. (i) Followed by tenure. All judges are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial sevenyear term; thereafter, they may serve until mandatory retirement at age 70.

Term (years) … 6 … … 16

Name of court Circuit Court Circuit Court District Court Superior Court Court of First Instance

General trial court 2020 No. of judges 70 249 23 62 338 (r)

Term (years) 8 6 6 15 12 (s)

(j) Or duration. (k) The number of Superior Court judges includes special judges. (l) Special judges serve a term of four years. (m) Assignments are for a specified time, not to exceed one year or the completion of one or more cases on the docket of the supreme court. (n) The number of district court judges includes associate judges and special judges. (o) District and associate judges serve four year terms; special judges serve at pleasure. (p) Includes both active and senior judges. (q) The number of judges includes magistrates. (r) The number of Court of First Instance judges includes Municipal Division judges. (s) Municipal judges serve a term of eight years.

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TABLE 5 .3 Qualifications of Judges of State Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts Residency requirement State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida

State

Local

Georgia

3 yrs.

…

Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa

« 2 yrs. « « «

« 1 yr. « 1 yr. «

… … « … …

Kansas

…

5 yrs.

…

Kentucky

2 yrs.

…

Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts

1 yrs. … 5 yrs. …

1 yrs. … 6 mos. …

… … 30 …

Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada

T 1 yr. 5 yrs. 5 yrs. … … « « « «

A … … (b) « … … … … «(f)

Minimum age A T … 18 … … 30 30 … … … … … … … … … … … …

T 1 yr. … 1 yr. … … « … « «(g) must reside within court circuit … … « « «

Michigan

A 1 yr. 5 yrs. 5/10 yrs. (a) … « « « « «

Legal Credentials A T 10 years state bar 5 years state bar 8 years practice 5 years practice (c) (d) 8 years practice 6 years licensed in state 10 years state bar 10 years state bar 5 years state bar 5 years state bar Licensed attorney Member of the bar "Learned in law" "Learned in law" 10 years state bar 5 years state bar

…

7 years state bar

… 30 … … …

30 … … … …

10 years state bar 10 years state bar Law degree Licensed attorney Admitted to state bar

…

30 days 5 yrs. 9 yrs. (k) 2 yrs. 3 yrs.

30 days 5 yrs. 3 yrs. (k) 2 yrs. «

… «(j) … … «

30 days … 1 yr. (k) … «

… 30 30 … 30

… 26 30 … 30

10 years state bar 10 years state bar Licensed attorney 10 years state bar (h) Licensed attorney 10 years active and continuous practice (i) 8 years state bar and licensed attorney 10 years state bar "Learned in law" State bar member … State bar member and 5 years practice Licensed attorney 5 years state bar State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years practice

2 yrs.

…

State bar member (l)

New Hampshire

…

New Jersey

(m)

…

(m)

…

3 yrs. « … « « « 3 yrs. 1 yr. … 5 yrs. « 5 yrs. « 5 yrs. … … 1 yr. 5 yrs. 28 days 3 yrs. N.A. 5 yrs.

3 yrs. « « « « (o) 3 yrs. « … 5 yrs. « 5 yrs. … 3 yrs. … « 1 yr. « 28 days 2 yrs. N.A. …

… … … … … 1 yr. … … … … « «(r) … … … … 1 yr. … 28 days … 90 days …

« … (n) « « « 1 yr. 1 yr. … (q) « 1 yr. 2 yrs. « … « 1 yr. « 28 days … 90 days …

35 … … … … 30 … … 21 32 … 35/30 (s) 35 30 … … … 30 … 30 … …

35 18 … … … … … 21 … 32 … 30 25 25 … … … 30 18 28 … …

10 years practice Admitted to practice in state for at least 10 years 10 years practice 10 years state bar State bar member License to practice law 6 years practice 5 years state bar State bar member State bar member License to practice law 8 years state bar State bar member License to practice law (t) State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years state bar State bar member 10 years state bar 5 years state bar 9 years practice 5 years practice 10 years practice

New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico

See footnotes at end of table

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5 years state bar 8 years state bar 8 years state bar 1 year state bar State bar member State bar member State bar member Licensed attorney 5 years practice State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years practice 2 years state bar member and 10 years practice State bar member 10 years practice of law 6 years active practice 10 years state bar State bar member State bar member 6 years practice (p) State bar member State bar member State bar member 8 years state bar State bar member License to practice law (u) State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years state bar State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years state bar Law degree 5 years state bar (v) 7 years state bar

JU D I C I A RY

TABLE 5 .3 Qualifications of Judges of State Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts (continued) Source: National Center for State Courts, July 2020. Key: A — Judges of courts of last resort and intermediate appellate courts. T — Judges of general trial courts. « — Provision; length of time not specified. . . . — No specific provision. N.A.— Not applicable (a) For court of appeals, five years. (b) No local residency requirement stated for Supreme Court. Local residency of 3 years required for Court of Appeals. (c) Supreme Court- 10 years state bar, Court of Appeals—five years state bar. (d) Admitted to the practice of law in Arizona for five years. (e) Court of Appeals minimum age is 30. (f) The candidate must be a resident of the district at the time of the original appointment. (g) Circuit court judge must reside within the territorial jurisdiction of the court. (h) In the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals, five years service as a general jurisdiction judge may be substituted. (i) Relevant legal experience, such as being a member of a law faculty or sitting as a judge, may qualify under the 10 year requirement. (j) Must reside within the district. (k) At the appellate level must have been a state voter for nine years. At the general trial court level must have been a state voter for three years and resident of the circuit for one year. (l) Minimum of two years state bar member and at least 15 years of legal practice.

(m) Restricted Superior court judgeships require residence within the particular county of assignment at time of appointment and reappointment. (n) Resident judges of the Superior Court are required to have local residency, but special judges are not. (o) District and associate judges must be state residents for six months if elected, and associate judges must be county residents. (p) District Court: judges must be a state bar member for four years or a judge of court record. Associate judges must be a state bar member for two years or a judge of a court of record. (q) Circuit judges must be county electors and residents of the circuit. (r) Supreme Court: One justice from each of three divisions and two seats at large; no more than two may be from any grand division. Court of Appeals and Court of Criminal Appeals: Must reside in the grand division served. (s) 35 for Supreme Court, 30 for Court of Appeals & Court of Criminal Appeals (t) Ten years practicing law or a lawyer and judge of a court of record at least 10 years. (u) District Court: judges must have been a practicing lawyer or a judge of a court in this state, or both combined, for four years. (v) Superior Court: Judge must also be an active member of the unified District of Columbia bar and have been engaged, during the five years immediately preceding the judicial nomination, in the active practice of law as an attorney in the District, been on the faculty of a law school in the District, or been employed by either the by the United States or District of Columbia government.

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TABLE 5 .4 Compensation of Judges of Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Court of last resort Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Judicial Court Court of Appeals Supreme Judicial Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court

Appellate courts Chief Justice Associate Justice salaries salaries $181,127 $172,716 205,776 205,176 164,836 159,685 183,600 174,925 256,059 253,189 181,219 182,671 200,599 185,610 204,148 196,245 178,420 220,600 175,600 175,600 231,468 227,664 149,700 151,400 229,345 234,391 173,599 177,244 183,001 174,808 142,793 142,089 140,508 138,890 177,703 170,325 154,981 138,070 195,433 181,433 199,989 200,984 164,610 164,610 190,699 177,697 159,000 152,250 181,677 176,157 145,621 144,061 173,694 176,299 170,000 170,000 167,271 175,837 192,795 201,842 133,174 139,819 222,500 230,200 150,086 149,115 161,517 157,009 174,700 172,200 155,820 154,174 150,572 154,040 213,748 211,027 193,458 183,872 156,234 148,794 137,270 136,893 190,128 188,952 170,500 168,000 180,500 182,950 166,130 163,757 210,017 197,827 189,374 190,415 136,000 136,000 147,403 159,297 165,000 165,000

Source: National Center for State Courts, January 6, 2019. Note: Compensation is shown rounded to the nearest thousand, and is reported according to most recent legislation, even though laws may not yet have taken effect. There are other non-salary forms of judicial compensation that can be a significant part of a judge’s compensation package. It should be noted that many of these can be

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Intermediate appellate court Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Appellate Court … District Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Intermediate Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Special Appeals Appellate Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Appellate division of Court of Appeals Appellate divisions of Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Superior Court … Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals …

Judges salaries $184,244 193,836 154,534 169,672 237,365 175,434 174,323 … 169,554 174,500 210,780 141,400 220,605 172,296 158,420 137,502 133,299 159,347 … 168,633 190,087 160,695 167,438 144,827 161,038 … 167,484 165,000 … 191,534 132,838 219,200 142,947 … 160,500 146,059 150,980 199,114 145,074 … 182,664 158,500 174,600 … 181,610 181,263 … 150,280 …

General trial courts Circuit courts Superior courts Superior courts Chancery courts Superior court District courts Superior courts Superior courts Circuit courts Superior courts Circuit courts District courts Circuit courts Circuit courts District courts District courts Circuit courts District courts Superior courts Circuit courts Superior courts Circuit courts District courts Chancery courts Circuit courts District courts District courts District courts Superior courts Superior courts District courts Supreme courts Superior courts District courts Courts of common pleas District courts Circuit courts Courts of common pleas Superior courts Circuit courts Circuit courts Chancery courts District courts District courts Superior/District/Family Circuit courts Superior courts Circuit courts Circuit courts District courts

Salary $138,991 189,720 149,383 168,096 207,424 168,202 167,634 184,444 160,688 173,714 205,080 135,400 202,433 147,164 147,494 125,499 127,733 153,143 129,397 159,433 184,694 146,721 157,179 136,000 151,840 132,558 163,077 160,000 164,911 181,000 126,187 208,000 135,236 143,869 147,600 139,298 142,136 183,184 165,545 141,354 127,862 176,364 149,000 166,300 155,677 171,120 172,571 126,000 141,773 150,000

important to judges or attorneys who might be interested in becoming judges or justices. These include retirement, disability, and death benefits, expense accounts, vacation, holiday, and sick leave and various forms of insurance coverage.

JU D I C I A RY

TABLE 5 .5 Selected Data on Court Administrative Offices State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Title Administrative Director of Courts Administrative Director Administrative Director of Courts Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts State Court Administrator Chief Court Administrator (d) Director, Administrative Office of the Courts State Courts Administrator Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Executive Director, Division of State Court Administration Court Administrator Judicial Administrator Administrative Director of the Courts Judicial Administrator Court Administrator State Court Administrator Chief Justice for Administration & Management State Court Administrator State Court Administrator Court Administrator State Courts Administrator State Court Administrator State Court Administrator Director, Office of Court Administration Director of the Administrative Office of the Court Administrative Director of the Courts Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Chief Administrator of the Courts Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Court Administrator Administrative Director of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Court Administrator Court Administrator State Court Administrator Director of Court Administration State Court Administrator Director Administrative Director of the Courts Court Administrator Court Administrator Executive Secretary to the Supreme Court Administrator for the Courts Administrative Director of the Supreme Court of Appeals Director of State Courts Court Coordinator Executive Officer, Courts of D.C. Administrator/Comptroller Administrative Director of Superior Court Director of Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Court/Administrative Clerk

Established 1971 1959 1960 1965 1960 1959 1965 1971 1972 1973 1959 1967 1959 1975 1971 1965 1976 1954 1975 1955 1978 1952 1963 1974 1970 1975 1972 1971 1980 1948 1959 1978 1965 1971 1955 1967 1971 1968 1969 1973 1974 1963 1977 1973 1967 1952 1957 1975 1978 1974 1971 N.A N.A. N.A. 1952 N.A.

Appointed by (a) CJ CJ (b) SC CJ (c) JC SC CJ CJ SC JC CJ (b) SC SC CJ SC CJ CJ SC CJ CJ SC SC SC SC SC SC CJ SC SC CJ SC CJ CJ CJ SC SC SC SC CJ CJ SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC (d) N.A. CJ N.A. CJ N.A.

Salary $126,408 203,176 158,250 120,543 288,888 174,226 192,763 137,612 137,000 147,084 151,776 137,700 215,856 144,279 154,000 123,038 127,122 158,147 125,632 166,633 189,378 166,171 188,066 107,000 126,966 112,694 146,029 131,347 111,560 175,534 131,165 210,500 143,878 141,552 146,494 138,235 138,468 195,978 150,797 136,591 115,515 178,908 171,216 162,250 150,738 196,370 152,736 135,000 139,059 125,000 208,000 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

See footnotes at end of table

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JUDICIA RY

TABLE 5 .5 Selected Data on Court Administrative Offices (continued) Source: National Center for State Courts, January 6, 2019. Note: Compensation shown is rounded to the nearest thousand, and is reported according to most recent legislation, even though laws may not yet have taken effect. Other information from State Court Administrator web sites. *Commonweatlh of Northern Mariana Islands Key: SC—State court of last resort. CJ—Chief justice or chief judge of court of last resort.

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JC—Judicial council. N.A.—Not available. (a) Term of office for all court administrators is at pleasure of appointing authority. (b) With approval of Supreme Court. (c) With approval of Judicial Council. (d) Joint Committee on Judicial Administration.

STATE CO U RTS

TABLE 5 .6 Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota

Name of court Supreme Court Court of Civil Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Courts of Appeal Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Appellate Court Supreme Court Supreme Court District Courts of Appeal Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Intermediate Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Appellate Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Tax Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Courts of Appeal Supreme Judicial Court Court of Appeals Court of Special Appeals Supreme Judicial Court Appeals Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Superior Court, Appellate Div. Supreme Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Temporary Court of Appeals

Type of court SC IA IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA

Method of selection Unexpired term Full term GU PE GU PE GU PE GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GU NP GU NP GU GU GU GU GN GN GN GN GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL GN GN GN GN GN NP GN NP GNL GNL GNL GNL GN NP GN NP CS PE SC PE GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GL GL GN NP GN NP CS (c) PE (d) SC (c) PE (d) GL GL GNL GNL GNL GNL (e) GNE (f) (e) GNE (f) GU PE (h) GU PE (h) GU NP GU NP GU NP GU NP GN GN GN GN GNL NP GN GN GN GN GN NP GN NP GE GE GL GL GL GL (l) GN PE GN PE GNL GNL GN GN GU PE GU PE GN (n) NP (o) SC (p)

Method of retention PE PE PE RE (a) RE (a) RE RE NP NP RE RE RE RE GNL GNL GNL RE RE NP NP JN JN NP NP RE RE RE RE RE RE RE RE RE NP NP PE (d) PE (d) GL RE RE (g) (g) PE (h) PE (h) NP NP NP NP RE RE NP (i) RE RE NP NP (k) GL GL (l) RE RE GNL GN PE PE NP (o)

Geographic basis for selection SW SW SW SW SW SW DS SW DS SW DS SW SW SW SW SW DS and SW (b) DS SW SW SW SW SW SW DS DS SW DS SW SW SW SW SW DS DS DS DS SW DS DS SW SW SW DS SW SW DS DS SW DS SW SW and DS (j) DS SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW (m) SW SW SW SW

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 0 3

STATE COURTS

TABLE 5 .6 Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges (continued) State or other jurisdiction Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico

Name of court Supreme Court Courts of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Civil Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Superior Court Commonwealth Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals Supreme Court Court of Criminal Appeals Courts of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Courts of Appeals Supreme Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals

Type of court SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC IA IA SC SC IA SC SC SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC SC SC IA

See footnotes at end of table

2 04â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Method of selection Unexpired term Full term GU PE (q) GU PE (q) GN GN GN GN GN GN GU NP GU NP GL PE GL PE GL PE GN GN LA LA LA LA GN GN GL GL GL GL GL GL GU PE GU PE GU PE GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL GU (t) LA GU (t) LA GU NP GU NP GU (u) NP GU NP GU NP GN GN (v) (t) GL GL GL GL

Method of retention PE (q) PE (q) RE RE RE NP NP RE RE RE (r) LA LA RE RE RE RE PE PE PE RE RE LA LA LA NP NP NP NP NP RE (t) (x) GL

Geographic basis for selection SW DS DS DS DS SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW DS and SW (s) SW SW SW SW SW DS SW SW SW SW SW SW DS SW SW DS SW SW (w) SW SW

STATE CO U RTS

TABLE 5 .6 Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges (continued) Source: National Center for State Courts, July 2020. Key: SC — Court of last resort IA — Intermediate appellate court N/S — Not stated N.A.— Not applicable AP — At pleasure CS — Court selection DS — District DU — Duration of service GE — Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council GL — Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature GN — Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission GNE — Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with approval of elected executive council GNL — Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature GU — Gubernatorial appointment ID — Indefinite JN — Judicial nominating commission appoints LA — Legislative appointment NP — Non-partisan election PE — Partisan election RE — Retention election SC — Court of last resort appoints SCJ — Chief justice/judge of the court of last resort appoints SN — Seniority SW — Statewide (a) A judge must run for a retention election at the next election, immediately following the third year from the time of initial appointment. (b) Five justices are selected by region (based on the District Courts of Appeal) and two justices are selected statewide. (c) The person selected by the Supreme Court is prohibited from running for that judgeship; an election is held within one year to serve the remainder of the term. (d) Louisiana uses a blanket primary, in which all candidates appear with party labels on the primary ballot. The two top vote getters compete in the general election. (e) There are no expired judicial terms. A judicial term expires upon the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of an incumbent. (f) The Executive (Governor’s) Council is made up of nine people elected by geographical area and presided over by the Lieutenant Governor.

(g) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70. (h) Candidates may be nominated by political parties and are elected on a nonpartisan ballot. (i) If the justice/judge is unopposed, a retention election is held. (j) Chief Justices are selected statewide while Associate Justices are selected by district. (k) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70. (l) All Superior Court judges, including Appellate Division judges, are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial seven-year term. Among all the judges, the Chief Justice designates the judges of the Appellate Division. (m) The Presiding Judge of each Appellate Division must be a resident of the department. (n) The Governor may appoint from a list of names or call a special election at his discretion. (o) The supreme court may provide for the assignment of active or retired district court judges, retired justices of the supreme court, and lawyers, to serve on three-judge panels. (p) There is neither a retention process nor unexpired terms. Assignments are for a specified time, not to exceed one year or the completion of one or more cases on the docket of the supreme court. (q) Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations. (r) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior for a life tenure. (s) Initial selection is by district, but retention selection is statewide. (t) Gubernatorial appointment is for interim appointments. (u) Appointment is effective only until the next election year; the appointee may run for election to any remaining portion of the unexpired term. (v) Initial appointment is made by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. Six months prior to the expiration of the term of office, the judge’s performance is reviewed by the tenure commission. Those found “well qualified” are automatically reappointed. If a judge is found to be “qualified”the President may nominate the judge for an additional term (subject to Senate confirmation). If the President does not wish to reappoint the judge, the District of Columbia Nomination Commission compiles a new list of candidates. (w) The geographic basis of selection is the District of Columbia. (x) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 0 5

STATE COURTS

TABLE 5 .7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges State or other jurisdiction Alabama

Alaska Arizona Arkansas California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii Idaho Illinois

Indiana

Iowa Kansas Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine Maryland

Name of court Circuit District Municipal Probate Superior District Magistrate’s Division Superior Justice of the Peace Municipal Circuit District City Superior District Denver Probate Denver Juvenile Water County Municipal Superior Probate Superior Chancery Justice of the Peace Family Common Pleas Alderman’s Circuit County Superior Juvenile Civil State Probate Magistrate Municipal/of Columbus County Recorder’s Municipal/City of Atlanta Circuit District District Magistrate’s Division Circuit Associate Division Superior Circuit Probate County City Town Small Claims/Marion County District District Municipal Circuit District District Juvenile & Family Justice of the Peace Mayor’s City & Parish Superior District Probate Circuit District Orphan’s

Type of court GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ N.A. GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ GJ GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ GJ N.A. GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ LJ GJ LJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ

See footnotes at end of table

2 06 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Method of selection Unexpired term Full term GU (a) PE GU (a) PE MU MU GU PE GN GN GN GN PJ PJ GN (e) GN or NP (f) CO PE CC (g) CC (g) GU (h) NP GU NP LD LD GU NP GN GN GN GN GN GN SC (j) SC (j) GN GN (k) MU MU GNL GNL PE PE GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL (l) GNL (l) GNL GNL GNL GNL LD CC GN NP GN NP GN NP CS (m) CS (m) GU PE GU NP GU PE (n) LD LD (o) MA Elected LD LD MU MU GNL GNL SCJ (p) SCJ (p) GN NP JN (q) JN (q) SC PE SC PE GU PE (s) GU PE (t) GU PE GU PE GU PE GU PE GU PE GN (u) GN (u) GN and PE (v) GN and PE (v) MU MU GN NP GN NP SC (w) PE SC (w) PE SC (w) PE (x) MA LD SC (w) PE GL GL GL GL GU PE GNL GNL GNL GNL GU PE (z)

Method of retention PE PE RA PE RE (b) RE (d) PJ NP or RE (f) PE CC (g) NP NP LD NP (i) RE RE RE RE RE RA GNL PE GNL GNL GU GNL GNL LD NP NP NP CS (m) PE NP PE (n) LD (o) Elected LD LD JN JN NP RE RE RE PE (s) PE (t) PE PE PE PE PE RE (u) RE and PE (v) MU NP NP PE PE PE LD PE GL GL PE NP RA PE (z)

Geographic basis for selection Circuit County Municipality County State (c) District District County Precinct Municipality Circuit District City County District District District District County Municipality State District State State County County County Town Circuit County Circuit County/Circuit County County County County Municipality County Municipality State Circuit District County Circuit/County (r) Circuit/County (r) County County County County Municipality Municipality Township District District City Circuit District District District Ward City Ward State State and District (y) County County District County

STATE CO U RTS

TABLE 5 .7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Massachusetts

Michigan Minnesota Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Name of court Superior District Probate & Family Juvenile Housing Boston Municipal Land Circuit Claims District Probate Municipal District Circuit Chancery County Municipal Justice Circuit Municipal District Workers’ Compensation Water Justice of the Peace Municipal City District Separate Juvenile County Workers’ Compensation District Justice Municipal Superior District Probate Superior Tax Municipal District Magistrate Metropolitan/Bernalillo County Municipal Probate Supreme County Claims Surrogates’ Family District City NYC Civil NYC Criminal Town & Village Justice Superior District District Municipal Common Pleas Municipal County Claims Mayor’s District Municipal Not of Record Municipal of Record Workers’ Compensation Tax Review

Type of court GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ

Method of selection Unexpired term Full term (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) GU NP GU NP GU NP GU NP LD NP GN NP GU NP GU NP GU NP LD LD LD PE GU and GN (dd) PE and GN (ee) LD LD GN NP GN GN SCJ (hh) SCJ (hh) CO NP MU NP CC NP GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN NP CO NP CC NP GE GE GE GE GE GE GL GL GL GL MA or MU (kk) MA or MU (kk) GN PE GU PE GN PE MU PE CO PE GL PE GL PE GNL GNL GNL PE GNL and MU (ll) PE and MU (ll) (mm) PE Elected Elected MA (nn) PE MA MA LD LD GU PE GU PE GN NP MA NP GU PE (oo) GU PE (oo) GU PE (oo) SCJ SCJ Elected PE GN (pp) NP (pp) MM MM MU MU GN GN SCJ SCJ

Method of retention (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP LD PE PE and RE (ff) LD NP RA SCJ (ii) NP NP NP RE RE RE RE NP NP NP (jj) (jj) (jj) GL GL MU RE PE RE PE PE PE PE GU PE PE and MU (ll) PE LD PE MA LD PE PE NP NP PE (oo) PE (oo) PE (oo) SCJ PE NP (pp) MM MU GN SCJ

Geographic basis for selection State State State State State State State Circuit Circuit District District and Circuit City District District District County Municipality District in County Circuit/County (gg) City District State State County City City District District District District District Township City State District County County State Municipality District County County City County District County State County County and NYC District City City City Town or Village District District District City County County/City County N.A. City/Village District Municipality Municipality State District

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 0 7

STATE COURTS

TABLE 5 .7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah Vermont Virginia Washington

West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico

Name of court Circuit Tax County Justice Municipal Common Pleas Philadelphia Municipal Magisterial District Judges Philadelphia Traffic Superior Workers’ Compensation District Family Probate Municipal Traffic Tribunal Circuit Family Magistrate Probate Municipal Circuit Magistrate Circuit Chancery Criminal Probate Juvenile Municipal General Sessions District Constitutional County Probate County at Law Justice of the Peace Municipal District Justice Juvenile Superior (zz) Judicial Bureau Circuit District Superior District Municipal Circuit Magistrate Municipal Family Circuit Municipal District Circuit Municipal Superior First Instance

Type of court GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ GJ

See footnotes at end of table

2 08 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Method of selection Unexpired term Full term GU NP GU NP CO NP GU NP CC CC/Elected GL PE GL PE GL PE GL PE GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN CC CC or MA CC CC or MA GN GN LA and GN (ss)(tt) LA and GN (tt) LA LA GL GL GU PE CC CC GN NP PJS PJS GU PE (uu) GU PE (uu) GU PE (uu) (vv) PE (uu) (vv) PE (uu) LD LD (uu) MU PE (uu) GL PE CO PE CO PE CO PE CO PE CC LD (ww) GNL MM (xx) MM (xx) (ww) GNL GNL GNL PJ PJ GU LA CS (aaa) LA GU NP CO NP CC MA/CC GU NP PJ NP LD LD GU NP GU NP MU (ccc) NP GN GN GN GN MA MA (ddd) (ddd) GL GL

Method of retention NP NP NP NP CC/Elected RE RE PE RE (rr) (rr) (rr) (rr) RA CC or MA (rr) LA and GL (tt) LA GL PE CC NP PJS PE PE PE PE PE LD PE PE PE PE PE PE LD RE RE and RA (yy) RE LA AP LA LA NP NP MA/CC (bbb) NP NP LD NP NP NP RE RE LD (ddd) GL

Geographic basis for selection District State County County (qq) District City/County District City/County State State State State Town Town State Circuit and State (tt) Circuit County County District Circuit Circuit District District District District County Municipality County District County County County Precinct Municipality District County/Municipality District State State Circuit District County District Municipality Circuit County Municipality Circuit District Municipality District Circuit Municipality State (eee) State

STATE CO U RTS

TABLE 5 .7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges (continued) Sources: S. Strickland, R. Schauffler, R. LaFountain & K. Holt, eds. State Court Organization. Last updated 30 June 2017. National Center for State Courts. www.ncsc.org/sco. Table provided June 2020. Key: GJ—General jurisdiction court LJ—Limited jurisdiction court N/S—Not stated N.A. —Not applicable AP—At pleasure CA—Court administrator appointment CC—City or town council/commission appointment CO—County board/commission appointment CS—Court selection DU—Duration of service GE—Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council GL—Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature GN—Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission GNE—Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with approval of elected executive council GNL—Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature GU—Gubernatorial appointment JN—Judicial nominating commission appoints LA—Legislative appointment LD—Locally determined MA—Mayoral appointment MC—Mayoral appointment with consent of city council MM—Mayoral appointment with consent of governing municipal body MU—Governing municipal body appointment NP—Non-partisan election PE—Partisan election PJ—Presiding judge of the general jurisdiction court appoints PJS—Presiding judge of the general jurisdiction court appoints with approval of the court of last resort RA—Reappointment RE—Retention election SC—Court of last resort appoints SCJ—Chief justice/judge of the court of last resort appoints (a) The counties of Baldwin, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Madison, Mobile, Shelby, Talladega, and Tuscaloosa use gubernatorial appointment from the recommendations of the Judicial Nominating Commission. (b) A judge must run for retention at the next election immediately following the third year from the time of the initial appointment. (c) Judges are selected on a statewide basis, but run for retention on a district-wide basis. (d) Judges must run for retention at the first general election held more than one year after appointment. (e) Maricopa, Pima and Pinal counties use the gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission process.

The method for submitting names for the other counties varies. (f) Maricopa, Pima and Pinal counties use the gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission process. The other counties hold non-partisan elections. (g) Municipal court judges are usually appointed by the city or town council except in Yuma, where judges are elected. (h) The office can be held until December 31 following the next general election and then the judge must run in a non-partisan election for the remainder of the term. (i) If unopposed for reelection, incumbent’s name does not appear on the ballot unless a petition was filed not less than 83 days before the election date indicating that a write-in campaign will be conducted for the office. An unopposed incumbent is not declared elected until the election date. This is for the general election; different timing may apply for the primary election (see Elec. Code §8203). (j) Judges are chosen by the Supreme Court from among district court judges. (k) The mayor appoints Denver County Court judges. (l) The Magistrate Screening Commission recommends candidates. (m) Juvenile court judges are appointed by superior court judges in all but one county, in which juvenile judges are elected. Associate judges (formerly referees) must be a member of the state bar or law school graduates. They serve at the pleasure of the judge(s). (n) Probate judges are selected in non-partisan elections in 66 of 159 counties. (o) Magistrate judges are selected in nonpartisan elections in 41 of 159 counties. (p) Selection occurs by means of chief justice appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission with consent of the Senate. (q) The Magistrate Commission consists of the administrative judge, three mayors and two electors appointed by the governor, and two attorneys (nominated by the district bar and appointed by the state bar). There is one commission in each district. (r) There exists a unit less than county in Cook County. (s) Non-partisan elections are used in the Superior Courts in Allen and Vanderburgh counties. Nominating commissions are used in St. Joseph County and in some courts in Lake County. In those courts that use the nominating commission process for selection; retention elections are used as the method of retention. (t) Non-partisan elections are used in the circuit courts in Vanderburgh County. (u) This applies to district judges only. Associate judges are selected by the district judges and retention is by a retention election. Magistrates are selected and retained by appointment from the County Judicial Magistrate Nominating Commission. The County Judicial Magistrate Nominating Commission consists of three members appointed by the county board and two elected by the county bar, presided over by a District Court judge. (v) Seventeen districts use gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission for selection and retention elections for retention. Fourteen districts use partisan elections for selection and retention. (w) Depending on the amount of time remaining, selection may be by election following a Supreme Court appointment. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 0 9

STATE COURTS

TABLE 5 .7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges (continued) (x) Louisiana uses a blanket primary in which all candidates appear with party labels on the primary ballot. The top two vote getters compete in the general election. (y) At least one judge who is a resident of the county in which the district lies must be appointed from each of the 13 districts. (z) Two exceptions are Hartford and Montgomery counties where Circuit Court judges are assigned. (aa) There are no expired judicial terms. A judicial term expires upon the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of an incumbent. (bb) The Executive (Governor’s) Council is made up of eight people elected by geographical area and presided over by the lieutenant governor. (cc) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70. (dd) Gubernatorial appointment occurs in partisan circuits; gubernatorial appointment from Judicial Nominating Commission takes place in non-partisan circuits. (ee) Partisan elections occur in some circuits; gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission with a non-partisan election takes place in others. (ff) Partisan elections take place in some circuits; retention elections occur in other circuits. (gg) Associate circuit judges are selected on a county basis. (hh) Selection occurs through Chief Justice appointment from Judicial Nominating Commission. (ii) Other judges are designated by the District Court judges. (jj) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70. (kk) In multi-municipality, joint, or countywide municipal courts, selection is by gubernatorial appointment with consent of the senate. (ll) Mayoral appointment occurs in New York City. (mm) The appointment is made by the County Chief Executive Officer with confirmation by District Board of Supervisors. (nn) Housing judges are appointed by the Chief Administrator of the courts. (oo) Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations. (pp) This applies to district and associate judges; special judges are selected by the district judges. (qq) The geographic basis for selection is the municipality for those judges that are elected. Judges that are either appointed or are under contract may be from other cities.

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(rr) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior for a life tenure. (ss) The governor may appoint a candidate if the unexpired term is less than one year. (tt) In addition to Circuit Court judges, the Circuit Court has mastersin-equity whose jurisdiction is in matters referred to them in the Circuit Court. Masters-in-equity are selected by gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, retained by gubernatorial appointment with the consent of the senate, and the geographic basis for selection is the state. (uu) Each county legislative body has the discretion to require elections to be non-partisan. (vv) The selection method used to fill an unexpired term is established by a special legislative act. (ww) There are no expired terms; each new judge begins a new term. (xx) Appointment is by the local government executive with confirmation by the local government legislative body (may be either county or municipal government). (yy) County judges are retained by retention election; municipal judges are reappointed by the city executive. (zz) Effective 2011, the Family, District, Evironmental and Probate Courts were combined into the Superior Court. (aaa) Circuit Court judges appoint. (bbb) Full-time municipal judges must stand for non-partisan election. (ccc) A permanent vacancy in the office of municipal judge may be filled by temporary appointment of the municipal governing body or jointly by the governing bodies of all municipalities served by the judge. (ddd) The Judicial Nomination Commission nominates for Presidential appointment and Senate confirmation. Not less than six months prior to the expiration of the term of office, the judge’s performance is reviewed by the Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure. A judge found “well qualified” is automatically reappointed for a new term of 15 years; a judge found “qualified” may be renominated by the President (and subject to Senate confirmation). A judge found “unqualified” is ineligible for reappointment or if the President does not wish to reappoint a judge, the Nomination Commission compiles a new list of candidates. (eee) The geographic basis for selection is the District of Columbia.

STATE CO U RTS

TABLE 5 .8 Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies State or other jurisdiction

Investigating body

Adjudicating body

Appeals from adjudication are filed with:

Final disciplining body

Judicial Inquiry Committee

Court of the Judiciary

Court of Last Resort

Court of the Judiciary

Filing of the complaint with the Court of the Judiciary

Alaska

Committee on Judicial Conduct

Supreme Court

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Filing of recommendation with Supreme Court

Arizona

Commission on Judicial Conduct

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Within 15 days of formal charges being brought, unless a motion for reconsideration is filed

Arkansas

Judicial Discipline and Disability Committees

Commission

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

At disposition of case

California

Commission on Judicial Performance

Court of Last Resort

Commission on Judicial Performance

Upon commission determination (a)

Colorado

Commission on Judicial Discipline

No appeal

Supreme Court

Adjudication

Judicial Review Council

Judicial Review Council; Supreme Court (b)

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Public censure is issued at between 10 and 30 days after notice to the judge, provided that if the judge appeals there is an automatic stay of disclosure

Preliminary Committee of the Court on the Judiciary

Court on the Judiciary

No appeal

Court on the Judiciary

Upon issuance of opinion and imposition of sanction

Florida

Judicial Qualifications Commission

Judicial Qualifications Commission (c)

No appeal

Supreme Court

Filing of formal charges by Committee with Supreme Court Clerk

Georgia

Judicial Qualifications Commission

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Formal Hearing

Hawaii

Commission on Judicial Conduct

No appeal

Supreme Court

Imposition of public discipline by Supreme Court

Alabama

Connecticut

Delaware

Point at which reprimands are made public

Idaho

Judicial Council

Supreme Court

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Filing with the Supreme Court

Illinois

Judicial Inquiry Board

Courts Commission

No appeal

Courts Commission

Filing of decision by Courts Commission

Indiana

Commission on Judicial Qualifications

Supreme Court

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

After disciplinary charges are filed and case is tried or agreed resolution is accepted by Supreme Court

Judicial Qualifications Commission

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Referral by the commission to the Supreme Court recommending formal sanction

Commission on Judicial Qualifications

Supreme Court

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Reprimand is published if approved by Supreme Court

Judicial Conduct Commission

Court of Last Resort

Judicial Conduct Commission

Once the judge has responded to the formal charges

Iowa

Kansas Kentucky

Judiciary Commission

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

The lodging of the record of proceedings and a recommendation by the Judiciary Commission to the Supreme Court

Committee on Judicial Responsibility and Disability

Supreme Judicial Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Filing of report to Supreme Judicial Court

Maryland

Commission on Judicial Disabilities

Court of Last Resort

Court of Appeals

Unless confidential, upon filing of a response (or expiration of the time for filing a response) with the Commission

Massachusetts

Commission on Judicial Conduct

Supreme Judicial Court

No appeal

Supreme Judicial Court

Supreme Court

Filing of formal complaint by commission with Supreme Court or upon filing in the Supreme Court a consent resolution to a matter

Louisiana

Maine

Michigan

Judicial Tenure Commission

Supreme Court

Court of Last Resort

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 1 1

STATE COURTS

TABLE 5 .8 Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Investigating body

Adjudicating body

Appeals from adjudication are filed with:

Final disciplining body

Minnesota

Board on Judicial Standards

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Filing of formal charges by committee with Supreme Court

Mississippi

Commission on Judicial Performance

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Recommendation of Commission to Supreme Court

Missouri

Commission on Retirement, Removal and Discipline

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Filing of recommendation by Committee to Supreme Court

Montana

Judicial Standards Commission

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Filing of record by Committee with Supreme Court

Nebraska

Commission on Judicial Qualification

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Commission may issue a public reprimand

Nevada

Commission on Judicial Discipline

Court of Last Resort

Commission on Judicial Discipline

Discretion of the Commission, upon filing of report by Committee and service upon judge

Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Conduct

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

On issuance of reprimand

New Jersey

Advisory Committee on Judicial Conduct

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

When reprimand is filed by Supreme Court

New Mexico

Judicial Standards Commission

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Upon recommendation of Commission to Supreme Court

Commission on Judicial Conduct

Court of Last Resort

Commission on Judicial Conduct and Court of Appeals

After a hearing at which a judge is admonished, censured, removed or retired, and after the judge is served

North Carolina

Judicial Standards Commission

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Public imposition of disciplinary action by the Supreme Court

North Dakota

Commission on Judicial Conduct

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

At formal hearing

Office of Disciplinary Counsel

Board of Commissioners on Grievance and Discipline

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Adjudication

Court on the Judiciary Trial Division Council

Court on the Judiciary Trial Division; Council on Judicial Complaints

Court on the Judiciary Division; no appeal from Council on Judicial Complaints

Court on the judiciary appellate division

Filing with clerk of the appellate court

Oregon

Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Allegations become public when the commission issues a notice of public hearing.

Pennsylvania

Judicial Conduct Board

Court of Judicial Discipline

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Once a final decision has been made

Rhode Island

Commission on Judicial Tenure and Discipline

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Unless private, after the commission files its recommendation with the Chief Justice

South Carolina

Commission on Judicial Conduct

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Adjudication

South Dakota

Judicial Qualifications Commission

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Filing with the Supreme Court

Board of Judicial Conduct

Court of Last Resort

General Assembly

Filing formal charges with Board of Judicial Conduct

Texas

State Commission on Judicial Conduct

State Commission on Judicial Conduct (d)

Court of Last Resort

Special Court of Review

When issued by the Commission

Utah

Judicial Conduct Commission

Judicial Conduct Commission (e)

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

10 days after filing appeal

Vermont

Judicial Conduct Board

Supreme Court

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Virginia

Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission

Supreme Court

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court

Filing of formal complaint by Commission with Supreme Court

Commission on Judicial Conduct

Supreme Court

At termination of proceeding in CJC

New Hampshire

New York

Ohio Oklahoma

Tennessee

Washington

See footnotes at end of table

2 12â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Point at which reprimands are made public

STATE CO U RTS

TABLE 5 .8 Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Investigating body

Adjudicating body

Appeals from adjudication are filed with:

Final disciplining body

West Virginia

Judicial Investigation Commission

Judicial Hearing Board

Court of Last Resort

Supreme Court of Appeals

Upon decision by Supreme Court of Appeals

Wisconsin

Judicial Commission

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Filing of formal complaint with Supreme Court

Wyoming

Commission on Judicial Conduct and Ethics

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court or Special Supreme Court

Upon the recommendation of the Conduct and Ethics Commission and Order of the Supreme Court

Dist. of Columbia

Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure

Chief Justice of U.S. Supreme Court

Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure

Public reprimands are issued with the judge's consent; orders of involuntary removal become public upon filing with the D.C. Court of Appeals

Judicial Discipline Commission

Supreme Court

No appeal

Supreme Court

Filing of formal complaint to the Judicial Discipline Commission

Puerto Rico

Sources: National Center for State Courts, July 2020. Key: N.A.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Not applicable (a) Public admonishments or public censures are sent to the judge describing the improper conduct and stating the findings made by the commission; these notices are made available to the press and the general public. (b) For suspensions in excess of one year or removal from office, the Judicial Review Council makes a recommendation and the Supreme Court makes the decision.

Point at which reprimands are made public

(c) The Judicial Qualifications Commission investigates and makes recommendations to the Supreme Court for discipline or removal. (d) Decision by the conduct commission cannot be implemented until reviewed and approved by the Supreme Court (e) Commission has the authority to issue sanctions, but recommendations of removal must be brought before the Supreme Court.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 1 3

CHAPTER SIX

ELECTIONS

E LE CTI O N S

TA BLE 6 .1 State Executive Branch Officials to be Elected: 2020–2024 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (h) Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

2020 (a) (b) … … (e) … G,LG,CI … (f) … … … G,LG,AG,SP … … … (g) … … … (i) … … G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP (j) (k) … G … (l) … G,LG,AG,AR,A,CI,SS,SP,T (m) G,LG,A,CI,SP,T (n) … (p) AG,SS,T AG,A,T … … (t) … (u) G,LG,AG,A,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,T … G,LG,AG,A,CI,SS,SP,T (q) G,AG,AR,A,SS,T … … G,LG A … G …

2021 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … G, LG … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … G,LG,AG … … SP … … … … … …

2022 G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (a) G,LG G,AG,SS,SP,T (b) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (c) G,LG,AG,C,CI,SS,SP,T (d) G,LG,AG,SS,T (e) G,LG,AG,C,SS,T AG,A,T G,LG,AG,AR,CFO G,LG,AG,AR,CI,SS,SP (f) G,LG G,LG,AG,C,SS,SP,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,T A,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,CI,SS,T … (g) G G,LG,AG,C G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,SS (i) G,LG,AG,A,SS … A (j) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (k) G,LG,AG,C,SS,T G … G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (l) G,LG,AG,C … AG,AR,SS (n) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,A,CI,SP,T (p) G (r) G,LG G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,C,SS,SP,T (s) G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP,T (t) G G,LG,AG,AR,C (u) … G,LG,AG,A,SS,T … … … G,LG,AG,SS,T G,A,SS,SP,T … G,LG,AG G,LG … G,LG

2023 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,CI,SS,T … … … … … G,LG,AG,AR,A,CI,SS,T … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

2024 (a) (b) … … (e) … G,LG,CI … (f) … … … G,LG,AG,SP … … … (g) … … … (i) … … G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP (j) (k) … G … (l) … G,LG,AG,AR,A,CI,SS,SP,T (m) G,LG,A,CI,SP,T (n) … (p) AG,SS,T AG,A,T … … (t) … (u) G,LG,AG,A,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,T … G,LG,AG,A,CI,SS,SP,T (q) G,AG,AR,A,SS,T … … G,LG A … G …

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 1 7

EL E CTIO N S

TABLE 6 .1 State Executive Branch Officials to be Elected: 2020–2024 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Totals for year Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Agriculture Auditor Chief Financial Officer Comptroller Comm. of Insurance Secretary of State Supt. of Public Inst. or Comm. of Education Treasurer

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

13 10 10 2 9 0 0 4 7

2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

39 33 31 7 15 1 9 4 26

3 3 3 3 2 0 0 2 3

13 10 10 2 9 0 0 4 7

Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election office Web sites, March 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table shows the executive branch officials up for election in a given year. Footnotes indicate other offices (e.g., commissioners of labor, public service, etc.) also up for election in a given year. The data contained in this table reflect information available at press time. Key: …—No regularly scheduled elections of state executive officials. G—Governor LG—Lieutenant Governor AG—Attorney General AR—Agriculture A—Auditor C—Comptroller/Controller CFO—Chief Financial Officer CI—Commissioner of Insurance SS—Secretary of State SP—Superintendent of Public Instruction or Commissioner of Education T—Treasurer (a) Public Service Commissioner (3): 2022—2 seats (associate commissioners); 2024—1 seat (president). (b) Corporation Commissioner (5)—4-year term: 2022—2 seats; 2024—3 seats. State Mine Inspector—4-year term, 2022. (c) Commissioner of State Lands—4-year term. (d) Four (4) Board of Equalization members are elected to serve 4-year concurrent terms. The State Controller is the 5th member of the Board. (e) University of Colorado Board of Regents (9, one elected from each of the state’s congressional districts and two at-large members)—6-year term: 2020—3 districts; 2022—1 statewide, 2 districts; 2024—1 statewide, 2 districts. (f) Commissioner of Labor—4-year term, 2022; Public Service Com-

2 18 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

missioner (5)—6-year term, 2020—2, 2022—1, 2024—2. (g) Public Service Commissioner (5)—6-year term, 2020—2, 2022—2, 2024—1. (h) The Maine legislature elects constitutional officers (AG,SS,T) for 2-year terms; the auditor was elected by the legislature in 2016 and serves a 4-year term. (i) Michigan State University trustees (8)—8-year term, 2020—2; 2022—2; 2024—2; University of Michigan regents (8)—8-year term, 2020—2, 2022—2; 2024—2. Wayne State University governors (8)—8 year term, 2020—2, 2022—2, 2024—2. State Board of Education (8)—8 year term, 2020—2, 2022—2, 2024—2. (j) Public Service Commissioner (5)—4-year term, 2020—3, 2022—2, 2024—3. (k) Public Service Commissioner (5)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—2, 2024 -2. (l) Commissioner of Public Lands—4-year term, 2022; Public Education Commission (10)—4-year terms, 2020—5; 2022—5; 2024—5. Public Regulation Commissioner (5)—4-year terms, 2020—2, 2022—1, 2024—2. (m) Commissioner of Labor—4-year term. (n) Tax Commissioner—4-year term, 2022; Public Service Commissioner (3)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—1, 2024—1. (p) Commissioner of Labor—4-year term, 2022; Corporation Commissioner (3)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—1, 2024—1. (q) Commissioner of Public Lands—4-year term. (r) Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries, 4-year term. (s) Adjutant General—4-year term. (t) The title is Commissioner of Schools and Public Lands, 2022; Public Utility Commissioner (3)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—1, 2024—1. (u) Commissioner of General Land Office—4-year term, 2022; Railroad Commissioner (3)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—1, 2024 -1.

E LE CTI O N S

TABLE 6 .2 State Legislature Members to be Elected: 2020–2024 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* (d) Puerto Rico (e) U.S. Virgin Islands State Totals Totals

Total legislators House/ Senate Assembly 35 105 20 40 30 60 35 100 40 80 35 65 36 151 21 41 40 120 56 180 25 51 35 70 59 118 50 100 50 100 40 125 38 100 39 105 35 151 (f) 47 141 40 160 38 110 67 134 52 122 34 163 50 100 49 U 21 42 24 400 40 80 42 70 63 150 50 120 47 94 33 99 48 101 30 60 50 203 38 75 46 124 35 70 33 99 31 150 29 75 30 150 40 100 49 98 34 100 33 99 30 60 13 U 18 (c) 20 (c) 15 U 9 20 27 51 15 U 1,972 5,411 2,069 5,502

2020 Senate … 10 30 17 20 (a) 18 36 11 20 (a) 56 13 35 20 (e) 25 25 (b) 40 19 (a) … 35 … 40 … 67 … 17 (a) 25 25 (a) 10 24 … 42 63 50 23 (b) 16 (b) 24 (a) 15 25 (a) 38 46 35 16 (b) 16 15 30 … 25 17 16 (b) 15 (b) 6 18 (c) 15 3 27 15 1,165 1,249

House/ Assembly … 40 60 100 80 65 151 41 120 180 51 70 118 100 100 125 100 … 151 … 160 110 134 … 163 100 U 42 400 … 70 150 120 46 (b) 99 101 60 203 75 124 70 99 150 75 150 … 98 100 99 60 U 20 (c) U 20 51 U 4,710 4,801

2021 Senate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 40 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 40 40

2022

House/ Assembly … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 80 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100 … … … … … … … … … … 180 180

Senate 35 10 30 18 20 (b) 17 36 10 20 (b) 56 12 35 39 (f) 25 25 (a) … 19 (b) … 35 47 40 38 … … 17 (b) 25 24 (b) 11 24 … … 63 50 24 (a) 17 (a) 24 (b) 15 25 (b) 38 … 35 17 (a) 15 14 30 … 24 17 17 (a) 15 (a) 7 18 (c) 15 6 … 15 1,108 1,169

House/ Assembly 105 40 60 100 80 65 151 41 120 180 51 70 118 100 100 125 100 … 151 141 160 110 134 … 163 100 U 42 400 … 70 150 120 48 (a) 99 101 60 203 75 124 70 99 150 75 150 … 98 100 99 60 U 20 (c) U 20 … U 4,958 4,998

2023 Senate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 39 … … … … … 52 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 40 … … … … … … … … … … 131 131

House/ Assembly … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 105 … … … … … 122 … … … … … 80 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100 … … … … … … … … … … 407 407

2024 Senate … 10 30 17 20 (a) 18 36 11 20 (a) 56 13 35 20 (e) 25 25 (b) 40 19 (a) … 35 … 40 … 67 … 17 (a) 25 25 (a) 10 24 … 42 63 50 23 (b) 16 (b) 24 (a) 15 25 (a) 38 46 35 16 (b) 16 15 30 … 25 17 16 (b) 15 (b) 6 18 (c) 15 3 27 15 1,165 1,249

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 1 9

EL E CTIO N S

TABLE 6 .2 State Legislature Members to be Elected: 2020–2024 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, March 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table shows the number of elections in a given year. The data presented in this table reflect information available at press time. See Chapter 3.3 table entitled, “The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations,” for specific information on legislative terms. Key: …—No regularly scheduled elections U—Unicameral legislature (a) Odd-numbered Senate districts.

2 20 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(b) Even-numbered Senate districts. (c) In American Samoa, Senators are not elected by popular vote. They are selected by the county council of chiefs. House: 21 seats; 20 are elected by popular vote and one appointed, non-voting delegate from Swains Island. (d) In 2009, voters approved a constitutional amendment (Senate Legislative Initiative 16-1) that changed future general elections from odd to even-numbered years. (e) Constitutionally, the Senate consists of 27 seats and the House 51 seats. However, extra at-large seats can be granted to the opposition to limit any party’s control to two thirds.

E LE CTI O N S

TA BLE 6 .3 Methods of Nominating Candidates for State Offices State or other jurisdiction

Methods of nominating candidates

Alabama

Primary election; however, the state executive committee or other governing body of any political party may choose instead to hold a state convention for the purpose of nominating candidates. Submitting a petition to run as an independent or third-party candidate or an independent nominating procedure.

Alaska

Primary election. Petition for no-party candidates.

Arizona

Candidates who are members of a recognized party are nominated by an open primary election. Candidates who are not members of a recognized political party may file petitions to appear on the general election ballot. A write-in option is also available.

Arkansas

Primary election, convention and petition.

California

Primary election or independent nomination procedure.

Colorado

Primary election, convention or by petition.

Connecticut

Convention/primary election. Major political parties hold state conventions (convening not earlier than the 68th day and closing not later than the 50th day before the date of the primary) for the purpose of endorsing candidates. If no one challenges the endorsed candidate, no primary election is held. However, if anyone (who received at least 15 percent of the delegate vote on any roll call at the convention) challenges the endorsed candidate, a primary election is held to determine the party nominee for the general election.

Delaware

Primary election for Democrats and primary election and convention for Republicans..

Florida

Primary election. Minor parties may nominate their candidate in any manner they deem proper.

Georgia

Primary election.

Hawaii

Primary election.

Idaho

Primary election and convention. New political parties hold a convention to nominate candidates to be placed on a general election ballot.

Illinois

Primary election. The primary election nominates established party candidates. New political parties and independent candidates go directly to the general election file based on a petition process.

Indiana

Primary election, convention and petition. The governor is chosen by a primary. All other state officers are chosen at a state convention, unless the candidate is an independent. Any party that obtains between 2 percent and 8 percent of the vote for secretary of state may hold a convention to select a candidate.

Iowa

Primary election, convention and petition.

Kansas

Candidates for the two major parties are nominated by primary election. Candidates for minor parties are nominated for the general election at state party conventions. Independent candidates are nominated for the general election by petition.

Kentucky

Primary election. A slate of candidates for governor and lieutenant governor that receives the highest number of its partyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s votes but which number is less than 40 percent of the votes cast for all slates of candidates of that party, shall be required to participate in a runoff primary with the slate of candidates of the same party receiving the second highest number of votes.

Louisiana

Candidates may qualify for any office they wish, regardless of party affiliation, by completing the qualifying document and paying the appropriate qualifying fee; or a candidate may file a nominating petition.

Maine

Primary election or non-party petition.

Maryland

Primary election, convention and petition. Unaffiliated candidates or candidates affiliated with non-recognized political parties may run for elective office by collecting the requisite number of signatures on a petition. The required number equals 1 percent of the number of registered voters eligible to vote for office. Only recognized non-principal political parties may nominate its candidate by a convention in accordance with its by laws (at this time, Maryland has four non-principal parties: Libertarian, Green, Constitution and Populist.)

Massachusetts

Primary election.

Michigan

Governor, state house, state senate use primary election. Lieutenant governor runs as the running mate to gubernatorial candidate, not separately, and is selected through the convention process Secretary of state and attorney general candidates are chosen at convention. Nominees for State Board of Education, University of Michigan Regents, Michigan State University Trustees and Wayne State University Governors are nominated by convention. Minor parties nominate candidates to all partisan offices by convention.

Minnesota

Primary election. Candidates for minor parties or independent candidates are by petition. They must have the signatures of 2,000 people who will be eligible to vote in the next general election.

Mississippi

Primary election, petition (for independent candidates), independent nominating procedures (third-party candidate).

Missouri

Primary election.

Montana

Primary election and independent nominating procedure.

Nebraska

Primary election.

Nevada

Primary election. Independent candidates are nominated by petition for the general election. Minor parties nominated by petition or by party.

New Hampshire

Primary election. Minor parties by petition.

New Jersey

Primary election. Independent candidates are nominated by petition for the general election.

New Mexico

Statewide candidates petition to go to convention and are nominated in a primary election. District and legislative candidate petition for primary ballot access.

New York

Primary election/petition.

North Carolina

Primary election. Newly recognized parties just granted access submit their first nominees by convention. All established parties use primaries.

North Dakota

Convention/primary election. Political parties hold state conventions for the purpose of endorsing candidates. Endorsed candidates are automatically placed on the primary election ballot, but other candidates may also petition their name on the ballot.

Ohio

Primary election, petition and by declaration of intent to be a write-in candidate.

Oklahoma

Primary election.

Oregon

Primary election. Minor parties hold conventions.

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 2 1

EL E CTIO N S

TABLE 6 .3 Methods of Nominating Candidates for State Offices (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Methods of nominating candidates

Pennsylvania

Primary election, and petition. Nomination petitions filed by major party candidates to access primary ballot. Nomination papers filed by minor party and independent candidates to access November ballot.

Rhode Island

Primary election.

South Carolina

Primary election for Republicans and Democrats; party conventions held for minor parties. Candidates can have name on ballot via petition.

South Dakota

Convention, petition and independent nominating procedure.

Tennessee

Primary election/petition.

Texas

Primary election/convention. Minor parties without ballot access nominate candidates for the general election after qualifying for ballot access by petition.

Utah

Convention, primary election and petition.

Vermont

Primary election. Major parties by primary, minor parties by convention, independents by petition.

Virginia

Primary election, convention and petition.

Washington

Primary election.

West Virginia

Primary election, convention, petition and independent nominating procedure..

Wisconsin

Primary election/petition. Candidates must file nomination papers (petitions) containing the minimum number of signatures required by law. Candidates appear on the primary ballot for the party they represent. The candidate receiving the most votes in each party primary goes on to the November election.

Wyoming

Primary election.

Dist. of Columbia

Primary election. Independent and minor party candidates file by nominating petition.

American Samoa

Individual files petition for candidacy with the chief election officer. Petition must be signed by statutorily-mandated number of qualified voters.

Guam

Individual files petition for candidacy with the chief election officer. Petition must be signed by statutorily-mandated number of qualified voters.

CNMI*

Candidates are all nominated by petition. Candidates seeking the endorsement of recognized political parties must also include in their submitted petition submission a document signed by the recognized political parties' chairperson/president and secretary attesting to such nomination. Recognized political parties may, or may not, depending on their by-laws and party rules conduct primaries separate from any state election agency participation.

Puerto Rico

Primary election and convention.

U.S. Virgin Islands

Primary election.

Sources: The Council of State Governmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survey of state Web sites, March 2020. Note: The nominating methods described here are for state offices; procedures may vary for local candidates. Also, independent candidates may have to petition for nomination. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands

2 22â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

E LE CTI O N S

TA BLE 6 .4 Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico

National (a) Primary March, 1st T March 3, 2020 (d) April 10, 2020 T following March 15 March 17, 2020 T 3 wks. prior to runoff (bb) March 3, 2020 March★ March 3, 2020 (d) (g) March 3, 2020 April, Last T Aug. 11, 2020 April, 4th T July 7, 2020 March, 3rd T March 17, 2020 (h) June 9, 2020 (d) Dem: May 22, 2020 (d) March 10, 2020 March, 3rd T March 17, 2020 May,★ June 2, 2020 (d) February 3, 2020 (d) (j) May 2, 2020 May, 1st T after 3rd M June 23, 2020 April, 1st S July 11, 2020 (d) March 3, 2020 April, 4th T June 2, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 March, 2nd T March 10, 2020 (d) (r) March 3, 2020 March, 2nd T March 10, 2020 March, 2nd T after 1st M March 10, 2020 June, ★ June 2, 2020 May, 1st T After 2nd M May 12, 2020 (d) Feb. 22, 2020 (t) Feb. 11, 2020 June, ★ July 7, 2020 June, ★ June 2, 2020

General

State (b) Runoff 6th T AP July 19, 2022

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

Primary June, 1st T June 7, 2022 Aug., 3rd T Aug. 18, 2020 10th T Prior Aug. 4, 2020

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

T 3 wks. prior to runoff March 3, 2020

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov., ★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov., ★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov., ★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov., ★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov., ★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov., ★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov., ★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

March ★ March 3, 2020 June, last T June 30, 2020 Aug. 2nd T Aug. 11, 2020 Sept., 2nd T after 1st M Sept. 15, 2020 10th T prior to General Aug. 18, 2020 24th T prior to General June 9, 2020 Aug. 2nd S Aug. 8, 2020 May, 3rd T May 19, 2020 March, 3rd T March 17, 2020 May,★ June 2, 2020 June, ★ June 2, 2020 Aug. 1st T Aug. 4, 2020 May, 1st T after 3rd M June 23, 2020 Oct., 2nd to last S (l) Oct. 21, 2023 June, 2nd T July 14, 2020 June, last T June 28, 2022 7th T Prior Sept. 15, 2020 Aug., ★ Aug. 4, 2020 Aug., 2nd T Aug. 11, 2020 Aug., ★ Aug. 8, 2023 Aug., ★ Aug. 4, 2020 June, ★ June 2, 2020 May, 1st T After 2nd M May 12, 2020 June, 2nd T June 9, 2020 Sept., 2nd T Sept. 8, 2020 June, ★ June 8, 2021 June, ★ June 2, 2020

... ... June, 2nd T March 31, 2020 ... ... ... ... ... 9th T after Primary Aug. 11, 2020 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3rd T AP Aug. 29, 2023 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

General Nov.,★ Nov. 8, 2022 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov., 4th S AP (l) Nov. 18, 2023 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 8, 2022 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 7, 2023 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 2, 2021 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

Type of primary (c) Open (e) Partially Closed Open Top Two Partially Closed Closed Closed Closed Open Open Rep: Closed (i) Dem: Partially Closed Partially Open Partially Open Partially Open Closed (k) Closed Top Two Closed (n) Closed (p) Partially Closed Open Open (s) Open Open Top Two Closed Partially Closed (u) Closed Closed

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 2 3

EL E CTIO N S

TABLE 6 .4 Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections) (continued) State or other jurisdiction New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

National (a) Primary Feb., 1st T (aa) March, ★ March 3, 2020 (d) March 10, 2020 March, 2nd T after 1st M (v) April 28, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 May, 3rd T May 19, 2020 April, 4th T June 2, 2020 April, 4th T June 2, 2020 (d) Feb. 29, 2020 June, ★ June 2, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 (y) March 3, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 May, 4th T March 10, 2020 May, 2nd T June 9, 2020 April, 1st T April 7, 2020 (d) April 17, 2020 June, 2nd T (q) June 2, 2020 (d) Dem: March 3, 2020 Rep: March 18, 2020 (d) Dem: delayed indefinitely Rep: March 14, 2020 (d) Dem: March 14, 2020 Rep: March 15, 2020 (f) Dem: July 12, 2020 Rep: June 7, 2020 (d) Dem: June 6, 2020 Rep: TBD

General

State (b) Runoff

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

May, ★(v) April 28, 2020

June, last T June 30, 2020 May, 3rd T May 19, 2020 April, 4th T June 2, 2020 Sept., 2nd T after 1st M Sept. 8, 2020 June, 2nd T June 9, 2020 June, ★ June 2, 2020 Aug., 1st TH Aug. 6, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 June, 4th T June 30, 2020 Aug., 2nd T Aug. 11, 2020 June, 2nd T June 8, 2021 Aug., 1st T Aug. 4, 2020 May, 2nd T June 9, 2020 Aug., 2nd T Aug. 11, 2020 Aug., 1st T After 3rd M Aug. 18, 2020 June, 2nd T (q) June 2, 2020 (o) ...

(m) ...

Aug., last S Aug. 29, 2020

...

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

Open

(m) ...

(o) ...

...

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

(o)

(m) ... (m) ...

N.A. July 12, 2020 Aug., 1st S Aug. 1, 2020

See footnotes at end of table

2 24 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

... 7 wks. AP June 23, 2020 ... ... Aug., 4th T Aug. 25, 2020 ... ... ... 2nd T AP June 23, 2020 10th T AP (x) Aug. 11, 2020 ... May, 4th T July 14, 2020 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ...

General

Type of primary (c)

Primary June, 4th T June 23, 2020 March, ★ March 3, 2020 June, 2nd T June 9, 2020

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

Partially Closed

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

Partially Open

Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020

Closed

Open

Dem: Partially Closed Rep: Closed (w) Closed Closed Partially Open Open Rep: Closed Dem: Partially Closed Open Open Rep: Closed (z) Dem: Open Open Open Top Two Partially Closed Open Closed Closed (o)

Open Closed

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TA BLE 6 .4 Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections) (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments, May 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Notes: 1. This table describes the basic formulas for determining when national and state elections will be held. For specific information on a particular state, the reader is advised to contact the state election administration office. All dates provided are based on the state election formula and dates are subject to change. 2. Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, many states pushed back their primary and runoff election dates in the 2020 cycle. Key: ★ — First Tuesday after first Monday. . . . — No provision. M —Monday. T — Tuesday. TH — Thursday. S — Saturday. SN — Sunday. Prior — Prior to general election. AP — After primary. (a) National refers to presidential elections. (b) State refers to election in which a state executive official or legislator is to be elected. See Table 6.1, State Executive Branch Officials to be Elected, and Table 6.2, State Legislature Members to be Elected. (c) Open: Voters can privately select which party’s ballot to vote, regardless of party affiliation. Closed: Voters must be a registered member of the party to vote its primary ballot. Partially Open: Voters can choose in which primary to vote but that choice is not private. In certain states, a voter’s primary ballot selection may be regarded as a form of registration with the corresponding party. Partially Closed: Unaffiliated voters may participate in any party’s primary. Members of a political party are not allowed to cross over and vote in a different political party’s primary. Top Two primaries: All voters in California and Washington receive one ballot with candidates from all parties listed together. The top two finishers face each other at the general election. Louisiana has a similar election type but its primary is held in October with a runoff election in November if no candidate garners 50 percent or more of the vote. Nebraska uses a single primary ballot to elect lawmakers to its nonpartisan legislature. (d) The dates for presidential caucuses are set by the political parties. (e) Alaska law allows a political party to select who may participate in their party’s primary. Parties may expand or limit who may participate in their Primary Election by submitting a written notice with a copy of their pre cleared by-laws to the Director of Elections no later than September 1st of the year prior to the year in which a Primary Election is to be held. (f) The primary law allows Puerto Rico parties affiliated with U.S. national parties to select a primary date any time between the first

Tuesday in March and June 15. (g) The state parties have the option of choosing either the first Tuesday in March (March 3, 2020) date called for in the statute or moving up to the first Tuesday in February (Feb. 4, 2020). (h) The Secretary of State has the authority to set the date of the presidential primary election. Scheduled for March, the presidential primary was held on June 9, 2020. (i) In 2011, the Idaho Legislature passed HB 351, implementing a closed primary system. However, the law gives political parties the option of opening their primary elections to unaffiliated voters and members of other political parties. The party chairman must notify the Secretary of State 6 months prior to the primary if the party intends to open its primary election to those outside of the party. The Republican party currently allows only voters registered with its party to vote (closed), while the Democratic Party allows unaffiliated voters to vote in its primary (partially closed). (j) In 2015, the Kansas legislature passed a bill (HB 2104) that repealed the statute calling for a presidential preference primary election. It replaces it with a requirement that each recognized political party select a presidential nominee in accordance with party procedures, for every presidential election beginning with the 2016 election. (k) Unaffiliated voters may register with a party on primary day to vote in that party’s primary. (l) Louisiana has an open primary which requires all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. If a candidate receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary, that candidate is elected to the office. If no candidate receives a majority vote, then a single election is held between the two candidates receiving the most votes. For national elections, the first vote is held on the first Saturday in October of even-numbered years with the general election held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. For state elections, the election is held on the second to last Saturday in October with the runoff being held on the fourth Saturday after first election. (m) Residents of U.S. territories may vote in presidential primaries, but the Electoral College system does not permit them to vote in presidential elections. (n) Voters who have already registered but have not enrolled in a party may enroll in a party at the polls on Election Day. Any voter who wishes to change party enrollment must do so at least 15 days before the vote. (o) American Samoa and the Northern Marianas Islands do not conduct primary elections. Instead, the law provides for a run off when none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the vote. (p) Under Maryland law, parties may allow unaffiliated voters to cast ballots in their primaries by notifying the election board six months in advance. However, both major parties currently hold closed primaries. (q) In 2014, the Council of the District of Columbia passed a bill (B20-0265) to move the presidential primary from the 1st Tuesday in April to the 2nd Tuesday in June. (r) Parties must notify the Secretary of State’s Office in writing prior to Dec. 1st the year preceding the date of the election of their

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 2 5

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TA BLE 6 .4 Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections) (continued) intentions to hold a preference primary election. Unless the chairs of the two major political parties jointly propose a different date, the caucuses are held on the first Tuesday in February. (s) Mississippi voters do not have to register with a party, but state law requires they must intend to support the party nominee if they vote in that party’s primary election. Since voter intent is difficult to dispute in court, some characterize Mississippi’s system an open partisan primary. (t) The Secretary of State selects a date for the primary, which must be 7 days or more immediately preceding the date on which any other state holds a similar election. (u) An unaffiliated voter may choose one party’s ballot, which makes them a registered member of that party. However, temporary affiliation is possible, as voters can fill out a card at the polling place to return to undeclared status after the vote is cast. (v) In 2015, Ohio lawmakers passed a bill (HB 153) that moves the date of the primary back one week to the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March. In non-presidential election years, the primary is held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in May. The move to a later week allows Republicans to allocate delegates in a winner-take-all fashion.

2 26 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(w) In November of each odd-numbered year, recognized political parties declare whether or not they will permit Independents to vote in their primary elections during the following two calendar years. For 2016 and 2017, the Democratic Party granted permission for Independents to vote in its primaries and runoff primaries. Independents cannot vote in Republican primaries. (x) South Dakota only holds runoffs for the offices of U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative and governor. (y) If funded, Utah can hold a primary on either the first Tuesday of February or in conjunction with the regular primary on the fourth Tuesday in June. (z) In November, 2015, a federal judge ruled that the state cannot force political parties to open their primaries to unaffiliated voters, invalidating a provision in a 2014 law (SB 54). This decision allows the Utah Republican Party to continue to hold closed primaries. (aa) In the past two election presidential primary cycles, New York has chosen to move their primary to April. The 2020 presidential primary was canceled due to the Coronavirus global pandemic. (bb) In presidential election years, the primary is held on the first Tuesday in March.

E LE CTI O N S

Table 6.4 | 2020 State Election Calendar State Primaries MARCH

J U LY

OTHER

March 3, 2020 • Arkansas, California, North Carolina, Texas

July 14, 2020 • Maine

March 17, 2020 • Illinois

AUGUST

APRIL

August 4, 2020 • Arizona, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Washington

American Samoa and CNMI* do not conduct primary elections. Instead, the law provides for a run off when none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the vote.

April 28, 2020 • Ohio

August 6, 2020 • Tennessee August 8, 2020 • Hawaii

M AY May 12, 2020 • Nebraska

August 11, 2020 • Connecticut, Minnesota, Vermont, Wisconsin

May 19, 2020 • Idaho, Oregon

August 18, 2020 • Alaska, Florida, Wyoming

JUNE

SEPTEMBER

June 2, 2020 • Indiana, Iowa, Montana, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, South Dakota

September 8, 2020 • New Hampshire, Rhode Island

June 9, 2020 • Georgia, Nevada, North Dakota, South Carolina, West Virginia

September 15, 2020 • Delaware, Massachusetts

June 23, 2020 • Kentucky, New York

Nov. 3, 2020

June 30, 2020 • Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah

However, 6 states do not have state executive or legislative general elections in 2020.

Runoff elections are held in 9 states. March 31, 2020 • Arkansas June 23, 2020 • North Carolina, South Carolina July 14, 2020 • Texas August 11, 2020 Georgia, South Dakota •

The state general election in most states is

August 25, 2020 • Oklahoma July 19, 2022 • Alabama

Nov. 2, 2021 • New Jersey, Virginia

August 29, 2023 • Mississippi

Nov. 8, 2022 • Alabama, Maryland Nov. 7, 2023 • Louisiana, Mississippi

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TABLE 6 .5 Polling Hours: General Elections State or other jurisdiction

Polls open

Polls close

Notes on hours (a)

Alabama

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Polling places located in the Eastern Time Zone may be open from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. ET.

Alaska

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Arizona

6 a.m.

7 p.m.

Arkansas

7:30 a.m.

7:30 p.m.

California

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Colorado

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Connecticut

6 a.m.

8 p.m.

Delaware

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Florida

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Georgia

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Hawaii

7 a.m.

6 p.m.

Idaho

8 a.m.

8 p.m.

Illinois

6 a.m.

7 p.m.

Indiana

6 a.m.

6 p.m.

Iowa

7 a.m.

9 p.m.

Kansas

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Counties may open the polls earlier and close them later. Several western counties are in the Mountain Time Zone.

Kentucky

6 a.m.

6 p.m.

Counties may be either in Eastern or Central Time Zones.

Louisiana

6 a.m.

8 p.m.

Maine

Between 6 and 10 a.m.

8 p.m.

Maryland

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Massachusetts

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Some municipalities may open their polls as early as 5:45 a.m.

Michigan

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Eastern Time Zone and Central Time Zone

Minnesota

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

A few polling places in small townships located outside the 11-county metropolitan area may open as late as 10 a.m.

Mississippi

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Missouri

6 a.m.

7 p.m.

Montana

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Nebraska

7 a.m. MT/8 a.m. CT

7 p.m. MT/8 p.m. CT

Nevada

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

New Hampshire

No later than 11 a.m.

No earlier than 7 p.m.

New Jersey

6 a.m.

8 p.m.

New Mexico

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

New York

6 a.m.

9 p.m.

North Carolina

6:30 a.m.

7:30 p.m.

North Dakota

Between 7 and 9 a.m.

Between 7 and 9 p.m.

Ohio

6:30 a.m.

7:30 p.m.

Oklahoma

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Oregon

Pennsylvania

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Rhode Island

Between 7 and 9 a.m

8 p.m.

South Carolina

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

South Dakota

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

See footnotes at end of table

2 28â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Clerk has the option of opening all polls at 7 a.m. Idaho is in two time zones - MT and PT. For those counties on Central time, polling places will observe these times in Central time.

Applicable opening time depends on variables related to the size of the precinct.

A polling place having fewer than 400 registered electors must be open from at least noon to 8 p.m. or until all registered electors in any precinct have voted, at which time that precinct in the polling place must be closed immediately.

Polling hours vary from town to town.

Polling locations cannot open earlier than 7 a.m. and must be open by 9 a.m., with the exception of those precincts in which fewer than 75 votes were cast in the last General Election, which must open no later than noon. All polling locations must remain open until 7 p.m. and close no later than 9 p.m.

Oregon votes by mail. Official dropsites open eight hours or more and until 8 p.m. for depositing cast ballots. County Clerks office open 7 a.m. - 8 p.m. for issuing and depositing ballots Polls open at 9 a.m. in special elections.

E LE CTI O N S

TABLE 6 .5 Polling Hours: General Elections (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Polls open

Polls close

Notes on hours (a)

Tennessee

8 a.m. (may be earlier)

7 p.m. CT/8 p.m. ET

Polling places must be open a minimum of ten continuous hours, but no more than 13 hours. In any county having a population of not less than 120,000, all polling places must open by 8 a.m., but nothing prevents an earlier opening time at the discretion of the county election commission.

Texas

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Utah

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Vermont

Between 5 and 10 a.m.

7 p.m.

Virginia

6 a.m.

7 p.m.

Washington

West Virginia

6:30 a.m.

7:30 p.m.

Wisconsin

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

Wyoming

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Dist. of Columbia

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

American Samoa

6 a.m

6 p.m.

Guam

7 a.m.

8 p.m.

CNMI*

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

Puerto Rico

9 a.m.

5 p.m.

U.S. Virgin Islands

7 a.m.

7 p.m.

The opening time for polls is set by local boards of civil authority. Washington votes by mail. The ballot must be postmarked no later than Election Day; or returned to a designated ballot drop box by 8 p.m. on Election Day; or returned in person to the county elections department by 8 p.m. on Election Day.

Sources: The Council of State Governments and state websites, March 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Hours for primary, municipal and special elections may differ from those noted.

(a) In all states, voters standing in line when the polls close are allowed to vote; however, provisions for handling those voters vary across jurisdictions.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 2 9

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TA BLE 6 .6 Voter Registration Information

Closing date for registration before general election (Days) 15 30 29 30 15 22 days through voter registration drive, 8 online or by mail, Election Day in person 14 by mail, 7 in person or online, Election Day 24 29 30 online, 29 in person, 28 by mail 29 25 or Election Day 28 (h) 29 15 by mail, 10 in person or online, Election Day 21 29 30 21 by mail, up to Election Day in person 21 by mail, early voting period in person 20 30 by mail, 21 in person 21 or Election Day 30 28 30 by mail or up to Election Day in person 18 by mail or online, 11 in person 31 by mail, 21 in person or online 10 or Election Day 21 28 25 25 (l) (m) 30 (n) 25 21 30 30 30 15 30 30 30 by mail, 7 in person or online (o) Election Day 22 29 by mail or online, 8 in person 21 20 by mail or Election Day 14 by mail or Election Day 30 by mail, Election Day in person 30 10 60 50 30

See footnotes at end of table

2 30 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Registration in Residency other places requirements (b) prohibited (c)  S  S, D, 30 S, C, 29 …  S, 30 S …

Same-Day registration … (d) … … (e)

Online registration    … 

Automatic registration (a)



S, 22

 … … … (g)   …  … … …  (i) …   … …  … …  … … … (l) (m) (n) … … … (d) … … … … … (p) … … …    … … … … …

            …   (j)  (k)  …   … …   … (m)  (f)     …  …       …  … … … … …



S, T S S S, C S S, C, 30 S, P, 30 S, P, 30 S S S, P, 28 S, Parish, 30 S, M S, 21 S S, M, 30 S, 20 S, T, 30 S S, 30 S S, C, 30; P, 10 S S, C, 30 S S, P, 30 S, C, 30 S, P, 30 S, 30 S S S, D, 30 S, T S,C,P S S S, C S, 30 S, T S S, 30 S, T, 30 S, P, 28 S, P D, 30 D Territory Territory, 120 Territory (q) Territory, P, 90



 



Provision regarding mental competency      …

  … …  …  …       …  …  …      …   (m)  …       …  …    …      … 

     … … …  …      …       …    … …    …       …       …    

E LE CTI O N S

TABLE 6 .6 Voter Registration Information (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey of state election web sites, May 2020. Note: Many of these practices were amended/altered for the 2020 election cycle due to COVID-19. Most states allowed extended deadlines for registration and relaxed rules on absentee or voteby-mail options. *Commonwealth of Mariana Islands Key: —Provision exists …—No state provision. (a) Eligible citizens who interact with government agencies are automatically registered to vote unless they decline. (b) Key for residency requirements: S – State, C – County, D – District, M – Municipality, P – Precinct, T – Town. Numbers represent the number of days before an election for which one must be a resident. (c) State provision prohibiting registration or claiming the right to vote in another state or jurisdiction. (d) Election-day registration is available in presidential election years, but voters who do so can vote only for the offices of President and Vice President, not in state or local races. (e) California’s same-day registration will take effect on January 1 of the year following the year in which the Secretary of State certifies that the state has a statewide voter registration database that complies with the requirements of the federal Help America Vote Act of 2002. (f) Not yet implemented: Oklahoma, passed in 2015. (g) In 2014 Hawaii lawmakers passed legislation (HB 2590) to allow voters to register at early voting sites beginning in 2016 or at their assigned polling places on Election Day starting in 2018. (h) Registration closes 27 days before a general election. Illinois also has a “grace period” registration that extends registration from the normal close of registration up through the 3rd day before the election. Once registered, this voter may cast a ballot during this “Grace Period” at the election authority’s office or at a location specifically designated for this purpose by the election

authority, or by mail, at the discretion of the election authority. (i) A legislatively referred constitutional amendment to authorize the legislature to enact election day registration was approved by voters in November 2018. (j) An online system allows voters to change their address for both their drivers license and voter registration at the same time. Michigan law requires that the same address be on record for both. (k) In Mississippi, a registered voter can update an existing registration record online, but new applications must still be made on paper. (l) In 2014, the North Carolina legislature eliminated voters’ ability to register and vote on the same day at early voting locations. Registered voters may still update their name and address on their voter registration at an Early Voting site. (m) No voter registration. (n) In 2014, the Ohio Legislature passed a bill that eliminated the ability of voters to register during the six early voting days referred to as “Golden Week,” when people could both register to vote and cast an in-person absentee ballot. (o) Must be postmarked 30 days before an election. Voters can register in-person or online up to 7 days before the election. However, these voters will not be eligible to participate in early voting, and must vote on election day. (p) The Vermont Legislature passed a bill (SB 29) in 2015 to allow for same-day voter registration, effective January 1, 2017. (q) Voters must have a permanent residence in Puerto Rico to be a qualified elector.

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TABLE 6 .6 A Voting Information

Vote by mail Early voting or online (a) allowed (b) No (i) Yes Yes Yes Yes (l) Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes (m) Yes Yes (m) Yes (m) Yes No Yes Yes (m) Yes Yes (o) No Yes (m) No No Yes (m) Yes Yes No Yes (m) Yes No Yes Yes

Voter ID required (c) Yes Yes (j) Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes

Photo ID required Yes (h) No No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes (n) No Yes No Yes Yes (k) Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No (s) Yes

Ohio

Yes (m)

Yes

Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina

Yes (m) N/A No No No

Yes No No (w) Yes Yes

No (t) No No (w) Yes Yes (y)

South Dakota

Yes (m)

Yes

Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Yes Yes Yes Yes (m) No N/A Yes Yes (m) Yes (m) Yes No No No No No

Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes (dd) Yes No No No No No Yes Yes

Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No No

(v)

(l)

(cc)

See footnotes at end of table

2 32 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Absentee voting Persons eligible Permanent for absentee absentee voting (d) status available (e) Excuse required … No excuse required …  No excuse required Excuse required …  No excuse required N.A. N.A. Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required …  No excuse required No excuse required … No excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required …  No excuse required Excuse required … Excuse required …  No excuse required No excuse required …  No excuse required Excuse required …  No excuse required No excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse … required No excuse required … N.A. N.A. No excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse … required Excuse required … Excuse required … N.A. N.A. No excuse required … No excuse required … N.A. N.A. Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required …  No excuse required Excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required …

Absentee votes signed by witness or notary (f) N or 2 W N or 1 W … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … N or W … … … … N or W (p) N (q) N (r) … … … … … … … N or 2 W …

Provisions for felons Method/process or Voting rights provision for revoked restoration (g)  B  C  B  C  C  D  C  B  B  C  D  C  D  D  A  C  A  C … N.A.  D  D  D  C  B  C  D  C  D  D  C  C  C  C  D

…



N (u) … … N or 2W (x) W (z)

    

C D D D C

(aa)



… … … … W … … W … … … N N (ee) Affidavit

   …          … 

B C D N.A. B (bb) C C C B D C C C N.A. C

E LE CTI O N S

TABLE 6 .6 A Voting Information (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments survey of state web sites, May 2020. Note: Many of these practices were amended/altered for the 2020 election cycle due to COVID-19. Most states allowed extended deadlines for registration and relaxed rules on absentee or voteby-mail options. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: —Provision exists …—No state provision. N.A.—Not applicable (a) Three states—Colorado, Oregon, and Washington—conduct elections by mail. All registered voters are automatically mailed a ballot in advance of Election Day. Alaska is the first state to allow all voters—not just those covered by the federal Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA)—to submit an absentee ballot electronically. Civilian voters must apply for an electronic ballot beginning 15 days before the election. (b) Early voting is usually done in person on the same equipment as that used on Election Day. An excuse is not required. (c) Voter identification laws include both photo or non-photo identification requirements. (d) Typical excuses include some or all of the following: absent on business; senior citizen; disabled persons; not absent, but prevented by employment from voting; out of state on Election Day; out of precinct on Election Day; absent for religious reasons; students; temporarily out of jurisdiction. (e) State allows voters to be added to the permanent absentee voter list, in which an absentee ballot will be automatically sent for each election. No excuse is required. This does not include states that allow certain voters to be added to the list, including permanently disabled or ill voters, the elderly, uniformed service members and their families, or people who live outside the United States. (f) Absentee votes must be signed by, N—Notary or W—Witness. Numbers indicated the number of signatures required. (g) A—permanent disenfranchisement for all offenders; states that permanently disenfranchise all or some felons may allow felons to apply, on an individual basis, to the state for an exemption that will restore their voting rights. B—restoration is dependent upon the type of conviction and/or the results of an individual petition to the state government. C—voting rights restored after completion of sentence including prison, parole and probation. D—voting rights restored after release from prison. E—voting rights restored once released from prison and parole, probationers can vote. (h) Photo identification is not required if two election officials can sign sworn statements saying they know the voter. (i) Alaska is the first state to allow all voters—not just those covered by the federal Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA)—to submit an absentee ballot electronically. Civilian voters must apply for an electronic ballot beginning 15 days before the election. (j) An election officer may waive the identification requirement if

the election officials knows the identity of the voter. (k) The Kentucky General Assembly passed a voter ID law in 2020 that will go into effect with the November 2020 general election. (l) While all registered voters are automatically mailed a ballot prior to the election, the state also operates in-person voting sites. (m) Functional early voting, as the state permits in-person absentee voting, in which voters, within a certain period of time before the election, can apply in person for an absentee ballot (no excuse required) and cast a ballot in the election office. (n) A registered voter must either present a photo ID or sign a Personal Identification Affidavit. After signing the Affidavit, the voter will be issued a ballot to be tabulated with all other ballots. (o) Beginning in 2016, Massachusetts will have early voting only during even-year November elections. There are no early voting periods for primaries or municipal elections. (p) Unless the witness is a notary, the witness must also be a registered Minnesota voter. (q) Disabled voters do not need to have an absentee ballot notarized, but it must be witnessed. (r) All absentee ballots must be notarized with the exception of the following: Missouri residents outside the U.S., including military on active duty and their immediate family members; permanently disabled voters and those voting absentee due to illness or physical disability; and caregivers. (s) Photo identification will be required starting in 2016. However, voters who are unable to obtain an acceptable photo ID due to a reasonable impediment may still vote a provisional ballot at the polls . Examples of a reasonable impediment include but are not limited to the lack of proper documents, family obligations, transportation problems, work schedule, illness or disability, among other reasonable impediments faced by the voter. Voters must also sign a declaration describing their impediment; and provide their date of birth and last four digits of their Social Security number, or present their current voter registration card or a copy of an acceptable document bearing their name and address. (Acceptable documents include a current utility bill, bank statement, government check, paycheck, or other governmentissued document.) The provisional ballot will be counted when the information on the declaration is verified and all other eligibility requirements are met. On Dec. 31, 2019 a federal judge blocked the state from enforcing the voter ID law while a case challenging the law was being argued. (t) A Voter Identification Card issued by the County Election Board is the only valid proof of identity that does not include a photograph. (u) All absentee ballots must notarized with the following exceptions: Physically incapacitated voters and voters who care for physically incapacitated persons (ballot affidavit must be witnessed by two people); voters in a nursing home; overseas voters. (v) State conducts election by mail. All registered voters are automatically mailed a ballot in advance of Election Day. (w) In 2012, the legislature enacted a law requiring voters to show photo identification. However, in 2014 a state judge struck down

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TABLE 6 .6 A Voting Information (continued) the law. (x) All absentee ballots must be notarized or signed by two witnesses with the following exceptions: military and overseas voters. (y) If a voter has a reasonable impediment to obtaining photo identification, he or she may vote a provisional ballot after showing a non-photo voter registration card. State law defines a reasonable impediment as any valid reason, beyond a person’s control, that creates an obstacle to obtaining Photo ID. Some examples include: religious objection to being photographed; disability or illness; work schedule; lack of transportation; lack of birth certificate; family responsibilities; election within short time frame of implementation of photo ID law (January 1, 2013); and any other obstacle a person finds reasonable. (z) All absentee ballots must be notarized or signed by one witness, with the exception of qualified voters under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voters Act. (aa) Absentee ballot applications (not absentee ballots) are required to be notarized unless a copy of the voter’s photo identification is also submitted. (bb) On Apr. 22, 2016, Virginia Gov. Terry McAuliffe signed an order restoring the vote to all felons in Virginia, regardless of their charge, who had completed their term of incarceration and their

2 34 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

term of probation or parole. The governor’s action will not apply to felons released in the future, but aides say the governor plans to issue similar orders on a monthly basis to cover people as they are released. The Virginia Supreme Court ruled that rights restoration must take place on an individual basis. (cc) State conducts election by mail. All registered voters are automatically mailed a ballot in advance of Election Day. Only Pierce County offers in-person voting. (dd) In 2016, the West Virginia Legislature approved a bill that will require voters to show some form of identification before casting a ballot. Approved forms of identification include any governmentissued ID or permit, with or without a photo, including a voter registration card; any college or high school issued ID; a health insurance card; a utility bill; a bank card or bank statement; or verification of identification by another adult who has known the voter for at least 6 months, including a poll worker. It is effective January 1, 2018. (ee) Absentee ballot applications (not absentee ballots) are required to be certified by various officials, depending on the reason for voting absentee, such as a college registrar, employer, or medical official.

E LE CTI O N S

TA BLE 6 .7 Voting Statistics for Gubernatorial Elections State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California (b) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (f) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Date of last election 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2016 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2016 2018 2018 2019 2019 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2016 2016 2018 2018 2018 2017 2018 2018 2016 2016 2018 2018 2016 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2016 2018 2017 2016 2016 2018 2018 2016 2018 2018 2016 2018

Primary election Republican Democrat 3rd Party Independent Total votes 591,199 283,705 0 0 874,904 71,195 39,241 (a) 0 0 110,436 655,538 505,481 2,648 0 1,163,667 206,405 105,919 0 0 312,324 2,519,136 4,350,513 91,481 0 6,961,130 503,205 637,002 0 0 1,140,207 142,858 212,543 0 0 355,401 30,265 (c) 0 0 30,265 1,622,124 1,519,492 0 0 3,141,616 607,441 555,089 0 0 1,162,530 31,156 242,514 454 1,138 275,262 194,536 65,882 0 0 260,418 722,162 1,324,548 0 0 2,046,710 815,699 (c) 547,375 (c) 0 0 1,363,074 94,118 (c) 178,924 1,696 1,649 276,387 317,615 156,273 0 0 473,888 259,866 394,513 0 0 654,379 696,434 636,963 0 10,966 1,344,363 94,382 125,391 0 748 220,521 157,503 (c) 391,706 0 0 549,209 273,011 551,470 0 0 824,481 989,525 1,131,447 6975 0 2,127,947 289,957 582,350 0 0 872,307 383,080 302,390 0 0 685,470 684,251 325,413 3,515 (c) 0 1,013,179 145,948 122,419 0 0 268,367 169,860 91,942 0 0 261,802 142,184 (g) 145,420 (g) 0 0 287,604 92,583 122,966 1110 0 216,659 258,880 527,332 0 0 786,212 75,162 (c) 175,898 175 0 251,235 (c) 1,558,352 0 0 1,558,352 1,072,655 1,034,432 0 0 2,107,087 114,415 17,337 (c) 1,095 0 132,847 834,967 688,788 3,031 0 1,526,786 452,606 395,494 3558 0 399,052 304,892 480,852 0 23,332 809,076 737,312 749,812 (c) 0 0 1,487,124 33,087 117,875 0 0 150,962 367,983 240,468 0 0 608,451 102,772 (c) 0 0 102,772 792,888 373,390 0 0 1,166,278 1,549,006 1,022,558 0 0 2,571,564 229,656 (m) (i) 0 0 229,656 35,811 57,248 0 4974 98,033 365,782 542,816 0 0 908,598 596,092 756,759 18,989 22,582 1,394,422 161,127 (c) 258,350 0 0 419,477 455,563 538,646 0 0 994,191 116,786 18,076 0 0 134,862 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (j) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(c) 25,699 0 0 25,699 (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (c) 462,973 0 0 462,973 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

See footnotes at end of table

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TABLE 6 .7 Voting Statistics for Gubernatorial Elections (continued) General election State or other Independent jurisdiction Republican Percent Democrat Percent 3rd Party Percent and Write-In Percent Alabama 1,019,558 59.5 691,671 40.4 0 0.0 2,614 0.2 Alaska 145,631 51.4 125,739 44.4 5,402 1.9 6,362 2.2 Arizona 1,330,863 56.0 994,341 41.8 50,962 4.8 275 0.0 Arkansas 582,406 65.3 283,218 31.8 25,885 3.1 0 0.0 California (d) 4,742,825 38.1 7,721,410 61.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 Colorado 1,080,801 42.8 1,348,888 53.4 95,373 4.7 0 0.0 Connecticut 650,138 (e) 48.2 694,510 (e) 50.7 62,081 0.0 74 0.0 Delaware 166,852 39.2 248,404 58.3 10,528 2.5 0 0.0 Florida 4,076,186 49.6 4,043,723 49.2 47,140 3.8 53,512 0.7 Georgia 1,978,408 50.2 1,923,685 48.8 37,235 2.4 432 0.0 Hawaii 131,719 33.7 244,934 62.7 10,123 13.5 4,067 1.0 Idaho 361,661 59.8 231,081 38.2 12,338 5.8 51 0.0 Illinois 1,765,751 38.8 2,479,746 54.5 302,045 3.3 115 0.0 Indiana 1,397,396 51.4 1,235,503 45.4 87,025 3.2 44 0.0 Iowa 667,275 50.3 630,986 47.5 28,889 3.6 488 0.0 Kansas 453,645 43.0 506,727 48.0 20,020 4.0 75,174 7.1 Kentucky 707,754 48.9 709,890 49.1 28,433 0.0 46 0.0 Louisiana (f) 734,286 48.7 774,498 51.3 0 0.0 0 0.0 Maine 272,311 43.2 320,962 50.9 37,268 8.4 126 0.0 Maryland 855,539 57.7 608,810 41.1 16,584 1.5 1,096 0.1 Massachusetts 885,770 33.1 1,781,341 66.6 3.3 7,504 0.3 Michigan 1,859,534 43.7 2,266,193 53.3 124,826 2.2 32 0.0 Minnesota 1,097,705 42.4 1,393,096 53.8 95,402 2.2 1,084 0.0 Mississippi 459,396 51.9 414,368 46.8 2,625 0.0 8,522 1.0 Missouri 1,424,730 51.3 1,261,110 45.4 61,503 2.2 30,511 1.1 Montana 236,115 46.4 255,933 50.2 17,312 3.4 0 0.0 Nebraska 411,812 59.0 286,169 41.0 0 3.5 0 0.0 Nevada 440,320 45.3 480,007 49.4 32,607 2.7 18,865 (g) 2.9 New Hampshire 302,764 52.8 262,359 45.7 8,197 1.4 282 0.0 New Jersey 899,583 41.9 1,203,110 56.0 44,722 2.1 0 0.0 New Mexico 298,091 42.8 398,368 57.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 New York 2,207,602 (h) 36.2 3,635,340 (h) 59.6 254,420 4.2 0 0.0 North Carolina 2,298,880 48.8 2,309,157 49.0 102,977 2.2 0 0.0 North Dakota 259,863 76.5 65,855 19.4 13,230 3.9 653 0.2 Ohio 2,231,917 50.4 2,067,847 46.7 129,460 3.3 358 0.0 Oklahoma 644,579 54.3 500,973 42.2 40,833 0.0 0 0.0 Oregon 684,321 43.8 796,006 51.0 46,446 3.0 35,046 2.2 Pennsylvania 2,039,882 40.7 2,895,652 57.8 77,021 0.0 0 0.0 24,001 6.4 Rhode Island 139,932 37.2 198,122 52.6 14,346 21.4 South Carolina 921,342 54.0 784,182 45.9 0 1.7 2,045 0.1 South Dakota 172,706 51.0 161,171 47.6 4,838 0.0 0 0.0 Tennessee 1,336,106 59.6 864,863 38.6 0 3.3 42,325 1.9 Texas 4,656,196 55.8 3,546,615 42.5 140,632 1.8 0 0.0 Utah 750,828 66.7 322,462 28.7 34,687 3.1 16,936 1.5 Vermont 151,261 55.2 110,335 40.3 3,694 1.3 8,797 3.2 Virginia 1,175,731 45.0 1,409,175 53.9 27,987 6.5 1,389 0.1 Washington 1,476,346 45.6 1,760,520 54.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 West Virginia 301,987 42.3 350,408 49.1 61,463 8.6 0 0.0 Wisconsin 1,295,080 48.5 1,324,307 49.6 31,312 0.0 21,643 0.8 Wyoming 136,412 67.1 55,965 27.5 9,761 2.4 1,100 0.5 American Samoa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (j) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Guam 9,487 26.4 18,258 50.8 0 0.0 8,205 22.8 CNMI* 8922 62.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 5,420 37.8 Puerto Rico 614,190 38.9 660,510 41.8 39,159 4.4 266,325 16.9 U.S. Virgin Islands 0 0.0 9,711 (l) 39.2 0 0.0 15,811 (l) 60.8 See footnotes at end of table

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Total votes 1,713,843 283,134 2,376,441 891,509 12,464,235 2,525,062 1,406,803 425,784 8,220,561 3,939,328 390,843 605,131 4,547,657 2,719,968 1,327,638 1,055,566 1,446,123 1,508,784 630,667 1,482,029 2,674,615 4,250,585 2,587,287 884,911 2,777,854 509,360 697,981 971,799 573,602 2,147,415 696,459 6,097,362 4,711,014 339,601 4,429,582 1,186,385 1,561,819 5,012,555 376,401 1,707,569 338,715 2,243,294 8,343,443 1,124,913 274,087 2,614,282 3,236,866 713,858 2,672,342 203,238 12,024 35,950 14,342 1,580,184 25,522

E LE CTI O N S

TABLE 6 .7 Voting Statistics for Gubernatorial Elections (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state elections web sites, March 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N.A.—Not applicable (a) In 2018, the Democratic Primary was known as the ADL ballot, which featured candidates from the Democratic, Libertarian and Independence Parties. (b) California became an open primary state after passage of Proposition 14 in the June 2010 election. The top two vote-getters in primary races for congressional, state legislative and statewide offices, regardless of political party, will be in a face-off in the general election. (c) Candidate ran unopposed. (e) Republican vote total includes 25,388 votes from the Independent party. Democratic vote total includes 17,861 from the Working Families Party. (f) Louisiana has an open primary which requires all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. If a candidate receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary, he is elected to the office. If no candidate receives a majority vote, then a single election is held between the two candidates receiving the most votes. (g) Nevada voters have the option to select “None of These Candidates.” If the “None of These Candidates” option receives the most votes in an election, the actual candidate who receives the most votes wins the election. In the Democratic primary, the

“None of These Candidates” option received 5,069 votes. In the Republican primary, 6,136 voters selected that option. The “None of These Candidates” option received 18,865 votes in the general election. (h) Democratic vote includes 68,713 from the Independence Party, 27,733 from the Women’s Equality Party, and 114,478 from the Working Families Party. The Republican vote includes 253,624 from the Conservative Party and 27,493 from the Reform Party. (i) Candidate nominated by convention. (j) There are no primaries. Instead, the law provides for a run off when none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the vote. All elections and candidates are nonpartisan, but candidates do identify with specific parties. The vote total in the general election was 12,024. Incumbent Lolo Matalasi Moliga won with 7,235 votes, Faoa Aitofele Sunia was next with 4,305 and Tuika Tuika received 484 votes. (k) There are no primaries. Instead, the law provides for a run off when none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the vote. (l) In the general election in the U.S. Virgin Islands, a runoff was held because no candidate received more than 50% of the vote. The vote total in the runoff election was 21,635, with the Democratic candidate Albert Bryan winnning with 54.5% of the vote. (m) Incumbent Republican Governor of Utah, Gary Herbert, lost the GOP primary convention vote to challenger Jonathan Johnson. Under the “Count My Vote” law, Herbert was still guaranteed a spot on the ballot despite losing the convention vote (forcing an official primary).

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Table 6.7 | Gubernatorial Elections Republican PERCENT—HIGHEST

ND • 76.5%

WY • 67.1%

UT • 66.7%

AR • 65.3%

TN • 59.6%

CA • 61.9%

NY • 59.6%

DE • 58.3%

WV • 8.6%

ME • 8.4%

VA • 6.5%

Democrat PERCENT—HIGHEST

MA • 66.6%

HI • 62.7%

Third Party PERCENT—HIGHEST

RI • 21.4%

HI • 13.5%

In a gubernatorial election, NEVADA voters have the option to select “None of These Candidates.”

In the most recent general election, this option received 18,865 votes. 2 38 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Of the states, KANSAS had the

highest total percentage of independent and write-in votes.

7.1%

E LE CTI O N S

TABLE 6 .8 Voter Turnout for Presidential Elections By Region: 2008, 2012 and 2016 (In thousands) State or other jurisdiction U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Voting age population (a) 245,502 3,717 518 5,196 2,216 29,894 4,242 2,759 729 16,202 7,626 1,064 1,224 9,723 4,988 2,394 2,142 3,348 3,463 1,058 4,623 5,374 7,624 4,190 2,203 4,626 798 1,407 2,234 1,044 6,862 1,547 15,506 7,631 583 8,811 2,923 3,185 9,980 836 3,733 631 5,057 20,172 2,096 500 6,343 5,592 1,434 4,465 436 553

2016 Number registered 157,596 2,526 358 3,145 1,456 16,096 2,893 1,763 487 9,604 4,892 530 790 6,665 3,298 1,657 1,438 2,253 2,446 830 3,114 3,660 5,434 3,055 1,725 3,333 581 1,008 1,371 763 4,165 916 9,142 5,194 424 6,128 1,861 2,147 6,909 538 2,575 437 3,251 11,724 1,398 351 4,399 3,906 913 3,323 304 420

Number voting (b) 137,537 2,095 308 2,769 1,241 14,416 2,707 1,586 417 8,578 4,246 460 714 5,719 2,795 1,454 1,243 1,850 2,067 754 2,737 3,315 4,713 2,738 1,470 2,906 521 893 1,195 698 3,665 765 7,869 4,700 362 5,408 1,555 1,942 6,008 464 2,233 362 2,630 9,626 1,234 305 3,973 3,382 723 3,068 277 380

Voting age population (a) 235,248 3,594 516 4,863 2,198 28,357 3,817 2,726 693 15,034 7,179 1,013 1,129 9,651 4,852 2,320 2,120 3,291 3,321 1,042 4,449 5,170 7,496 4,055 2,166 4,521 768 1,371 2,039 1,028 6,730 1,553 15,066 7,265 528 8,750 2,808 2,998 9,847 817 3,516 616 4,849 18,642 1,917 496 6,094 5,230 1,452 4,352 427 517

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Table 4a: Reported Voting and Registration of the Citizen Voting-Age Population, for States: November 2016. U.S. Census Bureau, Table 4a: Reported Voting and Registration of the Citizen Voting-Age Population, for States: November 2012. U.S. Census Bureau, Table 4a: Reported Voting and Registration of the Citizen Voting-Age Population, for States: November 2008.

2012 Number registered 153,157 2,556 361 2,812 1,376 15,356 2,635 1,760 470 9,102 4,767 547 745 6,425 3,270 1,745 1,467 2,303 2,498 787 2,888 3,759 5,620 3,085 1,794 3,384 553 901 1,176 752 4,326 978 8,887 5,295 383 6,076 1,806 2,086 6,795 552 2,479 454 3,210 10,749 1,138 357 4,210 3,533 982 3,318 268 385

Number voting (b) 132,948 2,154 289 2,412 1,124 13,462 2,495 1,568 431 8,107 4,168 480 679 5,428 2,801 1,548 1,249 1,895 2,148 700 2,609 3,382 4,832 2,859 1,588 2,818 495 798 1,048 688 3,670 878 7,675 4,624 328 5,395 1,431 1,897 5,824 469 2,187 370 2,606 8,643 1,022 308 3,778 3,172 690 3,127 247 350

Voting age population (a) 225,499 3,497 488 4,688 2,108 26,993 3,694 2,651 648 14,069 7,018 977 1,095 9,521 4,686 2,244 2,037 3,179 3,161 1,020 4,218 4,962 7,487 3,898 2,109 4,430 731 1,308 1,946 1,015 6,489 1,473 14,665 6,845 484 8,499 2,667 2,904 9,449 804 3,313 590 4,692 17,295 1,859 487 5,720 4,912 1,395 4,212 397 469

2008 Number registered 146,311 2,438 345 2,874 1,317 14,885 2,437 1,761 447 8,774 4,624 522 723 6,151 3,105 1,630 1,343 2,259 2,393 801 2,828 3,293 5,531 2,931 1,589 3,224 516 939 1,147 756 4,022 937 8,458 4,902 399 6,108 1,798 1,961 6,451 568 2,385 442 2,921 10,123 1,056 345 3,950 3,299 917 3,095 270 324

Number voting (b) 131,144 2,126 304 2,497 1,092 13,828 2,308 1,610 408 7,951 4,183 457 644 5,436 2,758 1,501 1,219 1,952 2,149 716 2,611 3,044 4,865 2,759 1,439 2,846 473 844 1,027 708 3,637 846 7,559 4,370 321 5,483 1,507 1,818 5,747 507 2,100 390 2,516 8,435 939 308 3,650 3,073 741 2,887 250 306

Key: (a) Estimated population, 18 years old and over. Includes armed forces in each state, aliens, and institutional population. (b) Number voting is number of ballots cast in presidential race. (c) No statewide registration required.

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I NITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS

TABLE 6 .9 Statewide Initiative and Referendum State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Changes to constitution Initiative Referendum Direct (a) Indirect (a) Legislative (b) « … … « … … « « … « « … « « … « « … « … … … … … « « … « … … « … … « … … « « … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « « … « « … « … … « « … « « … « « … « « … « « … « … … « … … « … … « … … … … «(e) « « … « « … « « … « « … « … … « … … « … … « « … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « « « « … … « « …

See footnotes at end of table

2 40 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Changes to statutes Initiative Direct (c) … … « « « « … … … … … « … … … … … … … … … … … … « « « … … … … … … « … « « … … … « … … « … … « … … … … « … …

Indirect (c) … « … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … « « … … … … … « … … … … … … « … … … … … … … … « … … « … … « … « … …

Legislative … … « « « « … « … … … « « … … … « … « « « « … … « « « « … … « … … « « « « … … … « … … « … … « … … … … « « «

Referendum Citizen petition (d) … « « « « « … … … … … « … … … … … … « « « « … … « « « « … … … … … « « « « … … … « … … « … … « … … « … « … …

I N I TI ATI V E S A N D R E F E R E N D U M S

TABLE 6 .9 Statewide Initiative and Referendum (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia websites, April 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table summarizes state provisions for initiatives and referendums. Initiatives may propose constitutional amendments or develop state legislation and may be formed either directly or indirectly. The direct initiative allows a proposed measure to be placed on the ballot after a specific number of signatures have been secured on a citizen petition. The indirect initiative must be submitted to the legislature for a decision after the required number of signatures has been secured on a petition and prior to placing the proposed measure on the ballot. Referendum refers to the process whereby a state law or constitutional amendment passed by the legislature may be referred to the voters before it goes into effect. Three forms of referendums exist: (1) citizen petition, whereby the people may petition for a referendum on legislation which has been con-

sidered by the legislature; (2) submission by the legislature (designated in table as “Legislative”), whereby the legislature may voluntarily submit laws to the voters for their approval; and (3) constitutional requirement, whereby the state constitution may require that certain questions be submitted to the voters. Key: «—State Provision. …—No state provision. (a) See “Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By Initiative,” for more detail. (b) See “Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature,” for more detail. (c) See tables on State Initiatives, for more detail. (d) See tables on State Referendums, for more detail. (e) Only the legislature can make statutory changes while in session. Proposed constitutional changes must be passed by the legislature and then are submitted to the citizens to be voted on.

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I NITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS

TA BLE 6 .9 A State Ballot Questions in 2019 State or other jurisdiction

Title

Type

Date

Result

Vote totals Yes votes No votes

Subject

Short description

Alabama

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2019 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Proposition CC

LRSS

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

46%

54%

Transportation and Education Revenue

Allows the state to retain excess revenue it is currently required to refund under the Taxpayer's Bill of Rights (TABOR); directs retained funds to be used for education and transportation purposes.

Proposition DD

LRSS

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

51%

49%

Gambling and Taxes

Authorize sports betting and authorizes the legislature to levy a tax of 10% on those conducting sports betting operations and use revenue to fund state water projects.

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Eliminate Revision of Census Population Amendment

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

60%

40%

Census

The measure would support ending the state's practice of adjusting the U.S. Census population regarding military personnel and students when redistricting the Kansas State Legislature.

LRCA

Oct. 12, 2019

Failed

47%

53%

Property Tax

The amendment would extend an ad valorem tax exemption to property being stored in Louisiana but destined for the Outer Continental Shelf.

Amendment 2

LRCA

Oct. 12, 2019

Passed

50.4%

49.6%

Education Funding

Approval allowed for appropriations from the Education Excellence Fund (EEF) to the Louisiana Educational Television Authority (LETA), Thrive Academy, and laboratory schools operated by public colleges.

Amendment 3

LRCA

Oct. 12, 2019

Passed

58%

42%

Taxes

Approval allows the legislature through a two-thirds vote to give the Louisiana Board of Tax Appeals jurisdiction over the constitutionality of taxes, fees, and related matters. It also establishes authority for the board in the state constitution, subject to changes made by laws passed by a two-thirds vote in the legislature. States in the constitution that the Louisiana Board of Tax Appeals has jurisdiction over any disputes concerning state and local taxes, fees, or other claims against the state.

Amendment 4

LRCA

Oct. 12, 2019

Failed

37%

63%

Taxes

Passage would have allowed New Orleans to exempt properties with no more than 15 residential units from taxes for the purpose of, according to the amendment, promoting and encouraging affordable housing.

Question 1

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

76%

24%

Bonds for Approval supported the authorization of $105 million in genTransporta- eral obligation bonds for transportation infrastructure projects. tion Infrastructure

Question 2

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

76%

24%

Disabilities/ Initiative Petitions

This amendment authorizes legislation allowing for persons with physical disabilities that prevent them from signing their own names to use an alternative signature to sign petitions for citizen-initiated ballot measures.

Massachusetts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2019 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

See footnotes at end of table

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TABLE 6 .9 A State Ballot Questions in 2019 (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Title

Type

Date

Result

Vote totals Yes votes No votes

Subject

Short description

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

Public Question 1

New Mexico

New York

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

76%

24%

Property Taxes

Supports a constitutional amendment extend the $250 property tax deduction that veterans receive to continuing care retirement centers on behalf of the veterans living there and require the retirement centers to pass the value of the deduction on to veterans in the form of credits or payments.

North Carolina ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2019 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

Marsy's Law Amendment

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

(a)

74%

26%

Marsy's Law

This measure would add specific rights of crime victims, together known as a Marsy's Law, to the Pennsylvania Constitution.

South Carolina ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2019 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Proposition 1

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

35%

65%

Municipal Judges

The amendment failed. It would have allowed persons to hold more than one office as an elected or appointed municipal judge in more than one municipality at the same time.

Proposition 2

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

66%

34%

Proposition 3

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

85%

15%

Proposition 4

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

74%

26%

Proposition 5

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

88%

12%

Sales Taxes

This constitutional amendment dedicates revenue from the sales tax on sporting goods to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and the Texas Historical Commission.

Proposition 6

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

64%

36%

Bonds for Research Institute

The amendment allows the legislature to increase the maximum amount of bonds for the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas from $3 billion to $6 billion.

Proposition 7

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

74%

26%

State School Allows the General Land Office and State Board of Education to Fund each transfer $600 million from the Permanent School Fund's lands and properties proceeds to the Available School Fund each year.

Proposition 8

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

78%

22%

Flood Infrastructure Fund

Proposition 9

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

51%

49%

Precious Met- The amendment allows the legislature to exempt precious metals Tax als held in a precious metal depository from property taxation. Exemptions

Proposition 10

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

94%

Law Enforce- The amendment allows for the transfer of a law enforcement ment animal to the animal's handler or another qualified caretaker if Animals the transfer is in the animal's best interest.

Bonds for This amendment allows the Texas Water Development Board to Water/Sewer issue bonds on a continuing basis, but not exceeding $200 million. Property Taxes

This amendment requires political subdivisions to provide temporary property tax exemptions in areas that the governor declared as disaster areas.

Income Taxes This amendment prohibits the state from levying an income tax on individuals to the Texas Constitution, which requires a two-thirds legislative vote and a statewide referendum to amend.

Amendment creates the Flood Infrastructure Fund, which will be used to provide financing for flood drainage, mitigation and control projects.

See footnotes at end of table

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I NITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS

TABLE 6 .9 A State Ballot Questions in 2019 (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Title

Type

Date

Result

Vote totals Yes votes No votes

Subject

Short description

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

Referendum 88

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

49%

51%

Affirmative Action

The failed vote supported blocking I-1000 from going into effect, thereby continuing to restrict the state from implementing certain affirmative action policies in public employment, education, and contracting.

Initiative 976

ITL

Nov. 5, 2019

(b)

53%

47%

Senate Joint Resolution 8200

LRCA

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

65%

35%

Legislature

The amendment authorizes the legislature to pass bills addressing the succession of powers and duties of public offices during periods of catastrophic incidents that are considered emergencies.

Advisory Vote 20

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

37%

63%

Health Care Taxes

The failed vote supported advising the legislature to repeal House Bill 1087, which was designed to levy 0.58% tax on wages to fund a program for long-term healthcare services.

Advisory Vote 21

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

41%

59%

Timber Taxes The failed vote supported advising the legislature to repeal House Bill 1324, which was designed to extend a surcharge on timber products through July 2045 that was otherwise set to expire in June 2024.

Advisory Vote 22

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

38%

62%

Paint Tax

The failed vote supported advising the legislature to repeal House Bill 1652, which was designed to require producers of interior or exterior architectural paint sold in containers of 5 gallons or less to fund and take part in programs related to paint waste management.

Advisory Vote 23

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

67%

33%

Cigarette/ Vapor Taxes

The favorable vote supported advising the legislature to maintain House Bill 1873, which was designed to levy a tax on e-cigarettes and vapor products.

Advisory Vote 24

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

37%

63%

Business The repeal vote supported advising the legislature Activities Tax to repeal House Bill 2158, which was designed to create the Workforce Education Investment Account to fund higher education programs through a tax on certain business activities.

Advisory Vote 25

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

45%

55%

Taxes

The repeal vote supported advising the legislature to repeal House Bill 2167, which was designed to impose an additional tax on certain financial institutions.

Advisory Vote 26

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

45%

55%

Sales Taxes

The failed vote supported advising the legislature to repeal Senate Bill 5581, which was designed to apply retail sales taxes on online retailers.

Advisory Vote 27

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

39%

61%

Petroleum Taxes

The failed vote supported advising the legislature to repeal Senate Bill 5993, which was designed to increase taxes on petroleum products.

Advisory Vote 28

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

55%

45%

Sales Taxes

The vote supported advising the legislature to maintain Senate Bill 5997, which was designed to limit the tax exemptions that residents from other U.S. states and Canada can receive while in Washington.

Advisory Vote 29

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

35%

65%

Excise Taxes

The failed vote supported advising the legislature to repeal Senate Bill 5998, which was designed to increase the excise tax on real property.

Advisory Vote 30

Nov. 5, 2019

Failed

44%

56%

Business Taxes

The failed vote supported advising the legislature to repeal Senate Bill 6004, which was designed to increase the business and occupation tax on specified tour operators and travel agents.

Advisory Vote 31

Nov. 5, 2019

Passed

57%

43%

Business Taxes

The vote supported advising the legislature to maintain Senate Bill 6016, which was designed to increase the business and occupation tax on specified international investment management services.

Motor Vehicle This initiative would limit annual license fees for vehicles Taxes weighing under 10,000 pounds at $30 except voter-approved charges; base vehicle taxes on the Kelley Blue Book value rather than 85% of the manufacturer's base suggested retail price; and repeal authorization for certain regional transit authorities, such as Sound Transit, to impose motor vehicle excise taxes.

West Virginia

Wisconsin

See footnotes at end of table

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I N I TI ATI VE S A N D R E F E R E N D U M S

TA BLE 6 .9 A State Ballot Questions in 2019 (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Title

Type

Date

Result

Vote totals Yes votes No votes

Subject

Short description

Wyoming

American Samoa

Guam

CNMI*

Puerto Rico

U.S. Virgin Islands

Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election sites, Initiative & Referendum Institute website an Ballotpedia websites, April 2020. Key: AQ—Advisory Question BI—Bond Initiative CI—Citizen Initiative/Referendum CICA—Citizen Initiated Constitutional Amendment CISS—Citizen Initiative State Statute CR—Commission referred ConCon—Constitution Convention IndISS—Indirect Initiated State Statute ITL—Initiatives to the Legislature LR—Legislatively Referred LRCA—Legislatively Referred Constitutional Amendment LRSS—Legislatively Referred State Statute VR—Veto Referendum

(a) The amendment was blocked. The League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania and Lorraine Haw filed a lawsuit that challenged the proposed Marsy’s Law as violating the separate vote requirement for constitutional amendments. A judge issued a preliminary injunction on October 30, 2019, and enjoined the secretary of state from counting and certifying votes on the ballot measure, pending a final ruling; It was appealed to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which upheld the lower court’s injunction on November 4. (b) This initiative was approved by voters, however has yet to go into effect due to pending litigation. disputing the ballot language as “misleading to voters.” A King County Superior Court judge issued a temporary injunction in November 2019 and the case is pending further action from the Washington Supreme Court.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 4 5

I NITIATIVE S

TABLE 6 .1 0 State Initiatives: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Petition Applied to (a) State or other jurisdiction Const. amdt. Statute Alabama … … Alaska … I Arizona D D Arkansas D D California D D Colorado D D Connecticut … … Delaware … … Florida D … Georgia … … Hawaii … … Idaho … D Illinois D … Indiana … … Iowa … … Kansas … … Kentucky … … Louisiana … … Maine … I Maryland … … Massachusetts I I Michigan D I Minnesota … … Mississippi D … Missouri D D Montana D D Nebraska D D Nevada D I New Hampshire … … New Jersey … … New Mexico … … New York … … North Carolina … … North Dakota D D Ohio D I Oklahoma D D Oregon D D Pennsylvania … … Rhode Island … … South Carolina … … South Dakota D D Tennessee … … Texas … … Utah … D, I Vermont … … Virginia … … Washington … D, I West Virginia … … Wisconsin … … Wyoming … I American Samoa … … CNMI* D I Puerto Rico … D U.S. Virgin Islands D …

Signatures required to request a petition (b) Const. amdt. Statute … … … 100 … … … … 25 (g) 25 (g) … … … … … … … … … … … … … 20 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6 (j) … (k) 10 10 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 25 25 1,000 1,000 … … 1,000 1,000 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5 SP … … … … … … … … … … … 100 … … … … … … … …

See footnotes at end of table

2 46 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Request Request form submitted to furnished by (c) … … LG (p) SS SS AG SP AG … SS SS … … … … SS SP … … … … SS SP … … … … … … … … … … … … SS SS SS (l) SBE AG SS SS … … … SS … SS SP SS (o) SP SS SP SS SS … … … … … … … … … … SS SP AG (m) SS, AG O SS SS … … … … … … SS SS … … … … LG LG … … … … SS SP … … … … SS SS … … AG AG SBE (n) SBE SBE

Restricted subject matter (d) … Y N N Y N … … N … … N Y … … … … … Y Y Y Y … Y Y Y Y Y … … … … … N Y N N … … … Y … … N … … N … … Y … Y N Y

Individual responsible for petition Title Summary … … LG LG P, SP P, SP AG AG AG AG (i) (i) … … … … SP SP … … … … AG AG … … … … … … … … … … … … P SS … … AG AG SP SP … … AG AG SS,AG SS,AG AG AG SP SP P, SP P, SP … … … … … … … … … … SS,AG SS (m) (m) P P AG AG … … … … … … AG AG … … … … SP SP … … … … AG AG … … … … SS SS … … SP SP (n) (n) SBE SBE

Financial contributions reported (e) … Y Y Y Y Y … … Y … … Y Y … … … … … Y Y Y Y … Y Y Y Y Y … … … … … Y (e) Y Y Y … … … Y … … Y … … Y … … Y … Y Y Y

Deposits required (f) … $100 N N $200 N … … N (q) … … N N … … … … … N N N N … $500 N N N N … … … … … N N N N … … … N … … N … … $5 … … $500 … N $500 N

I N I TI ATI V E S

TABLE 6 .1 0 State Initiatives: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Petition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision AG—Attorney General D—Direct initiative O—Other I—Indirect initiative P—Proponent EV—Eligible voters ST—State LG—Lieutenant Governor SP—Sponsor SS—Secretary of State Y—Yes SBE—State Board of Elections N—No (a) An initiative may provide a constitutional amendment or develop a new statute, and may be formed either directly or indirectly. The direct initiative allows a proposed measure to be placed on the ballot after a specific number of signatures have been secured on a petition. The indirect initiative must first be submitted to the legislature for decision after the required number of signatures have been secured on a petition, prior to placing the proposed measure on the ballot. (b) Prior to circulating a statewide petition, a request for permission to do so must first be submitted to a specified state officer. (c) The form on which the request for petition is submitted may be the responsibility of the sponsor or may be furnished by the state. (d) Restrictions may exist regarding the subject matter to which an initiative may be applied. The majority of these restrictions pertain

to the dedication of state revenues and appropriations, and laws that maintain the preservation of public peace, safety, and health. In Illinois, amendments are restricted to “structural and procedural subjects contained in” the legislative article. (e) In some states, a list of financial contributors and the amount of their contributions must be submitted to the specified state officer with whom the petition is filed. In North Dakota, must report any contributions and/or expenditures in excess of $100. Must also report the gross total of all contributions received and gross totals of all expenditures made. Must give total cash on hand in the filer’s account at the start and close of a reporting period. (f) A deposit may be required after permission to circulate a petition has been granted. This amount is refunded when the completed petition has been filed correctly. (g) Signatures required to seek assistance of Office of Legislative Counsel in drafting measure before filing with the Attorney General’s office. (h) The secretary of state charges a 10 cent fee per signature that must be verified for ballot consideration. (i) Title Setting Board—secretary of state, attorney general, director of legislative legal services. (j) The signature of six voters. (k) Three percent of the total qualified voters from the last gubernatorial election. (l) Secretary of state accepts and turns over to State Board of Elections. (m) Petitioners must prepare the summary and submit it to the Ohio Attorney General, who then must certify whether the summary fully and accurately describes the proposal. (n) Office of the Supervisor of Elections Titling Board. (o) After submitted, the secretary of state transfers it over to the Legislative Services Division. (p) Division of Elections.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 4 7

I NITIATIVE S

TABLE 6 .1 1 State Initiatives: Circulating the Petition State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California

Basis for signatures (see key below) Const. amdt. … … 15% VG 10% VG (d) 8% VG

Statute … 10% TV from 3/4 SLD (c) 10% VG 8% VG (d) 5% VG

5% VSS

… … 8% VEP, 8% from 1/2 CD … … …

… … … … … 6% EV (cc)

8% VG

…

Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland

… … … … … … … … … … … 10% VG … … 3% VG, no more than 3% VG, no more than 25% Massachusetts 25% from 1 county from 1 county (i) 8% VG 10% VG no more than 8%VG, no more than 15% Michigan 15% from each CD from each CD Minnesota … … Mississippi 12% VG (n) … 8% VG, 8% each from 5% VG, 5% each from Missouri 2/3 CD 2/3 CD 10% VG and 10% in 40 5% VG and 5% in 34 of Montana of the SLD the SLD Nebraska 10% EV 7% EV Nevada 10% TV (p) 10% TV (p) New Hampshire … … New Jersey … … New Mexico … … New York … … North Carolina … … North Dakota 4% resident population (r) 2% resident population (r) 10% VG, 5% each from 3% VG, 1.5% each from 1/2 Ohio 1/2 counties counties Oklahoma 15% VG (t) 8% VG (t) Oregon 8% VG 6% VG Pennsylvania … … Rhode Island … … South Carolina … … South Dakota 10% VG 5% VG Tennessee … … Texas … … 10% VEP, 10% each from 26 Utah … of 29 senate districts (w) Vermont … … Virginia … … … 8% VG Washington West Virginia … … Wisconsin … … Wyoming … 15% TV, from 2/3 counties American Samoa … … CNMI* 50% (z) 20% Puerto Rico … (bb) U.S. Virgin Islands … 10 % ED See footnotes at end of table

2 48 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Maximum time period allowed for petition circulation (a) … 1 yr. 2 yr. … 150 days 6 mos. (3 mos prior to election) … … 2 yr. … … (g) 18 mos. prior to election … … … … … 1 yr. … From 3rd Wed. in Sept. to 1st Wed. in Dec. (k)

Can signatures be removed from petition (b) … Y Y N Y

180 days … 1 yr.

Completed petition filed with … LG SS SS (e)

Const. amdt. … … 4 mos. 120 days 131 days

Statute … … 4 mos. … 131 days

Days prior to election

90 days

… … N … … Y

… … SS … … SS

… … Feb. 1 (f) … … …

… … … … … 4 mos.

SBE

6 mos.

…

… … … … … … …

… … … … … SS …

… … … … … … …

… … … … … (h) …

Y (j)

SS (k)

(i)

(l)

N (m)

120 days

160 days

… Y

(e) SS (e)

… 90 days prior to LS

… …

Approx. 18 mos.

6 mos.

(o)

… (q) … … … … … 1 yr.

Y Y … … … … … N

SS SS … … … … … SS

4 mos. 90 days … … … … … 120 days

4 mos. 30 days prior to LS … … … … … 120 days

…

90 days

(s)

90 days … … … … (v) … …

Y Y (u) … … … N … …

SS SS … … … SS … …

60 days 4 mos. … … … … … …

316 days

…

June 1

… … 6 to 9 mos. (x) … … 18 mos. … (aa) … 180 days

… … N … … Y … Y … Y

… … SS … … SS … … … SS

… … … … … … … … … …

… … (y) … … 120 days … … … 6 mos.

I N I TI ATI V E S

TABLE 6 .1 1 State Initiatives: Circulating the Petition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2020. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision VG—Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. EV—Eligible voters. VH—Total votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes in last general election. TV—Total voters in last election. VSS—Total votes cast for all candidates for the office of secretary of state at the previous general election. VEP—Total votes cast in the state as a whole on the last presidential election. ED—Election district. CD—Congressional district. SBE — State Board of Elections. SLD—State legislative district for house. LG—Lieutenant Governor SS—Secretary of State LS—Legislative session Y—Yes N—No T— Tuesday (a) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition. (b) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must be submitted in writing to the state officer with whom the petition is filed. (c) Signed by qualified voters who are equal in number to at least ten per cent of those who voted in the preceding general election, who are resident in at least three-fourths of the house districts of the State, and who, in each of those house districts, are equal in number to at least seven percent of those who voted in the preceding general election in the house district. (d) Distributed across at least 15 counties. (e) County elections officials. (f) February 1 of the general election year. (g) Eighteen months from receipt of ballot title or April 30 of year of election on initiative, whichever occurs first. (h) To be placed on November ballot, petitions must be submitted to SS by 5:00 p.m. on 50th day after convening of Legislature in 1st regular session, or by 5:00 p.m. on 25th day in 2nd regular session. (i) First Wednesday in December. (j) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must be submitted in writing to the local election official before the petition is submitted for certification of signatures. (k) Petitions first must be submitted to local municipal clerks for signature certification. (l) After legislative inaction, petitions must be filed no later than the 1st Wednesday in July, signed by not less than 1/2 of 1 percent of

the last vote cast for governor. (m) Not after petition has been filed. (n) the signatures must be distributed among the state’s Congressional districts. If less than the minimum in any one district, the entire petition will be ruled invalid. (o) There is a maximum of one year to circulate petitions and receive certification from county election officials. The county officials must submit each verified petition to the secretary of state by the final filing deadline, which is the third Friday of the fourth month prior to the election. Proponents must submit their petitions to county officials no sooner than nine months and no later than four weeks prior to the final filing deadline. (p) In each “petition district” (per SB 212, effective 2009) which are set the same as Congressional districts. (q) Each have different deadlines and circulation periods. Amendments: Initial filing cannot be made before Sept. 1 of the year preceding the election year and the petition must be filed with the county officials by the third Tuesday in June of an evennumbered year. Statues: Initial filing cannot be made before Jan. 1 of the year preceding the next regular legislative session and the petition must be filed with county officials by the second Tuesday in November of an even-numbered year. (r) Percentage of resident population of the state at the last federal decennial census. (s) Ten days prior to commencement of General Assembly session for initial filing; second petition must be filed within 90 days after General Assembly takes no action, fails to enact or passes amended form; the petition is filed with the secretary of state. (t) In 2012, voters approved a constitutional amendment placed on the ballot by the legislature that changed the signature requirement from percentage of votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes in last general election to percentage of votes cast for position of governor in the last election. (u) Only by the chief petitioners before submitting signatures for verification. Signatures many not be removed once the signatures have been submitted to the Secretary of State (v) No more than 24 months preceding the election date specified on the petition, however petition is submitted 12 months before the election. (w) Five percent in both categories for indirect. (x) Six months for direct initiative and nine months for indirect initiative. Signatures for direct initiatives are due at least four month prior to the general election. Signatures for indirect initiatives are due at least 10 days prior to the beginning of the session. (y) Initiatives to the legislature must be turned in 10 days before the legislature convenes. If the legislature does not act, the initiative goes to the next General Election ballot. (z) At least 25 percent in each senate district. (aa) Until 120 days before the date of the election. (bb) Ten percent district and 41 percent territorial. (cc) Geographic distribution shall be as follows: 6% of the qualified electors at the time of the last general election in each of at least 18 legislative districts; provided however, the total number of signatures shall be equal to or greater than 6% of the qualified electors in the state at the time of the last general election. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 4 9

I NITIATIVE S

TABLE 6 .1 2 State Initiatives: Preparing the Initiative to be Placed on the Ballot State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas

Signatures verified by: (a) … Division of Elections County recorder SS

Within how many days after filing … 60 days (e) 30 days

Number of days to amend/appeal a petition that is: Incomplete (b) Not Accepted (c) … … … … … … 30 days 30 days

County clerk

30 days

…

SS … … Supervisor of elections … … County clerk SBE (g) … … … … … Registrar of voters … Local board of registrar SS … Circuit clerk County clerk County election administrators County clerk County clerk … … … … … SS County board of elections SS County clerk … … … SS … … County clerk … … SS … … SS … Election Commission Office of the Supervisor of Elections

30 days … … N.A. … … 60 days … … … … … … … … 2 weeks Approx. 60 days … … 63 days 4 weeks 40 days (i) … … … … … 35 days 10 days … 30 days … … … … … … 30 days … … … … … 60 days … (n) 15 days

10 days … … N.A. … … … (h) … … … … … … … … … … 10 days … 10 days … 5 days (j) … … … … … … 10 days 10 days (l) … … … … … … … … … 5 days … … 30 days … 30 days (o) 3 days

… … … N.A. … … 10 days (h) … … … … … … … … … … 10 days 10 days 10 days … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 14 days … … 5 … … 30 days … 119 days …

Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fine, jail term) … Class B misdemeanor Class 1 misdemeanor Class A misdemeanor Felony or misdemeanor (depending on severity) (f) … … First degree misdemeanor … … $5,000, 2 yrs. Class 3 felony … … … … … … … $1,000, 1 yr. $500, 90 days … $1,000, 1 yr. Class A misdemeanor $500, 6 mos. … … … … … … … (k) 5th degree felony $1,000, 1 yr. (m) … … … Class 1 misdemeanor … … Class A misdemeanor … … Fine or imprisonment … … $1,000, 1 yr. … (p) …

U.S. Virgin Islands

Office of the Supervisor of Elections

15 days

7 days

…

California

See footnotes at end of table

2 50 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Petition certified by: (d) … LG SS SS SS SS … … SS … … SS SBE … … … … … SS … SS BSC … CC SS SS SS SS … … … … … SS SS SS SS … … … SBE … … LG … … SS … … SS … AG SBE Office of the Supervisor of Elections

I N I TI ATI V E S

TABLE 6 .1 2 State Initiatives: Preparing the Initiative to be Placed on the Ballot (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2020. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision. CC—Circuit Clerk. SS—Secretary of State. LG—Lieutenant Governor. BSC—Board of State Canvassers. SBE—State Board of Elections. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the initiative is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures is submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days after filing. If the necessary number of signatures has not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such a case, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. If the petition is determined to be sufficient, the initiative is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures has been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) Removal of petition and ineligible signatures by Secretary of State’s office 20 days, certification by County Recorder 15 days after receipt from secretary of State’s office. (f) Secretary conducts hearing, then turns over to the attorney

general for investigation/possible criminal prosecution. (g) State Board of Elections and County Clerks or Municipal Boards of Election Commissioners. Individual petition sheets must be from a single jurisdiction. The SBE verifies that all signatures are from a single jurisdiction and the County Clerks or Municipal Boards verify the signatures against their registration files. (h) Amendments are not permitted. Judicial review must be sought within ten days after determination be State Board of Elections. (i) 1. Within four days county clerk totals the number of signatures and forwards to the secretary of state. 2. The secretary of state immediately notifies county clerks if they are to proceed or not proceed with the signature verification. 3. If ordered by the secretary of state, the county clerks verify signatures within nine days (excluding weekends and holidays). (j) In Nevada, appeal must be within 5 working days after SS determines the petition is not sufficient. (k) Any violations discovered will be reported to the attorney general for investigation and prosecution. (l) Additional signatures may be submitted if signatures were turned in prior to deadline for submitting signatures. (m) Whether a penalty is assessed would be based upon what information on the petition was falsified. (n) Within 90 days before the date of election. (o) 30 days if submitted 150 days before the date of the election. No amendment/appeal if submitted 120 days before the date of election. (p) Subject to statute governing fraud and perjury.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 1

I NITIATIVE S

TABLE 6 .1 3 State Initiatives: Voting on the Initiative State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland

Ballot (a) Title by: Summary by: … …

Election where initiative voted on …

GE,PR or SP

SS, AG AG AG TB (j) … … SP … … AG … … … … … …

SS, AG AG AG TB (j) … … SP … … AG SS (o) … … … … …

GE GE GE GE, Odd year … … GE … … GE GE … … … … …

Sponsor,SS

REG or SP

…

Effective date of approved Can an approved initiative be: initiative (b) Days to contest Const. amdt. Statute election results (c) Amended? Vetoed? Repealed? … … … … … … 90 … 10 Y N Y (e) days (d) … IM(f) 5 (g) N N 30 days 30 days 20 Y N Y 1 day (h) 1 day (h) 5 (d) Y (i) N Y (i) 30 days 30 days 10 N (k) N (k) N (k) … … … … … … … … … … … … (m) … 10 Y (n) N Y (n) … … … … … … … … … … … … … IM 20 Y N Y … … 30 (p) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 30 5 Y N Y … days (f) … … … … … …

Can a defeated initiative be refiled? … N Y Y Y … … … Y … … Y Y … … … … … …

Massachusetts

30 days

Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina

BSC … AG SS,AG AG AG SS,AG … … … … …

GE … GE GE GE GE GE … … … … …

45 days … 30 days 30 days Jul. 1 10 days (u) … … … … …

2 (r) … … 30 (r) 1 yr. 40 14 … … … … …

Y … Y (s) Y Y Y (v) … … … … …

N … Y (s) N N N (v) … … … … …

Y … N Y Y Y (v) … … … … …

SS,AG

PR or GE

30 days

10 days … … IM Oct. 1 10 days (u) … … … … … 30 days (w)

… after 2 biennial elections Y … after 2 yrs. Y Y N (t) Y … … … … …

(x)

North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Ohio Ballot Board AG AG … … … AG … … LLS … … AG … …

(y)

30 days

(z)

P AG … … … AG … … LLS … … AG … …

IM 30 days … … … (bb) … … … … … … … …

IM 30 days … … … (bb) … … 5 days (cc) … … 30 days … …

… 40 … … … … … … 40 … … 10 days … ….

Y Y … … … Y … … Y … … Y (l) … …

Y Y … … … N … … N … … … … …

Y Y … … … N … … N … … Y (l) … …

after 3 yrs. (aa) Y … … … Y … … after 2 yrs. … … Y … …

SS,AG

…

90 days

15 after Canvass

after 2 yrs.

after 5 yrs.

… AG LC Office of Supervisor of Elections

… AG AG, LLS Office of Supervisor of Elections

GE or SP GE … … … GE … … GE … … GE … … GE 120 days after LS … GE GE

… (q) …

… (q) IM

… 30 …

… … Y

… … …

… Y Y

Any election

(v)

…

(v)

See footnotes at end of table

2 52 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

I N I TI ATI V E S

TABLE 6 .1 3 State Initiatives: Voting on the Initiative (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: PR—Primary election …—No provision GE—General election LG—Lieutenant Governor REG—Regular election SS—Secretary of State SP—Special election AG—Attorney General IM—Immediately P—Proponent LS—Legislative session LC—Legislative Council TB—Title Board LLS—Legislative Legal Services Y—Yes BSC—Board of State Canvassers N—No SBE—State Board of Elections w/i—Within (a) In some states, the ballot title and summary will differ from that on the petition. (b) A majority of the popular vote is required to enact a measure. In Massachusetts and Nebraska, apart from satisfying the requisite majority vote, the measure must receive, respectively, 30% and 35% of the total votes cast in favor. An initiative approved by the voters may be put into effect immediately after the approving votes have been canvassed. In California and Nebraska, the measure may specify an enacting date. In Colorado, measures take effect from the date of proclamation by governor, but no later than 30 days after votes have been canvassed and certified by secretary of state. In Nebraska, 10 days after completion of canvass by the State Board of Canvassers. (c) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on an initiative within a certain number of days after the election including the measure proposed. (d) After certification of election. (e) May not be repealed within 2 years of its effective date. (f) Upon governor’s proclamation. (g) Initiative can be amended by three-fourths of the members of each house of the legislature (AZ Constitution Article 4, Part 1, Section14. (h) Unless the measure requires otherwise. (i) Changes must be submitted to voters unless the measure provided for legislative amendment or repeal. (j) Ballot title: Drafted by Legislative Council of the General Assembly, then finalized by three board members called the Title Board. Summary by: Legislative Council of the General Assembly. (k) If it is statutory it can be changed by the legislature.

(l) No initiated statute can be amended or repealed within 2 years without a 2/3s super majority in both chambers. Any initiated law so amended is not subject to veto referendum. (m) It is effective the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January following election unless specified in the amendment. (n) Amendments or repeal must be voted on by the voters. (o) Subject to approval of the Attorney General. (p) Changing a constitutional amendment would require another constitutional amendment. (q) Effective upon approval by voters and certification of election result by Election Commission: usually 15 days after date of election or later if there is an election contest. (r) After election is certified. (s) The approved initiative to amend the Constitution can be adopted, amended or rejected by the legislature or no action can be taken. In all cases, the initiative and alternative adopted are placed on the next statewide general election ballot. (t) Not on next ballot. (u) Constitutional amendment—after passed twice by the voters it becomes effective upon the completion of the canvass of votes by the Supreme Court on the fourth Tuesday of November following the election. Statute—effective on the date approved by the governor or the canvass of the vote by the Supreme Court. (v) It cannot be amended or repealed within three years from the date it takes effect. (w) An initiative to repeal a statute is effective immediately following the election. (x) A measure approved by the electors may not be amended or repealed by the legislative assembly for seven years from its effective date, except by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to each house; majority vote thereafter. (y) No summary, but the Ohio Ballot Board prescribes the ballot language. Also explanations and arguments for and against the proposal may be prepared by the petitioner and the person(s) appointed by the governor or, if appropriate, the General Assembly. The Ohio Ballot Board must prepare any missing explanation or argument.appointed by the governor or, if appropriate, the General Assembly. The Ohio Ballot Board must prepare any missing explanation or argument. (z) Initiated constitutional amendment proposed by petition cannot be vetoed; cannot be amended or repealed except by another constitutional amendment. Initiated statute cannot be vetoed by the governor, but may be amended or repealed after its effective date via legislation or another initiative. (aa) Three year waiting period unless proponents can gather signatures equal to 25 percent of total vote cast in last governor’s election. (bb) Upon completion of official canvass of votes. (cc) If an indirect initiative is adopted by the legislature, it takes effect 60 days after the adjournment of the legislative session in which it is passed. Unless otherwise specified in the measure, direct initiatives take effect five days after the governor proclaims the official election results.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 3

RE FE RE ND UMS

TABLE 6 .1 4 State Referendums: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Citizen Petition State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona

Citizen petition (a) … Y Y

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut Delaware

… …

Florida

Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts

… … Y Y (i) … … … … Y Y Y

Michigan

Minnesota

…

Mississippi

Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia

Y Y Y Y … … … … … Y Y Y Y … … … Y … … Y … …

Washington

West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

… … Y … Y Y …

Signatures required to request a petition (b) … 100 5% VG 8% VG initiative; 6% referendum VG 25 At least 2 people representing issue … … 8% of vote in last presidential election & 1/2 of congressional districts … … 20 … Varies … … … … 5 (k) 10 8% VG, initiative; 5% VG, referendum VG … Any "qualified elector" may file … (l) … (r) … … … … … 25 "qualified voters" 1,000 "qualified electors" (n) 4% of VG … … … 5% of VG … … 5 SP … … 8% VG, initiative; 4% VG, referendum VG … … 100 … … 10% district/41% territorial …

Request Request forms submitted furnished to: by: (c) … … LG DV SS SS

Restricted subject matter (d) … Y Y

Individual responsible for petition Title Summary … … LG LG P P

Financial contributions reported (e) … Y Y

Deposit required (f) … $100 N

$200

LS, SS

… …

N (g)

N (h)

… … SS … SS … … ….. … SS SS AG

… … SP … SS … … … … SS SBE SS

… … N Y Y … … … … Y Y Y

… … AG P Varies … … … … SP,SS SP AG Board of State Canvassers …

… … AG … … … … … … SS (j) AG AG Board of State Canvassers …

… … Y Y, for $3,000 or more … … … … … Y Y Y

… … N … … … … … … … N N

…

$500

SS LS, SS, AG SS SS … … … … … SS SS, AG SS LC,SS (o) … … … LS … … LG … …

DV SP … SS … … … … … SP PE SS SS … … … SP … … LG … …

Y Y Y Y … … … … … N Y N Y … … … Y … … Y (p) … …

SS,AG AG SP P, SP … … … … … SS,AG PE P AG … … … AG … … SP … …

SS, AG AG SP P, SP … … … … … SS PE (m) P AG … … … AG … … SP … …

Y Y Y Y … … … … … Y Y Y Y … … … Y … … Y … …

N N N N … … … … … N $25 N N … … … N … … … … …

Y (q)

… … SS … … Other L

… … SS … … SBE L

… … Y … Y N N

… … SS … SP SP L

… … SS … AG Other L

… … Y … Y Y N

… … $500 … N N N

See footnotes at end of table

2 54 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

REFERENDUMS

TABLE 6 .1 4 State Referendums: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Citizen Petition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election websites, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision for EV—Eligible voters AG—Attorney General VG—Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election P—Proponent PE—Petitioner LG—Lieutenant Governor ST—State LS—Legislative services SP—Sponsor L—Legislature Y—Yes SS—Secretary of State N—No SBE—State Board of Elections LC—Office of Legislative Counsel DV—Division of Elections (a) Three forms of referenda exist: citizen petition, submission by the legislature, and constitutional requirement. This table outlines the steps necessary to enact a citizen’s petition. (b) Prior to circulating a statewide petition, a request for permission to do so must first be submitted to a specified state officer. Some states require such signatures to only be those of eligible voters. (c) The form on which the request for petition is submitted may be the responsibility of the sponsor or may be furnished by the state. (d) Restrictions may exist regarding the subject matter to which a referendum may be applied. The majority of these restrictions pertain to the dedication of state revenues and appropriations, and laws that maintain the preservation of public peace, safety and health. In Kentucky, referenda are only permitted for the establishment of soil and water and watershed conservation districts. (e) In some states, a list of individuals who contribute financially to the referendum campaign must be submitted to the specified state officer with whom the petition is filed.

(f) A deposit may be required after permission to circulate a petition has been granted. This amount is refunded when the completed petition has been filed correctly. (g) New fees/taxes requires 2/3 majority vote (h) The secretary of state charges a 10 cent fee per signature that must be verified for ballot consideration. (i) A referendum can only be placed on the ballot if authorized by a state law. As a result, a county or town election board cannot print any referendum on the ballot unless the legislature has already passed a law to permit the referendum. Therefore, each statute is different. (j) Petition sponsor may submit proposed petition summary for approval to State Administrator of Elections but a formal request to circulate a petition is not required. (k) No specific requirement to request a petition. Legislative Services receives the request and reviews it, and then the sponsor submits it to the Secretary of State and Attorney General for petition format review and legal and constitutional sufficiency review. (l) State auditor writes the fiscal note. (m) Petitioners must prepare the summary, and submit it to the Ohio Attorney General, who then must certify whether the summary fully and accurately describes the proposal. (n) Five percent of legal voters based upon the total number of votes cast at the last general election for the state office receiving the highest number of votes (o) LC must also reasonably expect the measure to be put to a vote w/ verified # of signatures (4% for referendum of VG, statutory/ const amdts different) (p) May not challenge laws passed by two-thirds of each house of the legislature; any measure prohibiting/limiting wildlife hunting/management takes two-thirds vote in support. (q) No bills with an emergency clause. (r) The information required to be provided includes the name and signature of the person filing the petition, the names of up to three individuals who are authorized to withdraw or amend the petition, and the name of the Political Action Committee (PAC) formed to advocate for the passage of the petition.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 5

RE FE RE ND UMS

TABLE 6 .1 5 State Referendums: Circulating the Citizen Petition State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana

Basis for signatures … 10% TV, from 3/4 ED 5% VG 8% for initiated act; 6% for referenda VG 5% VG

Maryland

Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

With … LG SS

Days after legislative session … 90 days 90 days

…

90 days

90 days; 131 days for initiatives prior to GE

(c)

…

5% of votes cast for prior SS election … … 8% of TV in prior Presidential election … … 6% EV 8% VG (e) … … …

Completed petition filed:

6 months

…

… …

Up to 2 years (d)

…..

CES

…

… … Y Y … … … … …

… … SS SBE … … …

… … 60 days … … … …

…

… … w/i 60 days after LS 24 months prior to GE … … … … …

…

10% VG

18 months

…

3 % VG 1.5% VG for emergency; 2% or immediate suspension 5% VG … … 5% VG, from 2/3 ED 5% EV and 5% from 34 of 100 ED 5% EV 10% EV last GE … … … … … 2% total population 6% VG, 3% each from 1/2 counties 5% VH 4% VG … … … 5% VG … … 10% VG … … 4%VG … … 15% TV, from 2/3 county … … … No. of registered voters

(f) First state election 60 or more days after filing certified petition 90 days after LS … … w/i 90 days after LS

Maine

Massachusetts

Maximum time period allowed for petition circulation (a) … w/i 90 days of LS 24 months prior to GE

Can signatures be removed from petition (b) … Y Y

See footnotes at end of table

2 56 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

… 50 days for 1st session; 25 days for 2nd session …

Y (g)

90 days after signed by governor

N … … Y

SS … … SS

90 days after enactment … … 90 days

(h)

6 mos.

… (i) … … … … … 90 days

Y Y … … … … … N

SS CC, SS … … … … … SS

90 days 120 prior to next GE … … … … … (j)

90 days

w/i 90 days of LS w/i 90 days of LS … … … 24 months prior to GE … … 40 days after LS … … Approx. 90 days … … 18 months … Up to 120 days before election … 180 days

Y Y (k) … … … N … … Y … … N … … N … Y … …

SS SS … … … SS … … CC … … SS … … SS … AG … …

90 days 90 days … … … 90 days … … 40 days … … 90 days … … 90 days … … … …

REFERENDUMS

TABLE 6 .1 5 State Referendums: Circulating the Citizen Petition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision for. VG—Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. EV—Eligible voters. TV—Total voters in the last general election. VH—Total votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes in last general election. VSS—Total votes cast for all candidates for the office of secretary of state at the previous general election. ED—Election district. GE—General election. LS—Legislative session. LG—Lieutenant governor. SBE—State Board of Elections. SS—Secretary of state. AG—Attorney General. CC—County clerk. CES—County election supervisor. Y—Yes N—No w/i—Within (a) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to or by the sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition.

(b) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must first be submitted in writing to the state officer with whom the petition is filed. (c) County elections office. (d) Signatures must be verified by Feb 1 in year of election. (e) Referenda are advisory only. (f) No signature may be collected until the final action of the General Assembly. Session ends the second Monday in April. One third of the signatures must be submitted not later than May 31. The remaining signatures are due no later than June 30th. (g) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must first be submitted in writing to the local election official prior to the petition being submitted for certification of signatures. (h) No specific beginning date for circulation of petitions, so there is no maximum time period. There is an ending deadline of 6 months after legislative session. (i) Not later than the third Tuesday in May of even-numbered years. (j) Within 90 days after the legislation is filed in the Secretary of State’s office. (k) Only by the chief petitioners before submitting signatures before verification. Signatures may not be removed once the signatures have been submitted to the secretary of state for verification.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 7

RE FE RE ND UMS

TABLE 6 .1 6 State Referendums: Preparing the Citizen Petition Referendum State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas

Signatures verified by: (a) … Division of elections County recorder SS

Within how many days after filing … 60 (e) 30

County clerk

8 (f)

California

Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota

…

Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fine, jail term) … Class B misdemeanor Class 1 misdemeanor Class D felony Felony or misdemeanor (depending on severity) Fines up to $1,000 and forgery is a Class 5 felony … … 1st degree misdemeanor … … $5,000, 2 yrs. Class 3 felony … … … … … Class E crime Misdemeanor (h) $1,000, 1 year $500, 90 days … … Class A misdemeanor

Petition certified by: (d) … LG SS SS SS

(g)

… … Supervisor of Elections … … County clerk State Board of Elections County clerk … … … … Registrars of voters Local Board of Elections Local boards of registrars SS … … County clerk County election administrators County clerk County clerk … … … … … SS

… … 30 … … … varies … … … … … 30 20 14 Approx. 60 … … (i)

… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..,

3 months and 3 weeks before election … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 10

$500, 6 mos.

40 (j) … … … … … 35 no later than 105 days before election

… 5 … … … … … …

… … … … … … … 20

Penalty up to $1,000 and 1 year in prison … … … … … … (k)

SS SS … … … … … SS

…

5th degree felony

Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri

No. of days to amend/appeal petition that is: Incomplete (b) Not accepted (c) … … 10 10 … … … 30

Ohio

Oklahoma

…

$1,000, 1 year

Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico

SS, county clerk … … … SS … … County clerks … … SS … … SS … AG …

30 … … … … … … 55 (m) … … (n) … … 60 … … …

… … … … … … … … … … … … … 60 … (o) …

… … … … … … … 10 … … 10 … … 60 … (o) …

(l) … … … Class 2 misdemeanor … … Class A misdemeanor … … Class C felony (possible) … … $1,000, 1 yr. … (p) …

U.S. Virgin Islands

Supervisor of Elections

…

See footnotes at end of table

2 58 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

SS … … SS … … SS SBE … … … … … SS SS, SBE SS BSC … … SS

SS SS, State Supreme Court SS … … … SS … … LG … … SS … … SS … AG … Supervisor of Elections

REFERENDUMS

TABLE 6 .1 6 State Referendums: Preparing the Citizen Petition Referendum (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—Not applicable. SS—Secretary of State. LG—Lieutenant Governor. BSC—Board of State Canvassers. SBE—State Board of Elections. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the referendum is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures are submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days after filing. If the necessary number of signatures have not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such cases, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. If the petition is determined to be sufficient, the referendum is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures have been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) In Arizona, the secretary of state has 20 days to count signatures and to complete random sample; the county recorder then has 15 days to verify signatures.

(f) Clerk has 8 days to report raw totals of signatures and 30 days for random sampling to verify signatures (g) At least 30 days for internal review process to conduct random sampling; must verify at least 90% are valid (h) Misdemeanor, punishable by a $10-$250 fine or 30 days-six months in jail, or both. (i) In Missouri, must be certified as sufficient or insufficient by the 13th Tuesday prior to the general election. (j) 1. Within four days county clerks count total number of signatures and forward to the secretary of state. 2. The secretary of state immediately notifies county clerks if they are to proceed or not proceed with the signature verification. 3. If ordered by the secretary of state, the county clerks verify signatures within nine days (excluding weekends and holidays). (k) Any violations discovered will be reported to the attorney general for investigation and prosecution. (l) Whether a penalty is assessed would be based upon what information on the petition was falsified. (m) After the end of the legislative session. (n) Not later than the third Tuesday following the primary election. (o) Incomplete: 30 or more days if submitted 150 days before date of the election; none if submitted 120 days before date of election. Not accepted: If submitted 119 days or less before the election. (p) Subject to statute governing fraud or perjury.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 9

RE FE RE ND UMS

TABLE 6 .1 7 State Referendums: Voting on the Citizen Petition Referendum State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Ballot (a) Summary Title by: by: … … LG LG SS, AG LC AG … AG AG .. . .. … … … … … … … … … … AG AG … … … … … … … … … … … … … … SS LSS SS,AG AG BSC BSC … … … … SS, AG SS AG AG AG AG SS, AG SS, AG … … … … … … … … … … SS, AG SS … … LLS, AG LLS AG AG … … … … … … AG AG … … … … LLS LLS … … … … AG AG … … … … SS SS, AG … … AG AG … … … …

Election where referendum voted on … 1st statewide election 180 days after LS GE GE GE or PR … … … … … … GE GE … … … GE or SP … GE or statewide election more than 60 days after filing GE GE more than 60 days after filing GE … … GE GE GE GE … … … … … PR GE more than 60 days after filing. GE or SP GE (i) … … … GE … … GE … … GE … … GE more than 120 days after LS … GE or special election if specified … …

See footnotes at end of table

2 60 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Effective date of approved referendum (b) … 30 days (d) … 1 day … … … … … … 30 days Advisory only … … … IM … 30 days (f) 30 days 10 days … … IM (g) … Nov., 4th Tues. … … … … … 30 days IM … 30 days … … … July 1 … … 5 days … … 30 days … … 90 days … (j) … …

Days to contest election results (c) … 10 10 20 5 (e) … … … … … … 20 (e) 30 … … … … … 5 … 10 2 (e) … … 30 1 yr. … 14 … … … … … 14 (e) 15 (h) … 40 … … … … … … 40 … … 10 … … 15 … 30 days … …

REFERENDUMS

TABLE 6 .1 7 State Referendums: Voting on the Citizen Petition Referendum (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision LG—Lieutenant Governor GE—General election AG—Attorney General PR—Primary election SS—Secretary of State REG—Regular election BSC—Board of State Canvassers SP—Special election LC—Legislative Counsel IM—Immediately LSS—Legislative Legal Services LS—Legislative session SBE—State Board of Elections (a) In some states, the ballot title and summary will differ from that on the petition. (b) A majority of the popular vote is required to enact a measure in every state. In Arizona, a referendum approved by the voters becomes effective upon the governor’s proclamation. In Nebraska, a referendum may be put into effect immediately after the approving votes have been canvassed by the Board of State Canvassers and upon the governor’s proclamation. In Massachusetts the measure must also receive at lease 30 percent of the total ballots cast in the last election. In Oklahoma, put into effect upon certification of election results by state election board. In Utah, after proclamation by governor and date specified in petition. (c) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on a referendum within a certain number of days after the election including this matter. In Alaska, five days to request recount with appeal to the court within five days after recount.

(d) Upon proclamation of the governor after the canvas. (AZ Const. Article 4, Part 1, Section 13). (e) After election is certified. (f) After the certification of election results. Depends on date Board of State Canvassers meets. They must meet within 35 days after General Election. (g) Unless specifically provided by the legislature in an act referred by it to the people or until suspended by a petition signed by at least 15% of the qualified electors in a majority of the legislative representative districts, an act referred to the people is in effect as provided by law until it is approved or rejected at the election. An act that is rejected is repealed effective the date the result of the canvass is filed by the secretary of state under 13-27-503. An act referred to the people that was in effect at the time of the election and is approved by the people remains in effect. An act that was suspended by a petition and is approved by the people is effective the date the result of the canvass is filed by the secretary of state under 13-27-503. An act referred by the legislature that contains an effective date following the election becomes effective on that date if approved by the people. An act that provides no effective date and whose substantive provisions were delayed by the legislature pending approval at an election and that is approved is effective October 1 following the election. (h) After election is certified or if recount conducted, 10 days after recount. (i) Special election can be held at the request of the Legislative Assembly. (j) Upon approval by voters and certification of election results by Election Commission, usually 15 days after date of election if no contest.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 6 1

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TA BLE 6 .1 8 State Recall Provisions State or other jurisdiction

Officials Provision subject for recall to recall

Constitutional and statutory citations for recall of state officials

Constitutional or statutory language

Alabama

Alaska

Yes

All (a)

Const. Art., 11 § 8; AS § 15.45.510-710, 15.60.010, 29.26.250350

All elected public officials in the State, except judicial officers, are subject to recall by the voters of the State or political subdivision from which elected.

Arizona

Yes

All

Const. Art. 8, § 1-6; ARS § 19-201 - 19-234

Every public officer in the state of Arizona, holding an elective office, either by election or appointment, is subject to recall from such office by the qualified electors of the electoral district from which candidates are elected to such office.

Arkansas

California

Yes

All

Const. Art. 2, § 13-19; CA Election Code § 11000-11386

Recall is the power of the electors to remove an elective officer. Recall of a state officer is initiated by delivering to the Secretary of State a petition alleging reason for recall. Sufficiency of reason is not reviewable.

Colorado

Yes

All

Const. Art. 21, § 1; CRS § 1-12-101 - 1-12-122, 23-17-120.5, 31-4501-505

Every elective public officer of the state of Colorado may be recalled from office at any time by the registered electors entitled to vote for a successor of such incumbent through the procedure and in the manner herein provided for, which procedure shall be known as the recall, and shall be in addition to and without excluding any other method of removal by law.

Connecticut

Delaware

All

Const. Art. 2, § 2.4; GA Code § 21-4-1 et seq.

The General Assembly is hereby authorized to provide by general law for the recall of public officials who hold elective office. The procedures, grounds, and all other matters relative to such recall shall be provided for in such law.

Florida

Georgia

Yes

Hawaii

Idaho

Yes

All (a)

Illinois (b)

Yes

(b)

Const. Art 3, § 7

"The recall of the Governor may be proposed by a petition signed by a number of electors equal in number to at least 15% of the total votes cast for Governor in the preceding gubernatorial election, with at least 100 signatures from each of at least 25 separate counties. A petition shall have been signed by the petitioning electors not more than 150 days after an affidavit has been filed with the State Board of Elections providing notice of intent to circulate a petition to recall the Governor. The affidavit may be filed no sooner than 6 months after the beginning of the Governor's term of office. The affidavit shall have been signed by the proponent of the recall petition, at least 20 members of the House of Representatives, and at least 10 members of the Senate, with no more than half of the signatures of members of each chamber from the same established political party."

Indiana

All (a)

Const. Art. 4, § 3; KSA § 25-4301 - 25-4331

All elected public officials in the State, except judicial officers, shall be subject to recall by voters of the state or political subdivision from which elected. Procedures and grounds for recall shall be prescribed by law.

All (a)

Const. Art. 10, § 26; LRS § 18:1300.1 18:1300.17

The legislature shall provide by general law for the recall by election of any state, district, parochial, ward, or municipal officer except judges of the courts of record. The sole issue at a recall election shall be whether the official shall be recalled. However, no recall petition may be submitted for certification to or accepted for certification by the registrar of voters or any other official if less than six months remain in the term of office.

Iowa

Kansas

Yes

Kentucky

Louisiana

Yes

Maine

Maryland

Const. Art 6, § 6; ID Code Every public officer in the state of Idaho, excepting the judicial officers, is subject to recall by the legal voters of the § 34-1701 - 34-1715 state or of the electoral district from which he is elected. The legislature shall pass the necessary laws to carry this provision into effect.

Massachusetts

Michigan

Yes

All (a)

Const. Art. 2, §8; MCL § 168.951 - 168.975

Laws shall be enacted to provide for the recall of all elective officers except judges of courts of record upon petition of electors equal in number to 25 percent of the number of persons voting in the last preceding election for the office of governor in the electoral district of the officer sought to be recalled. The sufficiency of any statement of reasons or grounds procedurally required shall be a political rather than a judicial question.

Minnesota

Yes

(c)

Const. Art. 8, § 6; MS § 211C.01 et. seq.

A state officer other than a judge may be subject to recall for serious malfeasance or nonfeasance during the term of office in the performance of the duties of the office or conviction during the term of office for a serious crime.

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Yes

All

Mont. Code § 2-16-601 - Every person holding a public office of the state or any of its political subdivisions, either by election or appoint2-16-635 ment, is subject to recall from such office.

See footnotes at end of table

2 62 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

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TABLE 6 .1 8 State Recall Provisions (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Officials Provision subject for recall to recall

Nebraska

Nevada

Yes

New Hampshire

New Jersey

Yes

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Yes

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Yes

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Yes

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Constitutional or statutory language

All

Const. Art. 2, § 9; NRS § Every public officer in the State of Nevada is subject, as herein provided, to recall from office by the registered voters 294A.006, Chapter 306 of the state, or of the county, district, or municipality which he represents.

All

Const. Art. 1, § 2; NJRS § The people reserve unto themselves the power to recall, after at least one year of service, any elected official in this 19:27A-1 - 19:27A-18 State or representing this State in the United States Congress.

All (d)

Const. Art. 3, § 1 and 10; Any elected official of the state, of any county or of any legislative or county commissioner district shall be subject ND Century Code § 16. to recall by petition of electors equal in number to twenty-five percent of those who voted at the preceding general 1-01-09.1 election for the office of governor in the state, county, or district in which the official is to be recalled.

All (d)

Const. Art. 2, § 18; ORS § Every public official in Oregon is subject, as herein provided, to recall by the electors of the state or of the electoral 249.865 - 249.880 district from which the public official is elected.

(e)

Const. Art. 4, § 1

Recall is authorized in the case of a general officer who has been indicted or informed against for a felony, convicted of a misdemeanor, or against whom a finding of probable cause of violation of the code of ethics has been made by the ethics commission.

Washington

No (f)

West Virginia

Yes

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Yes

CNMI*

Puerto Rico

Yes

U.S.V.I.

Constitutional and statutory citations for recall of state officials

All (a)

Const. Art. 1, Sec. 33-34; Every elective public officer of the state of Washington except judges of courts of record is subject to recall and WRC §29.82.010 discharge by the legal voters of the state, or of the political subdivision of the state, from which he was elected 29.82.220 whenever a petition demanding his recall, . . . is filed with the officer with whom a petition for nomination, or certificate for nomination, to such office must be filed under the laws of this state, and the same officer shall call a special election as provided by the general election laws of this state. and the result determined as therein provided.

All

Const. Art. 13, §12; Wisc. The qualified electors of the state, of any congressional, judicial or legislative district or of any county may petition Stat. §9.10 for the recall of any incumbent elective officer after the first year of the term for which the incumbent was elected, by filing a petition with the filing officer with whom the nomination petition is filed, demanding the recall of the incumbent.

All

Const. Art. 9, § 3; 2 CMC Elected public officials are subject to recall by the voters of the Commonwealth or of the island, islands or district §6502 from which elected.

No Yes

All

U.S.C., Title 48, Ch. 12, Subchapter IV, § 1593

An elected public official of the Virgin Islands may be removed from office by a recall election carried out under this subsection. The grounds for recall are any of the following: lack of fitness, incompetence, neglect of duty, or corruption.

Sources: The Council of State Governments, state constitutions and statutes, April 2020. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table refers only to officials elected to statewide office. Many local governments allow recall of elected officials. N.A. Not available (a) Except judicial.

(b) Illinois allows for recall of the governor. (c) State executive officers, legislators, and judicial officers. (d) Except for U.S. Congress. (e) Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney General. (f) Virginia permits a recall trial not a recall election. See Virginia Code §24.2-233. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 6 3

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TABLE 6 .19 State Recall Provisions: Applicability to State Officials and Petition Circulation Officers to whom recall is applicable (a) ... All but judicial officers All elected officials ...

Basis for signatures (b) (see key below) Statewide officers Others ... ... 25% VO 25% VO 25% VO (e) 25% VO (e) ... ... 12% VO, 1% from 5 20% VO counties 25% VO 25% VO ... ... ... ... ... ... 15% EV (h) , 1/15 from each 30% EV (h) congressional district ... ... 20% EVg 50%VO 15% VO from 25 20 state Rep. and counties 10 state Sen. ... ... ... ... 40% VO 40% VO ... ... 33 1/3% EV (k) 40% EV (k) ... ... ... ... ... ... 25% VG in district 25% VG in district 25% VO 25% VO ... ... ... ...

No. of times recall can be attempted ... ... 1 (d) ...

Recall may be initiated after official has been in office ... 120 days 6 mos./5 days legislators ...

All elected officials

(f)

90 days

6 mos.

(g) ... ... ...

6 mos ... ... ...

6 mos. ... ... ...

...

180 days

180

Hawaii Idaho

All elected officials ... ... ... All state level officials, county and city elected officials ... All but judicial officers

... (d)

... 90 days

... ...

Illinois

Governor

...

... ... All but judicial officers ... All but judicial officers ... ... ... All but judicial officers All state level officials ... ... All state level officers & elected officials ... All but judicial officers ...

... ... 1 ... (j) ... ... ... No limit No limit ... ...

... ... 120 days ... 1 day ... ... ... 1 year ... ... ...

... ... 180 ... 6 mos. ... ... ... 1 year 6 mos. ... ...

(l)

2 mos.

...

10% EV

(m)

3 mos.

... (d) ...

... 6 mos. (n) ...

... ... ...

(o)

(p)

(q)

... ... ... 1 ... ... No limit ...

... ... ... ... ... ... 180 days (s) ...

... ... ... 190 ... ... ... ...

... 25% VO in given ... 25% EV in given jurisdiction ... ... ... 25% Evg ... ... 15% (t) ...

... 90 days ...

All elected officials

... 25% VO in given ... 25% EV in given jurisdiction ... ... ... 25% Evg ... ... 15% (t) ...

... ... ... ... ... ... 90 days ...

...

6 mos.

...

15% VO

...

90 days

... ... ... ... ... ... ...

...

180

25% VO

35% VO

(u)

... 1 ... (w) ... Unlimited

... 1 yr. ... 180 days ... 1 year

... ... ... ... ... 365

... 25% VG (v) ... 40% EV (x) ... ...

... 25% VG (v) ... ... ... Registered electors

... 60 days ... (y) ... 180 days

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia

Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania

... ... ... All elected state officials ... ... All elected state officials ... Gov., lt. gov., atty. gen., sec. Rhode Island of state, treasurer South Carolina ... South Dakota ... Tennessee ... Texas ... Utah ... Vermont ... Virginia ... All but judges of courts Washington of record West Virginia ... Wisconsin All elected officials Wyoming ... CNMI* All elected officials Puerto Rico ... U.S. Virgin Islands All elected officials See footnotes at end of table

2 64â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Recall may not be initiated with days remaining in term ... 180 ... ...

Maximum time allowed for petition circulation (c) ... ... 120 days ... 160 days 60 days ... ... ... (i) ... 60 days 150 days ... ... 90 days ... 180 days ... ... ... 60 days 90 days ... ...

(r)

R E CA LL

TABLE 6 .19 State Recall Provisions: Applicability to State Officials and Petition Circulation (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, state election websites, April 2020. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: . . . — No provision. All — All elective officials. VO — Number of votes cast in the last election for the office or official being recalled. EVg — Number of eligible voters in the last general election for governor. EV — Eligible voters. VG — Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. VP — Total votes cast for position of president in last presidential election. IM — Immediately. (a) An elective official may be recalled by qualified voters entitled to vote for the recalled official’s successor. An appointed official may be recalled by qualified voters entitled to vote for the successor(s) of the elective officer(s) authorized to appoint an individual to the position. (b) Signature requirements for recall of those other than state elective officials are based on votes in the jurisdiction to which the said official has been elected. (c) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition. (d) Additional recall attempts can be made provided that the state treasury is reimbursed the cost of the previous recall attempt(s). The specific reason for recalling on one petition cannot be the basis for a second recall petition during the current term of office. (e) 25% of the number of votes cast at the preceding general election for all candidates for the office held by the officer, even if the officer was not elected at that election, divided by the number of offices that were being filled at that election. (A.R.S.§ 19-201. (f) Open ended. (g) One attempt unless a second petition is circulated and valid signatures gathered are at least 50% of votes cast for all candidates in last election. (h) Eligible voters for office at last general election to fill office. (i) For any statewide office, 90 days. Any officer holding an office other than statewide office and for whom no less than 5,000 signatures are required for the recall petition, 45 days. Any officer is first reimbursed for all expenses of the preceding election.

(j) Unlimited. Once every 18 months. (k) Basis for signatures 33 1/3 percent if over 1,000 eligible voters; 40 percent if under 1,000 eligible voters. (l) No recall petition may be filed against an officer for whom a recall election has been held for a period of 2 years during his term of office unless the state or political subdivisions financing such recall election is first reimbursed for all expenses of the preceding election. (m) 15 percent of eligible for district offices. (n) For legislators, anytime after 10 days from the beginning of the first legislative session after their election. (o) An elected official sought to be recalled who is not recalled as the result of a recall election shall not again be subject to recall until after having served one year of a term calculated from the date of the recall election. (p) The recall drive may not commence before the 50th day preceding the completion of the elected official’s first year of the current term. (q) No election to recall an elected official shall be held after the date occurring six months prior to the general election or regular election for that office, as appropriate, in the final year of the officials term. (r) The maximum time allowed for petition circulation is 320 days for a governor or U.S. Senator or 160 days for other elected officials. (s) Unless it is a state senator or representative and then it is anytime after fifth day form the beginning of legislative session or after election of legislator. (t) 15 percent of the total number of votes cast in the public officer’s electoral district for all candidates for governor at the last election at which a candidate for governor was elected to a full term. (u) Statewide officials 270 days; others 180 days. (v) At least 25 percent of the vote cast for the office of governor at the last election within the same district or territory as that of the officeholder being recalled. (w) Not more than once a year or not during the first six months in office. (x) Grounds for recall must be stated and must be signed by 40% of voters represented by the elected official. (y) Until 120 days before the election.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 6 5

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TABLE 6 .2 0 State Recall Provisions: Petition Review, Appeal and Election

State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado

Penalty for Days to amend/appeal falsifying petition a petition that is: Signatures (denotes fines, verified (a) by: Incomplete (b) Not accepted (c) jail time) ... ... ... ... Division of 20 20 Class B misdemeanor Elections County ... ... Class 1 misdemeanor recorder ... ... ... ... County clerk/ registrar of 10 10 ... voters

Days allowed for petition to be certified (d) ...

Days to step down after certification (e) ...

(h)

(i)

...

(j)

60-80 days after cert.

SP or GE

... ... ...

...

15 (k)

...

... ... ...

...

Misdemeanor

30-45

...

Hawaii

... ... ... Registrar of voters ...

...

Idaho

Georgia

Days to contest election results (g) ...

Connecticut Delaware Florida

Voting on the recall (f) Election held Election type ... ... 60-90 days after GE,PR,SP cert.

45-75 days after cert. ... ... ... 30-45 days after cert. ... 45+ days after cert. (l) 100 days after cert. ... ...

...

SP , PR, GE (l)

20 (m)

SP ... ...

... ... ... 5 (m)

County clerk

...

$5,000, 2 yrs.

Illinois Indiana Iowa

SBE ... ...

... ... ...

Kansas

County clerk

...

Next day

60-90 days after cert.

...

... ... ... Class B misdemeanor; up to $1,000, up to one year or both. ...

...

(n)

...

15-20 days

(o)

(p)

(q)

... ... ...

Kentucky

... Registrar of Louisiana voters Maine ... Maryland ... Massachusetts ... SS, local Michigan election officials (r) Minnesota SS Mississippi ... Missouri ... County election Montana administrators Nebraska ... County clerk, Nevada registrar of voters New Hampshire ... Recall elections New Jersey official New Mexico ... New York ... North Carolina ... North Dakota SS Ohio ... Oklahoma ...

...

$500, 90 days

...

(s)

2 (m)

90 ... ...

... ... ...

10 ... ...

... ... ...

(t) ... ...

...

GE ... ... SP or GE (dd) (v) ...

7 ... ...

Felony ... ... $500 or six months in county jail, or both. ...

...

Misdemeanor

(w)

(x)

(y)

...

(z)

SP or GE

(aa)

... ... ... 30 ... ...

... ... ... 10 ... ...

... ... ... SP ... ...

... ... ... 14 (bb) ... ...

...

... ... ... ... ... ...

... Crime of the 4th degree ... ... ... ... ... ...

(u)

(v)

...

12 mos. ...

County clerk

(cc)

...

(dd)

Pennsylvania

...

Rhode Island

SBE

w/i 90 days

...

South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont

... ... ... ... ... ...

... Misdemeanor and/ or felony ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... 50-60 ... ... w/i 35 days after resignation period ...

... ... ... ... ... ...

Oregon

See footnotes at end of table

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TABLE 6 .2 0 State Recall Provisions: Petition Review, Appeal and Election (continued)

Wyoming

...

CNMI*

150 days

...

... Office of the Supervisor of Elections

...

Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fines, jail time) ... Class B felony or misdemeanor ... Class 1 felony $10,000, 3 yrs. prison or both. ... Statute governs fraud or perjury. ...

...

State or other jurisdiction Virginia

Days to amend/appeal a petition that is: Signatures verified (a) by: Incomplete (b) Not accepted (c) ... ... ...

Washington

...

West Virginia

...

Wisconsin

SBE

...

Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Sources: The Council of State Governments, state election websites, April 2020. . *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: . . . — Not applicable. SBE - State Board of Elections. SS — Secretary of State. SP — Special election. GE — General election. PR — Primary election. IM — Immediate and automatic removal from office. w/i — Within N.A. — Information not available. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the recall is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures are submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days. If the necessary number of signatures have not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such a case, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. When this is declared, the recall is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures has been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) The official to whom a recall is proposed has a certain number of days to step down from his position before a recall election is initiated, if he desires to do so. (f) A majority of the popular vote is required to recall an official in each state. (g) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on a recall within a certain number of days after the results are certified. In Alaska, an appeal to courts must be filed within five days of the recount. (h) The election order is issued within 15 days if the officer does not resign within five days after certification. (i) To be held on the next consolidated election date pursuant to §

Days allowed for petition to be certified (d) ...

Days to step down after certification (e) ...

not specified

...

Voting on the recall (f) Election held Election type ... ... 45-60 days after SP cert. (ee) ... ...

6 weeks after cert.

GE or PR

Days to contest election results (g) ... 3 ... 3 (ff)

...

15 days

...

(gg)

GE, SP

...

16-204 that is 90 days or more after the order calling the election (A.R.S. § 19-209(A)). (j) Prior to election being called. (k) After determination of sufficiency. (l) In Idaho, the dates on which elections may be conducted are the first Tuesday in February, the fourth Tuesday in May, the first Tuesday in August, or the Tuesday following the first Monday in November. In addition, an emergency election may be called upon motion of the governing board of a political subdivision. Recall elections conducted by any political subdivision shall be held on the nearest of these dates which falls more than 45 days after the clerk of the political subdivision orders that the recall election shall be held. (m) After election is certified. In Michigan, if a petition is filed against a local officer, a recount can be requested up to 6 days after certification of recall election. (n) The Registrar of Voters shall honor the written request of any voter who either desires to have his handwritten signature stricken from or added to the petition at any time prior to certification of the petition, or within five days after receipt of such signed petition, whichever is earlier. (o) (y) Election returns are certified on the fifth day after the election, and the office is immediately vacant. (p) The local registrar of voters sends the original certified recall petition to the governor, who issues, within 15 days, a proclamation calling a special election, placing the special election on the next regularly scheduled election date. (q) Not later than 4:30 p.m. of the 30th day after the official promulgation of the results of the election. Promulgation is on or before the 12th day after the election. (r) Secretary of state if filed on the state level; county or local clerks if filed on county level. (s) Under Michigan’s consolidated elections, the recall election is held on the next fixed election date that falls at least 95 days after the recall petition is filed. (t) An election will not be held in the last 6 mos. of a term after certification. (u) County election administrators have 30 days; sponsor has three mos. to submit the petition from the date of certification. (v) A special election is called unless the filing is within 90 days of a Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 6 7

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TABLE 6 .2 0 State Recall Provisions: Petition Review, Appeal and Election (continued) general election. (w) Within four days, county clerks count signature totals and forward to the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State immediately notifies the clerks if they are to proceed with signature verification. (x) In Nevada, a recall election is held 10-20 days after the Secretary of State completes notification of the petition sufficiency unless a complaint is filed, the clerk shall issue a call for the election which is to be held within 30 days after the issuance of the call. (y) Five days after recount is completed or 14 days after the election if no recount is demanded. (z) New Jersey Permanent Statutes,19:27A-13, In the case of an office which is ordinarily filled at the general election, a recall election shall be held at the next general election occurring at least 55 days following the fifth business day after service of certification, unless it was indicated in the notice of intention to recall that the recall election shall be held at a special election in

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which case the recall election official shall order and fix the date for holding the recall election to be the next Tuesday occurring during the period beginning with the 55th day and ending on the 61st day following the fifth business day after service of the certification of the petition. (aa) New Jersey Permanent Statutes, 19:27A-16. (bb) Fourteen days after the canvas board has certified the results. (cc) Chief petitioners may submit additional signatures if the deadline for submitting signatures has not passed. (dd) Whether a penalty is assessed would depend on what information on the petition was falsified. (ee) If possible to be held on a regularly scheduled election; cannot be held between the primary and general. (ff) Business days. (gg) The election is held at the next regular general election or at a special election set forth in the recall petition.

CHAPTER SEVEN

S TAT E F I N A N C E

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .1 Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Actual ( In millions of dollars) State Total Alabama Alaska (a) Arizona (a) Arkansas (a) California (a) Colorado* (a) Connecticut (a) Delaware* (a) Florida Georgia* (a) Hawaii Idaho (a) Illinois* (a) Indiana (a) Iowa (a) Kansas (a) Kentucky (a) Louisiana (a) Maine (a) Maryland (a) Massachusetts* (a) Michigan (a) Minnesota* (a) Mississippi (a) Missouri (a) Montana (a) Nebraska (a) Nevada (a) New Hampshire (a) New Jersey (a) New Mexico* (a) New York* North Carolina (a) North Dakota (a) Ohio (a) Oklahoma (a) Oregon (a) Pennsylvania (a) Rhode Island (a) South Carolina* (a) South Dakota (a) Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah (a) Vermont (a) Virginia Washington (a) West Virginia (a) Wisconsin (a) Wyoming (a)

Beginning balance $36,863 150 0 151 0 5,702 614 0 475 1,515 2,399 894 101 1,368 303 0 109 116 123 57 259 1,448 623 3,333 4 168 48 248 434 0 718 496 7,749 472 65 557 84 1,000 (1,539) 62 1,076 8 1,647 883 85 0 783 1,101 398 579 0

Revenues $842,737 8,750 2,414 10,033 5,495 131,116 11,724 18,199 4,393 31,962 24,320 7,660 3,732 36,943 15,837 7,384 7,299 10,941 9,903 3,506 17,373 32,442 10,570 22,297 5,694 9,469 2,406 4,567 4,019 1,596 35,520 6,881 71,420 23,565 1,972 32,471 6,606 10,281 34,567 3,908 8,124 1,593 14,855 57,155 7,038 1,635 19,879 21,712 4,245 16,144 1,126

Adjustments 0 745 74 0 (1,050) 99 0 0 0 143 0 12 4,313 150 0 4 470 26 33 35 12,594 (57) 0 0 125 2 (11) 102 0 485 52 0 0 377 0 (274) (37) (1,035) (109) 21 15 (458) 928 41 5 0 (349) 4 608 404

Total resources $898,087 8,900 3,158 10,258 5,495 135,767 12,437 18,199 4,868 33,476 26,863 8,554 3,845 42,624 16,289 7,384 7,411 11,527 10,051 3,595 17,666 46,484 11,136 25,630 5,699 9,762 2,455 4,803 4,554 1,596 36,723 7,430 79,169 24,037 2,414 33,028 6,416 11,245 31,993 3,861 9,221 1,616 16,044 58,966 7,164 1,641 20,662 22,464 4,648 17,332 1,530

Expenditures $823,178 8,307 4,489 9,808 5,495 124,756 11,215 18,685 4,118 31,830 24,134 7,804 3,466 35,409 15,736 7,224 6,649 11,330 9,605 3,515 17,287 31,503 10,082 22,347 5,576 9,267 2,287 4,350 4,018 1,504 35,733 6,191 69,724 22,746 2,160 31,807 6,034 9,773 31,949 3,799 7,895 1,591 13,828 56,050 6,739 1,564 20,450 20,448 4,232 17,139 1,530

Adjustments 0 820 0 0 (408) (145) (3) 0 0 0 0 140 7,090 186 33 0 168 138 6 (211) 12,594 265 0 118 0 (19) 0 112 17 0 55 0 295 0 0 382 0 22 10 139 8 1,077 2,768 107 77 0 0 38 (396) 0

Ending balance $49,426 593 (2,151) 450 0 11,419 1,366 (483) 750 1,646 2,729 750 239 125 366 127 762 29 308 75 590 2,387 788 3,283 5 495 187 454 425 74 991 1,185 9,445 995 253 1,221 0 1,471 22 53 1,187 17 1,140 148 317 0 212 2,016 378 589 0

Rainy day fund balance $67,983 784 2,533 458 127 20,842 1,366 1,185 232 1,417 2,557 376 354 4 1,419 620 0 94 321 288 857 2,001 1,006 2,092 295 616 0 340 180 110 0 527 1,798 1,849 113 2,034 452 940 0 199 509 160 800 11,043 578 133 440 1,369 710 320 1,538

See footnotes at end of table

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STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .1 Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2019. Note: For all states, unless otherwise noted, transfers into budget stabilization funds are counted as expenditures, and transfers from budget stabilization funds are counted as revenues. Key: *—The ending balance includes the balance in the rainy day fund. (a) Alaska—Revenues: Spring 2019 Revenue Sources Book (Total Revenue) Revenue Adjustments: SLA2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary (Lines 3–7) Expenditures: SLA2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary (Line 48) Expenditure Adjustments: SLA2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary (Line 49 and 52) Rainy Day Balance: State of Alaska Fiscal Summary FY18 and FY19 (Part 2) Number listed is EoY Balance. Rainy day balance includes any anticipated draws. Ending balance includes multi-year appropriations. Started reporting shared taxes as expenditures instead of Revenues Arizona—Adjustments come from other fund transfers to the General Fund. Arkansas—Total available revenue amounts are reported as net of refunds and special dedications/payments. California—Revenue and expenditure adjustments to the beginning fund balance consist primarily of adjustments made to major taxes and K-12 spending. Total revenues reflect revenues after transfers to the rainy day fund. The ending balance includes the Special Fund for Economic Uncertainties (SFEU) but excludes the BSA (a rainy day reserve held in a separate fund). The excluded amount is $10,807.4 million at the end of FY 2018. Adding these amounts to the FY 2018 ending balance, the projected total balance is $22,226.5 million in FY 2018. The rainy day balance is made up of the SFEU and the BSA, however, withdrawals of mandatory deposits from the BSA are subject to provisions of Proposition 2, 2014. Ending balance Includes a reserve for encumbrances of $1,384.5 million representing amounts which will be expended in the future for state obligations for which goods and services have been ordered/contracted, but have not been received by the end of the fiscal year. These amounts are shown as a reserve to the fund balance instead of a hit to the fund balance.of a hit to the fund balance. Colorado—Revenue adjustments include transfers to the General Fund. Expenditure adjustments include reversions and accounting adjustments. Colorado’s rainy day fund is included within the General Fund. Connecticut—The state of CT has a volatility cap that applies to the Estimates and Finals component of the Personal Income Tax and the state’s Pass-through Entity Tax. The cap was $3,196.8 million in FY 2019 which resulted in a deposit of $949.6 million. The cap is $3,294.2 million in FY 2020 estimated to deposit $318.3 million. These amounts are deposited to the Rainy Day Fund in addition to the operating surplus at the end of each fiscal year. Net Rainy Day Fund deposit of $972.4 million includes $1,471.3 million transfer to the Rainy Day Fund due to volatility cap less $482.9 million deficit and $16.1 million transfer to retired teachers’ health service fund. $3.4 million in miscellaneous adjustments per Office of State Comptroller’s Report

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Delaware—Fiscal year ending balance includes encumbered appropriations and those appropriations legislatively continued into the ensuing fiscal year. Georgia—FY 18 beginning balance reflects final fund balances as of June 30, 2017 for Revenue Shortfall Reserve as reported on the FY 17 Combined Balance Sheet of the Budgetary Compliance Report. Adjustments to Revenues include FY17 agency surplus returned and early remittance of FY 18 surplus from state agencies. Idaho—Revenue adjustments: $5.9 m for reappropriation; $2.6 m for prior-year reversion; $.1 m misc. adjustments; and $3.6 m from the Immunization Fund. Expenditure adjustments: $34.5 million to the Budget Stabilization Fund (statutory transfer); $2 million to the Opportunity Fund; $45.3 million to the Permanent Building Fund; $.4 million to the Wolf Control Fund; $2.5 million to the Workforce Development Training Fund; $20 million to the Fire Suppression Fund; $27.7 to the Idaho Transportation Department (prior year surplus eliminator); $1 million to the Water Management Fund; $.2 million for deficiency warrants; $.8 misc.; and $5.9 million for reappropriation. Illinois—Total revenues include $4,032M in base federal revenues (excludes the $1,206M referenced below). Estimated revenue adjustments include $802M in interfund borrowing and fund reallocations from other state funds, $2,500M in proceeds from the issuance of backlog borrowing bonds, and $1,206M in federal match from the paydown of prior year Medicaid liabilities. Estimated expenditures include $3,777M in Transfer Out, $28M in prior year adjustments, $3,721 in vouchers payable adjustments, and $128M in transfers to repay interfund borrowing. Indiana—Revenue adjustments include a transfer to the General Fund to assist with the Integrated Tax System, a transfer from the State Tuition Reserve Account, and a transfer from the Rainy Day Fund. Expenditure adjustments include reversions from distributions, capital, and reconciliations; state agency and university line item capital projects; the cost of a 13th check for pension recipients; and transfers to the Rainy Day Fund.mbly to support infrastructure projects. Total revenues include forecasted General Fund revenues as well as unforecasted revenues such as HAF, QAF, dedicated fund SWCAP, and outside acts. Iowa—Revenue adjustments include an estimated $18.2 million of residual funds transferred to the General Fund after the Reserve Funds are filled to their statutorily set maximum amounts. The ending balance of the General Fund is transferred in the current fiscal year to the Reserve Funds in the subsequent fiscal year. After the Reserve Funds are at their statutorily set maximum amounts, the remainder of the funds are transferred back to the General Fund in that subsequent fiscal year. Also included in revenue adjustments is $131.1 million transferred from the Cash Reserve Fund as authorized by the Legislature under SF 516 and $13.0 million transferred from the Economic Emergency Fund as authorized by Governor Reynolds with the issuance of an Official Proclamation to bring the General Fund into balance. Kansas—$3.6 million in Prior year released encumbrances shows as revenue.

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .1 Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Kentucky—Revenue includes $102.6 million in Tobacco Settlement funds. Adjustments for Revenues includes $201.5 million that represents appropriation balances carried over from the prior fiscal year, and $268.9 million from fund transfers into the General Fund. Adjustment to Expenditures represents appropriation balances forwarded to the next fiscal year and budget balances to be expended in the next fiscal year. The FY 2018 $13.3 million ending balance was budgeted for use in FY 2019. Louisiana—Revenues adjustments - Includes $19.1 in carryforwards, $6.5 in fund transfer. Expenditure adjustments - Includes $11.1 in transfers to the Coastal Protection and Restoration Fund, $63.0 Appropriated in FY19, $63.7 in general Fund Direct Carryforwards to FY19, and various funds transfers. Maine —Revenue and Expenditure adjustments reflect Legislatively authorized transfers. The total balance reported for FY18 includes up to $55 million earmarked for repayment of disallowed costs from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Maryland —Revenue adjustments include $21.8 million in transfers from tax credit reserves and $9.0 million in transfers from other funds. Expenditure adjustments represent $144.2 million in reversions to the unappropriated General Fund balance and $66.5 million in legislative reductions and executive branch agency midyear reductions. Massachusetts—General Fund is defined as all budgeted operating funds, adjusted for expenditures funded by federal reimbursements. This is to better align with spending reported in the State Expenditure Report and be more comparable to most other states, which book federally reimbursed expenditures in a separate federal fund; adjustments also account for certain transfers between budgeted funds. Ending balance includes $371.5 million in reserved balances projected to be spent in the next fiscal year. Michigan—Revenue totals are net of payments to local governments. Adjustments to Revenue: Restatement of beginning balance. Offsetting adjustments made to School Aid Fund beginning balance. Adjustments (Expenditures): $265 million transfer to Budget Stabilization Fund/Rainy Day Fund. Minnesota—Rainy Day Fund balance includes cash flow account of $350 million and a budget reserve of $1.698 billion. Includes stadium reserve of $44.171 million. Mississippi—Adjustments to expenditures reflect transfers to the state’s Rainy Day and Capital Expense Funds. Designated portion of ending balance: Reappropriation from FY2018 to FY2019, 4.8M Missouri—Revenue adjustments include transfers from other funds into the general revenue fund. Montana—Revenue adjustments reflect prior year revenue activity and expenditure adjustments reflect prior year expenditure activity and adjustments to fund balance as a result of the annual CAFR reconciliation. Nebraska—Revenue adjustments are transfers between the General Fund and other funds. Among others, this includes a $221 million transfer from the General Fund to the Property Tax Credit Cash Fund. Also included are transfers totaling $225 million from the Cash Reserve Fund to the General Fund for budget stabilization.

Nevada—Revenue adjustments are restricted revenue, reversion, Rainy Day Fund transfers in and reserve transfers in. Expenditure adjustments are restricted transfers out. New Hampshire—Expenditure Adjustments: As the result of standalone legislation in FY 2018, $10 million was authorized to be deposited in the revenue stabilization reserve account (Rainy Day Fund). Additionally, $6.6 million of general funds was authorized to be deposited in the Public School Infrastructure Fund at year end. New Jersey—Adjustments include Lapses; transfers to other funds; reservation of fund balance New Mexico— FY17 reflects actual amounts received from solvency legislation per LFC/DFA sweeps tracking - includes Laws 2016, Chapter 12 (HB311, $75 million fund sweeps); Laws 2016, Second Special Session, Chapter 4 (SB2, $93 million general fund sweeps and transfers), Chapter 5 (SB8, $103.2 million capital outlay sweeps), and Chapter 6 (SB9, $27.9 million PED appropriation reductions); Laws 2017, Chapter 1 (HB4, $89 million adjusted reversion date for fire protection fund and law enforcement protection fund), Chapter 2 (SB113, $55.2 million general fund sweeps), and Chapter 3 (SB114, $40.8 million school cash balances); Laws 2017, First Special Session, Chapter 1 (SB1, $82.1 million public school capital outlay swap and general fund sweeps). North Carolina—Expenditure adjustments include funds for the R&R Reserve, $64.8M, the Capital Project Reserve $155.2, and the Medicaid Transformation Reserve, $75M. North Dakota—Revenue adjustments are transfers of $183.0 million from the tax relief fund, $124.0 million from the strategic investment and improvements fund and $70.0 million from other special fund sources, to the general fund. Ohio—FY 2018 expenditures include expenditures against prior year encumbrances as well as $80.0 million in transfers out of the GRF. The fiscal 2018 ending balance included funds to support $371.2 million in open encumbrances. In addition, the ending balance supported $687.5 million in surplus transfers which occurred in fiscal 2019. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF revenue and expenditures look higher relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. Oklahoma—Revenue adjustment for FY-2017 is the net cash flow reserve amount available for the fiscal year. FY-2017 ending balance expended in the FY-2018 budget. These numbers include collections and estimates for the two largest appropriated funds (the General Revenue Fund and the OK Education Reform Revolving Fund) which constitute the majority of the state appropriated budget. Oregon—Revenue adjustments include: a revenue adjustment for a statutory transfer to local governments for local property tax relief. Pennsylvania— Revenue adjustments include refunds, lapses and adjustments to beginning balances. Expenditure adjustments include transfers to the Budget Stabilization Reserve Fund (rainy day).

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STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .1 Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Rhode Island—Adjustments to revenues reflects $119.1 million to the Budget Reserve (Rainy Day) Fund, offset by reappropriation of $10.3 million from FY 2017. Expenditure adjustments reflect reappropriations to the following fiscal year (FY 2019). Designated portion of ending balance—Reappropriations authorized by the Governor totaling $10.1 million South Carolina—Revenue Adjustments: Litigation Recovery Account ($16.2M) & South Carolina Farm Aid Fund ($4.5M). Expenditure Adjustments: Prior Yr. 2% Capital Reserve ($139.2M) transferred to state agencies. Designated portion of ending balance: Capital Reserve Fund—$145.1M; Appropriations Carried Forward $484.5M South Dakota—The beginning balance of $7.9 million and adjustment to expenditures reflects the prior year’s ending balance that is transferred to the rainy day fund. Adjustments to revenue of $14.6 million is from one-time receipts. The ending balance of $16.9 million is cash that is obligated to the Budget Reserve fund the following fiscal year. This $16.9 million is not included in the total rainy day fund balance of $159.5 million. Tennessee—Adjustments (Revenues): $55.5 million transfer from debt service fund unexpended appropriations. -$132.0 million transfer to Rainy Day Fund. -$85.0 million transfer to Highway Fund. -$296.1 million transfer to dedicated revenue reserves. Adjustments (Expenditures): $630.9 million transfer to capital outlay projects fund. $156.9 million transfer to state office buildings and support facilities fund. $3.6 million transfer to debt service fund. $1.0 million transfer to reserves for dedicated revenue appropriations. $284.3 million transfer to reserves for unexpended appropriations. Ending Balance: $529.8 million reserve for appropriations 2018–2019. $610.1 million unappropriated budget surplus at June 30, 2018. Texas—$928.2 reflected in adjustments to revenue was realized from dedicated account balances now available. $2,768.2 is a transfer of revenue to the ESF and State Highway to be allocated equally. Utah—Expenditure adjustments include $107.2 million of surplus revenue collections automatically transferred to rainy day funds and other funds at the end of FY 2018 based on statutory formulas. Revenue adjustments include transfers to the General Fund and Education fund, the amount set aside for economic development cash incentives, and other revenue adjustments. $159.1 million of the $316.9 million FY 2018 ending balance was designated by the Legislature to be appropriated for one-time items in FY 2019.

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Vermont—$5.2M in adjusted revenues reflect the use of Rainy Day reserve funds to partly address a $28.8M general fund revenue downgrade forecasted as of July 2017. Subsequent to the general fund revenue downgrade forecasted as of July 2017, and relative to enacted rescissions as a result of the downgrade, actual receipts exceeded forecasted expectations. As a result, $76.9M of expenditure adjustments reflect a combination of $26.19M in net contributions to reserve accounts (inclusive of $5.2M transferred from the Rainy Day reserve to the General Fund), as well as $50.71M in net transfers to other funds. Specifically, $76.9M of general fund expenditure adjustments included a $20.4M transfer to the Education Fund that was carried forward for uses in fiscal year 2019, a $26.23M transfer to the Vermont Teachers’ Retirement Fund in excess of the fiscal year 2018 ADEC, and a $9.8M transfer to the Education Fund budget stabilization reserve to meet statutory reserve requirements. Washington—Revenue adjustments reflect the net of transfers in and out of the General Fund, as well as prior biennium recoveries and similar resource adjustments. West Virginia—Fiscal Year 2018 Beginning balance includes $285.1 million of Reappropriations, Unappropriated Surplus Balance of $76.2 million, $1.0 million of cash balance adjustments, and FY 2017 13th month expenditures of $35.8 million. Total Revenues show the FY 2018 actual general revenue collections of $4,254.2 million. Adjustments (Revenue) are prior year redeposits of $2.6 million and special revenue expirations of $1.6 million. Total Expenditures include current year general revenue appropriated expenditures of $4,040.1 million, surplus appropriation expenditures of $30.5 million, reappropriation expenditures of $125.7 million, $-0.3 million of cash adjustments, and $35.9 million of 31 day prior year expenditures. Adjustment (Expenditures) represent $38.0 million which was the amount transferred to the Rainy Day Fund from 1/2 of the FY 2017 surplus. The Ending Balance is mostly the historically carried forward reappropriation from previous fiscal years (estimated amounts that will remain and be reappropriated to the next fiscal year), the estimated 13th month expenditures applicable to the current fiscal year & any unappropriated surplus balance (estimated) from the current fiscal year. Wisconsin—Revenue adjustments include Tribal Gaming, $27.7m; Prior Year Designated Balance, $52.1m; and Other Revenue, $528.6m. Expenditure adjustments include Transfers, $73.3m; Lapses, -$469.3m; and Compensation Reserves, $0.3m Wyoming— The State of Wyoming budgets on a biennial basis, to arrive at annual figures certain assumptions and estimates were required.

STATE F I N A N C E

Table 7.1 | Fiscal 2018 General Fund 2018 Beginning Balances (In millions)

Less than 0 0 1 to 499 500 to 999 1000 to 5000 More than 5000

Highest Rainy Day Fund Balance Fiscal 2018 (in millions) CALIFORNIA TEXAS GEORGIA

•

ALASKA

$2,533

•

MINNESOTA

California’s Fiscal 2018 general fund ending balance was NEARLY 50% HIGHER than its beginning balance.

•

$20,842

$11,043

$2,557

•

$2,092

In Fiscal 2018, 38 states had higher revenues than expenditures.

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STATE FIN A N CE

Table 7.1 | Fiscal 2018 General Fund (cont.) 2018 Ending Balances (In millions)

Less than 0 0 1 to 499 500 to 999 1000 to 5000 More than 5000

Largest Number of Expenditures Fiscal 2018 (in millions)

TEXAS NEW JERSEY ILLINOIS

•

CALIFORNIA

•

NEW YORK

$69,724

•

$124,756

$56,050

$35,733

$35,409

Smallest Number of Expenditures Fiscal 2018 (in millions) NEW HAMPSHIRE WYOMING VERMONT

• •

•

$1,504

$1,530 $1,564

SOUTH DAKOTA

•

$1,591

NORTH DAKOTA

•

$2,160

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STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .2 Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Preliminary Actual ( In millions of dollars) State Total Alabama (a) Alaska (a) Arizona (a) Arkansas (a) California (a) Colorado* (a) Connecticut (a) Delaware* (a) Florida Georgia (a) Hawaii Idaho (a) Illinois* (a) Indiana (a) Iowa (a) Kansas (a) Kentucky (a) Louisiana (a) Maine (a) Maryland (a) Massachusetts* (a) Michigan (a) Minnesota* (a) Mississippi (a) Missouri (a) Montana (a) Nebraska (a) Nevada (a) New Hampshire (a) New Jersey* (a) New Mexico* (a) New York* (a) North Carolina (a) North Dakota (a) Ohio (a) Oklahoma (a) Oregon (a) Pennsylvania (a) Rhode Island (a) South Carolina* (a) South Dakota (a) Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah (a) Vermont (a) Virginia Washington (a) West Virginia (a) Wisconsin (a) Wyoming (a)

Beginning balance $53,569 593 0 450 0 11,419 1,366 0 750 1,646 2,729 750 118 125 366 0 762 29 308 75 590 2,387 788 3,283 5 495 187 454 425 74 991 1,185 9,445 995 253 1,221 0 1,471 22 53 1,187 17 1,140 1,905 317 0 212 2,016 378 589 0

Revenues $880,859 9,317 2,683 11,131 5,921 138,046 12,584 19,650 4,592 34,052 25,571 7,917 3,735 39,195 16,693 7,859 7,368 11,510 9,554 3,834 18,199 34,947 10,389 22,941 5,781 9,567 2,574 4,896 4,288 1,621 37,981 7,824 70,544 24,827 1,916 33,768 7,691 11,516 34,858 4,021 8,805 1,641 14,997 57,868 7,543 1,692 21,462 22,188 4,756 17,341 1,205

Adjustments 0 2,785 100 0 0 17 0 0 0 76 0 64 1,000 56 71 7 475 211 27 19 13,011 0 0 0 132 (1) (247) 158 0 390 299 0 0 649 0 (12) (93) (1,162) (112) 4 16 (50) 559 42 2 0 (495) 5 769 325

Total resources $953,526 9,910 5,468 11,681 5,921 149,465 13,967 19,650 5,342 35,698 28,376 8,667 3,917 40,320 17,116 7,930 8,137 12,014 10,073 3,936 18,807 50,345 11,177 26,224 5,786 10,195 2,760 5,103 4,870 1,696 39,361 9,308 79,989 25,822 2,818 34,989 7,679 12,895 33,718 3,961 9,996 1,674 16,087 60,332 7,902 1,693 21,674 23,709 5,139 18,699 1,530

Expenditures $871,019 8,775 4,889 10,414 5,626 142,693 12,828 19,279 4,394 33,494 25,404 7,915 3,691 36,335 16,280 7,528 7,033 11,661 9,765 3,708 17,912 33,495 10,432 23,144 5,544 9,541 2,415 4,367 4,426 1,505 37,721 7,565 72,783 23,666 2,206 33,451 7,015 10,172 33,401 3,922 8,142 1,638 14,939 52,281 7,578 1,596 21,445 22,908 4,604 17,964 1,530

Adjustments 337 1,052 271 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124 3,519 1 113 0 223 308 89 (79) 13,011 100 0 238 0 (14) 0 108 (1) 0 35 0 447 547 0 355 190 317 10 145 17 282 3,330 34 97 0 0 18 (352) 0

Ending Balance $57,637 798 (472) 996 295 6,772 1,140 371 947 2,204 2,972 752 102 466 835 289 1,104 130 0 139 974 3,839 645 3,080 5 654 358 737 336 192 1,640 1,707 7,206 1,709 65 1,538 310 2,532 0 29 1,709 19 866 4,721 291 0 230 801 518 1,087 0

Rainy day fund balance $72,345 848 2,288 713 153 20,646 1,140 2,506 240 1,483 N/A 378 373 4 1,436 762 0 129 405 309 877 2,832 1,149 2,474 348 651 61 334 332 115 401 1,868 2,048 1,254 659 2,692 806 1,288 23 204 531 170 875 10,089 697 224 792 1,671 753 649 1,667

See footnotes at end of table

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STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .2 Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Preliminary Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2019. Note: For all states, unless otherwise noted, transfers into budget stabilization funds are counted as expenditures, and transfers from budget stabilization funds are counted as revenues. Key: * — The ending balance includes the balance in the rainy day fund. N/A — Not available (a) Alabama —Expenditure Adjustments include transferring $64.2 million to the Budget Stabilization Fund and $272.3 million to the Advancement and Technology Fund. Alaska —Revenues: Spring 2019 Revenue Sources Book ,Revenue Adjustments: Fiscal Year 2020 Enacted Fiscal Summary Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2020 Enacted Fiscal Summary Expenditure Adjustments: State of Alaska Fiscal Summary - FY19 and FY20 (Part 1) Rainy Day Balance: State of Alaska Fiscal Summary FY19 and FY20 (Part 2) Number listed is EoY Balance. Rainy day balance includes any anticipated draws. Ending balance includes multi-year appropriations. Started reporting shared taxes as expenditures instead of Revenues Arizona — Adjustments come from other fund transfers to the General Fund. Arkansas — Total available revenue amounts are reported as net of refunds and special dedications/payments. 16.3% of the ending balance was transferred to create a restricted reserve fund for FY19, 58.7% was transferred to the General Revenue Allotment Reserve Fund, and the remaining 25% was transferred to the Arkansas Highway Transfer Fund. California — Total revenues reflect revenues after transfers to the rainy day fund. The ending balance includes the SFEU but excludes the BSA and the Safety Net Reserve Fund. The excluded amount is $14,358.4 million for the BSA and $900 million for the Safety Net Reserve Fund at the end of FY 2019. Adding these amounts to the FY 2019 ending balance, the projected total balance is $22,030.6 million in FY 2018. The rainy day balance is made up of the SFEU, BSA, and the Safety Net Reserve Fund, however, withdrawals of mandatory deposits from the BSA are subject to provisions of Proposition 2, 2014. Ending balance Includes a reserve for encumbrances of $1,384.5 million representing amounts which will be expended in the future for state obligations for which goods and services have been ordered/contracted, but have not been received by the end of the fiscal year. These amounts are shown as a reserve to the fund balance instead of a hit to the fund balance. Colorado — Revenue adjustments include transfers to the General Fund. Colorado’s rainy day fund is included within the General Fund. Connecticut — BRF balance includes: $212.9 million balance from prior year, $1,471.3 million transfer due to volatility cap, $-482.9 transfer out to extinguish FY 2018 deficit, and $-16.1 million transfer out to the Retired Teachers Health Service Fund. The volatility cap which automatically transfers a portion of income tax collections above a certain threshold. Expenditures Adjustments: Miscellaneous adjustments, 3.4. Delaware — Fiscal year ending balance includes encumbered appropriations and those appropriations legislatively continued into the ensuing fiscal year. Georgia — FY 2019 adjustments to revenues include FY18 agency surplus returned and early remittance of FY19 surplus from state agencies. Ending balance reflects preliminary Revenue Shortfall Reserve prior to final FY19 agency surplus and appropriation of the 1% midterm adjustment for FY 2020.

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Idaho — Beginning fund balance different due to statutory transfer to budget stabilization and strategic initiatives fund. Revenue Adjustments: $2.8M for reappropriation, $6.1M for prior-year reversion, $13.1 million from the Group Insurance Account, $40.4M for Budget Stabilization Fund (statute expired - ), $1.3M misc. Expenditure Adjustments: $2 million to the STEM Education Fund; $.4 million to the Wolf Control Fund; $44.1 million to the Permanent Building Fund; $22 million to the Technology Stabilization Fund; $2.4 million to the Water Resources Revolving Development Fund, $32M to Public Education Stabilization Fund, $21M to Water Mgmt. Fund, $.17M for deficiency warrants. Illinois — Total revenue increases are attributed to growth in income and sales tax receipts. Total revenues include $33,560M in state sources, $3,600M federal, and $2,196M transfers in. Revenue adjustments include $750M in Treasurer investment borrowing and $250M in interfund borrowing. Estimated expenditure adjustments include $3,609M in statutory transfers out. Indiana — Revenue adjustments include a transfer to the General Fund to assist with the Integrated Tax System and a one-time deposit of gaming license transfer fees. transfer from the Rainy Day Fund. Expenditure adjustments include reversions from distributions, capital, and reconciliations; reversions from prior year Medicaid appropriations; state agency and university line item capital projects; the cost of a 13th check for pension recipients; a one-time appropriation for the Indiana Biosciences Research Institute; and a one-time transfer to teachers retirement fund pensions. Iowa — Total Revenues are as actual, also included in revenue adjustments is $71.0 million of residual funds transferred to the General Fund after the Reserve Funds are filled to their statutory maximum amounts. Total Expenditures actual appropriations including $168.6 million of supplemental appropriations for FY2019. Included in expenditure adjustments is a transfer from the General Fund to the State’s Cash Reserve Fund of $113.1 million. The ending balance of the General Fund is transferred in the current year to the Reserve funds in the subsequent fiscal year. After the Reserve Funds are at their statutorily set maximum amounts, the remainder of the funds are transferred back to the General Fund in that subsequent fiscal year. Kansas — $6.8 million in Prior year released encumbrances shows as revenue. Kentucky — Revenue includes $117.6 million in Tobacco Settlement funds. Adjustments for Revenues includes $168.0 million that represents appropriation balances carried over from the prior fiscal year, and $307.0 million from fund transfers into the General Fund. Adjustment to Expenditures represents appropriation balances forwarded to the next fiscal year and budget balances to be expended in the next fiscal year. The FY 2019 surplus of $130.1 million was appropriated in FY 2020: $70 million to Teachers’ Retirement Medical Insurance Fund, and $60.1 million to the Kentucky state employees’ non-hazardous retirement’s unfunded liability. Louisiana — Revenues adjustments - Includes $63.7 in carryforwards, $63.0 in use of prior year undesignated fund balance, $53.3 transfer of funds and $30.8 in prior year undesignated fund balance. Expenditure adjustments - includes transfers of $77.0 to the Budget Stabilization Fund, $30.8 to the UAL Retirement systems, $10.7 in Funds transfers and $100.8 in supplemental funding. FY19 numbers are budgeted and not actuals. Maine — Revenue and Expenditure adjustments reflect Legislatively

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .2 Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Preliminary Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) authorized transfers. The total balance reported for FY19 includes up to $60.3 million earmarked for repayment of disallowed costs from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Maryland — Revenue adjustment includes $23.3 million in transfers from tax credit reserves and -$4.6 million in revenue under attainment from transfers. Expenditure adjustments represent $79.0 million in reversions. Massachusetts — Data as of 7/31/19. General Fund is defined as all budgeted operating funds, adjusted for expenditures funded by federal reimbursements. This is to better align with spending reported in the State Expenditure Report and be more comparable to most other states, which book federally reimbursed expenditures in a separate federal fund; adjustments also account for certain transfers between budgeted funds. Ending balance includes $322.2 million in reserved balances projected to be spent in the next fiscal year. Fiscal 2019 Preliminary Actual ending balance additionally includes significant undesignated balances due to the FY19 tax surplus; on September 6, 2019, the Governor filed a bill recommending spending, transfers to off-budget funds, and continuing spending authorization to address undesignated year-end balances. Michigan — Revenue totals are net of payments to local governments. Adjustments (Expenditures): $100 million transfer to Budget Stabilization Fund/Rainy Day Fund. Expenditure total reflects a large GF supplemental from higher than anticipated one-time revenues. Michigan’s fiscal year is October 1 through September 30; final fiscal year 2019 revenue and expenditure totals will be published in the State of Michigan Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, due March 2020 Minnesota — Rainy Day Fund balance includes cash flow account of $350 million and a budget reserve of $2.075 billion. Includes stadium reserve of $49.595 million. Mississippi — Ending balance includes reappropriation from FY2018 to FY2019. Missouri — Revenue adjustments include transfers from other funds into the general revenue fund. Montana —Revenue adjustments reflect prior year revenue activity and expenditure adjustments reflect prior year expenditure activity and adjustments to fund balance as a result of the annual CAFR reconciliation. Nebraska — Revenue adjustments are transfers between the General Fund and other funds. Among others, this includes a $221 million transfer from the General Fund to the Property Tax Credit Cash Fund, as well as a $62 million Transfer to the Cash Reserve for Revenues in excess of the Certified Forecast for FY 2018. Also included are transfers totaling $48 million from the Cash Reserve Fund to the General Fund for budget stabilization. Nevada — Revenue adjustments are restricted revenue, reversion, Rainy Day Fund transfers in and reserve transfers in. Expenditure adjustments are restricted transfers out. New Hampshire — Expenditure Adjustments: The make-up of this adjustment total for FY 2019 includes a positive pick up of $9.4 million through a GAAP adjustment, a movement of $ 5.3 million to the Rainy Day Fund, and the movement of $3.5 million to the Public School Infrastructure Fund at year end. The entire amount of the General Fund undesignated fund balance of $ 191.6 million from FY 2019 is obligated in FY 2020. New Jersey — Adjustments include estimated Lapses; transfers to other funds; reservation of fund balance.

New Mexico —Adjustments are net of reversions and transfers from other funds. New York —The Rainy Day Reserve increased by $250 million. This was the result of a transfer from the State Purposes Account to the Rainy Day Reserve Fund. These funds are components of New York State’s General Fund. North Carolina — Expenditure adjustments includes funds transferred to Budget Stabilization Reserve (Savings Reserve), $221.5 million, Medicaid Transformation Reserve, $135 million, and funds to the Department of Transportation from the General Fund of $90 million. Budget Stabilization Reserve (Rainy Day) balance was reduced in the middle of FY 2019 to aid in the Hurricane Florence recovery efforts. The funds were placed in restricted statewide reserve similar to the Rainy Day Fund and transferred to the operating budget as needed to cover FEMA federal match and state supported programs for Hurricane Florence Recovery efforts. Ending Balance is higher than normal due to North Carolina not having a comprehensive budget at the time of this survey due to the Governor’s veto of the General Assembly’s budget. Normally, some of the year-end credit balance is directed by an approved budget to areas like capital, repair and renovation, and the Rainy Day Fund. North Dakota —Revenue adjustments are transfers of $124.0 million from the strategic investment and improvements fund, $455.3 million transfer from the legacy fund and $70.0 million from other special fund sources, to the general fund. Expenditure adjustments include a $545.9 million transfer to the budget stabilization fund and $899,000 in misc. transfers. The negative general fund revenue variance from FY 2018 to FY 2019 is due to the majority of the state’s share of $400 million in oil and gas tax revenues being collected in FY 2018. Ohio — FY 2019 expenditures include expenditures against prior year encumbrances and $773.0 million in transfers out of the GRF. The fiscal 2019 ending balance included cash to support $391.6 million in open encumbrances and $312.4 million in surplus transfers which occurred in fiscal 2020. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF revenue and expenditures look higher relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. Oklahoma — FY19 revenue adjustments were -$15.7 million net cash flow reserve difference and the addition of $3.7 million returned to the General Revenue Fund from legislative action which re-captured that amount from the GRF appropriation to the State Department of Health during the 2019 fiscal year. The expenditure adjustment reflects the end-of-year deposit into the Constitutional Reserve Fund (Rainy Day Fund). Oregon —Revenue adjustments include: a revenue adjustment for a statutory transfer to local governments for local property tax relief. Expenditure adjustment includes: the cost of Tax Anticipation Notes, as well as the required deposit into the Rainy Day Fund. Because General Fund revenues for the 2017-19 biennium are anticipated to exceed projections by more than two percent, there will be a refund of personal income taxes “”Kicker””. This refund, which is projected at roughly $1,569.5 million will be returned to taxpayers as a credit on their 2019 income tax return (which will be filed in 2020).

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STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .2 Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Preliminary Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Pennsylvania —Revenue adjustments include refunds, lapses and adjustments to beginning balances. Expenditure adjustments include transfers to the Budget Stabilization Reserve Fund (rainy day). Rhode Island —Adjustments to revenues reflects $122.2 million to the Budget Reserve (Rainy Day) Fund, offset by reappropriation of $10.1 million from FY 2018. Expenditure adjustments reflect reappropriations to the following fiscal year (FY 2020). Designated portion of ending balance - Reappropriations authorized by the Governor totaling $10.3 million“ South Carolina —Revenue Adjustments: Litigation Recovery Account ($4.1M). Expenditure Adjustments: Prior Yr. 2% Capital Reserve ($145.1M) transferred to state agencies. Designated portion of ending balance: Capital Reserve Fund - $151.6M; Appropriations Carried Forward $432.0M South Dakota — The beginning balance of $16.9 million and adjustment to expenditures reflects the prior year’s ending balance that is transferred to the rainy day fund. Adjustments to revenue of $15.8 million is from one-time receipts. The ending balance of $19.3 million is cash that is obligated to the Budget Reserve fund the following fiscal year. This $19.3 million is not included in the total rainy day fund balance of $169.8 million. Tennessee — Adjustments (Revenues): $45.2 million transfer from debt service fund unexpended appropriations. -$20.5 million transfer to Highway Fund. -$75.0 million transfer to Rainy Day Fund. Adjustments (Expenditures): $261.1 million transfer to capital outlay projects fund. $16.3 million transfer to state office buildings and support facilities fund. $3.7 million transfer to debt service fund. $1.0 million transfer to reserves for dedicated revenue appropriations. Ending Balance: $865.5 million unappropriated budget surplus at June 30, 2019 Texas —$128.0 reflected in adjustments to revenue was realized from dedicated account balances now available. As well as $58 and $372.9 of fund balances from the available school fund and the state technology and instructional materials fund were made available. End of year adjustments made by the Comptroller account for the difference between the ending balance of FY 2018 to the beginning balance of FY 2019. $3,330 is a transfer of revenue to the ESF and State Highway to be allocated equally. Total general fund revenue was impacted due to a constitutional dedication of a portion of sales tax collected by the state to be reallocated from the general fund to the State Highway Fund to address infrastructure needs. Utah —Expenditure adjustments include $33.5 million of surplus revenue collections automatically transferred to rainy day funds at the end of FY 2019 based on statutory formulas. Revenue adjustments include transfers to the General Fund and Education fund, the amount set aside for economic development cash incentives, and other revenue adjustments. $206.2 million of the $290.8 ending FY 2019 ending balance was designated by the Legislature to be appropriated for one-time items in FY 2020. Vermont — Preliminary fiscal year 2019 actual results include revenue adjustments comprised of $1.6M in reversions of General Fund appropriations. Expenditure adjustments include the allocation of $96.9M in operating surplus as transfers and reserves as follows: $73.9M in net transfers to other funds most notably comprised of paying-in-full a $22.2M interfund loan from the General Fund to the Retired Teachers’ Health and Medical Benefits fund (OPEB), a one-time transfer of $9.4M for use during FY 2020 for general fund appropriations, a $25.6M transfer to the Vermont State Employees’ Postemployment Benefits Trust fund, as well as making an additional

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contribution of $13.3M above the Actuarily Determined Employer Contribution to the Vermont Teachers’ Retirement Fund; $23.0M in reserves inclusive of meeting the Budget Stabilization reserve requirement while making a $19.1M contribution to the “Rainy Day” reserve fund. Additionally, there was a $78.1M transfer from an Agency of Human Service’s special fund to the General Fund’s designated Human Services Caseload reserve (net-neutral transfer on a statewide basis). Washington —Revenue adjustments reflect the net of transfers in and out of the General Fund, as well as prior biennium recoveries and similar resource adjustments. A portion of the FY 2019 ending balance is programmed to be spent in FY 2020. West Virginia —Fiscal Year 2019 Beginning balance includes $297.3 million of Reappropriations, Unappropriated Surplus Balance of $36.1 million, $1.3 million of cash balance adjustments, and FY 2018 13th month expenditures of $42.9 million. Total Revenues show the FY 2019 actual general revenue collections of $4,756.3 million. Adjustments (Revenue) are prior year redeposits of $744,230 and special revenue expirations of $4.7 million. Total Expenditures include general revenue appropriated expenditures of $4,748.1 million, surplus appropriation expenditures of $10.7 million, reappropriation expenditures of $81.7 million, $-0.3 million of cash adjustments, and $42.9 million of 31 day prior year expenditures. Adjustment (Expenditures) represent $18.0 million which was the amount transferred to the Rainy Day Fund from 1/2 of the FY 2018 surplus. The Ending Balance is mostly the historically carried forward reappropriation from previous fiscal years (estimated amounts that will remain and be reappropriated to the next fiscal year), the estimated 13th month expenditures applicable to the current fiscal year & any unappropriated surplus balance (estimated) from the current fiscal year. Wisconsin —Revenue adjustments include Tribal Gaming, $29.1m; Prior Year Designated Balance, $238.5m; and Other Revenue, $501.7m. Expenditure adjustments include Transfers, $363.3m; Lapses, -$755.8m; and Compensation Reserves, $40.5m. Wyoming — The State of Wyoming budgets on a biennial basis, to arrive at annual figures certain assumptions and estimates are required.

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .3 Fiscal 2020 General Fund, Enacted (In millions of dollars) State Total (a) Alabama (a) Alaska (a) Arizona (a) Arkansas (a) California (a) Colorado * (a) Connecticut (a) Delaware * (a) Florida Georgia (a) Hawaii Idaho (a) Illinois * (a) Indiana (a) Iowa (a) Kansas (a) Kentucky (a) Louisiana Maine (a) Maryland (a) Massachusetts * (a) Michigan * (a) Minnesota * (a) Mississippi (a) Missouri (a) Montana Nebraska (a) Nevada (a) New Hampshire (a) New Jersey * (a) New Mexico * (a) New York* (a) North Carolina (a) North Dakota (a) Ohio (a) Oklahoma (a) Oregon (a) Pennsylvania (a) Rhode Island (a) South Carolina* (a) South Dakota (a) Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah (a) Vermont (a) Virginia (a) Washington (a) West Virginia (a) Wisconsin (a) Wyoming (a)

Beginning balance $55,342 798 0 764 0 6,772 1,140 0 947 2,204 2,972 752 101 466 835 0 1,104 130 0 139 718 3,839 N/A 3,080 5 654 358 737 336 192 1,640 1,707 7,206 N/A 65 1,538 310 2,532 0 25 1,709 19 866 4,721 291 0 230 801 518 1,087 0

Revenues $903,568 9,259 2,304 11,083 5,737 143,805 13,096 19,460 4,617 33,126 26,143 8,202 4,025 40,188 16,924 7,966 7,432 11,580 9,725 3,904 18,566 35,208 N/A 23,518 5,858 9,822 2,512 4,929 4,446 1,590 38,199 7,780 77,117 N/A 2,062 34,163 7,844 10,043 35,497 4,179 8,717 1,701 15,536 60,778 7,801 1,647 22,529 24,316 4,710 17,304 1,205

Adjustments 0 3,106 71 0 0 71 0 (126) 0 0 0 13 100 5 188 0 368 0 10 196 13,106 N/A 0 0 143 0 (463) 62 0 (169) 334 0 N/A 461 0 0 (22) (1,143) (126) 30 0 (232) 194 10 0 0 (216) 0 564 325

Total resources $975,768 10,057 5,409 11,918 5,737 150,577 14,307 19,460 5,438 35,330 29,115 8,954 4,139 40,754 17,764 8,154 8,536 12,078 9,725 4,053 19,479 52,154 N/A 26,598 5,863 10,619 2,870 5,202 4,844 1,781 39,670 9,821 84,323 N/A 2,588 35,701 8,153 12,553 34,354 4,078 10,455 1,721 16,170 65,693 8,101 1,647 22,759 24,901 5,228 18,955 1,530

Expenditures $913,164 9,318 4,337 11,583 5,737 147,781 13,261 19,319 4,668 34,150 26,143 8,306 3,910 37,486 16,831 7,634 7,750 11,849 9,725 3,923 19,419 34,972 N/A 23,950 5,747 10,326 2,566 4,625 4,431 1,563 38,403 7,516 77,857 N/A 2,422 35,045 7,491 10,981 33,998 4,078 8,575 1,701 15,714 60,775 7,959 1,645 22,751 24,360 4,791 18,387 1,530

Adjustments 532 1,183 271 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 2,650 95 0 110 229 0 21 (35) 13,106 N/A 0 0 0 0 288 72 231 0 36 0 N/A 0 0 0 0 178 0 537 19 439 3,179 0 3 0 0 18 (364) 0

Ending balance $39,255 207 (111) 65 0 2,796 1,046 141 771 1,180 2,972 648 166 618 838 520 676 (0) 0 110 95 4,075 N/A 2,648 116 293 304 290 341 (13) 1,267 2,270 6,466 N/A 166 656 662 1,572 178 0 1,344 1 18 1,740 142 0 8 541 418 931 0

Rainy day fund balance $72,390 945 2,279 1,019 153 19,204 1,046 2,965 252 1,574 N/A 396 373 4 1,446 784 0 304 430 306 1,198 3,308 N/A 2,487 465 654 118 510 394 115 401 2,015 2,476 N/A 727 2,692 N/A 1,487 340 210 569 189 1,100 7,830 791 226 1,375 1,948 810 N/A 1,667

See footnotes at end of table

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STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .3 Fiscal 2020 General Fund, Enacted (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2019. Note: For all states, unless otherwise noted, transfers into budget stabilization funds are counted as expenditures, and transfers from budget stabilization funds are counted as revenues. Key: N/A—Not available *—The ending balance includes the balance in the rainy day fund. (a) Totals—Michigan and North Carolina had not yet finalized their fiscal 2020 budgets at the time of publication. Totals include the fiscal 2020 general fund amounts for Michigan and North Carolina reported in NASBO’s Spring 2019 Fiscal Survey of States, based on the governor’s recommended budget. This information is being used as placeholders in order to calculate 50-state total figures that are comparable to prior fiscal years for the purposes of this report. Alabama—Expenditure Adjustments include transferring $66.5 million to the Budget Stabilization Fund and $465.0 million to the Advancement and Technology Fund. We anticipate spending $110.7m of a carryover balance in 2020. Alaska—Revenues: Spring 2019 Revenue Sources Book (Total Revenue); Revenue Adjustments: Fiscal Year 2020 Enacted Fiscal Summary; Expenditures: Fiscal Year 2020 Enacted Fiscal Summary; Expenditure Adjustments: State of Alaska Fiscal Summary— FY19 and FY20 (Part 1); Rainy Day Balance: State of Alaska Fiscal Summary FY19 and FY20 (Part 2) Number listed is EoY Balance. Rainy day balance includes any anticipated draws. Ending balance includes multi-year appropriations. Started reporting shared taxes as expenditures instead of Revenues Arizona—Adjustments come from other fund transfers to the General Fund. Arkansas—Total available revenue amounts are reported as net of refunds and special dedications/payments. California—Total revenues reflect revenues after transfers to the rainy day fund. The ending balance includes the SFEU, but excludes the BSA, the Safety Net Reserve Fund, and the Public School System Stabilization Account (PSSSA) (a rainy day reserve for schools). The excluded amount is $16,516.4 million for the BSA, $900 million for the Safety Net Reserve Fund, and $376.5 million for the PSSSA at the end of FY 2020. Adding these amounts to the FY 2020 ending balance, the projected total balance is $20,589 million in FY 2020. The rainy day balance is made up of the SFEU, BSA, the Safety Net Reserve Fund, and PSSSA, however, withdrawals of mandatory deposits from the BSA are subject to provisions of Proposition 2, 2014. ; Ending balance Includes a reserve for encumbrances of $1,384.5 million representing amounts which will be expended in the future for state obligations for which goods and services have been ordered/contracted, but have not been received by the end of the fiscal year. These amounts are shown as a reserve to the fund balance instead of a hit to the fund balance. Colorado—Revenue adjustments include transfers to the General Fund. Colorado’s rainy day fund is included within the General Fund.

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Connecticut—FY 2020 projected Rainy Day Fund balance also includes projected $318.3 million transfer due to the volatility cap. Delaware—Effective July 1, 2019 and per 82 Del Law c 64 (HB 225, § 77) $126.3 million was allocated to the Budget Stabilization Fund, a special fund holding account. Funds in the account require an act of the General Assembly to enable appropriation and spending authority. Fiscal year ending balance includes encumbered appropriations and those appropriations legislatively continued into the ensuing fiscal year. Georgia—FY 20 beginning balance reflects general fund balances as of June 30, 2019 for Revenue Shortfall Reserve (Preliminary) as reported on the FY 19 State Funds and Funds Available from Beginning Fund Balance Sheet of the Report of Georgia Revenues and Reserves. Georgia is required by its constitution to maintain a balanced report. The fund balances for FY 19 and 20 reflect the Governor’s balanced budget. Georgia does not project future Rainy Day fund balances but expects the reserve to continue to grow in future years. Idaho—Revenue Adjustment: $12.8M for corporate income tax conformity. Expenditure Adjustments: $1M to STEM Education Fund; $20M to Fire Suppression Deficiency Fund; $1M to POST Fund; $21.5 to Permanent Building Fund; $.2M to Wolf Control Fund; $8.6M to Public Education Stabilization Fund; $8.1M to Technology Infrastructure Stabilization Fund; $2M to Disaster Emergency Fund. Includes updated General Fund revenue forecast not yet adopted by legislature Illinois—Total revenue increases include growth in income and sales tax receipts. Total revenues include $34,295M in state sources, $3,697M federal, and $2,196M transfers in. Revenue adjustments include $100M in interfund borrowing. Estimated expenditure adjustments include $364M in statutory transfers out, $2,201 in debt service, and $85M in interfund borrowing repayment. Indiana—Revenue adjustments include a transfer to the General Fund to assist with the Integrated Tax System and a casino relocation fee. Expenditure adjustments include reversions from distributions, capital, and reconciliations; reversions from prior year Medicaid appropriations; state agency and university line item capital projects; the cost of a 13th check for pension recipients; and minimal one-time expenditures. Iowa—Total Revenues are as estimated by the October 2019 REC, also included in revenue adjustments is $187.6 million of estimated residual funds transferred to the General Fund after the Reserve Funds are filled to their statutory maximum amounts. Total Expenditures are adjusted for final standing appropriations estimates for FY2020. The ending balance of the General Fund is transferred in the current year to the Reserve funds in the subsequent fiscal year. After the Reserve Funds are at their statutorily set maximum amounts, the remainder of the funds are transferred back to the General Fund in that subsequent fiscal year. Kansas—Expenditure Adjustments equal the amount of FY 2019 underspending that reappropriated for FY 2020 expenditure.

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .3 Fiscal 2020 General Fund, Enacted (In millions of dollars) (continued) Kentucky—Revenue includes $118.1 million in Tobacco Settlement funds. Adjustments for Revenues includes $52.3 million that represents appropriation balances carried over from the prior fiscal year, and $315.9 million from fund transfers into the General Fund. Adjustment to Expenditures represents appropriation balances forwarded to the next fiscal year and budget balances to be expended in the next fiscal year. Maine—Revenue and Expenditure adjustments reflect Legislatively authorized transfers. The total balance reported for FY20 includes up to $56.8 million earmarked for repayment of disallowed costs from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Maryland—Revenue adjustments include $37.5 million in transfers from tax credit reserves and a $158 million transfer from the Revenue Stabilization Account (Rainy Day). Expenditure adjustments represent $35 million in reversions. The FY 2020 Enacted starting balance does not match the FY 2019 Actual ending balance because the FY 2020 Enacted budget did not incorporate updated revenue and expenditure figures from FY 2019. Massachusetts—Data as of 7/31/19. General Fund is defined as all budgeted operating funds, adjusted for expenditures funded by federal reimbursements. This is to better align with spending reported in the State Expenditure Report and be more comparable to most other states, which book federally reimbursed expenditures in a separate federal fund; adjustments also account for certain transfers between budgeted funds. Ending balance includes $81.5 million in reserved balances projected to be spent in the next fiscal year. Other - Caps on Full-Time Equivalent employees are in effect for executive department agencies Michigan—Information on Michigan’s fiscal 2020 enacted budget was not available at the time of publication. Initial appropriations have been enacted, but Michigan’s fiscal year 2020 budget is not yet finished. Minnesota—Rainy Day Fund balance includes cash flow account of $350 million and a budget reserve of $2.075 billion. Includes stadium reserve of $62.297 million. Mississippi—Adjustments to expenditures reflect transfers to the state’s Rainy Day and Capital Expense Funds Missouri—Revenue adjustments include transfers from other funds into the general revenue fund. Nebraska—Revenue adjustments are transfers between the General Fund and other funds. Among others, this includes a $221 million transfer, Plus an additional $51 million transfer from the General Fund to the Property Tax Credit Cash Fund, bringing the total transfer amount to $272 million. There are also $48.5 million in usual and customary transfers into the General Fund from Other Cash Funds. There was also a $176 million Transfer to the Cash Reserve Fund for Revenues in excess of the Certified Forecast for FY 2019, and an $11 million transfer to the Water Sustainability Fund. Expenditure adjustments include $317.8 million reserved for unexpended FY 2019 carryover obligations, an estimated lapse of $35 million in carryover obligations, and $5 million reserved for potential deficit appropriations. Nevada—Revenue adjustments are restricted revenue, reversion, Rainy Day Fund transfers in and reserve transfers in. Expenditure adjustments are restricted transfers out.

New Hampshire—Expenditure Adjustments: The enacted budget bills for the FY 2020-2021 Biennium anticipated one time appropriations of $162.9 million for a number of initiatives, with an additional $68.1 million being transferred to the Education Trust Fund. The choice to appropriate funds for these one-time expenditures was predicated on the anticipated FY 2019 unexpended available general fund surplus which is estimated preliminarily to be $191.6 million. Special Note: It is not a requirement of New Hampshire law that the first year of the biennial budget have revenues and unexpended general surplus be in balance with anticipated expenditures. New Jersey—Adjustments include transfers to other funds; reservation of fund balance New Mexico—Adjustments are net of reversions and transfers from other funds. New York—The Rainy Day Reserve is expected to increase by an additional $428 million in FY 2020 after a planned transfer from the State Purposes Account to the Rainy Day Reserve Fund, fiscal conditions permitting. These funds are components of New York State’s General Fund. North Carolina—North Carolina was not able to report fiscal 2020 enacted budget figures, as the state’s fiscal 2020-2021 budget was not finalized in time for publication. North Dakota—Revenue adjustments are transfers of $8.6 million from the tax relief fund, $382.2.0 million from the strategic investment and improvements fund and $70.0 million from other special fund sources, to the general fund. Ohio—FY 2020 expenditures include expenditures against prior year encumbrances and $683.7 million in estimated transfers out of the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF revenue and expenditures look higher relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. Oklahoma—At this time adjustments to revenues (net cash flow or other possible adjustments) cannot be calculated, nor can any adjustments to expenditures be projected, such as a possible deposit into the Rainy Day Fund. Ending balance cannot be reasonably calculated at this time. Oregon—Revenue adjustments include: a revenue adjustment for a statutory transfer to local governments for local property tax relief. It is important to note that General Fund revenues for the 2019-21 biennium were reduced by approximately $423 million as a result of HB 3427. This bill reduced personal income tax rates while also establishing a Corporate Activities Tax. The revenue generated through the Corporate Activities Tax for the 2019-21 biennium is estimated at $1,598 million and will Other Funds revenue dedicated to the Fund for Student Success.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 8 3

STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .3 Fiscal 2020 General Fund, Enacted (In millions of dollars) (continued) Pennsylvania—Revenue adjustments include refunds, lapses and adjustments to beginning balances. Expenditure adjustments include transfers to the Budget Stabilization Reserve Fund (rainy day). Rhode Island—Adjustments to revenues reflect a transfer of $126.1 million to the Budget Reserve (Rainy Day) Fund. South Carolina—Revenue Adjustments: Litigation Recovery Account ($9.6M); Transfer of Non-Recurring Revenue to Recurring Revenue ($20.4M) Expenditure Adjustments: Prior Yr. 2% Capital Reserve ($151.6M) transferred to state agencies; Taxpayer Rebate Fund ($61.4M); FY19 Non-Recurring Supplemental Appropriations ($323.8M). Designated portion of ending balance: Capital Reserve Fund - $162.5M; Appropriations Carried Forward $432.0M (estimated) South Dakota—The beginning balance of $19.3 million and adjustment to expenditures reflects the prior year’s ending balance which is transferred to the rainy day fund. Tennessee—Adjustments (Revenues): -$225.0 million transfer to Rainy Day Fund. -$6.1 million transfer to Highway Fund. -$0.4 million other adjustments. Adjustments (Expenditures): $396.5 million transfer to capital outlay projects fund. $38.1 million transfer to state office buildings and support facilities fund. $3.7 million transfer to debt service fund. $1.0 million transfer to reserves for dedicated revenue appropriations. Ending Balance: $17.5 million undesignated balance. $15 million of the ending balance is reserved for future tax relief. Texas—$193.79 reflected in adjustments to revenue was realized from dedicated account balances now available. $3,178.8 is a transfer of revenue to the ESF and State Highway to be allocated equally. The annual expenditure change for Enacted Fiscal 2020 excluding property tax relief expenditures of $2,340.0 is 11.8%.

2 84 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Utah—Revenue adjustments include transfers to the General Fund and Education fund, the amount set aside for economic development cash incentives, and other revenue adjustments. Vermont—$2.6M in expenditure adjustments includes a $1.6M contribution to the General Fund Budget Stabilization reserve, and $1.0M in transfers to other funds. Washington—Revenue adjustments reflect the net of transfers in and out of the General Fund, as well as prior biennium recoveries and similar resource adjustments. It is currently projected that a portion of the FY 2020 ending balance will be programmed to be spent in FY 2021. West Virginia—Total Revenue is the official estimate for FY 2020 Total General Revenue collections. Total Expenditures are FY 2020 General Revenue appropriations of $4.693.6 million, FY 2020 surplus appropriations of $18.4 million, and estimated 13th month expenditures of $42.8 million. Adjustment (Expenditures) represents the $18.4 million transferred in August 2019 to the Rainy Day Fund from 1/2 of the FY 2019 surplus. The Ending Balance is mostly the historically carried forward reappropriation amounts that will remain and be reappropriated to the next fiscal year, the 13th month expenditures from the previous fiscal year & any unappropriated surplus balance. Wisconsin—Revenue adjustments include Tribal Gaming, $23.8m; and Other Revenue, $540.5m. Expenditure adjustments include Transfers, $43.3m; Lapses, -$420.2m; and Compensation Reserves, $13.3m. There is no official estimate for the rainy day fund (Budget Stabilization Fund). Wyoming—The State of Wyoming budgets on a biennial basis, to arrive at annual figures certain assumptions and estimates are required.

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .4 Fiscal 2019 General Fund Revenue Collections Compared With Projections Used in Adopting Fiscal 2019 Budgets (In millions)

State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas (a) California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (a) Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Sales Tax Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $264,090 $267,360 2,455 2,649 N/A N/A 4,946 5,097 2,488 2,465 26,674 26,100 3,359 3,592 4,154 4,338 N/A N/A 25,070 25,385 6,209 6,250 3,562 3,542 1,545 1,598 8,181 8,409 7,886 7,915 3,039 3,046 2,752 2,767 3,908 3,938 3,919 3,828 1,528 1,563 4,751 4,812 4,796 4,852 1,912 2,039 5,745 5,739 2,375 2,464 2,204 2,198 59 65 1,685 1,658 1,262 1,285 N/A N/A 11,026 10,853 2,652 2,750 14,114 14,165 7,625 7,751 883 957 10,338 10,573 2,764 2,779 N/A N/A 10,753 11,100 1,101 1,126 3,146 3,186 1,029 1,025 8,227 8,532 29,506 29,839 2,102 2,116 N/A N/A 3,547 3,580 11,418 11,867 1,316 1,370 5,635 5,696 444 499

Personal Income Tax Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $392,846 $401,771 3,756 4,070 N/A N/A 4,593 5,009 3,429 3,520 95,011 98,304 7,782 8,247 9,108 9,640 1,486 1,528 N/A N/A 12,304 12,177 2,537 2,568 1,759 1,661 18,095 19,236 5,997 6,057 4,985 4,944 3,575 3,756 4,531 4,545 3,413 3,445 1,619 1,701 9,874 10,272 16,632 17,109 7,040 7,119 12,436 12,415 1,853 1,898 6,588 6,664 1,341 1,429 2,471 2,546 N/A N/A N/A N/A 15,978 15,912 1,557 1,643 50,410 48,088 12,705 13,166 358 414 8,748 8,910 2,542 2,713 8,901 9,790 14,174 14,096 1,386 1,394 3,862 4,161 N/A N/A 143 102 N/A N/A 4,116 4,320 847 875 14,184 15,227 N/A N/A 2,004 2,109 8,715 8,994 N/A N/A

Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2019. Note: Unless otherwise noted, original estimates reflect the figures used when the fiscal 2019 budget was adopted. Key: N/A—N/A indicates data are not available because, in most cases, these states do not have that type of tax, or it is not part of the general fund. (a) Arkansas—Revenue amounts here are reported as “gross” (before refunds and special dedications/payments. Maryland—Legislative action in 2018 diverted $200M from individual income tax revenues to the Commission on Innovation and

Corporate Income Tax Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $51,633 $59,516 401 428 145 120 324 514 482 570 12,259 13,774 780 920 1,520 1,061 93 148 2,376 3,140 1,078 1,271 105 164 199 283 2,068 2,389 975 948 649 706 445 437 573 556 300 400 204 253 926 1,033 2,339 2,927 273 514 1,343 1,603 531 644 331 348 145 187 308 424 N/A N/A 400 475 3,257 4,364 116 124 5,626 5,501 710 830 48 148 1,582 1,630 166 293 521 927 2,926 3,397 178 155 314 449 N/A N/A 2,131 2,328 N/A N/A 411 521 90 134 912 943 N/A N/A 142 198 932 1,338 N/A N/A

Gaming/Lottery Revenue Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $9,064 $9,320 N/A N/A 11 12 90 83 68 72 5 5 N/A N/A 556 619 210 216 404 270 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 999 1,000 392 431 86 90 N/A N/A 249 264 402 409 57 63 527 552 1,195 1,301 N/A N/A 67 64 140 143 N/A N/A 73 75 N/A N/A 797 758 N/A N/A N/A N/A 62 65 15 15 N/A N/A 11 15 N/A N/A 158 155 N/A N/A 154 132 392 398 N/A N/A 123 126 346 390 1,402 1,523 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 75 74 N/A N/A N/A N/A

All Other Revenue Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $138,609 $143,950 2,028 2,170 2,103 2,552 468 273 476 517 (617) (136) 478 504 3,671 3,991 2,579 2,701 4,407 4,619 5,731 5,873 1,646 1,643 166 193 8,077 8,161 932 1,055 (1,119) (927) 459 408 1,937 2,091 1,409 1,472 259 269 1,686 1,729 8,344 8,758 1,187 1,181 3,439 3,572 757 818 295 358 815 818 267 269 2,018 2,244 1,131 1,146 6,866 6,852 2,893 3,242 2,495 2,775 2,891 3,079 507 382 13,041 12,655 1,667 1,751 729 491 5,968 6,133 942 948 914 1,009 489 490 2,691 3,646 26,081 26,506 574 586 365 684 1,531 1,557 10,120 9,826 903 1,017 1,349 1,314 566 690

Excellence in Education Fund. This creates a $200M discrepancy between the revenues reported in Table 7.2 versus total actual revenues reported in this table for fiscal 2019. Ohio—Corporate Income Tax: Ohio doesn’t have a corporate income tax and instead has a commercial activities tax (CAT). All Other General Revenue Fund Revenue: Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures make up the majority of revenue in this category. The reduction between original fiscal year 2019 revenue estimates and actuals are the result of federal expenditures coming in below estimate. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 8 5

STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .5 Comparison of General Fund Revenue Collections in Fiscal 2018, Fiscal 2019, and Enacted Fiscal 2020 (In millions of dollars) State Total (a) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas (a) California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (a) Massachusetts (a) Michigan (a) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah Vermont (a) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Fiscal 2018 $255,512 2,471 N/A 4,788 2,418 24,974 3,404 4,202 N/A 24,139 5,946 3,396 1,490 7,810 7,663 2,942 2,748 3,606 4,317 1,483 4,646 4,598 2,063 5,453 2,340 2,174 60 1,603 1,189 N/A 10,459 2,437 13,553 7,337 829 10,148 2,665 N/A 10,381 1,057 3,034 989 8,294 30,889 2,019 259 3,462 10,925 1,247 5,448 480

Sales Tax Fiscal 2019 $265,321 2,649 N/A 5,097 2,465 26,100 3,592 4,338 N/A 25,385 6,250 3,542 1,598 8,409 7,915 3,046 2,767 3,938 3,828 1,563 4,812 4,852 2,039 5,739 2,464 2,198 65 1,658 1,285 N/A 10,853 2,750 14,165 7,751 957 10,573 2,779 N/A 11,100 1,126 3,186 1,025 8,532 29,839 2,116 N/A 3,580 11,867 1,370 5,696 499

Fiscal 2020 $277,241 2,696 N/A 5,347 2,572 27,241 3,530 4,444 N/A 26,137 6,525 3,643 1,666 8,543 8,076 3,316 2,785 4,056 3,861 1,630 5,026 5,177 N/A 5,890 2,481 2,313 58 1,750 1,364 N/A 11,152 3,008 15,136 8,156 928 11,014 2,919 N/A 11,454 1,180 3,294 1,075 8,914 32,779 2,247 N/A 3,730 12,352 1,390 5,877 508

See footnotes at end of table

2 86â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Fiscal 2018 $380,679 3,822 N/A 4,544 3,360 93,776 7,577 10,770 1,428 N/A 11,644 2,430 1,828 17,725 5,816 4,747 3,374 4,604 3,269 1,595 9,508 16,240 7,130 11,784 1,827 6,600 1,298 2,361 N/A N/A 15,038 1,519 51,501 12,518 364 8,411 2,424 8,872 13,399 1,345 3,856 N/A 165 N/A 3,999 832 14,106 N/A 1,926 8,479 N/A

Personal Income Tax Fiscal 2019 Fiscal 2020 $394,653 $405,438 4,070 4,017 N/A N/A 5,009 4,961 3,520 3,579 98,304 102,413 8,247 8,303 9,640 9,673 1,528 1,803 N/A N/A 12,177 12,754 2,568 2,659 1,661 1,910 19,236 19,703 6,057 6,174 4,944 4,831 3,756 3,750 4,545 4,661 3,445 3,513 1,701 1,770 10,272 10,377 17,109 17,386 7,119 N/A 12,415 12,796 1,898 1,900 6,664 6,840 1,429 1,411 2,546 2,625 N/A N/A N/A N/A 15,912 16,493 1,643 1,585 48,088 52,150 13,166 12,892 414 397 8,910 8,726 2,713 3,110 9,790 8,512 14,096 14,570 1,394 1,427 4,161 4,096 N/A N/A 102 69 N/A N/A 4,320 4,410 875 853 15,227 15,263 N/A N/A 2,109 2,155 8,994 8,923 N/A N/A

Fiscal 2018 $49,252 386 120 373 407 12,313 782 921 90 2,413 1,004 131 239 2,017 660 565 392 511 478 186 820 2,392 372 1,315 572 300 167 314 N/A 481 2,484 107 4,916 739 92 1,523 234 739 2,879 128 334 N/A 2,317 N/A 448 98 862 N/A 110 894 N/A

Corporate Income Tax Fiscal 2019 Fiscal 2020 $59,002 $55,355 428 420 120 135 514 435 570 405 13,774 13,133 920 766 1,061 1,100 148 111 3,140 2,730 1,271 1,260 164 128 283 269 2,389 2,444 948 851 706 653 437 450 556 557 400 400 253 205 1,033 962 2,927 2,525 514 N/A 1,603 1,293 644 555 348 315 187 166 424 325 N/A N/A 475 434 4,364 3,607 124 86 5,501 6,104 830 687 148 65 1,630 1,639 293 237 927 479 3,397 3,558 155 164 449 353 N/A N/A 2,328 2,394 N/A N/A 521 527 134 98 943 1,031 N/A N/A 198 137 1,338 1,166 N/A N/A

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .5 Comparison of General Fund Revenue Collections in Fiscal 2018, Fiscal 2019, and Enacted Fiscal 2020 (In millions of dollars) (continued) State Total (a) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas (a) California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (a) Massachusetts (a) Michigan (a) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah Vermont (a) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Fiscal 2018 $8,933 N/A 11 68 67 32 N/A 612 212 357 N/A N/A N/A 991 432 85 N/A 253 414 62 535 1,155 N/A 66 136 N/A 71 N/A 711 N/A N/A 62 15 N/A 11 N/A 162 N/A 123 366 N/A 119 343 1,385 N/A N/A N/A N/A 75 N/A N/A

Gaming/Lottery Revenue Fiscal 2019 $9,320 N/A 12 83 72 5 N/A 619 216 270 N/A N/A N/A 1,000 431 90 N/A 264 409 63 552 1,301 N/A 64 143 N/A 75 N/A 758 N/A N/A 65 15 N/A 15 N/A 155 N/A 132 398 N/A 126 390 1,523 N/A N/A N/A N/A 74 N/A N/A

Fiscal 2020 $9,093 N/A 13 96 33 5 N/A 594 210 22 N/A N/A N/A 1,003 418 92 N/A 256 416 57 548 1,355 N/A 65 142 N/A 72 N/A 811 N/A N/A 67 15 N/A 10 N/A 176 N/A 181 414 N/A 129 388 1,431 N/A N/A N/A N/A 75 N/A N/A

Fiscal 2018 $138,300 2,070 2,283 334 476 21 578 1,693 2,663 4,309 5,726 1,703 175 8,400 1,000 (954) 784 1,865 1,410 261 1,864 8,057 1,452 3,679 816 395 810 290 2,118 1,115 7,539 2,756 1,435 2,971 676 12,389 1,121 633 7,785 1,012 898 485 3,736 24,881 572 451 1,451 10,438 894 1,323 913

All Other Revenue Fiscal 2019 $142,770 2,170 2,552 273 517 (136) 504 3,991 2,701 4,619 5,873 1,643 193 8,161 1,055 (927) 408 2,091 1,472 269 1,729 8,758 1,181 3,572 818 358 818 269 2,244 1,146 6,852 3,242 2,775 3,079 382 12,655 1,751 491 6,133 948 1,009 490 3,646 26,506 586 684 1,557 9,826 1,017 1,314 690

Fiscal 2020 $145,180 2,125 2,156 317 467 1,012 507 3,649 2,493 4,054 5,605 1,715 180 8,495 1,033 (1,052) 447 1,932 1,535 155 1,652 8,766 N/A 3,567 781 353 806 229 2,271 1,132 6,947 3,035 3,712 3,096 662 12,781 1,402 1,029 5,734 994 974 498 3,771 26,568 617 697 1,534 11,748 953 1,338 710

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 8 7

STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .5 Comparison of General Fund Revenue Collections in Fiscal 2018, Fiscal 2019, and Enacted Fiscal 2020 (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2019. Note: Unless otherwise noted, fiscal 2018 figures reflect actual collections, fiscal 2019 figures reflect preliminary actual collections, and fiscal 2020 figures reflect the estimates based on states’ enacted budgets. Key: N/A.—Indicates data are not available because, in most cases, these states do not have that type of tax, or it is not part of the general fund. (a) Total—include state collections by revenue type where amounts were provided/applicable for all three years; Michigan’s fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2019 figures are excluded from the totals for all revenue types, as the state was not able to provide amounts for fiscal 2020. Arkansas—Revenue amounts here are reported as “gross” (before refunds and special dedications/payments). Maryland—Legislative action in 2018 diverted $200M from individual income tax revenues to the Commission on Innovation and Excellence in Education Fund. This creates a $200M discrepancy between the revenues reported in Table 7.2 versus total revenues reported in this table for fiscal 2019. Massachusetts—Figures for FY18-FY20 are re-stated to better align with the State Expenditure Report and be more comparable to most other states, which book federally reimbursed expenditures in a separate federal fund. Michigan—Michigan’s fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2019 figures are excluded from the totals for all revenue types, as the state was not able to provide amounts for fiscal 2020. Ohio—Corporate Income Tax: Ohio doesn’t have a corporate income tax and instead has a commercial activities tax (CAT). All Other General Revenue Fund Revenue: Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures make up the majority of revenue in this category. The reduction between original fiscal year 2019 revenue estimates and actuals are the result of federal expenditures com-

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ing in below estimate. Tennessee—Sales tax, personal income tax, and corporate income tax are shared with local governments. Corporate income tax includes franchise tax. Texas—Included increased forecast for General Fund spending do to passage of House Bill 1525 and Comptroller’s issuance of new guidance. As a result of the Legislature’s restructuring of the Education Fund’s revenue sources in the As Passed FY 2019 budget, there was a decrease of -$301.2M in the annual transfer of General Funds to the Education Fund. In lieu of the annual transfer of General Funds to the Education Fund, 100% of Sales and Use and 25% of Meals and Rooms taxes will be deposited directly into the Education Fund, which were revenues previously attributed to the General Fund. As part of the fiscal year 2019 Budget Adjustment bill, $272.4M of the State Health Care Resources Fund ongoing revenue sources will be recognized as General Fund Revenue, and this shift in recognition of revenue sources accounts for the upward change in fiscal year 2019 General Fund revenue as compared to what was reported in the Fall 2018 survey. Vermont—As a result of the Legislature’s restructuring of the Education Fund’s revenue sources in the As Passed FY 2019 budget, there was a decrease of -$301.2M in the annual transfer of General Funds to the Education Fund. In lieu of the annual transfer of General Funds to the Education Fund, 100% of Sales and Use and 25% of Meals and Rooms taxes will be deposited directly into the Education Fund, which were revenues previously attributed to the General Fund. As part of the fiscal year 2019 Budget Adjustment bill, $272.4M of the State Health Care Resources Fund ongoing revenue sources will be recognized as General Fund Revenue, and this shift in recognition of revenue sources accounts for the upward change in fiscal year 2019 General Fund revenue as compared to what was reported in the Fall 2018 survey.

STATE F I N A N C E

TA BLE 7 .6 Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) Actual fiscal 2017 State

General fund

Federal funds

Other state funds

Bonds

Total

$791,583

$600,152

$509,397

$36,306

$1,937,438 26,660

Alabama (a)

8,296

9,865

8,039

460

Alaska

4,486

3,763

1,483

9,732

Arizona

9,608

15,016

10,440

485

35,549

Arkansas (a)

5,261

7,857

11,988

25,164

California (a)

119,291

95,337

44,249

2,340

261,217 36,810

Colorado

10,512

9,367

16,931

Connecticut

17,763

6,253

5,405

2,954

32,375

4,106

2,171

4,000

398

10,675

Delaware Florida

30,267

26,317

18,129

1,667

76,380

Georgia

22,455

14,266

11,836

952

49,509 14,666

Hawaii

7,486

2,571

3,927

682

Idaho

3,255

2,682

1,559

7,496

Illinois

29,424

14,833

22,387

1,359

68,003

Indiana

31,928

15,971

12,421

3,536

Iowa

7,258

6,389

9,034

22,687

Kansas

6,371

3,749

5,048

393

15,561

Kentucky

11,075

12,258

10,230

33,563

Louisiana

9,118

11,159

7,841

304

28,422

Maine

3,346

2,601

2,186

114

8,247

Maryland (a)

17,153

12,018

13,015

1,136

43,322

Massachusetts (a)

26,436

13,903

12,285

2,704

55,328

Michigan

9,882

20,290

24,137

54,381 37,468

Minnesota

21,103

10,406

5,318

641

Mississippi

5,645

7,819

5,786

1,124

20,374

Missouri

9,153

8,186

8,047

164

25,550

Montana

2,333

2,810

1,814

6,957

Nebraska

4,329

3,030

4,508

11,867 13,914

Nevada

3,990

4,393

5,308

223

New Hampshire

1,512

2,221

2,097

104

5,934

33,827

15,172

8,116

2,166

59,281

New Jersey New Mexico

6,065

8,128

4,842

662

19,697

New York

68,080

52,985

31,519

4,431

157,015

North Carolina

22,143

14,778

10,707

538

48,166

North Dakota

2,600

1,616

2,574

6,792

34,502

12,596

18,584

2,591

68,273

Ohio (a) Oklahoma

5,044

7,186

10,703

329

23,262

Oregon

8,955

10,189

20,759

138

40,041 83,128

Pennsylvania

33,036

29,001

18,868

2,223

Rhode Island

3,672

2,977

2,109

128

8,886

South Carolina

7,804

8,184

8,565

617

25,170

South Dakota

1,548

1,420

1,239

4,227

Tennessee (a)

14,162

12,261

6,417

32,840

Texas (a)

54,292

35,174

16,537

1,717

107,720

Utah (a)

6,411

3,809

4,002

14,222

Vermont

1,498

1,914

2,096

5,557

Virginia

20,227

10,308

18,805

962

50,302

Washington

19,357

12,270

11,741

1,316

44,684

West Virginia

4,231

4,314

8,397

17,019 46,992

Wisconsin

15,858

10,993

20,141

Wyoming (a)

1,386

926

2,113

4,425

Dist. Of Columbia

7,179

3,442

1,063

874

12,558

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 8 9

STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .6 Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Actual fiscal 2018 State

General fund

Federal funds

Other state funds

Bonds

Total

$820,047

$621,269

$528,622

$34,281

$2,004,219

Alabama (a)

8,259

9,958

8,456

589

27,262

Alaska

4,504

3,614

2,184

10,302 37,494

Arizona

9,815

15,999

11,307

373

Arkansas (a)

5,374

7,920

12,299

25,637

California (a)

124,756

92,352

49,655

2,905

269,668 39,814

Colorado

11,308

9,928

18,578

Connecticut

18,611

6,141

5,487

2,913

33,152

4,118

2,492

3,990

247

10,847 78,523

Delaware Florida

31,658

27,401

17,902

1,562

Georgia

23,517

14,446

12,265

1,166

51,394

Hawaii

7,804

2,628

3,636

1,131

15,199

Idaho

3,465

2,684

1,814

7,963

Illinois

35,409

16,940

19,900

534

72,783

Indiana

15,846

13,578

4,197

33,621

7,254

6,260

9,860

23,382

Iowa Kansas

6,649

3,773

5,113

399

15,934

11,221

12,441

10,390

34,052

Louisiana

9,548

12,085

9,328

292

31,253

Maine

3,415

2,698

2,192

106

8,411

Maryland (a)

17,169

12,147

13,025

1,455

43,796

Massachusetts (a)

27,196

14,432

12,803

2,694

57,125

Michigan

10,148

20,733

25,586

147

56,614

Minnesota

22,347

11,353

5,711

408

39,819

Kentucky

Mississippi

5,575

7,787

5,624

667

19,653

Missouri

9,263

8,360

8,226

189

26,038

Montana

2,242

2,863

1,847

6,952

Nebraska

4,350

3,101

4,690

12,141 14,263

Nevada

4,018

4,624

5,339

282

New Hampshire

1,504

2,297

2,257

6,131

35,124

15,628

7,883

2,140

60,775

New Jersey New Mexico

6,102

8,496

5,355

507

20,460

New York

69,724

56,808

32,502

4,710

163,744

North Carolina

22,746

15,296

11,542

248

49,832

North Dakota

2,103

1,472

2,289

5,889

31,727

15,113

19,975

2,868

69,683

Ohio (a) Oklahoma

5,854

7,522

8,915

378

22,669

Oregon

10,180

10,476

19,801

162

40,619 84,909

Pennsylvania

34,915

29,145

20,222

627

Rhode Island

3,799

2,996

2,237

230

9,262

South Carolina

8,056

8,593

8,433

175

25,257

South Dakota

1,591

1,407

1,439

4,457

Tennessee (a)

14,907

12,618

6,662

34,190

Texas (a)

55,643

39,376

18,537

1,652

115,208

Utah (a)

6,739

3,924

3,794

332

14,789

Vermont

1,587

1,926

2,098

5,675

Virginia

20,884

10,163

20,070

959

52,076

Washington

20,535

12,293

12,219

974

46,021

West Virginia

3,638

4,481

8,715

16,857 48,199

Wisconsin

16,464

11,575

20,160

Wyoming (a)

1,386

926

2,113

4,425

Dist. Of Columbia

7,715

3,351

1,163

1,083

13,312

See footnotes at end of table

2 90â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .6 Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Estimated fiscal 2019 State

General fund

Federal funds

Other state funds

Bonds

Total

$864,177

$650,435

$563,741

$40,756

$2,119,109 26,697

Alabama (a)

8,481

10,165

7,774

277

Alaska

5,943

3,973

1,788

11,704

Arizona

10,389

15,544

11,740

333

38,006

Arkansas (a)

5,504

7,829

12,384

25,771

California (a)

142,693

100,007

61,226

7,399

311,325

Colorado

12,533

9,781

19,324

41,638

Connecticut

19,244

6,318

5,672

2,827

34,061

Delaware

4,394

2,403

4,231

297

11,325

Florida

32,849

29,809

25,004

1,652

89,314

Georgia

25,401

14,426

12,526

1,184

53,537

Hawaii

7,915

2,528

4,155

1,021

15,619

Idaho

3,702

3,260

2,329

9,291

Illinois

35,678

17,055

18,909

576

72,218

Indiana

16,208

13,777

4,294

34,279

7,644

6,513

9,399

23,563

Iowa Kansas

7,123

4,166

5,487

429

17,205

11,556

12,667

10,614

34,837

Louisiana

9,898

14,263

10,553

167

34,881

Maine

3,658

2,797

2,209

148

8,812

Maryland (a)

17,911

13,166

13,812

1,346

46,235

Massachusetts (a)

29,136

14,494

13,508

2,694

59,832

Michigan

10,571

22,849

23,553

198

57,171

Minnesota

23,144

12,050

6,363

610

42,167

Mississippi

5,548

9,372

6,206

898

22,024 26,402

Kentucky

Missouri

9,536

8,490

8,287

Montana

2,304

2,983

1,886

7,173

Nebraska

4,367

2,791

4,951

12,109 14,758

Nevada

4,404

4,888

5,285

181

New Hampshire

1,505

2,313

2,318

6,234

37,349

16,695

8,717

2,050

64,811

New Jersey New Mexico

6,364

8,474

5,409

287

20,534

New York

72,783

60,416

31,138

6,538

170,875

North Carolina

23,666

14,438

13,009

400

51,513

North Dakota

2,159

1,639

2,746

6,591

32,678

15,417

20,106

2,803

71,004

Ohio (a) Oklahoma

6,180

8,153

9,203

297

23,833

Oregon

9,613

10,835

21,869

324

42,641

Pennsylvania

35,522

30,640

22,755

596

89,513

Rhode Island

3,934

3,334

2,478

357

10,103 25,658

South Carolina

8,294

8,058

9,159

147

South Dakota

1,638

1,449

1,372

4,491

Tennessee (a)

15,693

14,164

6,963

36,909

Texas (a)

52,054

38,331

19,912

1,459

111,756

Utah (a)

7,493

4,664

4,521

150

16,828

Vermont

1,650

1,887

2,212

5,836

Virginia

21,774

11,447

20,734

1,309

55,264

Washington

23,643

12,111

12,502

1,274

49,530

West Virginia

3,792

4,975

9,488

18,280

17,152

11,787

21,304

50,243

1,507

844

2,357

4,708

N/A

Wisconsin Wyoming (a) Dist. Of Columbia See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 9 1

STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .6 Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2019 State Expenditure Report. Notes: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources -- general fund, federal funds, other state funds and bonds. For all states, Medicaid reflects provider taxes, fees, assessments, donations, and local funds in Other State Funds. Key: N/A — Not available (a) Alabama: Amounts shown in fiscal years 2017 and 2018 are based on actual expenditures during these years, regardless of the year appropriated. Fiscal 2019 amounts shown are equal to actual expenditures through 9 months (June 30, 2019) and then annualized for the year. Arkansas: Fiscal 2018 Amounts were modified to reflect actual final funding and were previously based on estimates. California: The fiscal 2019 spending increase for the General Fund is primarily due to supplemental pension payments, local assistance for healthcare programs, fire protection resources for CalFIRE, planning and progress grants to address homelessness, and transfers to the State Project Infrastructure Fund to support capital outlay projects. The fiscal 2019 spending increase for Other State Funds is generally due to various department program expenditure changes including carryovers and reappropriations. Maryland: FY 2017 Federal Fund Revenues were restated due to clerical error. Massachusetts: Fiscal 2019 estimated general fund expenditures are as of July 31, 2019. Ohio: Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This amounts to $9,757.9 million in fiscal 2019. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF expenditures

2 92 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

look higher and conversely make Ohio’s federal expenditures look lower relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. Also, inherent in Ohio’s budgetary accounting environment are significant overstatements of total state spending due to two phenomena. First, fiduciary fund expenditures represent the distribution of funds collected by the state on behalf of other entities. These are not operating, program, or subsidy expenditures of the state. Examples of this would be the collection and distribution of county and local permissive sales taxes or motor vehicle registration taxes. Fiduciary fund group expenditures totaled $7,848.6 million in fiscal 2019. Second, “double counting” of revenue and expenditures related to intrastate transactions overstates overall state expenditure activity. Intrastate transactions totaled $755.4 million in fiscal 2019. These accounting practices will tend to make Ohio’s “All-Other” expenditures look higher, on a dollar and percentage basis, and conversely make Ohio’s other categories look lower, on a percentage basis, relative to other states that don’t follow similar practices. Tennessee: Collects personal income tax on income from dividends on stocks and interest on certain bonds. Tax revenue estimates do not include federal funds and other departmental revenues. However, federal funds and other departmental revenues are included in the budget as funding sources for the general fund, along with state tax revenues. Texas: The decrease in spending for fiscal 2019 is due to its biennial budget process, with the first year of the biennium being front loaded and the subsequent fiscal year not carrying those funding levels forward. The levels vary across individual programs for a large swath of state agencies. The funding from the prior year is often able to be carried forward within the biennium should the agency not expend the funds during the previous fiscal year. Utah: When funds are transferred from General Funds to restricted accounts, Utah was previously reporting the final expenditures under Other State Funds. For this survey and future surveys, Utah is now reporting the expenditures under the original funding source, General Funds. Wyoming: Part of Wyoming’s yearly variation in expenditure totals is due to the fact that the state budgets on a two-year cycle.

STATE F I N A N C E

Table 7.6 | Total State Expenditures (In millions of dollars) 2017 Actual | 2018 Actual | 2019 Estimated (in millions of dollars) $2,500,000

Total General Fund Federal Fund Other State Funds Bonds

$2,000,000 $1,500,000 $1,000,000 $500,000 0

2017

2019

2018

(actual)

(estimated)

(actual)

Highest and Lowest Spending by Category FY 2018 (in millions of dollars) GENERAL FUND WY • $1,386 NH • $1,504 VT • $1,587 SD • $1,591 ND • $2,103

CA • $124,756 NY • $69,724 TX • $55,643 IL • $35,409 NJ • $35,124

FEDERAL FUND CA • $92,352

WY • $926 SD • $1,407 ND • $1,472 VT • $1,926 NH • $2,297

NY • $56,808 TX • $39,376 PA • $29,145 FL • $27,401

CALIFORNIA HAD

THE

HIGHEST

TOTAL

SPENDING

FY 2018

$269,668

OT H E R S TAT E F U N D S CA • $49,655 NY • $32,502 MI • $25,586 PA • $20,222 WI • $20,160

SD • $1,439 ID • $1,814 MT • $1,847 VT • $2,098 WY • $2,113

WYOMING HAD

THE

LOWEST

TOTAL

SPENDING

BONDS NY $4,710 CT • $2,913 CA • $2,905 OH • $2,868 MA • $2,694 •

ID $0 MT • $0 WY • $0 AK • $0 IN • $0 •

FY 2018

$4,425

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 9 3

STATE FIN A N CE

TA BLE 7 .7 Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures (In millions of dollars) Actual fiscal 2017 State

General fund

Federal funds

Other state funds

Bonds

Total

$282,750

$52,878

$43,086

$2,157

$380,871

Alabama (a)

4,373

1,010

203

5,646

Alaska

1,379

226

1,668

Arizona

4,321

1,173

245

5,739

Arkansas

2,241

548

767

3,556

California

46,231

6,694

150

53,132

Colorado (a)

3,768

602

4,703

9,073

Connecticut

3,248

528

278

4,059

Delaware

1,415

195

795

133

2,538

Florida

10,939

1,722

1,319

13,980

Georgia

9,083

2,319

388

252

12,042

Hawaii

1,709

256

2,020

Idaho

1,612

282

1,976

Illinois

7,477

2,255

9,853

Indiana

8,039

1,042

157

9,238

Iowa

3,223

460

3,774

Kansas

3,112

479

1,027

4,618

Kentucky

4,974

879

5,891

Louisiana

3,575

1,163

491

5,229

Maine

1,193

213

1,435

Maryland (a)

5,998

1,052

498

337

7,885

Massachusetts

5,535

1,231

825

7,614

220

1,698

12,093

14,011

Minnesota

8,901

775

9,723

Mississippi

2,227

691

327

3,250

Missouri

3,297

1,013

1,505

5,816

Montana

819

175

1,041

Nebraska

1,268

324

1,646

Nevada

1,471

267

360

2,098

190

967

1,256

13,312

920

14,249

Michigan

New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico

2,671

414

244

3,335

23,204

3,763

3,460

30,477

8,623

1,507

758

10,888

888

145

154

1,187

Ohio (a)

8,253

1,970

1,183

237

11,643

Oklahoma

1,725

674

1,041

3,440

Oregon

3,737

610

444

4,791

Pennsylvania

11,432

2,482

622

14,536

Rhode Island

1,113

194

1,342

South Carolina

2,978

976

907

4,861

522

168

696

4,715

1,124

159

5,998

20,627

4,915

3,321

28,863

3,168

446

110

3,724

Vermont

417

129

1,269

1,816

Virginia

5,745

1,040

809

7,594

Washington

9,234

783

228

286

10,531

New York North Carolina North Dakota

South Dakota Tennessee Texas (a) Utah

West Virginia

1,907

347

2,368

Wisconsin

6,744

809

276

7,829

Wyoming

896

1,909

248

410

2,586

Dist. of Columbia See footnotes at end of table

2 94â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .7 Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Actual fiscal 2018 State

General fund

Federal funds

Other state funds

Bonds

Total

$294,145

$53,000

$44,922

$2,965

$395,032

Alabama (a)

4,418

1,051

244

5,740

Alaska

1,401

230

1,669

Arizona

4,544

1,181

266

5,991

Arkansas

2,259

543

833

3,635

California

48,762

6,721

603

56,136

Colorado (a)

4,080

595

4,804

9,479

Connecticut

3,084

537

518

4,144

Delaware

1,435

196

785

129

2,545

Florida

11,445

1,853

1,291

14,589

Georgia

9,605

2,310

383

252

12,550

Hawaii

1,777

226

2,096

Idaho

1,713

283

2,092

Illinois

8,219

2,212

10,494

Indiana

8,221

1,056

186

9,463

Iowa

3,254

474

3,819

Kansas

3,405

475

1,082

4,962

Kentucky

4,937

854

5,826

Louisiana

3,618

1,134

517

5,269

Maine

1,230

220

1,480

Maryland (a)

6,068

1,092

501

362

8,023

Massachusetts

5,714

1,246

858

7,851

Michigan

121

1,687

12,643

14,451

Minnesota

9,233

772

10,051

Mississippi

2,215

701

325

3,246

Missouri

3,351

990

1,518

5,862

Montana

780

183

1,012

Nebraska

1,249

380

1,688

Nevada

1,492

297

371

2,160

183

962

1,241

13,306

907

14,231

New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico

2,684

414

239

3,366

24,148

3,394

3,580

111

31,233

8,893

1,510

731

11,134

728

139

304

1,171

Ohio (a)

8,402

1,848

1,204

422

11,876

Oklahoma

1,739

661

1,092

3,492

Oregon

4,253

639

426

5,318

Pennsylvania

11,858

2,517

516

14,891

Rhode Island

1,161

184

1,379

South Carolina

3,071

957

936

4,964

557

167

731

4,961

1,160

155

6,279

21,840

5,167

4,025

31,032

3,373

493

147

4,013

Vermont

461

128

1,277

1,866

Virginia

6,021

1,034

791

7,846

Washington

10,263

848

258

221

11,590

West Virginia

1,908

348

2,287

Wisconsin

6,804

803

266

7,873

Wyoming

896

2,092

280

368

2,768

New York North Carolina North Dakota

South Dakota Tennessee Texas (a) Utah

Dist. of Columbia See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 9 5

STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .7 Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Estimated fiscal 2019 State

General fund

Federal funds

Other state funds

Bonds

Total

$307,705

$56,234

$47,161

$2,679

$413,779

Alabama (a)

4,565

1,414

201

6,193

Alaska

1,422

259

1,723

Arizona

6,212

1,088

305

7,605

Arkansas

2,263

540

748

3,551

California

52,791

7,396

704

60,939

Colorado (a)

4,117

616

5,202

9,935

Connecticut

3,250

554

228

4,036

Delaware

1,515

202

809

199

2,725

Florida

11,892

1,892

1,432

15,216

Georgia

10,183

2,490

395

305

13,373

Hawaii

1,837

251

2,181

Idaho

1,815

289

101

2,205

Illinois

8,391

2,279

10,742

Indiana

8,354

1,056

188

9,598

Iowa

3,288

501

3,885

Kansas

3,514

503

1,079

5,096

Kentucky

5,032

920

5,988

Louisiana

3,637

1,226

650

5,513

Maine

1,322

210

1,559

Maryland (a)

6,180

1,235

586

421

8,422

Massachusetts

5,999

1,261

905

8,197

133

1,857

13,028

15,018

Minnesota

9,599

832

10,483

Mississippi

2,219

837

377

3,433

Missouri

3,464

969

1,536

5,969

Montana

805

187

1,047

Nebraska

1,251

349

1,653

Nevada

1,453

280

382

2,115

184

962

1,257

14,280

918

15,212

Michigan

New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico

2,790

443

3,334

25,118

4,068

3,474

133

32,793

9,399

1,527

812

11,738

729

136

306

1,171

Ohio (a)

8,585

1,887

1,209

174

11,855

Oklahoma

2,136

766

1,130

4,032

Oregon

4,125

667

665

5,457

Pennsylvania

12,323

2,671

421

15,415

Rhode Island

1,187

219

1,460

South Carolina

3,179

954

911

5,044

558

171

733

5,156

1,139

153

6,448

19,744

5,333

4,552

29,629

3,570

520

171

4,261

Vermont

137

110

1,664

1,913

Virginia

6,318

1,074

748

8,140

Washington

12,615

770

248

331

13,964

West Virginia

1,980

371

2,382

Wisconsin

7,177

813

272

8,262

Wyoming

879

N/A

New York North Carolina North Dakota

South Dakota Tennessee Texas (a) Utah

Dist. of Columbia See footnotes at end of table

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STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .7 Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2019 State Expenditure Report. Notes: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage determine the exact percentage increase. Key: N/A—Not available (a) Alabama: Federal Funds received directly by local school systems are not reported at state budget level. Totals include capital expenditures. Colorado: School personnel are paid at the school district level -state costs for employer contributions to employee pensions and health benefits only reflect Colorado Dept. of Education personnel. Funds library-related programs across the state. Regarding capital expenditures, some funding for school facilities certificates of participation are included. Maryland: The $112 million increase in Elementary and Secondary Education General Funds from FY 2018 to FY 2019 is largely driven by education local aid formulas. The $85 million increase

in Elementary and Secondary Education Other State Funds from FY 2018 to FY 2019 is mostly due to increased Education Trust Fund revenues, generated by casino proceeds. Ohio: Employer contributions to current employees’ pensions are not directly appropriated, or fully funded, by the state; however, some of the unrestricted support provided to localities for elementary and secondary education is used to help cover these costs. There are no direct appropriations for employer contributions to health benefits, though it can be assumed that some of the unrestricted support provided for elementary and secondary education is used for these costs. Texas: Texas’ decrease in spending for fiscal 2019 is due to its biennial budget process, with the first year of the biennium being front loaded and the subsequent fiscal year not carrying those funding levels forward. The levels vary across individual programs for a large swath of state agencies. The funding from the prior year is often able to be carried forward within the biennium should the agency not expend the funds during the previous fiscal year.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 9 7

STATE FIN A N CE

TA BLE 7 .8 Medicaid Expenditures (In millions of dollars) State Total Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut (a) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (a) Maryland Massachusetts (a) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah Vermont (a) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

General fund $157,216 732 633 1,640 1,057 21,860 2,518 3,783 740 6,279 2,673 765 471 2,282 2,097 1,320 1,187 1,708 1,821 751 3,492 6,967 2,718 4,350 678 2,109 309 982 593 628 4,098 910 12,453 3,515 417 17,437 664 710 8,501 1,112 1,103 373 3,533 12,452 435 318 4,768 3,709 525 2,773 267 739

Actual Fiscal 2017 Federal funds Other state funds $345,736 $57,030 4,534 1,224 1,386 4 9,212 1,261 5,509 600 56,309 7,157 4,817 1,020 3,617 0 1,251 64 14,748 4,256 7,009 573 1,422 33 1,245 250 9,934 3,728 8,701 762 2,641 815 1,829 256 7,695 491 7,226 1,211 1,638 266 6,795 1,015 7,447 1,057 12,126 2,116 6,381 306 3,820 657 5,175 2,414 1,340 109 1,052 37 2,719 242 1,300 242 9,257 1,160 4,430 268 33,672 7,799 9,022 1,634 689 6 5,943 2,284 2,983 1,680 7,065 1,463 16,686 3,177 1,532 11 4,615 838 500 4 6,701 840 20,112 301 1,735 493 919 362 4,610 3 7,804 500 3,114 438 5,165 1,573 304 30 2,159 81

See footnotes at end of table

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Total $559,982 6,490 2,023 12,113 7,166 85,326 8,355 7,400 2,055 25,283 10,255 2,220 1,966 15,944 11,560 4,776 3,272 9,894 10,258 2,655 11,302 15,471 16,960 11,037 5,155 9,698 1,758 2,071 3,554 2,170 14,515 5,608 53,924 14,171 1,112 25,664 5,327 9,238 28,364 2,655 6,556 877 11,074 32,865 2,663 1,599 9,381 12,013 4,077 9,511 601 2,979

General fund $164,151 665 643 1,690 1,088 22,974 2,782 4,519 750 6,059 2,717 626 502 5,256 2,229 1,300 1,215 1,881 1,835 763 3,638 6,988 2,710 4,977 705 2,173 315 998 669 667 4,205 909 13,708 3,654 460 14,483 884 1,315 9,297 1,118 1,155 369 3,576 12,106 479 307 5,027 3,918 533 3,053 261 732

Actual Fiscal 2018 Federal funds Other state funds $359,659 $61,475 4,615 1,300 1,411 4 9,485 1,249 5,481 534 53,373 8,801 5,378 1,247 3,561 0 1,462 62 14,672 4,674 7,450 662 1,448 66 1,343 302 13,044 4,327 8,088 953 3,137 936 1,850 307 7,947 501 8,053 1,253 1,749 312 6,888 975 8,054 1,647 12,147 2,393 7,226 471 3,823 553 5,371 2,617 1,420 99 1,116 36 2,883 218 1,267 244 9,351 1,239 4,429 275 36,787 7,836 9,265 1,029 754 6 8,621 3,357 2,992 1,656 6,503 989 17,949 3,388 1,583 11 4,664 785 522 4 6,979 698 21,484 266 1,819 494 914 381 4,831 3 7,836 555 2,968 326 5,347 1,402 319 32 2,169 85

Total $585,285 6,580 2,058 12,424 7,103 85,148 9,407 8,080 2,274 25,405 10,829 2,140 2,147 22,627 11,270 5,373 3,372 10,329 11,141 2,824 11,501 16,689 17,250 12,674 5,081 10,161 1,834 2,150 3,770 2,178 14,795 5,613 58,331 13,948 1,220 26,461 5,532 8,807 30,634 2,712 6,604 895 11,253 33,856 2,792 1,602 9,861 12,309 3,827 9,802 612 2,986

STATE F I N A N C E

TABLE 7 .8 Medicaid Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Estimated Fiscal 2019 State Total Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut (a) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (a) Maryland Massachusetts (a) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah Vermont (a) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

General fund $170,374 756 647 1,717 1,250 23,243 2,940 4,367 711 6,833 2,974 739 580 4,493 2,536 1,505 1,348 1,825 1,843 806 3,791 7,839 2,716 4,922 659 2,153 309 1,034 682 655 4,398 923 15,597 3,759 467 15,053 974 946 9,146 1,136 1,182 364 3,826 12,413 517 595 5,254 4,028 526 3,139 258 N/A

Federal funds $378,623 5,024 1,636 10,451 5,619 56,670 5,574 3,733 1,423 16,460 7,055 1,522 1,495 12,469 8,717 3,252 2,114 7,849 8,690 1,863 7,052 8,005 12,640 7,034 4,223 5,499 1,395 1,149 3,037 1,256 9,692 4,433 39,094 9,484 726 8,635 3,320 6,902 18,636 1,627 4,751 549 7,587 23,804 2,300 968 5,840 7,968 3,415 5,653 333 N/A

Other state funds $64,098 1,280 8 1,266 552 11,506 1,437 0 47 5,016 625 66 210 3,990 1,229 778 298 507 1,032 306 995 1,324 2,703 496 521 2,616 101 35 252 281 1,255 264 5,683 1,044 6 3,284 1,498 1,522 4,512 9 837 4 742 276 597 110 207 572 404 1,759 36 N/A

Total $613,095 7,060 2,291 13,434 7,421 91,419 9,951 8,100 2,181 28,309 10,654 2,327 2,285 20,952 12,482 5,535 3,760 10,181 11,565 2,975 11,838 17,168 18,059 12,452 5,403 10,268 1,805 2,218 3,971 2,192 15,345 5,620 60,374 14,287 1,199 26,972 5,792 9,370 32,294 2,772 6,770 917 12,155 36,493 3,414 1,673 11,301 12,568 4,345 10,551 627 N/A

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 9 9

STATE FIN A N CE

TA BLE 7 .8 Medicaid Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2019 State Expenditure Report. Notes: States were asked to report Medicaid expenditures as follows: General funds: all general funds appropriated to the Medicaid agency and any other agency which are used for direct Medicaid matching purposes under Title XIX. Other state funds: other funds and revenue sources used as Medicaid match, such as local funds and provider taxes, fees, donations, assessments (as defined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). Federal Funds: all federal matching funds provided pursuant to Title XIX. (1) The states were asked to separately detail the amount of provider taxes, fees, donations, assessments and local funds reported as Other State Funds. (2) Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. (3) “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. (4) “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources -- general fund, federal funds, other state funds and bonds. (5) For all states, Medicaid reflects provider taxes, fees, assessments, donations, and local funds in Other State Funds. Key: N/A - Not available (a) Alabama: Other State Funds includes Medicaid provider taxes in the amounts of: $377M for FY17; $374M for FY18; and $397M for Estimated FY19. Connecticut: The Medicaid appropriation in the Department of Social Services (DSS) is “net funded” while other Medicaid expenditures remain gross funded, with federal funds deposited directly to the State Treasury (Funding for the Hospital Supplemental Payments account in DSS was net funded in FY 17 but is gross funded beginning in FY 18). With the exception of enhanced FMAP available for certain populations and services, CT’s FMAP is 50%. Includes Medicaid expenditures for administrative services organizations and fiscal intermediaries in DSS. Excludes state portion of Medicare Savings Program and School Based Child Health as those expenditures are netted out of federal Medicaid reimbursement. Also excludes provider taxes, which are deposited directly to the State Treasury. Colorado: CHIP expenditures are excluded from the Medicaid category and added to the All Other category to adhere more closely to the survey directions. In previous surveys, CHIP expenditures were included in Medicaid.

3 00 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Maine: In last year’s State Expenditure Report, Medicaid, Other State Funds, 2017 Actual was reported as $274 and should have been $266; 2018 Actual was reported as $274 and should have been $312. Massachusetts: Figures for fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2018 are re-stated to better differentiate federal spending on Medicaid. New York: Medicaid spending includes all agencies with reported Medicaid spending consistent with State’s Financial Plan. Medicaid spending reported in prior surveys excluded spending from agencies other than the Department of Health. Ohio: Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This amounts to $9,757.9 million in fiscal 2019. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF expenditures look higher and conversely make Ohio’s federal expenditures look lower relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. Tennessee: Premium revenue: fiscal 2017 totals $323 million, fiscal 2018 totals $323 million, and fiscal 2019 totals $323 million. Certified Public Expenditures – Local fund from Hospitals: fiscal 2017 totals $200 million, fiscal 2018 totals $204 million, and fiscal 2019 totals $150 million. Nursing Home Tax: fiscal 2017 totals $121 million, fiscal 2018 totals $121 million, and fiscal 2019 totals $130 million. ICF/MR 6 percent Gross Receipts Tax: fiscal 2017 totals $11 million, fiscal 2018 totals $11 million, and fiscal 2019 totals $11 million. Intergovernmental Transfers: fiscal 2017 totals $100 million, fiscal 2018 totals $100 million, and fiscal 2019 totals $100 million. Texas: Medicaid figures in this survey submission reflect only programs which the non-federal share is state General Revenue. Medicaid supplemental payments (i.e. uncompensated care, delivery system reform incentive program), funded primarily through local intergovernmental transfers, are excluded from this survey. Vermont: The breakdown of local funds, etc. included in Other State Funds is as follows for fiscal 2017 (in millions): provider tax $159; employee assessment $19; local match provided by schools $23; tobacco litigation settlement funds $30; other $131. The breakdown is as follows for fiscal 2018: provider tax $164; employee assessment $20; local match provided by schools $27; tobacco litigation settlement funds $21; other $149. The breakdown is as follows for estimated fiscal 2019: provider tax N/A; employee assessment N/A; local match provided by schools $28; tobacco litigation settlement funds $20; other $61.

STATE F I N A N C E

TA BLE 7 .9 Higher Education Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars)

State Total Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas (a) Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (a) Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (a) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

General fund $78,468 1,566 330 698 776 13,694 1,000 713 241 4,022 2,607 471 427 2,035 1,936 843 759 1,141 912 297 1,958 1,167 1,534 1,556 841 901 233 756 554 128 2,431 786 2,876 3,957 443 2,540 653 863 1,659 198 690 235 2,014 7,842 1,110 85 1,963 1,536 383 1,700 408 78

Actual fiscal 2017 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $20,290 $97,357 $5,231 $201,346 1,183 2,821 0 5,570 126 318 0 774 818 4,280 83 5,879 9 2,882 0 3,667 5,001 36 320 19,051 346 3,966 0 5,312 216 2,351 337 3,617 47 115 16 419 98 3,324 45 7,489 59 6,267 340 9,273 12 565 120 1,168 5 280 0 712 224 115 44 2,418 0 10 0 1,946 472 4,727 0 6,042 343 1,628 74 2,804 925 6,142 0 8,208 59 1,566 67 2,604 0 8 6 311 369 3,373 420 6,120 9 16 238 1,430 113 498 40 2,185 3 49 108 1,716 142 2,839 97 3,919 1 240 83 1,225 42 409 0 684 336 1,782 0 2,874 3 331 9 897 1 0 9 138 15 2,574 0 5,020 667 1,657 106 3,216 318 6,745 632 10,571 51 2,293 41 6,342 112 651 2 1,208 22 38 280 2,880 998 3,997 23 5,671 41 544 29 1,477 0 121 190 1,970 14 877 53 1,142 120 4,089 595 5,494 70 450 19 774 73 2,570 0 4,657 3,976 5,640 0 17,458 9 816 0 1,935 0 6 4 95 1,164 3,838 445 7,410 5 4,595 302 6,438 20 1,473 54 1,930 1,652 3,411 0 6,763 1 34 0 443 21 45 10 154

General fund $79,733 1,597 322 705 785 14,446 947 640 238 4,557 2,803 485 445 1,705 1,806 817 762 1,147 1,014 302 1,977 1,173 1,434 1,651 794 853 224 652 605 131 2,364 779 2,834 4,060 380 2,554 651 1,022 1,675 221 670 240 2,278 7,783 1,102 88 1,862 1,578 453 1,713 409 80

Actual fiscal 2018 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $20,906 $101,387 $4,494 $206,520 1,085 3,012 0 5,694 119 332 0 773 912 4,678 83 6,378 7 3,129 0 3,921 5,220 208 337 20,211 281 4,671 0 5,899 225 2,341 56 3,262 51 113 5 407 95 3,215 104 7,971 61 6,493 410 9,767 11 682 163 1,341 5 287 0 737 195 115 58 2,073 250 14 0 2,070 466 4,902 0 6,185 338 1,648 81 2,829 835 6,201 0 8,183 55 1,667 45 2,781 0 7 6 315 396 3,521 392 6,286 8 10 148 1,339 119 637 84 2,274 3 53 74 1,781 152 2,861 85 3,892 1 237 76 1,167 31 414 0 669 544 1,670 0 2,866 3 347 15 970 0 0 8 139 10 2,942 0 5,316 612 1,586 86 3,063 347 6,999 645 10,825 51 2,365 99 6,575 119 635 25 1,159 21 26 296 2,897 954 3,930 11 5,546 40 214 69 1,345 0 127 189 1,991 14 938 63 1,236 126 3,986 133 4,915 70 613 14 937 69 2,754 0 5,101 4,214 5,713 0 17,710 9 877 0 1,988 0 6 7 101 859 4,184 528 7,433 4 4,455 99 6,136 246 2,018 0 2,717 1,672 3,520 0 6,905 1 34 0 444 20 62 12 174

General fund $82,940 1,655 332 726 806 15,799 1,051 654 249 4,591 2,978 506 469 1,758 1,970 829 799 1,132 1,029 310 2,062 1,267 1,216 1,639 788 858 227 746 619 132 2,523 804 2,981 4,283 376 2,588 658 927 1,717 234 710 242 2,169 7,883 1,321 88 1,993 1,645 472 1,789 340 N/A

Estimated fiscal 2019 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $21,580 $104,080 $5,060 $213,660 1,054 3,029 5 5,743 146 380 0 858 985 4,941 83 6,735 7 3,056 0 3,869 5,416 149 418 21,782 270 4,287 0 5,608 252 2,408 28 3,342 50 112 9 420 109 3,390 96 8,186 158 6,875 490 10,501 9 557 124 1,196 16 471 0 956 143 119 39 2,059 0 16 0 1,986 493 4,965 0 6,287 331 1,769 84 2,983 871 6,228 0 8,231 83 1,740 50 2,902 0 9 2 321 405 3,711 348 6,526 6 15 118 1,406 139 908 135 2,398 4 58 131 1,832 164 2,961 72 3,985 0 250 8 1,116 11 422 0 660 554 1,653 0 2,953 3 340 6 968 0 0 6 138 13 3,107 0 5,643 584 1,628 93 3,109 357 7,006 645 10,989 133 2,183 205 6,804 219 980 47 1,622 20 28 260 2,896 931 3,877 11 5,477 41 197 197 1,362 0 131 163 2,011 8 970 82 1,294 145 4,396 130 5,381 73 506 4 825 63 2,671 0 4,903 4,468 5,787 0 18,138 8 859 0 2,188 0 6 4 98 914 4,276 796 7,979 4 4,792 169 6,610 254 2,018 2 2,746 1,665 3,748 0 7,202 1 95 0 436 N/A N/A N/A N/A

See footnotes at end of table

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STATE FIN A N CE

TA BLE 7 .9 Higher Education Expenditures—Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2019 State Expenditure Report. Notes: 1. Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. 2. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. 3. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Key: N/A — Not available (a) Alabama: Capital expenditures are not captured/available at state budget level. Reported Bond Funds for Higher Ed represent bond proceeds paid directly to vendors by the State’s Debt Management division. Colorado: HED colleges and universities pay pension and health benefits out of their allotments, which include but are not limited to, state general fund appropriations (as well as tuition and other sources). Tuition and fee are paid straight to institutions by the student, or on behalf of the student, and show up as cash funds to the institutions in the state budget; however not all fees charges by institutions are included, only mandatory fees charged to most students are included. Only a small part of research in E&G is funded by the state; for all practical purposes it is funded by outside grants. The College Opportunity Fund (COF) provides some (stipend) funds to students who attend private colleges and universities. However, this sum is very small relative to the total expenditure; as such, it is categorized as excluded for purposes of this survey. Kansas: Employer contributions to employee health benefits excludes the contributions of USDs for their employee health benefits; includes contributions for KSDE employees.

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Maryland: FY 2017 Actual for bond funds was updated to include an additional $248,000 in bond funds from Baltimore City Community College that were inadvertently omitted. Prior years submission excluded Academic Revenue Bonds from the the Total Bond Funds. Total Bond Funds includes these bonds in this submission. New York: Spending for 2018 Other State Funds has been adjusted from the prior year survey to include $4 million in Higher Education Facilities Corporation spending. Ohio: Employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and employer contributions to employee health benefits are not direct expenditures of the state; however, some of the unrestricted support provided to higher education institutions can be assumed to have been used to help cover these costs. The majority of careertechnical education/vocational education is funded through appropriations made to the Ohio Department of Education for career-technical/vocational education for students starting as early as the 7th grade. Ohio provides assistance to private colleges and universities through financial aid to students with the greatest need through the Ohio College Opportunity Grant (OCOG). Students attending private colleges and universities are eligible to receive OCOG.

STATE F I N A N C E

TA BLE 7 .1 0 Total Public Assistance Expenditures (In millions of dollars)

State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (a) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

General fund $8,334 0 83 0 159 3,825 0 386 21 137 0 45 16 93 27 46 0 64 0 43 64 510 137 175 27 39 12 18 25 49 159 1 1,130 58 0 162 87 57 305 30 19 9 14 50 21 26 40 51 30 84 0 58

Actual Fiscal 2017 Federal Other state funds funds $14,906 $2,318 25 0 20 15 222 0 297 30 4,801 2,029 1,434 0 0 0 3 2 56 0 340 0 25 0 1 0 0 0 189 0 30 9 15 0 99 1 141 0 42 93 1,100 12 2 0 118 16 216 0 842 5 68 32 27 0 34 0 17 0 22 0 58 0 128 0 2,300 0 44 58 2 2 710 0 106 0 63 0 649 2 76 0 62 1 11 0 43 0 8 0 82 0 69 2 91 0 132 0 85 0 1 9 0 0 119 1

Total $25,558 25 118 222 486 10,655 1,434 386 26 193 340 70 17 93 216 85 15 164 141 178 1,176 512 271 391 874 139 39 52 42 71 217 129 3,430 160 4 872 193 120 956 106 82 20 57 58 103 97 131 183 115 94 0 178

General fund $7,956 0 82 0 162 3,590 0 384 20 125 0 48 16 98 21 53 0 56 0 41 55 499 120 173 24 36 11 17 25 49 143 1 1,137 58 1 150 78 43 290 31 15 9 12 50 21 25 39 47 28 73 0 67

Actual Fiscal 2018 Federal Other state funds funds $14,383 $2,415 24 0 20 14 217 0 300 14 4,623 2,150 1,423 0 0 0 2 2 26 0 326 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 222 0 20 6 13 0 105 0 140 0 60 92 1,029 10 3 0 135 15 188 0 801 4 60 31 31 0 33 0 17 0 42 0 51 0 127 0 2,161 0 44 58 0 3 685 0 64 0 89 2 656 2 73 0 58 1 11 0 37 0 4 0 77 0 65 2 95 0 121 0 93 0 1 9 0 0 68 1

Total $24,754 24 116 217 476 10,363 1,423 384 24 151 326 58 17 98 243 79 13 161 140 193 1,094 502 270 361 829 127 42 50 42 91 194 128 3,298 160 4 835 142 134 948 104 74 20 49 54 98 92 134 168 121 83 0 136

General fund $7,813 0 81 0 151 3,572 0 385 19 128 0 45 15 99 21 50 0 55 0 32 45 514 105 169 25 35 12 12 25 56 145 1 1,038 58 0 149 78 45 285 30 35 9 14 50 21 22 43 48 28 63 0 N/A

Estimated Fiscal 2019 Federal Other state funds funds $15,847 $2,563 25 0 22 18 223 0 300 28 4,799 2,278 1,434 0 0 0 1 2 58 0 328 0 10 0 2 0 0 0 211 0 33 9 12 0 101 0 140 0 66 92 1,102 10 2 0 142 15 191 0 1,043 5 70 31 20 0 28 0 0 19 47 0 44 0 132 0 3,088 0 44 58 2 1 663 0 64 0 93 0 606 2 91 0 42 1 10 0 99 0 8 0 56 0 66 4 85 0 129 0 93 0 3 9 0 0 N/A N/A

Total $26,223 25 121 223 479 10,649 1,434 385 22 186 328 55 17 99 232 92 12 156 140 190 1,157 516 262 360 1,073 136 32 40 44 103 189 133 4,126 160 3 812 142 138 893 121 78 19 113 58 77 92 128 177 121 75 0 N/A

See footnotes at end of table

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STATE FIN A N CE

TA BLE 7 .1 0 Total Public Assistance Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2019 State Expenditure Report Notes: 1. This table reflects TANF and other cash assistance expenditures. 2. Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. 3. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded.

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4. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Key: N/A—Not available (a) New York: The increase in fiscal 2019 federal TANF spending is due to payment timing. Several programs within TANF that underspent in fiscal years 2017 and 2018 disbursed in fiscal 2019 causing the significant year over year change.

STATE F I N A N C E

TA BLE 7 .1 1 Corrections Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars)

State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (a) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia (a) Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

General fund $52,951 497 323 1,071 434 10,772 764 608 305 2,622 1,678 255 252 1,333 744 379 347 626 738 182 1,443 1,362 2,114 567 315 654 200 319 266 109 1,535 294 2,646 1,469 102 1,880 425 956 2,677 212 544 98 904 3,654 384 148 1,295 1,033 191 1,086 139 225

Actual Fiscal 2017 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds $508 $4,968 $896 26 92 0 8 36 0 9 66 0 0 80 0 93 2,635 0 6 91 0 3 25 21 0 5 4 59 115 0 12 86 67 1 15 0 3 42 0 0 53 12 3 59 0 1 65 0 5 20 5 11 45 0 1 87 1 2 3 0 33 79 26 27 6 55 40 48 0 3 96 4 0 22 0 2 30 2 1 13 0 1 28 0 2 36 13 0 5 28 11 48 0 0 33 9 23 33 271 2 30 2 4 12 0 7 61 77 1 150 0 15 23 38 17 119 145 1 4 0 6 82 0 4 4 0 1 36 0 18 130 1 4 8 0 1 7 0 37 72 24 3 6 91 0 11 0 1 109 0 0 7 0 0 21 2

Total $59,323 615 367 1,146 514 13,500 861 657 314 2,796 1,843 271 297 1,398 806 445 377 682 827 187 1,581 1,450 2,202 670 337 688 214 348 317 142 1,594 336 2,973 1,503 118 2,025 576 1,032 2,958 217 632 106 941 3,803 396 156 1,428 1,133 202 1,196 146 248

General fund $54,649 533 340 1,087 456 11,596 788 604 320 2,791 1,720 259 265 1,996 755 374 349 640 765 179 1,394 1,428 2,100 571 310 664 199 318 290 115 1,140 298 2,635 1,529 101 1,940 487 1,024 2,544 232 580 100 953 3,505 394 147 1,345 1,071 157 1,122 139 226

Actual Fiscal 2018 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds $512 $5,018 $760 25 101 0 8 7 0 8 68 0 0 62 0 62 2,709 0 5 115 0 3 23 7 0 5 6 61 104 0 12 75 89 1 13 0 3 40 0 0 63 22 3 53 0 0 56 0 3 19 5 20 59 0 1 97 5 1 3 0 34 73 9 26 5 57 41 52 1 4 108 4 0 25 0 2 28 9 10 16 0 1 33 0 2 43 20 0 5 14 10 40 0 0 34 6 28 9 348 1 28 3 5 12 0 11 60 83 1 95 0 15 21 11 17 131 29 1 4 0 6 85 0 4 3 0 0 58 0 20 126 0 2 9 0 1 8 0 51 66 26 3 55 6 0 9 0 0 98 0 0 7 0 0 25 3

Total $60,939 659 355 1,163 518 14,367 908 637 331 2,956 1,896 273 308 2,081 811 430 376 719 868 183 1,510 1,516 2,194 687 335 703 225 352 355 134 1,190 338 3,020 1,561 118 2,094 583 1,071 2,721 237 671 107 1,011 3,651 405 156 1,488 1,135 166 1,220 146 254

General fund $56,726 610 379 1,122 462 12,553 836 632 352 2,836 1,735 278 285 1,623 778 381 377 703 815 188 1,424 1,493 2,153 600 307 660 200 327 304 125 1,172 306 2,605 1,576 107 2,007 520 1,038 2,713 236 605 109 1,015 3,487 529 150 1,370 1,125 252 1,132 134 N/A

Estimated Fiscal 2019 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds $607 $5,425 $694 26 115 0 10 8 0 9 72 0 0 63 0 100 2,851 0 5 101 0 4 24 61 1 5 4 106 157 0 8 14 10 1 14 0 5 51 0 0 48 23 3 55 0 1 60 0 4 22 5 10 35 0 3 113 3 1 2 0 34 84 13 34 5 48 49 56 3 6 117 18 0 35 0 2 62 2 15 16 0 1 56 0 3 21 24 0 6 2 9 38 0 0 34 6 4 120 251 3 25 3 4 9 0 10 70 110 1 85 0 19 24 22 24 145 32 2 10 0 5 83 0 3 3 0 1 20 0 20 109 0 6 18 0 1 7 0 49 70 27 3 52 27 0 111 0 2 116 0 0 8 0 N/A N/A N/A

Total $63,452 751 397 1,203 525 15,504 942 721 362 3,099 1,767 293 341 1,694 836 442 408 748 934 191 1,555 1,580 2,261 741 342 726 231 384 352 133 1,219 346 2,980 1,607 120 2,197 606 1,103 2,914 248 693 115 1,036 3,616 553 158 1,516 1,207 363 1,250 142 N/A

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 0 5

STATE FIN A N CE

TA BLE 7 .1 1 Corrections Expenditures—Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2019 Expenditure Report Note: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. Key: N/A—Not available (a) Colorado: Juvenile delinquent counseling programs are funded in the Colorado Department of Human Services, Division of Youth Corrections (DYC). Funding for the Youthful Offender System (youths convicted as adults) is in the Colorado Dept. of Corrections. Regarding institutions for the criminally insane, San Carlos services significantly mentally ill inmates, but note that the Colorado Dept of Human Services Forensics Institute serves mentally ill people including those found not guilty by reason of insanity. New York: Prior years surveys included spending from the Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS). Based upon the provided definition of Corrections expenditures, we have determined these costs should be excluded, as such, this year’s survey no longer includes DCJS spending in the reported 2017, 2018 and 2019 totals for Corrections expenditures.

3 06 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Ohio: While employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and employer contributions to employee health benefits are included in the expenditure totals, agencies do not receive specific appropriations for these purposes. As of fiscal year 2016, drug recovery services within Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (DRC) institutions are provided by the Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services. However, DRC continues to fund drug abuse rehabilitation programs in community settings through per-bed or per-diem payments to Halfway Houses and Community Based Correctional Facilities. West Virginia: In fiscal 2019, West Virginia enacted a code change that combined the Division of Corrections, Regional Jail Authority, and Juvenile Services into one division. It is now the Division of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

STATE F I N A N C E

TA BLE 7 .1 2 Transportation Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars)

General State fund Total $6,275 Alabama 0 Alaska 275 Arizona 0 Arkansas 1 California 203 Colorado (a) 0 Connecticut 0 Delaware 5 Florida 3 Georgia 1,635 Hawaii (a) 0 Idaho 0 Illinois 0 Indiana 571 Iowa 0 Kansas 10 Kentucky 13 Louisiana 3 Maine (a) 0 Maryland 0 Massachusetts (a) 140 Michigan 9 140 Minnesota Mississippi 0 Missouri 20 Montana 10 Nebraska 0 Nevada 0 New Hampshire 1 New Jersey 1,529 New Mexico 0 New York 107 North Carolina 0 North Dakota 46 Ohio (a) 11 Oklahoma 0 Oregon 11 Pennsylvania 962 Rhode Island 0 South Carolina 120 South Dakota 1 Tennessee (a) 0 Texas 276 Utah 3 Vermont 0 Virginia 40 Washington 1 12 West Virginia Wisconsin 107 Wyoming 10 Dist. of Columbia 317

Actual fiscal 2017 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $44,196 $91,210 $13,350 $155,031 834 650 314 1,798 1,216 262 0 1,753 645 2,207 402 3,254 650 1,079 0 1,730 4,816 7,953 427 13,399 731 1,242 0 1,973 779 1,447 1,273 3,499 217 567 129 918 2,281 6,418 398 9,100 1,438 454 115 3,642 137 1,152 42 1,331 195 347 0 542 90 4,679 770 5,539 931 776 0 2,278 676 1,340 0 2,016 479 413 195 1,097 900 1,502 0 2,415 745 621 129 1,498 224 475 92 791 953 3,619 0 4,572 650 2,307 1,286 4,383 1,256 2,429 7 3,701 265 3,144 263 3,812 566 739 122 1,427 89 1,916 0 2,025 382 279 0 671 340 552 0 892 369 406 180 955 247 269 14 531 1,571 1,101 1,735 5,936 748 460 11 1,219 2,095 6,748 1,559 10,509 1,330 3,574 431 5,335 303 620 0 969 1,465 1,534 338 3,348 698 740 119 1,557 46 2,103 20 2,180 2,109 5,800 1,243 10,114 240 176 36 452 855 1,179 9 2,163 332 263 0 596 874 854 0 1,728 4,498 5,519 1,170 11,463 406 964 0 1,373 272 266 0 538 1,252 4,892 123 6,307 577 2,104 398 3,080 563 1,083 0 1,658 752 1,909 0 2,768 109 77 0 196 210 250 196 973

General fund $7,640 0 243 2 1 213 0 0 5 0 1,644 0 0 4 47 0 10 13 14 0 0 167 205 158 0 12 7 0 0 1 1,567 0 118 0 18 15 0 13 2,920 0 60 1 0 2 1 0 40 2 7 120 10 369

Actual fiscal 2018 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $43,284 $96,328 $10,564 $157,816 948 747 395 2,090 1,079 293 0 1,615 693 2,278 290 3,263 734 942 0 1,677 4,517 9,576 264 14,570 702 1,026 0 1,728 743 1,519 897 3,159 347 584 3 939 2,581 6,219 275 9,075 1,477 387 110 3,618 174 1,209 329 1,712 266 429 0 695 74 4,538 289 4,905 1,009 1,244 0 2,300 575 1,554 0 2,129 401 269 197 877 802 1,533 0 2,348 741 603 93 1,451 233 451 69 753 981 3,993 0 4,974 634 2,188 1,273 4,262 1,090 2,676 1 3,972 286 3,322 134 3,900 586 697 91 1,374 79 1,961 0 2,052 395 284 0 686 329 661 0 990 381 395 220 996 248 311 8 568 1,586 1,048 1,756 5,957 788 694 30 1,512 1,688 6,899 1,340 10,045 1,494 4,409 110 6,013 255 406 0 679 1,382 1,408 391 3,196 673 737 90 1,500 39 1,708 13 1,773 1,924 6,313 196 11,353 242 212 125 579 988 1,138 15 2,201 280 309 0 590 913 998 0 1,911 3,820 6,388 863 11,073 402 865 332 1,600 311 259 0 570 1,096 5,680 68 6,884 525 1,875 297 2,699 525 1,053 0 1,585 1,139 1,963 0 3,222 109 77 0 196 245 236 316 1,166

General fund $8,204 0 253 2 1 227 0 0 4 0 1,999 0 0 5 48 0 0 10 6 0 0 127 357 210 0 18 39 0 0 1 1,774 25 607 0 7 14 0 11 2,261 0 15 1 0 2 4 0 41 2 7 126 0 N/A

Estimated fiscal 2019 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $46,252 $104,989 $12,466 $171,911 746 559 223 1,528 911 274 0 1,438 734 2,346 250 3,332 506 913 0 1,420 6,113 13,399 1,042 20,781 392 1,214 0 1,606 703 1,638 1,224 3,565 292 686 12 994 2,288 8,200 349 10,837 1,600 98 112 3,809 285 1,561 346 2,192 544 674 0 1,218 82 4,317 298 4,702 1,031 1,324 0 2,403 565 1,228 0 1,793 415 476 210 1,101 898 1,602 0 2,510 801 570 60 1,437 203 411 124 738 1,148 4,067 0 5,215 639 2,164 1,248 4,178 1,318 2,929 4 4,608 749 3,534 219 4,712 599 730 127 1,456 78 1,935 0 2,031 471 363 0 873 345 501 0 846 368 548 112 1,028 243 277 10 531 1,682 1,518 2,050 7,024 807 713 23 1,568 1,706 5,136 2,403 9,852 1,506 5,266 82 6,854 318 320 0 645 1,456 1,431 513 3,414 635 692 85 1,412 42 1,769 8 1,830 2,279 6,740 203 11,483 325 301 183 809 727 1,461 0 2,203 282 322 0 605 1,084 1,158 0 2,242 4,431 7,557 447 12,437 382 1,275 150 1,811 269 264 1 534 1,209 5,621 118 6,989 468 2,016 230 2,716 500 752 0 1,259 1,051 2,033 0 3,210 26 106 0 132 N/A N/A N/A N/A

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 0 7

STATE FIN A N CE

TA BLE 7 .1 2 Transportation Expenditures—Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2019 Expenditure Report. Notes: 1.Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. 2. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. 3. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Key: N/A — Not available (a) Colorado: Port authority operations, gasoline tax and fee collections, and motor vehicle licensing are at Dept. of Revenue. State police/highway patrol is funded at the Dept. of Public Safety. SB18-001 transferred $2.5 million to the SW Chief/Front Range Passenger Rail Fund to fund planning efforts for a Front Range Passenger Rail line in FY 2018-19. Hawaii: Transportation expenditures are expenditures from Airports, Harbors, Highways, and Administration. Maine: In last year’s State Expenditure Report, Transportation, Other State Funds, 2017 Actual was reported as $440 and should have been $475; 2018 Actual was reported as $415 and should have been $451. Motor Vehicle licensing expenditures were not included in this category in previous surveys. Massachusetts: Totals do not include certain transportation spending, such as non-state bond cap investments at the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA).

3 08 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Ohio: While employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and employer contributions to employee health benefits are included in the expenditure totals, agencies do not receive specific appropriations for these purposes. The Ohio Department of Public Safety and the Ohio Public Utilities Commission are responsible for truck enforcement/regulatory programs. A portion of spending by the Ohio Public Works Commission to retire debt for local road and bridge projects is not included in road assistance subsidy programs for local government. Tennessee: Bond estimates represent bond authorizations, while actual bonds represent bond proceeds utilized.

STATE F I N A N C E

TA BLE 7 .1 3 All Other Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars)

State Total Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (a) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Actual fiscal 2017 Other state General fund Federal funds funds Bonds $205,590 $121,637 $213,429 $14,664 1,128 2,253 3,049 86 1,463 782 786 0 1,878 2,937 2,381 0 594 843 6,550 58 22,706 17,623 24,382 1,443 2,463 1,431 5,910 0 9,025 1,110 1,577 1,045 1,379 458 2,452 109 6,265 7,353 2,697 1,224 4,779 3,089 4,068 178 4,241 718 2,107 520 477 951 558 0 16,204 2,330 13,751 473 2,557 1,555 1,772 0 1,447 2,109 1,987 6 957 599 1,705 119 2,549 1,748 2,011 0 2,069 1,823 3,864 107 880 482 1,312 16 4,198 1,716 4,419 353 10,755 4,537 8,074 1,102 3,150 4,939 6,937 25 5,414 2,762 1,678 264 1,558 1,758 1,197 900 2,133 1,838 1,910 78 750 843 957 0 986 943 2,055 0 1,081 1,016 3,933 21 510 461 614 41 10,763 3,340 3,216 431 1,403 1,741 2,418 292 25,664 10,814 6,734 1,919 4,521 2,822 2,360 64 704 361 1,129 0 4,218 2,480 13,484 1,659 1,490 1,726 3,095 187 2,620 2,349 16,182 51 7,500 7,058 9,027 645 1,007 920 1,009 36 2,350 1,550 1,469 13 310 335 512 1 2,982 3,445 1,958 0 9,391 1,647 1,626 546 1,290 1,127 1,611 0 504 524 184 44 6,376 2,115 9,191 369 3,793 2,966 4,308 239 1,183 185 5,301 0 3,363 2,613 12,853 0 562 512 1,069 0 3,853 685 646 256

Total $555,320 6,516 3,031 7,196 8,045 66,154 9,804 12,757 4,398 17,539 12,114 7,586 1,986 32,758 5,884 5,549 3,380 6,308 7,863 2,690 10,686 24,468 15,051 10,118 5,413 5,959 2,550 3,984 6,051 1,626 17,750 5,854 45,131 9,767 2,194 21,841 6,498 21,202 24,230 2,972 5,382 1,158 8,385 13,210 4,028 1,256 18,051 11,306 6,669 18,829 2,143 5,440

Actual fiscal 2018 Other state General fund Federal funds funds $211,775 $129,528 $217,076 1,046 2,210 3,052 1,474 748 1,496 1,787 3,503 2,768 623 856 6,785 23,175 17,836 26,161 2,711 1,545 6,716 9,380 1,072 1,598 1,350 434 2,439 6,681 8,113 2,399 5,028 2,810 4,265 4,609 758 1,573 524 783 660 18,130 1,415 10,795 2,767 2,950 1,747 1,456 1,588 2,315 908 692 1,789 2,547 1,879 2,061 2,301 1,961 5,191 900 435 1,297 4,037 1,727 3,952 11,227 4,461 8,095 3,458 5,514 7,171 5,584 2,874 1,711 1,527 1,724 1,158 2,174 1,857 1,834 706 793 985 1,116 698 2,231 937 1,041 3,965 457 557 735 12,399 3,713 2,596 1,431 2,126 2,737 25,144 12,403 7,179 4,552 2,931 2,921 415 200 923 4,183 2,545 13,920 2,015 2,177 1,405 2,510 3,150 16,441 6,331 6,082 9,745 1,036 899 1,038 2,505 1,794 1,502 315 353 503 3,127 3,460 1,999 10,357 4,667 2,019 1,369 1,122 1,402 559 507 165 6,552 2,197 9,346 3,656 2,956 5,021 552 301 5,301 3,580 2,614 12,902 567 497 1,067 4,149 569 726

Bonds $15,497 167 0 0 44 1,701 0 1,435 103 1,183 305 639 0 163 0 8 116 0 149 31 692 1,183 61 196 486 101 0 0 26 31 384 146 2,266 36 0 1,677 277 70 213 42 27 6 0 789 0 57 336 351 0 0 0 384

Total $573,876 6,475 3,718 8,058 8,308 68,873 10,972 13,485 4,326 18,376 12,408 7,579 1,967 30,503 7,464 5,367 3,505 6,487 9,602 2,663 10,408 24,966 16,204 10,365 4,895 5,966 2,484 4,045 5,969 1,780 19,092 6,440 46,992 10,440 1,538 22,325 5,874 22,171 22,371 3,015 5,828 1,177 8,586 17,832 3,893 1,288 18,431 11,984 6,154 19,096 2,131 5,828

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 0 9

STATE FIN A N CE

TABLE 7 .1 3 All Other Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued)

General fund $230,415 895 2,829 610 571 34,508 3,590 $9,955 1,544 6,569 5,532 4,510 538 19,309 2,501 1,591 1,085 2,799 2,568 1,000 4,409 11,897 3,891 6,005 1,551 2,348 712 997 1,321 440 13,057 1,515 24,837 4,591 473 4,282 1,814 2,521 7,077 1,111 2,568 355 3,513 8,475 1,531 658 6,755 4,180 527 3,725 775 N/A

Federal funds $131,288 1,876 988 2,054 857 19,513 1,491 $1,072 434 8,896 2,787 450 909 2,081 2,759 1,668 787 2,018 3,320 454 2,190 4,547 6,704 3,234 2,505 1,872 883 365 1,178 583 4,337 2,075 12,099 1,741 234 2,745 2,436 3,071 6,424 1,062 1,434 361 4,191 267 1,392 473 2,276 2,769 342 2,600 484 N/A

See footnotes at end of table

3 10â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Estimated fiscal 2019 Other state funds $235,427 2,590 1,059 2,810 7,024 30,995 7,082 $1,598 2,570 6,809 4,519 1,864 822 10,369 1,482 2,263 1,844 2,206 6,448 1,362 4,359 9,095 3,914 2,108 1,577 1,857 929 2,653 3,742 792 2,785 2,753 9,719 3,621 1,124 14,084 1,921 17,691 10,804 1,141 1,470 533 2,219 1,631 1,601 157 9,812 4,822 6,195 13,369 1,233 N/A

Bonds $19,853 36 0 0 54 5,235 0 $1,286 72 1,207 267 551 0 210 0 7 130 0 54 22 564 1,248 56 240 699 79 0 0 38 65 0 81 3,106 110 0 1,745 201 97 198 85 17 28 89 1,012 0 80 367 517 0 0 0 N/A

Total $616,983 5,397 4,876 5,474 8,506 90,251 12,163 $13,911 4,620 23,481 13,105 7,375 2,269 31,969 6,742 5,529 3,846 7,023 12,390 2,838 11,522 26,787 14,565 11,587 6,332 6,156 2,524 4,015 6,279 1,880 20,179 6,424 49,761 10,063 1,831 22,856 6,372 23,380 24,503 3,399 5,489 1,277 10,012 11,385 4,524 1,368 19,210 12,288 7,064 19,694 2,492 N/A

STATE F I N A N C E

TA BLE 7 .1 3 All Other Expenditures—Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2019 Expenditure Report Notes: 1. Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. 2. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. 3. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Key: N/A — Not available (a) Alabama: Capital expenditures from Federal and Other State Funds are not reported separately; combined amounts are included in the Other State Funds. Colorado: CHIP expenditures are excluded from the Medicaid category and added to the All Other category to adhere more closely to the survey directions. In previous surveys, CHIP expenditures were included in Medicaid.

Ohio: While employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and employer contributions to employee health benefits are included in the expenditure totals, agencies do not receive specific appropriations for these purposes. Some expenditures in community and institutional care for the developmentally disabled are included in the Medicaid totals. Most of the expenditures of the Ohio Housing Finance Agency occur outside of the state financial system and are excluded from the housing totals. Texas: Regarding the All Other Federal Funds category, figures for 2017 and 2018 are actuals and estimated expenditures respectively. However, for 2019 the most concrete numbers available are what was appropriated by the legislature in the previous budget setting session. The figure will likely increase after the fiscal year ends on August 31st and the agencies report the actual expenditures. For example, Hurricane Harvey expenditures were not originally budgeted, but the CDBG expenditures will be accounted for following end of year reporting.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 1

TA X E S

TA BLE 7 .1 4 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982—2019 State or other jurisdiction Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware Florida

Amnesty period

Legislative authorization

Major taxes covered

Accounts receivable included

Collections ($ millions) (a)

Installment arrangements permitted (b)

1/20/84 – 4/1/84

No (c)

All

3.2

2/1/09 – 5/15/09

Yes

Ind. Income, Corp. Income, Business, Sales & Use

N/A

8.1

N/A

6/30/16 – 8/30/16

Yes

All

N/A

7/1/18 – 9/30/18

Yes

All (aa)

N/A

11/22/82 – 1/20/83

No (c)

All

6.0

Yes

1/1/02 – 2/28/02

Yes

Individual Income

N/A

9/1/03 – 10/31/03

Yes

All (t)

N/A

73.0

Yes N/A

5/1/09 – 6/1/09

N/A

All

N/A

32.0

9/1/15 – 10/31/15

Yes

All

Yes

55.5

9/1/16 – 10/31/16

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

Yes

9/1/87 – 11/30/87

Yes

All

1.7

Yes

7/1/04 – 12/31/04

Yes

All

N/A

12/10/84 – 3/15/85

Yes

Individual Income

Yes

154.0

Yes

Sales

43.0

Yes

2/1/05 – 3/31/05

Yes

Income, Franchise, Sales

N/A

Yes

9/16/85 – 11/15/85

Yes

All

6.4

Yes

6/1/03 – 6/30/03

N/A

All

N/A

18.4

Yes

10/1/11 – 11/15/11

Yes

All

N/A

9/1/90 – 11/30/90

Yes

All

Yes

54.0

Yes

9/1/95 – 11/30/95

Yes

All

Yes

46.2

Yes

9/1/02 – 12/2/02

N/A

All

N/A

109.0

N/A

5/1/09 – 6/25/09

Yes

All

40.0

9/16/13 – 11/15/13

Yes

All

Yes

193.5

10/31/17 – 11/30/18

All

N/A

9/1/09 – 10/30/09

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

Yes No

1/1/87 – 6/30/87

Yes

Intangibles

13.0

1/1/88 – 6/30/88

Yes (d)

All

8.4 (d)

7/1/03 – 10/31/03

Yes

All

N/A

80.0

N/A

7/1/10 – 9/30/10

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

Yes

Georgia

10/1/92 – 12/5/92

Yes

All

Yes

51.3

Hawaii

5/27/09 – 6/26/09

N/A

All

14.0

Idaho

5/20/83 – 8/30/83

No (c)

Individual Income

0.3

Illinois

Indiana Iowa Kansas

Kentucky

10/1/84 – 11/30/84

Yes

All (u)

Yes

160.5

10/1/03 – 11/17/03

Yes

All

N/A

532.0

N/A

10/1/10 – 11/8/10

Yes

All

Yes

314 (y)

9/15/05 – 11/15/05

Yes

All

Yes

244.0

Yes

9/2/86 – 0/31/86

Yes

All

Yes

35.1

N/A

9/4/07 – 10/31/07

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

7/1/84 – 9/30/84

Yes

All

0.6

10/1/03 – 11/30/03

Yes

All

Yes

53.7

N/A

9/1/10 – 10/15/10

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

9/1/15 – 10/15/15

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

9/15/88 – 9/30/88

Yes (c)

All

100.0

8/1/02 – 9/30/02

Yes (c)

All

100.0

10/1/12 – 11/30/12

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

See footnotes at end of table

3 12 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 4 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982—2019 (continued) Amnesty period

Legislative authorization

Major taxes covered

Accounts receivable included

Collections ($ millions) (a)

Installment arrangements permitted (b)

10/1/85 – 12/31/85

Yes

All

1.2

Yes (f)

10/1/87 – 12/15/87

Yes

All

0.3

Yes (f)

10/1/98 – 12/31/98

Yes

All

No (q)

1.3

9/1/01 – 10/30/01

Yes

All

Yes

192.9

9/1/09 – 10/31/09

Yes

All

N/A

303.7

N/A

State or other jurisdiction Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

9/23/13 – 11/22/13

Yes

All

Yes

435.0

10/15/14 – 11/14/14

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

Yes

11/16/15 – 12/15/15

Yes

All

Yes

11/1/90 – 12/31/90

Yes

All

Yes

29.0

Yes

9/1/03 – 11/30/03

Yes

All

N/A

37.6

N/A No

Yes

9/1/09 – 11/30/09

Yes

All

Yes

16.2

9/1/87 – 11/2/87

Yes

All

Yes

34.6 (g)

9/1/01 – 10/31/01

Yes

All

Yes

39.2

9/1/09 – 10/31/09

Yes

Income, Withholding, Sales & Use

Yes

9.6

Yes

9/1/15 – 10/30/15

Yes

All

Yes

10/17/83 – 1/17/84

Yes

All

Yes

86.5

Yes (h)

Yes

10/1/02 – 11/30/02

Yes

All

Yes

96.1

Yes

1/1/03 – 2/28/03

Yes

All

Yes

11.2

N/A

4/1/10 – 6/1/10

Yes

All

Yes

32.6

9/2/14 – 10/31/14

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

3/16/15 – 5/15/15

Yes

Corporate

Yes

18.6

4/1/16 – 5/31/16

Yes

All

N/A

5/12/86 – 6/30/86

Yes

All

Yes

109.8

No N/A

5/15/02 – 6/30/02

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

5/15/11 – 6/30/11

Yes

All

Yes

76.0

Minnesota

8/1/84 – 10/31/84

Yes

All

Yes

12.1

Mississippi

9/1/86 – 11/30/86

Yes

All

1.0

9/1/04 – 12/31/04

Yes

All

7.9

9/1/83 – 10/31/83

No (c)

All

0.9

Missouri

8/1/02 – 10/31/02

Yes

All

Yes

76.4

N/A

8/1/03 – 10/31/ 03

Yes

All

Yes

20.0

N/A

9/1/15 – 11/30/15

Yes

All

Yes

Nebraska

8/1/04 – 10/31/04

Yes

All

7.5

Nevada

2/1/02 – 6/30/02

N/A

All

N/A

7.3

N/A

7/1/08 – 10/28/08

Sales, Business, License

Yes

N/A

7/1/10 – 10/1/10

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

12/1/97 – 2/17/98

Yes

All

Yes

13.5

No N/A

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

12/1/01 – 2/15/02

Yes

All

Yes

13.5

12/1/15 – 2/15/16

Yes

All

Yes

18.9

9/10/87 – 12/8/87

Yes

All

Yes

186.5

Yes

3/15/96 – 6/1/96

Yes

All

Yes

359.0

4/15/02 – 6/10/02

Yes

All

Yes

276.9

N/A N/A

5/4/09 – 6/15/09

Yes

All

N/A

725.0

10/1/14 – 11/17/14

N/A

All

Yes

N/A

11/15/2018 – 1/15/2019

N/A

All

N/A

N/A Yes

8/15/85 – 11/13/85

Yes

All (i)

13.6

8/16/99 – 11/12/99

Yes

All

Yes

45.0

Yes

6/7/10 – 9/30/10

Yes

All

N/A

Yes

11/8/2018 – 12/31/18

N/A

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 3

TA X E S

TABLE 7 .1 4 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982—2019 (continued) State or other jurisdiction New York

New York City

Installment arrangements permitted (b)

Amnesty period

Legislative authorization

Major taxes covered

Accounts receivable included

Collections ($ millions) (a)

11/1/85 – 1/31/86

Yes

All (j)

Yes

401.3

Yes

11/1/96 – 1/31/97

Yes

All

Yes

253.4

Yes (o)

11/18/02 – 1/31/03

Yes

All

Yes

582.7

Yes (s)

10/1/05 – 3/1/06

N/A

Income, Corporate

N/A

349.0

N/A

1/15/10 – 3/15/10

Yes

All

Yes

56.5

10/20/03 – 1/23/04

Yes

All (v)

Yes (w)

N/A

North Carolina

9/1/89 – 12/1/89

Yes

All (k)

Yes

37.6

North Dakota

9/1/83 – 11/30/83

No (c)

All

0.2

Yes

10/1/03 – 1/31/04

Yes

N/A

6.9

N/A

Ohio

10/15/01 – 1/15/02

Yes

All

48.5

1/1/06 – 2/15/06

Yes

All

63.0

1/1/18 – 2/15/18

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

Oklahoma

7/1/84 – 12/31/84

Yes

Income, Sales

Yes

13.9

No (l)

8/15/02 – 11/15/02

N/A

All (r)

Yes

N/A

9/15/08 – 11/14/08

Yes

All

Yes

81.0

Yes

9/14/15 – 11/13/15

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

Yes

Oregon

10/1/09 – 11/19/09

Yes

Personal, Corporate, Inheritance

N/A

Pennsylvania

10/13/95 – 1/10/96

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

4/26/10 – 6/18/10

Yes

All

Yes

261.0

Rhode Island

South Carolina

4/21/17 – 6/19/17

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

10/15/86 – 1/12/87

Yes

All

0.7

Yes

4/15/96 – 6/28/96

Yes

All

Yes

7.9

Yes

7/15/06 – 9/30/06

N/A

All

Yes

6.5

Yes

9/2/12 – 11/15/12

Yes

All

Yes

22.3

Yes

12/1/17 – 2/15/18

Yes

All

Yes

N/A

Yes

9/1/85 – 11/30/85

Yes

All

Yes

7.1

Yes

10/15/02 – 12/2/02

Yes

All

Yes

66.2

N/A N/A

South Dakota

4/1/99 – 5/15/99

Yes

All

Yes

0.5

Texas

2/1/84 – 2/29/84

No (c)

All (m)

0.5

3/11/04 – 3/31/04

No (c)

All (m)

N/A

Vermont Virginia

6/15/07 – 8/15/07

No (c)

All (m)

100

6/12/12 – 8/17/12

No (c)

All (m)

100

No No

5/1/18 – 6/29/18

Yes

All (bb)

N/A

5/15/90 – 6/25/90

Yes

All

Yes

1 (e)

7/20/09 – 8/31/09

Yes

All

N/A

2.2

N/A

2/1/90 – 3/31/90

Yes

All

Yes

32.2

9/2/03 – 11/3/03

Yes

All

Yes

98.3

N/A No

10/7/09 – 12/5/09

Yes

All

Yes

102.1

Washington

2/1/11 – 4/30/11

Yes

All

Yes

346.0

West Virginia

10/1/86 – 12/31/86

Yes

All

Yes

15.9

Yes

9/1/04 – 10/31/04

Yes

All

N/A

10.4

Yes

Wisconsin

9/15/85 – 11/22/85

Yes

All

Yes (n)

27.3

Yes

6/15/98 – 8/14/98

Yes

All

Yes

30.9

N/A

7/1/87 – 9/30/87

Yes

All

Yes

24.3

Yes

7/10/95 – 8/31/95

Yes

All (p)

Yes

19.5

Yes (p)

8/2/10 – 9/30/10

Yes

All (p)

Yes

N/A

9/30/05 – 3/30/06

Yes

All

N/A

Dist. of Columbia

CNMI*

See footnotes at end of table

3 14 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 4 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982—2019 (continued) Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators, January 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N/A—Not available. (a) Where applicable, figure includes local portions of certain taxes collected under the state tax amnesty program. (b) “No” indicates requirement of full payment by the expiration of the amnesty period. “Yes” indicates allowance of full payment after the expiration of the amnesty period. (c) Authority for amnesty derived from pre-existing statutory powers permitting the waiver of tax penalties. (d) Does not include intangibles tax and drug taxes. Gross collections totaled $22.1 million, with $13.7 million in penalties withdrawn. (e) Preliminary figure. (f) Amnesty taxpayers were billed for the interest owed, with payment due within 30 days of notification. (g) Figure includes $1.1 million for the separate program conducted by the Department of Natural Resources for the boat excise tax. (h) The amnesty statute was construed to extend the amnesty to those who applied to the department before the end of the amnesty period, and permitted them to file overdue returns and pay back taxes and interest at a later date. (i) The severance taxes, including the six oil and gas severance taxes, the resources excise tax, the corporate franchise tax, and the special fuels tax were not subject to amnesty. (j) Availability of amnesty for the corporation tax, the oil company taxes, the transportation and transmissions companies tax, the gross receipts oil tax and the unincorporated business tax restricted to entities with 500 or fewer employees in the United States on the date of application. In addition, a taxpayer principally engaged in aviation, or a utility subject to the supervision of the State Department of Public Service was also ineligible. (k) Local taxes and real property taxes were not included. (l) Full payment of tax liability required before the end of the amnesty period to avoid civil penalties.

(m) Texas does not impose a corporate or individual income tax. In practical effect, the amnesty was limited to the sales tax and other excises. (n) Waiver terms varied depending upon the date of tax liability was accessed. (o) Installment arrangements were permitted if applicant demonstrated that payment would present a severe financial hardship. (p) Does not include real property taxes. For the 1995 amnesty, all interest was waived on tax payments made before July 31, 1995. After this date, only 50% of the interest was waived. (q) Exception for individuals who owed $500 or less. (r) Except for property and motor fuel taxes. (s) Multiple payments can be made so long as the required balance is paid in full no later than March 15, 2003. (t) All taxes except property, estate and unclaimed property. (u) Does not include the motor fuel use tax. (v) All NYC taxes administered by the NYC Dept. of Finance are covered except for Real Estate Tax. NYC Sales & Use Tax & NYC Resident Personal Income Tax also are not covered because they are administered by the NY State Dept. of Taxation & Finance. (w) Taxpayers under audit as of 3/10/03 are ineligible; Taxpayers with an existing installment agreement are ineligible; Taxpayers under criminal investigation are ineligible; Taxpayers party to an administrative or court proceeding must withdraw as a condition of. (x) The Massachusetts Department of Revenue is required to hold an amnesty to end before June 30, 2010. (y) In Illinois, the 2010 Amnesty collected a total of $717 million, $314 million for the state General Fund and the rest for local governments. (z) In Rhode Island, the full amount must be paid by December 14, 2012. (aa) All taxes except motor fuel, motor vehicle and property taxes. (bb) Does not apply to local motor vehicle tax, IFTA taxes, PUC gross receipts assessments or unclaimed property payments.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 5

TA X E S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 A State Tobacco Product and Vaping Excise Tax Rates (As of January 2020) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska

General sales and gross receipts tax (percent) 4.0 (a)

Cigarettes (cents per pack) 67.5 (c) 200

5.6

200

6.5 7.25 (b) 2.9

115 287 84

Connecticut

6.35

435

50% WP (p) (q)

Delaware Florida

(a) 6.0

210 133.9 (d)

15 31

Georgia

4.0

Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky

4.0 6.0 6.25 7.0 6.0 6.5 6.0

320 57 198 (c) 99.5 136 129 110

6 45 10 38 30 33 36

Louisiana

4.45

108

Maine

5.5

200

Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada

6.0 6.25 6.0 6.875 7.0 4.225 (a) 5.5 6.85

200 351 200 304 (e) 68 17 (c) 170 64 180

17 5 17 8 40 51 25 42 23

30% WP (p) (q) Tobacco/Snuff 85% WP (r) Little Cigars 2.5¢/cigars; Other cigars 23% WP; Tobacco 10% WP Large Cigars - 50% WP; Tobacco/Snuff 70% WP (s) 40% WP 36% WP (p) (q) 24% WP 50% WP (s) 10% WP (p) 15% WP (q) Cigars 8%-20% MP; Snuff/Smoking Tobacco 20%33% MP (p) Chewing Tob./Snuff $2.02/oz.; Smoking Tob./Cigars (7) 43% WP Tobacco/Snuff 30% WP; Cigars 70% WP 40% WP (p) 32% WP 95% WP (p) 15% MP 10% MP 50% WP (q) 20% WP (q) 30% WP (p)

New Hampshire

(a)

178

65.03% WP (p)

New Jersey

6.625

270

30% WP (p)(q)

New Mexico

5.125

166

25% WP Product value (p)

New York North Carolina

4.0 4.75

435 (c) 45

2 47

75% WP (p)(q) 12.8% WP (p) Cigars & Tobacco 28% WP; Chew Tobacco/Snuff 16¢-60¢ /oz. 17% WP (p) Cigars- Little/Large $1.20/ 10 cigars; Tobacco/Snuff 60%-80% Factory list price 65% WP (q) 55¢/oz.- tobacco (p)(s) 80% WP 5% MP 35% WP 6.6% WP Cigar 1¢-15¢/10 cigars; Tobacco/Snuff -$1.22 /oz. 86% MP (q)(s) 92% WP - Cigar $20-$40/10 cigars; Tobacco/Snuff $2.57/ oz. (p) (q) 10% MP (q) 95% WP (p)(q)(s) 12% WP (p) 71% MP (p)(q) 20% WP (q) 91% WP (p)(t)

Arizona Arkansas California Colorado

Cigarette excise tax rank in nation Other tobacco products tax (n) 41 Cigars 3¢-40.5¢/10 cigars; Tobacco/Snuff 2¢-8¢/oz. (o) 17 75% WP Cigars 22.01¢-$2.18/10 cigars; Tobacco/Snuff 17 22.3¢/oz. 35 68% MP 11 59.27% WP (p) 39 40% MP

North Dakota

5.0

Ohio

5.75

160

Oklahoma

4.5

203

(a) 6.0 7.0 6.0 4.5 7.0 6.25 6.1 (i)

133 260 425 57 153 62 (c)(f) 141 170

32 13 4 45 28 43 29 25

Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

6.0

308

5.3 (h) 6.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 6.0

30 (c) 302.5 120 252 60 450 (g)

50 9 34 14 44 1

See footnotes at end of table

3 16 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Taxation of E-Cigarettes/Vaping Products Tax Rate/Base (j) … … … … 59.27% WP (m) (u) … 10% open , or .40¢/ml - closed container 5¢/ml … … … … 15% WP (k) … … 5¢/ml … 5¢/ml 43% WP *e-cigarette products subject to Other Tobacco Tax (m) … 75% WP (l) … 95% WP (m) (u) … … … … 30% WP (m) (u) 30¢/ml - closed container 8% WP - open 10% Open , or 10 ¢/ml- closed container 12.5% Open , or 50¢/cartridgeclosed 20% Retail Price 5¢/ml … 10¢/ml … … 40% WP … … … … … … 92% WP (m) (u) … 9 /ml - open 27¢/cartridge closed 7.5¢/ml 5¢/ml … 96% WP (m) (u)

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 A State Tobacco Product and Vaping Excise Tax Rates (As of January 2020) (continued) Source: Compiled by The Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources, January 2020. Key: … — No N.A. — Not applicable MP — Manufacturer’s Price WP — Wholesale Price (a) These states do not have a general sales and gross receipts tax. (b) The tax rate may be adjusted annually according to a formula based on balances in the unappropriated general fund and the school foundation fund. (c) Counties and cities may impose an additional tax on a pack of cigarettes: in Alabama, 1¢ to 25¢; Illinois, 10¢ to $4.18; Missouri, 4¢ to 7¢; New York City, $1.50; Tennessee, 1¢; and Virginia, 2¢ to 15¢. (d) Florida’s rate includes a surcharge of $1 per pack. (e) In addition, Minnesota imposes an in lieu cigarette sales tax determined annually by the Department. The current rate is 61.0¢ through December 31, 2020. (f) Dealers pay an additional enforcement and administrative fee of 0.05¢ in Tennessee. (g) In addition, District of Columbia imposes an in lieu cigarette sales tax calculated every March 31. The current rate is 48¢. (h) Includes statewide 1.0% tax levied by local governments in Virginia. (i) Includes a statewide 1.25% tax levied by local governments in Utah.

(j) The volume-based tax rates were converted to cents per milliliter of solution. Some states charge different rates for closed cartridges versus volume liquid vaping solution. (k) Cook County imposed an additional 20 cent/ml tax. (l) Massachusetts imposed an excise tax on electronic nicotine delivery systems effective June 1, 2020. (m) These state subject e-cigarette products to the Other Tobacco Tax. (n) The volume-based tax rates were converted to cents per 10 cigars or per ounce for consistency. (o) Alabama’s cigar tax rate rises with the retail price; the rate on smoking tobacco and snuff depends on package weight. (p) Twenty-one states (and Massachusetts effective June 1, 2020) impose an excise tax on e-cigarettes or vaping products. See www.taxadmin.org/e-cigarettes for current rates. (q) Tax rate on Snuff per ounce is $3.00 in CT, 92¢ in DE, 30¢ in IL, 4.75¢ in KY, 95% in MN, 85¢ in MT, 44¢ in NE, 75¢ in NJ, $2.00 in NY, $1.78 in OR, $1.83 in UT, 18¢ in VA, $2.57 in VT, $2.105 in WA, 100% in WI and 60¢ in WY. (r) Florida’s rate includes a 60% surtax. (s) Little cigars are taxed as cigarettes. (t) The Dist. of Columbia adjusts the tax rate annually, effective October 1st each year. (u) E-cigarette products subject to other tobacco tax.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 7

TA X E S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 B State Motor Fuel Tax Rates (As of January 1, 2020) State or other jurisdiction Federal (j) Alabama (a)(i) Alaska (k) Arizona (h) (j) Arkansas (k) California (g)(k) Colorado Connecticut (k) Delaware (k) Florida (b) (k) Georgia (e)(k) Hawaii (a)(k) Idaho (k) Illinois (a)(c)(e)(j)(k) Indiana (e)(j) Iowa Kansas (k) Kentucky (c)(d)(k) Louisiana (k) Maine Maryland (e) Massachusetts Michigan (k) Minnesota (k) Mississippi (k) Missouri (k) Montana Nebraska (e)(k) Nevada (a)(k) New Hampshire (k) New Jersey (k) New Mexico (k) New York (k) North Carolina (e)(k) North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma (k) Oregon (a) Pennsylvania (e)(k) Rhode Island (e)(j) South Carolina (i)(j)(k) South Dakota (a)(k) Tennessee (a)(k) Texas Utah (d) Vermont (e)(k) Virginia (a)(f) Washington (k) West Virginia (k) Wisconsin (k) Wyoming (k) Dist. of Columbia

Excise 18.3 24.0 8.0 18.0 21.5 47.3 22.0 25.0 23.0 18.3 27.9 16.0 32.0 38.0 30.0 30.5 24.0 24.6 20.0 30.0 36.7 24.0 26.3 28.5 18.0 17.0 32.0 29.3 23.0 22.2 10.5 17.0 8.05 36.1 23.0 38.5 19.0 36.0 57.6 34.0 22.0 28.0 26.0 20.0 31.1 12.1 16.2 49.4 20.5 30.9 23.0 23.5

Gasoline Fee/Tax 0.1 0.95 1.0 3.3 6.0

16.096

1.0 1.1

0.03 1.4 0.001

0.1 0.4 0.42 0.9 0.805 1.625 30.9 1.875 17.4 0.25

1.0

1.0 0.75 2.0 1.4

18.71

15.2 2.0 1.0

Total 18.4 24.0 8.95 19.0 24.8 53.3 22.0 25.0 23.0 34.396 27.9 16.0 33.0 39.1 30.0 30.5 24.03 26.0 20.001 30.0 36.7 24.0 26.3 28.6 18.4 17.4 32.0 30.2 23.805 23.825 41.4 18.875 25.45 36.35 23.0 38.5 20.0 36.0 57.6 35.0 22.75 30.0 27.4 20.0 31.1 30.81 16.2 49.4 35.7 32.9 24.0 23.5

See footnotes at end of table

3 18â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Excise 24.3 25.0 8.0 26.0 22.5 36.0 20.5 46.5 22.0 19.3 31.3 16.0 32.0 45.5 49.0 32.5 26.0 21.6 20.0 31.2 37.45 24.0 26.3 28.5 18.0 17.0 29.45 29.3 27.0 22.2 13.5 21.0 8.0 36.1 23.0 47.0 19.0 36.0 74.1 34.0 22.0 28.0 27.0 20.0 31.1 28.0 20.2 49.4 20.5 30.9 23.0 23.5

Diesel fuel Fee/Tax 0.1 0.95 1.0 6.3 32.0

13.9

1.0 1.1

0.03 1.4 0.001

0.1 0.4 0.42 0.3 0.75 1.625 35.0 1.875 15.65 0.25

1.0

1.0 0.75 2.0 1.4

4.0

15.2 2.0 1.0

Total 24.4 25.0 8.95 27.0 28.8 68.0 20.5 46.5 22.0 33.2 31.3 16.0 33.0 46.6 49.0 32.5 26.03 23.0 20.001 31.2 37.45 24.0 26.3 28.6 18.4 17.4 29.45 29.6 27.75 23.825 48.5 22.875 23.65 36.35 23.0 47.0 20.0 36.0 74.1 35.0 22.75 30.0 28.4 20.0 31.1 32.0 20.2 49.4 35.7 32.9 24.0 23.5

Excise 18.3 24.0 8.0 18.0 21.5 47.3 22.0 25.0 23.0 18.3 27.9 16.0 32.0 38.0 30.0 29.0 24.0 24.6 20.0 30.0 36.7 24.0 26.3 28.5 18.0 17.0 32.0 29.3 23.0 22.2 10.5 17.0 8.05 36.1 23.0 38.5 19.0 36.0 57.6 34.0 22.0 26.6 26.0 20.0 31.1 12.1 16.2 49.4 20.5 30.9 23.0 23.5

Gasohol Fee/Tax 0.1 0.95 1.0 3.3 6.0

16.096

1.0 1.1

0.03 1.4 0.001

0.1 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.805 1.625 30.9 1.875 17.4 0.25

1.0

1.0 0.75 2.0 1.4

18.71

15.2 2.0 1.0

Total 18.4 24.0 8.95 19.0 24.8 53.3 22.0 25.0 23.0 34.396 27.9 16.0 33.0 39.1 30.0 29.0 24.03 26.0 20.001 30.0 36.7 24.0 26.3 28.6 18.4 17.3 32.0 30.2 23.805 23.825 41.40 18.875 25.5 36.35 23.0 38.5 20.0 36.0 57.6 35.0 22.75 28.6 27.4 20.0 31.1 30.81 16.2 49.4 35.7 32.9 24.0 23.5

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 B State Motor Fuel Tax Rates (As of January 1, 2019) (continued) Source: Compiled by FTA from various sources. Fee/Taxes column is for comparison purposes and does not include all taxes/fees levied. January 2020. Note: The tax rates listed are fuel excise taxes collected by distributor/supplier/retailers in each state. Additional taxes may apply to motor carriers. Carrier taxes are coordinated by the International Fuel Tax Association. Key: (a) Tax rates do not include local option taxes. In AL, 1 - 3 cents; HI, 8.8 to 18.0 cent; IL, 5 cents in Chicago and 6 cents in Cook county (gasoline only); NV, 4.0 to 9.0 cents; OR, 1 to 5 cents; SD and TN, one cent; and VA 2.1%. (b) Local taxes for gasoline and gasohol vary from 0 cents to 6.0 cents. Includes Inspection Fee, SCETS, & Statewide Local Tax. (c) Carriers pay an additional surcharge equal to IL-14.9 cents, KY-2% (g) 4.7% (d). (d) Tax rate is based on the average wholesale price and is adjusted annually The actual rates are: KY, 9%; and UT, 16.5%. (e) Portion of the rate is adjustable based on maintenance costs, sales volume, cost of fuel to state government, or inflation. (f) Large trucks pay an additional (d) 3.5 cents (g) 12.6 cents. Actual rates (g) 5.1%, (d) 6%. (g) Califonia Gasoline subject to 2.25% sales tax. Diesel subject to a 13% sales tax. (h) Diesel rate specified is the fuel use tax rate on large trucks. Small vehicles are subject to 18 cent tax rate. (i) On July 1, 2020, SC tax will increate to 24 cents. On October 1, 2020, AL tax will increase to 26 cents (g) and 27 cents (d). (j) LUST tax or fee (k) Alaska — Refining surcharge Arkansas — Environmental fee, W. Sales Tax California — Includes prepaid sales tax

Connecticut — Plus a 8.1% Petroleum tax (gas) Delaware — Plus 0.9% GRT Florida — Sales tax added to excise Georgia — Local sales tax additional Hawaii — Sales tax additional Idaho — Clean water fee Illinois — Sales tax add & environmental fee Indiana — Sales tax additional Kansas — Inspection fees Kentucky — Environmental fee Louisiana — Inspection fee Michigan — Sales tax additional Minnesota — Inspection fee Mississippi — Environmental fee Missouri — Inspection & Load fees Nebraska — Petroleum fee Nevada — Inspection & cleanup fee New Hampshire — Oil discharge cleanup fee New Jersey — Petroleum fee New Mexico — Petroleum loading fee New York — Petroleum Tax, Sales tax aditional North Carolina — Inspection tax Oklahoma — Environmental fee Pennsylvania — Oil franchise tax only South Carolina — Inspection fee South Dakota — Inspection fee (gasohol E10) Tennessee — Petroleum Tax & Envir. Fee Vermont — Cleanup Fee & Trans. Fee Washington — 0.5% privilege tax West Virginia — Sales tax added to excise Wisconsin — Petroleum inspection fee Wyoming — License tax

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 9

TA X E S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 C State Alcoholic Beverage Excise Taxes (As of January 2020)

State or other jurisdiction

Distilled spirits Excise tax General rate ($ per sales tax gallon) applies Other taxes

Alabama

(a)

Yes

Alaska Arizona

12.8 3

N.A. Yes

Arkansas

2.5

Yes

California

3.3

Yes

Colorado

2.28

Yes

Wine Excise tax General rate ($ per sales tax gallon) applies Yes

2.50 0.84

N.A. Yes

under 5% — $0.50/gallon, under 21% — $1.00/gallon; $0.20/case; 3% off- 14% on-premise retail taxes.

0.75

Yes

under 5% — $0.25/gallon; $0.05/case; 3% off- and 10% on-premise.

over 50% — 6.6./gallon.

0.20

Yes

sparkling wine — $0.30/ gallon

0.28

Yes

under 21% — $2.50/gallon.

Connecticut

5.4

Yes

under 7% — $2.46/gallon.

0.79

Yes

Delaware

4.5

N.A.

1.63

N.A.

Florida

6.5

Yes

25% or less — $3.00/gallon. under 17.259% — $2.25/ gallon; over 55.780% — $9.53/gallon.

2.25

Yes

Georgia

3.79

Yes

$0.83/gallon local tax.

1.51

Yes

Hawaii

5.98

Yes

1.38

Yes

Idaho

(a)

Yes

0.45

Yes

Illinois

8.55

Yes

Indiana Iowa

2.68 (a)

Yes Yes

Kansas

2.5

N.A.

Kentucky

1.92

Yes

Louisiana

under 20% — $1.39/gallon; $2.68/gallon in Chicago and $2.50/gallon in Cook County. under 15% — $0.47/gallon. 8% off- and 10% on-premise retail tax. under 6% — $0.25/gallon; $0.05/case and 11% wholesale tax.

1.39

Yes

0.47 1.75

Yes Yes

0.30

…

0.50

Yes

3.03

Yes

0.76

Yes

Maine

(a)

Yes

0.60

Yes

Maryland

1.5

Yes

0.40

…

Massachusetts

4.05

N.A.

0.55

…

(a)

Yes

0.51

Yes

0.30

…

Michigan Minnesota

5.03

N.A.

9% sales tax under 15% — $1.10/gallon, over 50% alcohol — $4.05/ proof gallon; 0.57% on private club sales. $0.01/bottle (except miniatures) and 9% sales tax.

Mississippi

(a)

Yes

0.35

Yes

Missouri

Yes

0.42

Yes

Montana

(a)

N.A.

1.02

N.A.

Nebraska

3.75

Yes

Nevada

3.6

Yes

New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico

(a) 5.5 6.06

N.A. Yes Yes

New York

6.44

Yes

Other taxes $0.26/gallon local; over 16.5% — $9.16/gallon.

$1.70

5% to 14% — $0.70/gallon, 15% to 22% — $1.30/gallon.

under 24% — $2.54/gal.; additional $1.00/gal. in New York City.

See footnotes at end of table

3 20 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

0.95

Yes

0.70

Yes

0.30 0.875 1.70 0.30

over 24% — $4.00/gallon.

over 21% — $1.98/gallon; sparkling — $1.94/gallon. over 17.259% — $3.00/ gallon; sparkling wine $3.50/gallon. over 14% — $2.54/gallon; $0.83/gallon local tax. sparkling wine — $2.12/ gallon, wine coolers — $0.85/gallon. over 20% — $8.55/gallon; ($0.36 – $0.89/gallon in Chicago; ($0.24 – $0.45)/ gallon in Cook County. over 21% — $2.68/gallon. under 5% - $0.19/gallon. over 14% — $0.75/gallon; 8% off- and 11% on-premise. 10.0% wholesale. 14% to 24% — $1.32/gallon; over 24% and sparkling wine — $2.08/gallon. over 15.5% — sold through state stores, sparkling wine — $1.25/gallon; 7% on-premise sales tax 9% sales tax sparkling wine — $0.70/ gallon; over 16% — $0.76/gallon 14% to 21% — $0.95/gallon; under 24% and sparkling wine — $1.82/gallon; over 24% — $3.52/gallon; sparkling wine and champagne — $1.00/gallon. includes additional charges. over 16% — sold through state stores. over 14% — $1.35/gallon. 14% to 22% — $1.30/gallon; over 22% — $3.60/gallon.

Beer Excise tax General rate ($ per sales tax gallon) applies $0.53

Yes

1.07 0.16

N.A Yes

0.23

Yes

0.20

Yes

0.08

Yes

Other taxes $0.52/gallon local tax statewide.

3% off- 10% on-premise tax.

0.24

Yes

0.26

N.A

0.48

Yes

0.32

Yes

$0.53/gallon local tax.

0.93

Yes

$0.54/gallon draft beer.

0.15

Yes

over 4% — $0.45/gallon.

0.231

Yes

$0.29/gallon in Chicago and $0.09/gallon in Cook County.

0.115 0.19

Yes Yes

0.18

…

8% off- and 10% on-premise.

0.08

Yes

10.0% wholesale tax.

0.40

Yes

$0.048/gallon local tax.

0.35

Yes

7% on-premise sales tax.

0.09

…

9% sales tax.

0.11

…

0.57% on private club sales.

0.20

Yes

0.148

…

0.427

Yes

0.06

Yes

0.14

N.A

0.31

Yes

0.16

Yes

N.A. Yes Yes

0.30 0.12 0.41

N.A Yes Yes

Yes

0.14

Yes

under 3.2% — $0.077/ gallon, 9% sales tax.

additional $0.12/gallon in New York City.

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 C State Alcoholic Beverage Excise Taxes (As of January 2020) (continued)

State or other jurisdiction North Carolina

Distilled spirits Excise tax General rate ($ per sales tax gallon) applies Other taxes (a) Yes (b)

Wine Excise tax General rate ($ per sales tax gallon) applies Other taxes 1.00 Yes over 17% — $1.11/gallon. over 17% — $0.60/gallon; 0.50 … 7% sales tax. over 14% to 21% — $0.98/ 0.30 Yes gal., vermouth — $1.08/gal., sparkling wine — $1.48/gal. sparkling wine — $2.08/ 0.72 Yes gallon; 13.5% on-premise. 0.67 N.A. over 14% — $0.77/gallon. (c) Yes sparkling wine — $0.75/ 1.40 Yes gallon.

Beer Excise tax General rate ($ per sales tax gallon) applies 0.617 Yes

Other taxes 7% state sales tax, bulk beer $0.08/gal.

North Dakota

2.5

N.A.

Ohio

(a)

Yes

5.56

Yes

Oregon Pennsylvania

(a) (a)

N.A. Yes

Rhode Island

5.40

Yes

0.11

Yes

South Carolina

2.72

Yes

$5.36/case and 9% surtax; additional 5% on-premise tax.

0.90

Yes

$0.18/gallon additional tax.

0.77

Yes

South Dakota

3.93

Yes

under 14% — $0.93/gallon; 2% wholesale tax.

0.93

Yes

14% to 20% — $1.45/gallon; over 21% and sparkling wine — $2.07/gallon; 2% wholesale tax.

0.27

Yes

Tennessee

4.4

Yes

15% on-premise; under 7% — $1.10/gallon.

1.21

Yes

15% on-premise.

1.29

Yes

Excise Barrelage Tax and Wholesale Tax

0.204

Yes

over 14% — $0.408/gallon and sparkling wine — $0.516/gallon; 6.7% onpremise and $0.05/drink on airline sales.

0.194

Yes

14.95% on-premise and $0.05/drink on airline sales.

(c)

Yes

0.423

Yes

0.55

Yes

0.265

Yes

1.51

Yes

0.256

Yes

Oklahoma

Texas

2.4

Yes

Utah

(a)

Yes

Vermont

(a)

Virginia

(a)

Yes

Washington

14.27 (d)

N.A.

West Virginia

(a)

Yes

Wisconsin

3.25

Yes

Wyoming

(a)

Yes

Dist. of Columbia

1.5

N.A.

7% state sales tax.

13.5% on-premise.

14.95% on-premise and $0.05/drink on airline sales.

10% on-premise sales tax.

$9.24/gal. on-premise, 20.5% retail sales tax, 13.7% sales tax to on-premise. $0.03/gallon administrative fee. 9% off- and on-premise sales tax.

over 16% — sold through state store; 10% on-premise sales tax. under 4% — $0.2565/gallon and over 14% — sold through state stores.

0.16

…

0.18

Yes

0.40

Yes

0.08 0.08

N.A Yes

0.87

Yes

over 14% — $1.75/gallon.

0.26

Yes

1.00

Yes

5% local tax.

0.18

Yes

0.25

Yes

over 14% — $0.45/gallon.

0.06

Yes

(c)

Yes

0.02

Yes

0.09

Yes

0.30

Source: Compiled by FTA from state sources. Key: N.A. — not applicable. … — none. (a) In 17 states, the government directly controls the sales of distilled spirits. Revenue in these states is generated from various taxes, fees, price mark-ups, and net liquor profits.

…

9% off- and on-premise sales tax; over 14% — $0.40/gal.; Sparkling — $0.45/gal.

under 3.2% — $0.36/gallon; 13.5% on-premise.

$0.04/case wholesale tax.

over 3.2% — sold through state store. more than 6% alcohol — $0.55; 10% on-premise sales tax.

9% off- and on-premise sales tax.

(b) General sales tax applies to on-premise sales only. (c) All wine sales are through state stores. Revenue in these states is generated from various taxes, fees, price mark-ups, and net profits. (d) Washington privatized liquor sales effective June 1, 2012.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 2 1

TA X E S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 D State Cannabis Taxes and Legal Status: July 2020 State or other jurisdiction

Medical

Alabama

Alaska

Yes

Arizona

Yes

Arkansas

Yes

California

Yes

Colorado

Yes

Connecticut Delaware

Yes Yes

Florida

Yes

Georgia Hawaii

No Yes

Idaho

Illinois

Yes

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Cannabis legality Recreational CBD * Hemp cultivation* Other (notes, taxes, agencies, revenues and upcoming ballot initiatives) The State Attorney General has held that only CBD is legal. Statewide, cannabis that contains more than 0.3-percent THC remains illegal. In March 2020, the AL Senate approved SB 165, that would No Restrictions Yes allow medical marijuana. The legislative session was cut short by the COVID-19 closures and did not receive a House vote. Legalization was approved with Ballot Measure 2 in 2014. The first cultivation license was granted in July 2016, with retail sales beginning in October 2016 Taxes: Excise tax of $50/ounce for flowers Excise tax of $15/ounce for stems and leaves Yes Yes Yes Excise tax of $25/ounce for immature flowers/buds (added 10/2018) Revenue information: FY 2017 Revenues $1.7 million. Agencies Administering: Licensing and Tracking: Marijuana Control Board: https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/AMCO Tax Administration: Alaska Dept. of Revenue: http://tax.alaska.gov/ Upcoming 2020 Ballot Initiatives: 1. Arizona Cannabis Legalization Initiative (2020) 2. Arizona Changes to Medical Marijuana Laws Measure (2020) No Yes Yes 3. Arizona Marijuana Legalization, Ban on Taxes, and Automatic Pardons Initiative (2020) 4. Arizona Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2020) 5. Arizona Medical Marijuana Program Rules Amendment (2020) Upcoming 2022 Ballot Initiative: No Yes Yes Arkansas Recreational Marijuana Initiative (2022) Arkansas Recreational Marijuana Initiative (2022) Legalization was approved with Proposition 64 in 2016. Personal use and growth were legal beginning in November 2016. Retail sales began January 2018 Taxes: Cultivation Tax of $9.25/ounce for flowers [$9.65 after 1/1/20] $2.75/ounce for leaves [$2.87 after 1/1/20] Fresh plant material $1.29/ounce [$1.35 after 1/1/20] Excise tax of 15% of Retail Sales Yes Yes Yes State retail sales tax applies (7.25% plus local taxes) *notes, medical marijuana was exempted from the state sales tax on November 2016 by Prop. 64. Revenue Information: FY 2018 Revenues (two quarters) $134 million. Agencies Administering: Tracking and Licensing: CalCannabis Cultivations Licensing (CA Dept. of Food & Agriculture); http:// calcannabis.cdfa.ca.gov/ Tax Administration: California Dept. of Tax and Fee Administration: https://www.cdtfa.ca.gov/ Legalization began when voters approved Constitutional Amendment 64 in 2012. Colorado became the first state to begin legal sales when retail stores opened in January 2014. Taxes: Excise Tax of 15% of Average Market Rate, sales to retail stores Yes Yes Yes Retail Tax of 15% (10% before July 2017) — local government receive 10% of this tax. (2.9% retail sales tax before July 2017) Local Option Retail Tax up to 8% Revenue Information: FY 2018 State Revenues $251 million. No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: Florida Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2022) No Yes Yes Florida Marijuana Legalization and Medical Marijuana Treatment Center Sales Initiative (2022) Florida Medical Marijuana Plants Initiative (2022) Florida Medical Marijuana for Mental Health Disorders Initiative (2022) No Restrictions Yes Medical cannabis oil with up to 5% THC is legal. No Yes No Medical marijuana is legal. The Idaho Attorney General delivered the 2015 opinion that CBD containing 0% THC is permissible as No Restrictions No long as it is derived from one of the five identified (non-flower) parts of the cannabis plant. Bipartisan bill H.B. 1438, which the General Assembly passed May 31, will allow adults 21 and older to buy marijuana from licensed dispensaries starting January 1, 2020. Pritzker signed the bill June 25. 7% Tax on Sales to Dispensaries Retail Excise Taxes Yes Yes Yes 10% on marijuana with THC level of 35% or less 20% on cannabis-infused products 25% for marijuana with THC level above 35% Local option tax up to 3% [7/1/2020] No Restrictions Yes CBD oil containing no more than 0.3 percent THC is legal. Medical cannabis oil is legal. Effective July 1, 2020, the law allows products with a total of 4.5 grams No Restrictions Yes of THC every 90 days, with some exceptions where a greater quantity is needed. No Restrictions Yes

See footnotes at end of table

3 22 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 D State Cannabis Taxes and Legal Status: July 2020 (continued) State or other jurisdiction

Medical

Kentucky

Louisiana

Yes

Maine

Yes

Maryland

Yes

Massachusetts

Yes

Michigan

Yes

Minnesota

Yes

Mississippi

Missouri

Yes

Montana

Yes

Nebraska

Nevada

Yes

New Hampshire

Yes

New Jersey

Yes

Cannabis legality Recreational CBD * Hemp cultivation* Other (notes, taxes, agencies, revenues and upcoming ballot initiatives) Medical cannabis oil is legal. In February 2020, the Kentucky House passed a medical cannabis bill, No Restrictions Yes HB 136. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Senate chose not to focus on the issue before their April 2020 adjournment. No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. Voters approved marijuana legalization with the Ballot Question 1 in 2016. This allowed possession and individuals to grow marijuana beginning on January 30, 2017. On May 2, 2018, the Legislature overrode the Governor’s veto of LD 1719, An Act to Implement a Regulatory Structure for Adult Use Marijuana. Yes Yes Yes Taxes: Excise tax of $335 per pound — flower Excise tax of $94 per pound — trim Excise tax of $0.35 per seed Retail sales tax of 10% No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. Legalization was approved with Ballot Question 4 in 2016. While the ballot question set January 2018 as the date for retail sales to begin, legislation H 3818 delayed first sales until after July 1, 2018 and set various tax rates. It also created a Cannabis Control Commission with 5 appointed members. The first cultivation license was issued on June 21, 2018, and the first retail store opened on November 20, 2018. Taxes: 10.75% Excise Tax on Retail sales (initially 3.75% on ballot) Yes Yes Yes 6.25% Retail Sales Tax applies Local Option Excise Tax of up to 3% is permitted (initially 2% on ballot) Agencies Administering: Tracking and Licensing: Massachusetts Cannabis Control Commission https://mass-cannabis-control.com/ Taxes: Massachusetts Dept. of Revenue https://www.mass.gov/marijuana-retail-taxes https://www.mass.gov/marijuana-retail-taxes Voters recently approved Ballot Proposal 1 in the 2018 election authorizing the cultivation, distribution and retail sales of recreational Marijuana. State policymakers now need to approve legislation to implement the proposal. Details on taxes and regulation will be spelled out in future legislation. Legal retail sales began on December 6, 2019. Taxes: 10% Retail Excise Tax Yes Yes Yes 6% State Sales Tax (effective February 6, 2020) Agencies Administering: Tracking and Licensing: Michigan Dept. of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs https://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-89334_79571_90056---,00.html Taxes: To Be Administered by the Michigan Department of Treasury https://www.michigan.gov/treasury The Department has recently released Bulletin 2019–17 discussing collections of retail excise tax. No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: Mississippi Initiative 65 and Alternative 65A, Medical Marijuana Amendment (2020) No Restrictions No 1. Mississippi Marijuana Legalization, Criminal Record Expungement, and Firearm Possession for Non-Violent Felons Amendment (2022) 2. Mississippi Marijuana Legalization Amendment (2022) No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. Medical marijuana is legal. Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: No Yes Yes 1. Montana CI-118, Allow for a Legal Age for Marijuana Amendment (2020 2. Montana I-190, Marijuana Legalization and Tax Initiative (2020) Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: 1. Nebraska Cannabis Legalization Initiative (2020) No No Yes 2. Nebraska Medical Marijuana Initiative (2020) 3. Nebraska Cannabis Legalization Initiative (2020) Legal sales of Marijuana were approved by the voters with Ballot Question 2 in 2016. While the Ballot Question setup January 1, 2017 as the start date for retail sales, the Dept. of Taxation approved regulations allowing sales to begin on July 1, 2017. Due to supply conditions, the Department temporarily permitted medical facilities to sell recreational marijuana. Taxes: Yes Yes Yes Wholesale Excise Tax 15% [Fair Market Value determined by DOT], also applied to medical marijuana Retail Tax 10% Sales tax imposed 6.85% (plus local) Agencies Administering: Tracking, Licensing and Taxes: Nevada Dept. of Taxation http://marijuana.nv.gov/ No Yes No Medical marijuana is legal. Medical marijuana is legal. No Yes Yes Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: New Jersey Marijuana Legalization Amendment (2020)

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 2 3

TA X E S

TABLE 7 .1 5 D State Cannabis Taxes and Legal Status: July 2020 (continued) State or other jurisdiction New Mexico New York North Carolina

Medical Yes Yes No

North Dakota

Yes

Ohio

Yes

Oklahoma

Yes

Oregon

Yes

Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina

Yes Yes No

South Dakota

Tennessee Texas Utah

No No Yes

Vermont

Yes

Virginia

Washington

Yes

West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Yes No No

Dist. of Columbia

Yes

Guam

Yes

CNMI*

Yes

Cannabis legality Recreational CBD * Hemp cultivation* Other (notes, taxes, agencies, revenues and upcoming ballot initiatives) No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. No Restrictions Yes Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: No Yes Yes 1. North Dakota Legalize Marijuana and Allow Home Growth Amendment (2020) 2. North Dakota Marijuana Legalization Statutory Initiative (2020) Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: No Yes No 1. Ohio Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2020) 2. Ohio Right to Marijuana Use Initiative (2020) Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: 1. Oklahoma State Question 808, Constitutional Right to Cannabis Consumption Initiative (2020) No Yes Yes 2. Oklahoma State Question 812, Marijuana Decriminalization Initiative (2020) 3. Oklahoma State Question 813, Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2020) Voters approved Initiative Measure 91 in 2014 that legalized recreational marijuana allowing possession of up to 8 ounces and four plants. It also required the Liquor Control Commission to regulate sales. Legislation was approved in the 2015 session that allowed retail sales to begin on October 1, 2015, initially through medical dispensaries on a temporary basis. Recreational marijuana retail licenses were granted beginning October 1, 2016. Taxes: 17% Retail Sales Tax a temporary 25% tax was imposed on Medical Dispensary sales January–December 2016. Yes Yes Yes Local Option sales tax up to 3% Agencies Administering: Tracking and Licensing: Oregon Liquor Control Commission https://www.oregon.gov/olcc/Pages/index.aspx Taxes: Oregon Dept. of Revenue https://www.oregon.gov/DOR/Pages/index.aspx Upcoming Ballot Initiatives: Oregon Amend Recreational and Medical Cannabis Laws Initiative (2020) No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. No Restrictions Yes Upcoming Ballot Initiatives No No Yes 1.South Dakota Constitutional Amendment A, Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2020) 2. South Dakota Initiated Measure 26, Medical Marijuana Initiative (2020) No Restrictions Yes No Restrictions Yes Medical cannabis oil is legal. No Yes Medical marijuana is legal. In January 2018, the governor signed H. 511 permitting the possession of 1 ounce of marijuana and two plants. It did NOT allow the retail sales of marijuana but created a Marijuana Advisory Commission which would submit recommendations to the legislature on future retail sales. Yes Yes Yes Agencies Administering: Vermont Marijuana Advisory Commission https://marijuanacommission.vermont.gov/ No Restrictions Yes Medical cannabis oil is legal. Voters approved Measure Initiative 502 in 2012 which legalized the possession, distribution and sales of marijuana. It required the State Liquor Control Board to regulate and tax the retail sale of Marijuana. Legislation in 2015 (H 2136) changed the tax rate (from 25% wholesale and retail tax) to the current 37% rate and changed the name to the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. Retail sales began July 2014, with Washington became the second state to permit retail sales of recreational marijuana. Note, medical dispensaries were required to obtain a retail license after June 2016. Taxes: Yes Yes Yes 37% Tax on Retail Sales 6.5% Retail Sales Tax (plus local tax) [medical is exempt from sales taxes after June 2016] Agencies Administering: Tracking, Licensing and Taxes: Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board https://lcb.wa.gov/ Upcoming Ballot initiatives: Washington Prohibit Marijuana Cultivation and Sales in Residential Zones Initiative (2020) No Yes Yes Medical marijuana is legal. No Restrictions Yes No Restrictions Yes CBD products that contain less than 0.3% THC by weight are legal to use and possess. Medical and recreational marijuana are legal. Voters approved Ballot Initiative 71 in 2014 that Yes Yes No allowed possession of less than two ounces of marijuana. However, Federal law does NOT permit the cultivation, distribution and retail sales of Marijuana. Legal for medical purposes since 2015 and legal for recreational purposes since April 2019. Passing Yes Restrictions Yes via a ballot referendum in 2014. On September 21, 2018 Gov. Ralph Torres legalized recreational cannabis consumption for adults Yes Yes Yes (over age 21), and medical use of cannabis.

See footnotes at end of table

3 24 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 5 D State Cannabis Taxes and Legal Status: July 2020 (continued) Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators and The Council of State Governments’ survey of state web sites, July 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Notes: 1. Hemp-derived CBD products are legal under Federal Law in the United States; however, individual state laws vary widely. The states may enact their own laws governing hemp-derived CBD. 2. The 2018 Farm Bill re-classified hemp as an agricultural commodity and made its cultivation federally legal. This created a legal distinction between hemp and marijuana. Hemp is defined as cannabis with less than 0.3% THC, and marijuana refers to cannabis with more than 0.3% THC. This distinction under federal law legalized CBD derived from cannabis with less than 0.3% THC, as long as it has been cultivated following federal and state regulations. Under federal legal criteria, CBD oil must contain no more

than 0.3 percent THC. The 2018 Farm Bill legislation does not legalize CBD throughout the United States. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the authority to regulate CBD product labeling, therapeutic claims and the use of CBD as a food additive. The FDA has declared that hemp-derived CBD may not be added to food and beverages, or marketed as a dietary supplement. The agency prohibits labeling that could be interpreted as medical claims about CBD. The Farm Bill, in addition to regulating CBD also gave states the option to regulate and prohibit the cultivation and commerce of CBD. States may still regulate CBD in food, beverages, dietary supplements, and cosmetic products independently, even before the FDA finalizes its policies. There are currently no laws in the CNMI stating that CBD cannot be used as an additive in food.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 2 5

TA X E S

TA BLE 7 .1 6 A State Sales Tax Rates and Food and Drug Exemptions (As of January 1, 2020) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California (b) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Tax rate (percentage) 4.0 none 5.6 6.5 7.25 2.9 6.35 none 6.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.25 7.0 6.0 6.5 6.0 4.45 5.5 6.0 6.25 6.0 6.875 7.0 4.225 none 5.5 6.85 none 6.625 5.125 4.0 4.75 5.0 5.75 4.5 none 6.0 7.0 6.0 4.5 7.0 6.25 6.1 (d) 6.0 5.3 (e) 6.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 6.0

Food (a) … none « 1.5% (c) « « « none « «(c) … … 1% « « … « «(c) « « « « « … 1.225% none « « none « « « «(c) « « … none « « « … 4% (c) « 3.0% (d) « 2.5% (e) « « « « «

Source: Compiled by FTA from various sources, January 2020. Key: «—Indicates exempt from tax. …—Indicates subject to general sales tax rate. (a) Some states tax food, but allow a rebate or income tax credit to compensate poor households. They are: HI, ID, KS, OK, and SD. (b) Tax rate may be adjusted annually according to a formula based

3 26 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Exemptions Prescription drugs « none « « « « « none « « « « 1% « « « « « « « « « « « « none « « none « « « « « « « none « « « « « « « « « « « « « «

Nonprescription drugs … none … … … … … none « … … … 1% … … … … … … « … … « … … none … … none « … « … … … … none « … … … … « … « « … … … … «

on balances in the unappropriated general fund and the school foundation fund. (c) Food sales subject to local taxes. (d) Includes a statewide 1.25% tax levied by local governments in Utah. (e) Includes statewide 1.0% tax levied by local governments in Virginia.

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 6 B State Sales Tax Rates and Vendor Discounts (As of January 1, 2020) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana (e) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire (g) New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah (i) Vermont Virginia (i) Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U. S. Median

State sales Vendor discount tax rate (percent) Rank (percent) Max/Min 4.0% 41 5.0%-2.0% (a) $400/month (max) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.6 28 1 (b) $10,000/year (max) 6.5 9 2.0 $1,000/month (max) 7.25 1 None 2.9 46 4.0 (c) 6.35 12 None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.0 16 2.5 $30/report (max) 4.0 41 3.0-0.5 (a) 4.0 41 None 6.0 16 None (d) 6.25 13 1.75 $5/year (min) 7.0 2 0.73 (e) 6.0 16 None 6.5 9 None 6.0 16 1.75-1.5 (a) $50/month (max) 4.5 36 0.84% $1,500/month (max) 5.5 29 None (d) 6.0 16 1.2-0.90 (a) $500/return (max) 6.25 13 None $6/month (min), $15,000/month (max) 6.0 16 0.5 (f) 6.875 6 None 7.0 2 2.0 $50/month (max) 4.225 39 2.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.5 29 2.5 $75/month (max) 6.85 6 0.25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.625 8 None 5.125 31 None 4.0 41 5.0 $200/quarter (max) 4.75 35 None 5.0 32 1.5 $110/month (max) 5.75 27 0.75 4.5 36 None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.0 16 1.0 $25/month (min) 7.0 2 None 6.0 16 3.0-2.0 (a) $10,000/year (max) 4.5 36 1.5 $70/month (max) 7.0 2 None 6.25 13 0.5 (h) 4.7 34 1.31 6.0 16 None 4.3 39 1.6-0.8 (j) 6.5 9 None 6.0 16 None 5.0 32 0.5 $10/period (min), $1,000 (max) 4.0 41 1.95-1.0 (a) $500/month (max) 6.00 16 None 6.00 27 states allow vendor discounts

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 2 7

TA X E S

TABLE 7 .1 6 B State Sales Tax Rates and Vendor Discounts (As of January 1, 2020) (continued) Source: Compiled by FTA from various sources. January 2020. Key: (a) In some states, the vendorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; discount varies by the amount paid. In AL and SC, the larger discounts apply to the first $100. In GA, the larger discount applies to the first $3,000. In KY, the larger discounts apply to the first $1,000, while MD applies the larger discount to annual collections of $6,000. In WY, the larger discount applies to the first $6,250. The lower discounts apply to the remaining collections above these amounts. (b) In Arizona, vendor discount rate is 1.2% for electronic filers with a $12,000 annual maximum. (c) Local option sales tax discount varies from 0% to 3.33%. (d) Vendors are allowed to keep any excess collections prescribed under the bracket system.

3 28â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(e) Utilities are not permitted to take discount. Collection allowances are 0.73% if total sales tax collected is less than $60,000; 0.53% if total taxes are between $60,000 and $600,000; 0.26% if total sales tax collected is more than $600,000. (f) Vendor discount only applies to the first 4.0% of the tax. A 0.75% discount if paid by the 12th of the month. (g) New Hampshire imposes a 9% tax on meals and rooms, with a vendor discount of 3%. (h) An additional discount of 1.25% applies for early payment. (i) Rate does not include a statewide local rate of 1.0% in VA and 1.25% in UT. In UT, a discount of 1% is applicable to local taxes. (j) Discount varies; 1.1% (1.6% for food) of the first $62,500, 0.84% (1.2%) of the amount to $208,000, and 0.56% (0.8%) of the remainder. Applies to the state tax only. No discount allowed on electronically filed returns.

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 7 State Individual Income Taxes (Tax rates for the tax year 2020 — as of January 1, 2020) Tax rate range (in percents) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska

Low 2.0

–

Income brackets

High

Number of brackets

Lowest

5.0

500 (b)

–

Standard deduction

Highest

Single

Married

Dependents

Single

Married

3,001 (b)

1,500

3,000

500 (e)

2,500 (y)

7,500 (y)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (No state income tax) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Arizona (a)

2.59

–

Arkansas (a)

2.0

– 6.6 (f)

California (a)

1.0

4.5 12.3 (g)

26,500 (b) –

Federal income tax deductible ★ …

159,000 (b)

…

100 (c)

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

4,600

–

80,801

26 (c)

52 (c)

26 (c)

2,200

4,400

…

8,809 (b)

–

590,742 (b)

122 (c)

244 (c)

378 (c)

4,537 (a)

9,074 (a)

…

(d)

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

…

(h)

…

110 (c)

3,250

6,500

Colorado

4.63

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

Connecticut

3.0

–

6.99

10,000 (b) –

Delaware

0.0

–

6.6

Florida

Personal exemptions

2,000

–

500,000 (b) 60,001

15,000 (h) 24,000 (h) 110 (c)

220 (c)

…

… …

Georgia

1.0

–

5.75

750 (i)

–

7,001 (i)

2,700

7,400

3,000

4,600

6,000

Hawaii

1.4

–

11.0

2,400 (b)

–

200,000 (b)

1,144

2,288

1,144

2,200

4,400

…

1.125 – 6.925

1,541 (b)

–

11,554 (b)

(d)

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

…

Idaho (a)

…

Illinois (a)

4.95

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

2,275

4,550

2,275

…

Indiana

3.23

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

1,000

2,000

2,500 (j)

…

Iowa (a)

0.33

–

8.53

74,970

40 (c)

80 (c)

40 (c)

2,110 (a)

5,210 (a)

★

Kansas

3.1

–

5.7

30,000 (b)

2,250

4,500

2,250

3,000

7,500

…

Kentucky

5.0

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

----------------------- None ----------------------

2,590

2,650

…

Louisiana

2.0

–

6.0

12,500 (b) –

50,001 (b)

4,500 (k)

9,000 (k)

1,000

(k)

★

Maine (a)

5.8

–

7.15

22,200 (l) –

52,600 (l)

4,300

8,600

4,300

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

…

Maryland

2.0

–

5.75

1,000 (m) –

250,000 (m)

3,200

6,400

3,200

2,250 (z)

4,500 (z)

…

Massachusetts

5.0

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

4,400

8,800

1,000

…

Michigan (a)

4.25

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

4,400

8,800

4,400

…

Minnesota (a)

5.35

–

9.85

26,960 (n) –

164,401 (n)

(d)

4,250

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

…

Mississippi

3.0

–

5.0

5,000

–

10,001

6,000

12,000

1,500

2,300

4,600

…

Missouri (a)

1.5

–

5.4

1,053

–

8,424

(d)

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

★(o) ★(o)

15,666

–

15,000 (b) –

Montana (a)

1.0

–

6.9

3,100

–

18,400

2,510

5,020

2,510

4,710 (z)

9,420 (z)

Nebraska (a)

2.46

–

6.84

3,290 (b)

–

31,750 (b)

140 (c)

280 (c)

140 (c)

7,000

14,000

Nevada New Hampshire

--------------------------------------------------------------------------(No state income tax)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(State income tax of 5% on dividends and interest income only.)-----------------------------------------------------------------

New Jersey

1.4

– 10.75

20,000 (p) – 5,000,000 (p)

New Mexico

1.7

–

4.9

5,500 (q)

–

New York (a)(aa)

4.0

–

8.82

8,500 (b)

– 1,077,550 (b)

North Carolina

5.25

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

North Dakota (a)

1.1

2.9

40,125 (r) –

–

16,001 (q)

… … …

1,000

2,000

1,500

…

(d)

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

…

1,000

8,000

16,000

…

10,750

21,500

…

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

… …

----------------------- None ----------------------

440,600 (r)

(d)

Ohio (a)

0.0

4.797

21,750

–

217,400

2,350 (s)

4,700 (s)

2,350 (s)

…

Oklahoma

0.5

–

5.0

1,000 (t)

–

7,200 (t)

1,000

2,000

1,000

6,350

12,700

…

Oregon (a)

4.75

–

9.9

3,600 (b)

–

125,000 (b)

210 (c)

420 (c)

210 (c)

2,315

4,630

★(o)

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

Pennsylvania

…

Rhode Island (a)

3.75

–

5.99

65,250

–

148,350

4,100

8,200

4,100

8,900 (y)

17,800 (y)

…

South Carolina (a)

0.0

–

7.0

3,070

–

15,400

(d)

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

…

South Dakota Tennessee Texas

3.07

(State income tax of 1% on dividends and interest income only (x).)

Utah

4.95

-----------------Flat rate-----------------

3.55

–

8.75

40,350 (v) –

Virginia

2.0

–

5.75

3.0

–

6.5

Wisconsin (a)

4.0

7.65

Dist. of Columbia

2,500

…

3,000

–

…

(u)

…

4,250

83,500

4,250

6,150

12,300

…

17,001

930

1,860

930

4,500

9,000

60,000

2,000

4,000

2,000

…

700

1,400

700

11,050 (y)

22,999 (y)

…

8.95

–

… …

263,480 (w)

4.0

10,000

… …

204,000 (v)

West Virginia Wyoming

1,250

Vermont (a) Washington

----------------------- None ----------------------

11,970 (w) 10,000

1,000,000

(d)

12,400 (d)

24,800 (d)

…

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 2 9

TA X E S

TABLE 7 .1 7 State Individual Income Taxes (Tax rates for the tax year 2020 — as of January 1, 2020) (continued) Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources, February 2020. Key: «— Provision for … — No provision (a) 19 states have statutory provision for automatically adjusting to the rate of inflation the dollar values of the income tax brackets, standard deductions, and/or personal exemptions. Michigan indexes the personal exemption only. Oregon does not index the income brackets for $125,000 and over. (b) For joint returns, taxes are twice the tax on half the couple’s income. (c) The personal exemption takes the form of a tax credit instead of a deduction (d) These states use the personal exemption/standard deduction amounts provided in the federal Internal Revenue Code. (e) In Alabama, the per-dependent exemption is $1,000 for taxpayers with state AGI of $20,000 or less, $500 with AGI from $20,001 to $100,000, and $300 with AGI over $100,000. (f) Arkansas has separate brackets for taxpayers with income under $75,000 and $21,000. (g) California imposes an additional 1% tax on taxable income over $1 million, making the maximum rate 13.3% over $1 million. (h) Connecticut’s personal exemption incorporates a standard deduction. An additional tax credit is allowed ranging from 75% to 0% based on state adjusted gross income. Exemption amounts are phased out for higher income taxpayers until they are eliminated for households earning over $71,000. (i) The Georgia income brackets reported are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $1,000, to $10,000. (j) In Indiana, includes an additional exemption of $1,500 for each dependent child. (k) The amounts reported for Louisiana are a combined personal exemption-standard deduction. (l) The income bracket reported for Maine are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $44,450 to $105,200. (m) The income brackets reported for Maryland are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $1,000, to $300,000.

3 30 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(n) The income brackets reported for Minnesota are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $39,410 to $273,470. (o) The deduction for federal income tax is limited to $5,000 for individuals and $10,000 for joint returns in Missouri and Montana, and to $6,500 for all filers in Oregon. (p} The New Jersey rates reported are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the tax rates also range from 1.4% to 10.75%, with 8 brackets and the same high and low income ranges. (q) The income brackets reported for New Mexico are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $8,000 to $24,000. (r) The income brackets reported for North Dakota are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $67,050 to $440,600. (s) Ohio provides an additional tax credit of $20 per exemption. Exemption amounts reduced for higher income taxpayers. (t) The income brackets reported for Oklahoma are for single persons. For married persons filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $2,000, to $12,200. (u) Utah provides a tax credit equal to 6% of the federal personal exemption amounts (and applicable standard deduction). (v) Vermont’s income brackets reported are for single individuals. For married taxpayers filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $67,450 to $248,350. (w) The Wisconsin income brackets reported are for single individuals. For married taxpayers filing jointly, the same tax rates apply income brackets ranging from $15,960, to $351,310. (x) Tennessee Hall Tax Rate on Dividends and Interest is being phased out, 1% reduction each year (y) Alabama standard deduction is phased out for incomes over $23,000. Rhode Island exemptions & standard deductions phased out for incomes over $203,850; Wisconsin standard deduciton phases out for income over $15,939. (z) Maryland standard deduction limited to 15% of AGI; Montana, 20% of AGI.

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .1 8 State Personal Income Taxes: Federal Starting Points (As of January 1, 2020) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Federal tax base used as starting point Relation to Internal Revenue Code to calculate state taxable income ... ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No state income tax ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1/1/19 Adjusted gross income ... ... 1/1/15 Adjusted gross income Current Taxable income Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No state income tax ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1/1/19 Adjusted gross income 12/31/18 Adjusted gross income 1/1/19 Taxable income Current Adjusted gross income 1/1/19 Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 12/31/18 Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 12/31/18 Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 1/1/05 Adjusted gross income Current (a) Adjusted gross income 12/31/18 Adjusted gross income ... ... Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No state income tax ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- On interest and dividends only ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------... ... Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 1/1/19 Adjusted gross income Current Taxable income 3/30/18 Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 12/31/18 Taxable income ... ... Current Adjusted gross income 12/31/18 Taxable income ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No state income tax ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- On interest and dividends only ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No state income tax ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Current Adjusted gross income 12/31/18 Adjusted gross income 12/31/18 Adjusted gross income ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No state income tax ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12/31/18 Adjusted gross income 12/31/17 Adjusted gross income ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No state income tax ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Current Adjusted gross income

Source: Compiled by the Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources. January 2020. Note: Includes all legislation enacted through January 1, 2019. The TCJA was signed into law on December 22, 2017, and the Bipartisan Budget Act revising many expired tax breaks was signed on February 9, 2018. A conformity date before these dates would not incorporate those changes. Key: . . . — State does not employ a federal starting point. Current — Indicates state has adopted the Internal Revenue Code as currently in effect.

Dates indicate state has adopted IRC as amended to that date. (a) Michigan’s taxpayers can choose to use either current or 1/1/2018 federal law.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 3 1

TA X E S

TA BLE 7 .1 9 Range of State Corporate Income Tax Rates (For Tax Year 2020 — as of January 1, 2020) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Tax brackets Financial institution tax Lowest Highest Number of brackets rates (percent)(a) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.5 25,000 222,000 10 0 - 9.4 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 4.9 (b) 3,000 100,001 6 1.0 - 6.5 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 10.84 (b) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 4.63 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 7.5 (c) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 8.7 - 1.7 (d) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 4.458 (e) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 5.75 25,000 100,001 3 7.92 (f) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.925 (g) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 9.5 (h) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.0 25,000 250,001 4 5.0 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 2.25 (k) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 (a) 25,000 200,001 5 4.0 - 8.0 350,000 3,500,000 4 1.0 (l) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 8.25 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 9.0 (m) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 (a) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 9.8 (n) 2,000 10,001 4 0 - 5.0 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 7.0 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.75 (o) 100,000 2 (a) ----------------------------------------------------------No corporate income tax-----------------------------------------------------------------7.7 (p) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 7.7 (p) 9.0 (q) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 9.0 (q) 4.8 - 5.9 500,000 2 4.8-5.9 6.5 (r) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.5 (r) 2.5 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 2.5 1.41 - 4.31 (s) 25,000 50,001 3 1.41 - 4.31 (s) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------(t)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------(t) 6.0 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.0 6.6 - 7.6 (u) 1 million 2 6.6 - 7.6 (u) 9.99 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 (a) 7.0 (b) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 9.0 (b) 5.0 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 4.5 (v) ----------------------------------------------------------------No corporate income tax--------------------------------------------------------------6.0 - 0.25 (b) 6.5 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.5 (w) (w) 4.95 (b) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------4.95 (b) 6.0 - 8.5 (b) 10,000 25,000 3 (a) 6.0 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.0 ----------------------------------------------------------No corporate income tax-----------------------------------------------------------------6.5 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 6.5 7.9 ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 7.9 ----------------------------------------------------------No corporate income tax-----------------------------------------------------------------8.25 (b) ---------------------------------Flat Rate--------------------------------1 8.25 (b) Tax rate (percent) 6.5 0 - 9.4 4.9 (b) 1.0 - 6.5 8.84 (b) 4.63 7.5 (c) 8.7 4.458 (e) 5.75 4.4 - 6.4 (f) 6.925 (g) 9.5 (h) 5.5 (i) 6.0 - 12.0 4.0 (k) 5.0 4.0 - 8.0 3.5 - 8.93 8.25 8.0 (m) 6.0 9.8 (n) 0 - 5.0 4.0 6.75 (o) 5.58 - 7.81

See footnotes at end of table

3 32 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Federal income tax deductible « … … … … … … … … … … … … … «(j) … … « … … … … … … «(j) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

TA XE S

TABLE 7 .1 9 Range of State Corporate Income Tax Rates (For tax year 2019—as of January 1, 2019) (continued) Source: Compiled by the Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources January 2020. Key: «— Yes … — No (a) Rates listed are the corporate income tax rate applied to financial institutions or excise taxes based on income. Some states have other taxes based upon the value of deposits or shares. (b) Minimum tax is $800 in California, $250 in District of Columbia, $50 in Arizona and North Dakota (banks), $400 ($100 banks) in Rhode Island, $200 per location in South Dakota (banks), $100 in Utah, $300 in Vermont. (c) Connecticut’s tax is the greater of the 7.5% tax on net income, a 0.31% tax on capital stock and surplus (maximum tax of $1 million), or $250 (the minimum tax). A 10% surcharge is imposed for tax year 2020. (d) The Delaware Bank marginal rate decreases over 4 brackets ranging from $20 to $650 million in taxable income. Building and loan associations are taxed at a flat 8.7%. (e) The Florida tax rate may be adjusted downward if certain revenue targets are met. (f) Hawaii taxes capital gains at 4%. Financial institutions pay a franchise tax of 7.92% of taxable income (in lieu of the corporate income tax and general excise taxes). (g) Idaho’s minimum tax on a corporation is $20. The $10 Permanent Building Fund Tax must be paid by each corporation in a unitary group filing a combined return. Taxpayers with gross sales in Idaho under $100,000, and with no property or payroll in Idaho, may elect to pay 1% on such sales (instead of the tax on net income). (h) The Illinois rate of 9.5% is the sum of a corporate income tax rate of 7.0% plus a replacement tax of 2.5%. (i) The Indiana Corporate tax rate is scheduled to decrease to 5.25% on July 1, 2020. Bank tax rate is scheduled to decrease to 5.5% on 1/1/21. (j) 50% of the federal income tax is deductible. (k) In addition to the flat 4% corporate income tax, Kansas levies a 3.0% surtax on taxable income over $50,000. Banks pay a privilege tax of 2.25% of net income, plus a surtax of 2.125% (2.25% for savings and loans, trust companies, and federally chartered savings banks) on net income in excess of $25,000. (l) The state franchise tax on financial institutions is either (1) the sum of 1% of the Maine net income of the financial institution for the taxable year, plus 8¢ per $1,000 of the institution’s Maine assets as of the end of its taxable year, or (2) 39¢ per $1,000 of the institution’s Maine assets as of the end of its taxable year. (m) Business and manufacturing corporations pay an additional tax of $2.60 per $1,000 on either taxable Massachusetts tangible property or taxable net worth allocable to the state (for intangible property corporations). The minimum tax for both corporations and financial institutions is $456.

(n) In addition, Minnesota levies a 5.8% tentative minimum tax on Alternative Minimum Taxable Income. Minnesota also imposes a surtax ranging up to $10,380. (o) Montana levies a 7% tax on taxpayers using water’s edge combination. The minimum tax per corporation is $50; the $50 minimum applies to each corporation included on a combined tax return. Taxpayers with gross sales in Montana of $100,000 or less may pay an alternative tax of 0.5% on such sales, instead of the net income tax. (p) New Hampshire’s 7.7% Business Profits Tax is imposed on both corporations and unincorporated associations with gross income over $50,000. In addition, New Hampshire levies a Business Enterprise Tax of 0.675% on the enterprise base (total compensation, interest and dividends paid) for businesses with gross receipts over $208,000 or enterprise base over $104,000, adjusted every biennium for CPI. The Business Profits Tax is scheduled to decrease to 7.5% for tax year 2021. (q) New Jersey also imposes a 1.5% surtax on taxpayers with income over $1 million in tax year 2020. Small businesses with annual entire net income under $100,000 pay a tax rate of 7.5%; businesses with income under $50,000 pay 6.5%. The minimum Corporation Business Tax is based on New Jersey gross receipts. It ranges from $500 for a corporation with gross receipts less than $100,000, to $2,000 for a corporation with gross receipts of $1 million or more. (r) New York’s General business corporate rate shown. Corporations may also be subject to a capital stocks tax, which is being phased out through 2021. A minimum tax ranges from $25 to $200,000, depending on receipts ($250 minimum for banks). Certain qualified New York manufacturers pay 0%. (s) North Dakota imposes a 3.5% surtax for filers electing to use the water’s edge method to apportion income. (t) Ohio no longer levies a tax based on income (except for a particular subset of corporations), but instead imposes a Commercial Activity Tax (CAT) equal to $150 for gross receipts sitused to Ohio of between $150,000 and $1 million, plus 0.26% of gross receipts over $1 million. Banks continue to pay a franchise tax of 1.3% of net worth. For those few corporations for whom the franchise tax on net worth or net income still applies, a litter tax also applies. (u) Oregon’s minimum tax for C corporations depends on the Oregon sales of the filing group. The minimum tax ranges from $150 for corporations with sales under $500,000, up to $100,000 for companies with sales of $100 million or above. (v) South Carolina taxes savings and loans at a 6% rate. (w) Texas imposes a Franchise Tax, otherwise known as margin tax, imposed on entities with more than $1,130,000 total revenues at rate of 0.75%, or 0.375% for entities primarily engaged in retail or wholesale trade, on lesser of 70% of total revenues or 100% of gross receipts after deductions for either compensation or cost of goods sold.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 3 3

TA X E S

TA BLE 7 .2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2020 State Alabama

Title and application of tax (a)

Rate

Iron Ore Mining Tax (c)

$.03/ton

Forest Products Severance Tax

Varies by species and ultimate use.

Oil and Gas Conservation & Regulation of Production Tax

1% of production from wells permitted from July 1, 1996 thru June 30, 2002 for five years from first production; 1.66% of gross proceeds from offshore production from depths greater than 8,000 feet below mean sea level; 2% of all other production.

Oil and Gas Privilege Tax on Production

8% of gross value at point of production; 4% of gross value at point of incremental production resulting from a qualified enhanced recovery project; 4% if wells produce 25 bbl. or less oil per day or 200,000 cu. ft. or less gas per day; 6% of gross value at point of production for certain on-shore and off-shore wells. A 50% rate reduction for wells permitted by the oil and gas board on or after July 1, 1996 and before July 1, 2002 for 5 years from initial production, except for replacement wells for which the initial permit was dated before July 1, 1996; 3.65% gross proceeds from offshore production greater than 8,000 ft. below sea level;

Coal Severance Tax

$0.335/ton (a $0.135/ton tax rate and $0.20/ton tax rate). Effective Aug. 1, 2017, the additional tax rates for coal are $0.025 per ton on underground mining and $0.05 per ton on surface mining. The additional tax will expire two years after its effective date.

Local Solid Minerals Tax

Varies by county for sand, clay, gravel, granite, shale, and other products.

Uniform Natural Minerals Tax

$.10/ton.

Common Property Fisheries Assessment (b)

$0.10/lb; determined annually by the department of revenue.

Dive Fishery Management Assessment (b)

Elective; currently 5% or 7% of value for select dive fishery species in select management regions.

Fisheries Business Tax

Tax based on unprocessed value of fishery resources processed in or exported from the state. 1% of value for shore-based processing in developing fisheries; 3% of value for floating processing in developing fisheries or shore-based processing in established fisheries; 4.5% of value for salmon cannery processing in established fisheries; 5% of value for floating processing in established fisheries.

Fishery Resource Landing Tax

Tax based on unprocessed value of fishery resources processed outside and first landed in the state. 1% of value for developing fisheries; 3% of value for established fisheries.

Mining License Tax

Up to 7% of net income and royalties received in connection with mining properties and activities in Alaska. Quarry rock, sand and gravel, and marketable earth mining operations are exempt from the mining license tax. New mining operations exempt for 3-1/2 years after production begins.

Alaska Oil Production Tax

Alaska will impose a base rate of 35 percent on oil companies' net profits in the state.

Salmon Enhancement Tax (b)

Elective; 2% or 3% of value for salmon sold in or exported from select aquaculture regions.

Seafood Development Tax (b)

Elective; currently 1% of value for select commercial fish species in select seafood development regions.

Seafood Marketing Assessment (b)

Elective; currently 0.5% of value for all commercial fish species exported from, landed or processed in-state.

Arizona

Severance Tax

.025% for metalliferous mining; 0.0313% for nonmetal mining. Additional severance taxes on these and other products are levied at the city or county level. For timber, $2.13 per thousand for board fee (Ponderosa) and $1.50 per thousand board feet (other).

Arkansas

Timber Severance Tax

$0.17/ton (pine), all other $0.125/ton.

Natural Gas Severance Tax

1.25%, 1.5%, and 5% depending on well classification

Oil Severance Tax

Crude oil 4% to 5% depending on production levels; additional taxes of 5 mils and $0.02 per barrel of oil produced in the state

Other Severance Taxes

Separate Rate for each Substance.

Oil and Gas Conservation Assessment

Maximum 43 mills/bbl. of oil and 9 mills per MCF produced of gas.

Brine Severance Tax

Tax rate equals $2.75 per 1,000 barrels or $0.00275 per barrel.

Oil and Gas Production Assessment

Rate determined annually by Department of Conservation to fund agency operations; no state severance tax. The assessment rate for fiscal yearÂ 2019/20 is $0.565336900.

Lumber Products Assessment

1% on purchases of lumber products and engineered wood products for use in California, based on the selling price of the products.

Severance Tax

$0.803 for amount of coal produced above 300,000 tons, rate updated monthly by the department of revenue. 2.25% for metallic minerals above $19 million in gross producer income. $0.05/ton of molybdenum above 625,000 tons. Oil and gas rate varies from 2% to 5% depending on gross income brackets; up to 15 barrels per day of oil 90,000 cubic feet of gas per producing day are exempt. Oil shale is taxed based on years of operation, where 1 year = 1%, 2 years, = 2%, etc. up to 4% of the gross proceeds above the threshold and after the first 180 days of production.

Oil and Gas Conservation Levy (d)

0.07% charge on all oil, natural gas, and CO2 produced

Alaska

California

Colorado

See footnotes at end of table

3 34â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2020 (continued) State Florida

Idaho Illinois

Title and application of tax (a)

Rate

Oil Production Tax

5% of gross value for small well oil, and 8% of gross value for ordinary oil production, and 12.5% for escaped oil; tiered formula for tertiary oil.

Gas and Sulfur Production Tax

The gas base rate ($0.171) times the gas base adjustment rate each fiscal year for gas (Rate as of July 1, 2019 is $0.225 per MCF); and the sulfur base rate ($2.43) times the sulfur base rate adjustment each fiscal year for sulfur (Rate as of July 1, 2019 is $5.79 per ton).

Solid Minerals Tax (e)

8% of the value of the minerals severed; heavy minerals (rate computed annually at $1.34/ton plus times the base rate adjustment currently at 2.83490). Year 2020 Tax Rate $3.80 per ton; phosphate rock (rate computed annually at a base rate of $1.80/ton)

Mine License Tax

1% of net value of ores mined or extracted and royalties received from mining.

Oil and Gas Production Tax

2.5% of the gross income earned for the sale of oil and gas.

Oil and Gas Production Tax

For first 24 months, rate for oil and gas is 3% of the value. Thereafter, rate will be 6% of the value of gas and rate on oil will be based on each wellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average daily production (ADP). ADP less than 25 barrels, rate is 3%; ADP of at least 25 and less than 50 barrels, rate is 4%; ADP of at least 50 and less than 100 barrels, rate is 5%; at least 100 barrels, rate is 6%.

Timber Fee

4% of purchase price (g)

Indiana

Petroleum Severance Tax (h)

1% of value of petroleum; $0.24 per barrel for oil; and $0.03 per 1000 cu. ft. of natural gas

Kansas

Mineral Tax (i)

8% of gross value of oil and gas, less property tax credit of 3.67% for oil and gas; and $1/ton of coal.

Oil Inspection Fee/Barrel (i)

$0.015/barrel

Oil and Gas Conservation Tax

91.00 mills/bbl. crude oil or petroleum marketed or used each month; 12.9 mills/1,000 cu. ft. of gas sold or marketed each month.

Mined-Land Conservation & Reclamation Tax

"The first-time fee for a mining license is $300. Licenses must be renewed annually. The annual renewal fee varies between $25 and $150 depending upon the amount of material sold or consumed in the previous year. Plus per ton fee of $.03"

Oil Production Tax

4.5% of market value

Coal Severance Tax

4.5% of gross value, less transportation expenses; $0.50/ton minimum for extraction and processing

Natural Resource Severance Tax

4.5% of gross value, less transportation expenses

Natural Gas Severance Tax (j)

The natural gas severance tax rate effective July 1, 2019 through June 30, 2020 has been set at 12.5 cents per thousand cubic feet (MCF) measured at a base pressure of 15.025 pounds per square inch absolute and at the temperature base of 60 degrees Fahrenheit.

Oil/Condensate Severance Tax (j)

Value on a per barrel basis (42 gallons) the rates are: full-rate, 12.5%; incapable oil rate, 6.25%; stripper oil rate, 3.125%; reclaimed oil, 3.125%; produced water full-rate, 10%; produced water incapable oil rate, 5.0%; produced water stripper oil rate, 2.5%

Timber Severance Tax (j)

Trees and timber: 2.25% of current stumpage value. Pulpwood: 5% of current stumpage value.

Mineral Severance Tax (j)

Sulphur, $1.03 per long ton of 2,240 lbs; salt, $0.06 per ton of 2,000 lbs; marble, $0.20 per ton; stone, $0.03 per ton; sand, $0.06 per ton; lignite, $0.12 per ton; salt content in brine, when used in the manufacture of other products and not marketed as salt: $0.005 per ton.

Oil Field Site Restoration Fee

$.015 per barrel of oil and condensate; $.003 for every thousand cubic feet of gas

Freshwater Mussel Tax

5% of revenues from the sale of whole freshwater mussels, at the point of first sale.

Maine

Mining Excise Tax

The greater of a tax on facilities and equipment or a tax on gross proceeds.

Maryland

Mine Reclamation Surcharge

$.15/ton of coal removed by open-pit, strip or deep mine methods. Of the $.15 , $.06 is remitted to the county from which the coal was removed.

Michigan

Gas and Oil Severance Tax

5% (gas), 6.6% (oil) and 4% (oil from stripper wells and marginal properties) of gross cash market value of the total production. Maximum additional fee of 1% of gross cash market value on all oil and gas (2020 fee).

Minnesota

Taconite and Iron Sulfides (Production Tax)

$2.811 per taxable ton of concentrates or pellets (rate indexed to inflation by law - 2019 rate is reflected)

Direct Reduced Iron (k)

$2.811 per taxable ton of concentrates plus an additional $.03 per ton for each 1% that the iron content exceeds 72%

Natural Gas Severance Tax

6% of value at point of gas production; 1.3% for gas produced from a horizontally drilled well for the first 30 months from the first sale of production or until payout of the well cost is achieved, whichever comes first.

Oil Severance Tax

6% of value at point of oil production; 3% reduced rate for wells using the enhanced oil recovery method; 1.3% for oil produced from a horizontally drilled well for the first 30 months from the first sale of production or until payout of the well cost is achieved, whichever comes first.

Timber Severance Tax

Varies depending on type of wood and ultimate use.

Salt Severance Tax

3% of value of entire production in state.

Kentucky

Louisiana

Mississippi

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 3 5

TA X E S

TABLE 7 .2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2020 (continued) State Montana

Title and application of tax (a)

Rate

Coal Severance Tax

Varies from 3% to 15% depending on quality of coal and type of mine.

Metal Mines License Tax (l)

Progressive rate, taxed on amounts in excess of $250,000. For concentrate shipped to smelter, mill or reduction work, 1.81%. Gold, silver or any platinum group metal shipped to refinery, 1.6%.

Oil and Natural Gas Production Tax

Varies from 0.8% to 15.1% according to the type of well and type of production.

Micaceous Mineral Mines License Tax

$.05/ton of concentrates mined, extracted, or produced.

Cement and Gypsum License Tax

$.22/ton of cement, $.05/ton of gypsum or gypsum products.

Resource Indemnity Trust & Ground Water Assessment Tax $25 plus 0.5% of gross value greater than $5,000. For talc, $25 plus 4% of gross value greater than $625. For coal, $25 plus 0.40% of gross value greater than $6,250. For vermiculite, $25 plus 2% of gross value greater than $1,250. For limestone, $25 plus 10% of gross value greater than $250. For industrial garnets, $25 plus 1% of gross value greater than $2,500

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

Electrical Energy Producers License Tax

$.0002/kilowatt-hour of electrical energy generated, manufactured or produced.

Bentonite Production Tax

First 20,000 wet tons per year, $0.00 per ton; 20,001-100,000 wet tons per year, $1.82 per ton; 100,001– 250,000 wet tons per year, $1.75 per ton; 250,001-500,000 wet tons per year, $1.63 per ton; 500,001–1,000,000 wet tons per year, $1.46 per ton; over 1,000,000 wet tons per year, $1.17 per ton.

Oil and Gas Severance Tax

3% of value of nonstripper oil and natural gas; 2% of value of stripper oil

Oil and Gas Conservation Tax

0.3%

Uranium Tax

2% of gross value over $5 million. The value of the uranium severed subject to tax is the gross value less transportation and processing costs.

Minerals Extraction Tax

Between 2% and 5% of net proceeds of each geographically separate extractive operation, based on ratio of net proceeds to gross proceeds of whole operation.

Oil and Gas Conservation Fee

Up to $0.20 per 50,000 cubic feet of natural gas or barrel of oil.

Refined Petroleum Products Tax

0.1% of fair market value

Excavation Tax

$.02 per cubic yard of earth excavated.

Timber Tax

10% of stumpage value at the time of cutting. Not assessed under the general property tax but rather is taxed by municipalities.

Resources Excise Tax

Severance: potash .5%, molybdenum .125%, all others .75% of value. Processing: timber .375%. Potash .125%. Molybdenum .125%. All others .75%

Severance Tax

Copper .5%, Timber .125% of value. Pumice, gypsum, sand, gravel, clay, fluorspar and other nonmetallic minerals, .125% of value. Gold, silver .20%; Lead, zinc, thorium, molybdenum, manganese, rare earth and other .125% of value. Coal is $.57 per short ton for surface coal and $.55 per short ton for underground coal.

Oil and Gas Severance Tax

Rate varies according to type of well and production.

Oil and Gas Emergency School Tax

3.15% of value of oil, other liquid hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. 4% of value of natural gas.

Natural Gas Processor’s Tax

$0.116/Mmbtu tax on volume.

Oil and Gas Ad Valorem Production Tax

Varies, based on property tax in district of production.

Oil and Gas Conservation Tax (m)

0.19% of value.

Primary Forest Product Assessment Tax

$.50/1,000 board ft. for softwood sawtimber, $.40/1,000 board ft. for hardwood sawtimber, $.20/cord for softwood pulpwood, $.12/cord hardwood pulpwood.

Extracted Energy Minerals Tax

Oil and condensates: 2% of gross price paid. Gas: 0.9% of the market value as determined in as determined in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 105-187.78.

Oil Gross Production Tax

5% of gross value at well.

Gas Gross Production Tax

$0.712/MCF rate through June 30, 2020 (n)

Coal Severance Tax

$.375/ton plus $.02/ton. (o)

Oil Extraction Tax

5%, adjusted between 5% and 6% whenever the average price is above or below the "trigger price" per bbl for 3 consecutive months. The "trigger price" is set by the tax commissioner each year and is $93.28 for 2020.

Ohio

Resource Severance Tax

$.10/bbl. of oil; $.025/1,000 cu. ft. of natural gas; $.04/ton of salt; $.02/ton of sand, gravel, limestone and dolomite; $.10/ton of coal; and $0.01/ton of clay, sandstone or conglomerate, shale, gypsum or quartzite.

Oklahoma

Oil, Gas and Mineral Gross Production Tax

0.75% levied on asphalt and metals. 7% on gross production of oil and gas after the first three years of production. During the first 3 years of production, rate of 5% of gross production. Oil Gross Production Tax is now a variable rate tax, beginning with January 1999 production, at the following rates based on the average price of Oklahoma oil: a) If the average price equals or exceeds $17/bbl, the tax shall be 7%; b) If the average price is less than $17/bbl, but is equal to or exceeds $14/bbl, the tax shall be 4%; c) If the average price is less than $14/bbl, the tax shall be 1%.

Petroleum Excise Tax

Oil and Natural gas .095%

New Mexico

North Carolina

North Dakota

See footnotes at end of table

3 36 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

TA XE S

TA BLE 7 .2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2020 (continued) State Oregon

Title and application of tax (a)

Rate

Forest Products Harvest Tax

$4.1322/1000 board ft. harvested from public and private land. —through Dec. 31, 2020. The first 25,000 board feet of timber harvested by an owner each year is exempt.

Oil and Gas Production Tax

6% of gross value at well.

STF Severance Tax - Eastern Oregon Forestland Option

$4.78/1000 board ft. harvested from land under the Small Tract Forestland Option.—through Dec. 31, 2020

STF Severance Tax - Western Oregon Forestland Option

$6.15/1000 board ft. harvested from land under the Small Tract Forestland Option.—through Dec. 31, 2020

Pennsylvania

Natural Gas Impact Fee

The state issues an annual fee based on the average price of gas for that year along with the number on a schedule that considers a wells years in production. Local fees and taxes determined by county.

South Carolina

Forest Renewal Tax

Softwood products: 50 cents per 1,000 board feet or 20 cents per cord. Hardwood products: 25 cents per 1,000 board feet or 7 cents per cord.

South Dakota

Precious Metals Severance Tax

$4 per ounce of gold severed plus additional tax depending on price of gold; 10% on net profits or royalties from sale of precious metals, and 8% of royalty value.

Energy Minerals Severance Tax (p)

4.5% of taxable value of any energy minerals.

Conservation Tax

2.4 mills of taxable value of any energy minerals.

Oil and Gas Severance Tax

3% of sales price.

Coal Severance Tax (q)

$1.00/ton (effective 7/17/13)

Mineral Tax

Up to $0.15 per ton, rate set by county legislative body. (f)

Natural Gas Production Tax

7.5% of market value of gas. Condensate Production Tax: 4.6% of market value of gas.

Crude Oil Production Tax

4.6% of market value or $.046/bbl.

Cement Production Tax

$0.55 per ton or $.0275/100 lbs. or fraction of 100 pounds of taxable cement.

Oil-Field Cleanup Regulatory Fees

5/8 of $.01/barrel; 1/15 of $.01/1000 cubic feet of gas.

Oyster Sales Fee

$1 per 300 lb. barrel of oysters taken from Texas waters.

Mining Severance Tax

2.6% of taxable value for metals or metalliferous minerals sold or otherwise disposed of.

Oil and Gas Severance Tax

3% of value for the first $13 per barrel of oil, 5% from $13.01 and above; 3% of value for first $1.50/ mcf natural gas, 5% from $1.51 and above; and 4% of taxable value of natural gas liquids.

Oil and Gas Conservation Fee

.002% of market value at wellhead.

Forest Products Tax

$1.15 per 1000 feet B.M. of pine lumber and 1000 board feet of pine logs. $0.475 collected per cord of pine pulpwood.

Coal Surface Mining Reclamation Tax

Varies depending on balance of Coal Surface Mining Reclamation Fund and the type of mine.

Enhanced Food Fish Tax

0.09% to 5.62% of value (depending on species) at point of landing.

Timber Excise Tax

5% of stumpage value for harvests on public and private lands.

Coal Severance Tax

Coal: State rate is greater of 5% or $.75 per ton Special state rates for coal from new low seam mines. For seams between 37" and 45" the rate is greater of 2% or $.75/ton (1.65% for state purposes and .35% for distribution to local governments). For seams less than 37" the rate is greater of 1% or $.75/ ton (.65% for state purposes and .35% for distribution to local governments). For coal from gob, refuse piles, or other sources of waste coal, the rate is 2.5% (distributed to local governments). Additional tax for workers' compensation debt reduction is $.56/ton. Special reclamation taxes at $.02/clean ton.

Natural Resource Severance Taxes

5% for sand, gravel, oil, natural gas, coalbed methane, limestone, sandstone, or other natural gas liquids

Timber Severance Tax

1.50%

Mining Net Proceeds Tax

Progressive net proceeds tax ranging from 0% to 15% is imposed on the net proceeds from mining metalliferous minerals. The tax brackets are annually adjusted for inflation based on the change in the GNP deflator.

Oil and Gas Severance Tax

7% of market value of oil or gas at the mouth of the well.

Forest Crop Law Severance Tax

$2.52 per acre, rate effective through 2022

Managed Forest Law Tax

Land entered after 2004 (2005 and later): Open land $2.04/acre; close land $10.20/acre. Land entered before 2005 (1997–2004): Open land $0.74/acre; close land $1.75. Rates effective through 2022.

Severance Taxes

Severance Tax is defined as an excise tax imposed on the present and continuing privilege of removing, extracting, severing or producing any mineral in this state. Except as otherwise provided by W.S. 39-14205. The total Severance Tax on crude oil, lease condensate or natural gas shall be six percent (6%). Stripper oil is taxed at four percent (4%). Surface coal is taxed at seven percent (7%). Underground coal is taxed at three and three-fourths percent (3.75%). Trona is taxed at four percent (4%). Bentonite, sand and gravel, and all other minerals are taxed at two percent (2%). Natural Gas (6%) Uranium (4%)

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 3 7

TA X E S

TABLE 7 .2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2020 (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments, May 2020. Note: Severance tax collection totals may be found in the Chapter Seven table entitled “State Government Revenue, By Type of Tax.” Key: (a) Application of tax is same as that of title unless otherwise indicated by a footnote. (b) Tax rates and applicability for these severance taxes determined by a vote of the appropriate association within the seafood industry, by the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute, or by the Department of Revenue. Proceeds from these elective assessments are customarily appropriated for benefit of the seafood industry. (c) The iron ore tax was suspended as of Oct. 1, 2014 by administrative rule due to the cost of administering the collection of the tax exceeded the total amount of the tax collected (d) As of July 1, 2007, set at .0007 mill/$1. (e) Clay, gravel, phosphate rock, lime, shells, stone, sand, heavy minerals and rare earths. (f) Counties and municipalities also authorized to levy severance taxes on sand, gravel, sandstone, chert and limestone at a rate up to $.15/ton. (g) Buyer deducts amount from payment to grower; amount forwarded to Department of Natural Resources. (h) Petroleum, oil, gas and other hydrocarbons. Oil inspection fee rate based Department of Revenue factsheet.

3 38 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(i) Coal, oil and gas, based on Department of Revenue information. (j) Oil inspection fee rate based Department of Revenue factsheet. (k) Coal, oil and gas, based on Department of Revenue information. (l) The metal mines license tax is based on the gross value of the product and is applied to the payment the mining company receives from metal traders, smelters, roasters, or refineries. The metal mines license tax only applies to gross values over $250,000. Gross values under $250,000 are subject to the Resource Indemnity and Ground Water Assessment Tax (RIT). (m) Natural resources except oil, natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide. (n) Oil, coal, gas, liquid hydrocarbons, geothermal energy, carbon dioxide and uranium. (o) Rate reduced by 50 percent if burned in cogeneration facility using renewable resources as fuel to generate at least 10 percent of its energy output. Coal shipped out of state is subject to the $.02/ton tax and 30% of the $.375/ton tax. The coal may be subject to up to the $.375/ton tax at the option of the county in which the coal is mined. (p) Asphalt and ores bearing lead, zinc, jack, gold, silver, copper or petroleum or other crude oil or other mineral oil, natural gas or casinghead gas and uranium ore. (q) Any mineral fuel used in the production of energy, including coal, lignite, petroleum, oil, natural gas, uranium and thorium.

R E VE N U E

TA BLE 7 .2 1 State Government Tax Revenue, By State and Selected Types of Tax: 2018 (In thousands of dollars)

State Total taxes United States $1,027,084,678 Alabama 11,055,577 Alaska 1,656,352 Arizona 16,293,917 Arkansas 9,819,284 California 178,437,038 Colorado 14,924,842 Connecticut 18,934,012 Delaware 4,219,706 Florida 45,961,204 Georgia 23,602,510 Hawaii 7,714,451 Idaho 4,848,359 Illinois 39,857,069 Indiana 19,397,879 Iowa 10,088,480 Kansas 9,546,790 Kentucky 12,059,970 Louisiana 11,357,686 Maine 4,410,632 Maryland 22,427,037 Massachusetts 29,654,803 Michigan 30,046,808 Minnesota 26,697,469 Mississippi 7,890,571 Missouri 13,025,070 Montana 3,003,980 Nebraska 5,393,093 Nevada 9,157,036 New 2,920,888 Hampshire New Jersey 35,365,046 New Mexico 5,539,329 New York 88,541,099 North 27,855,861 Carolina North Dakota 4,205,184 Ohio 29,068,270 Oklahoma 9,429,242 Oregon 12,640,306 Pennsylvania 40,709,545 Rhode Island 3,491,697 South 10,530,212 Carolina South Dakota 1,917,548 Tennessee 14,269,061 Texas 60,328,843 Utah 9,414,073 Vermont 3,284,231 Virginia 23,484,945 Washington 26,579,324 West Virginia 5,442,628 Wisconsin 18,748,320 Wyoming 1,837,401

Corporations Net Income Taxes $ 47,705,854 577,516 196,321 373,076 390,756 12,488,304 782,679 778,232 254,802 2,426,900 1,004,298 146,831 240,809 2,587,141 698,725 443,187 437,967 511,353 358,208 185,737 1,033,175 2,408,947 971,032 1,357,004 437,407 333,724 175,954 313,690 0

Documentary Death and and Stock Gift Taxes Transfer Taxes $5,036,401 $9,693,648 0 46,014 0 0 0 18,263 0 44,892 577 0 0 0 224,126 169,695 4,425 146,774 1,927 2,916,100 0 0 29,351 100,605 0 0 382,081 80,309 409 0 82,600 22,210 0 0 48,248 3,480 0 0 13,801 35,242 214,378 241,668 472,956 308,291 16 350,280 214,698 234,141 0 0 54 12,331 0 0 0 17,207 0 111,422

Individual Income Taxes $390,188,478 3,912,800 0 4,545,242 2,866,175 95,152,230 7,510,366 9,733,258 1,652,335 0 11,643,781 2,430,032 1,835,864 15,296,693 5,816,072 3,897,236 3,413,677 4,499,086 3,246,226 1,605,096 9,507,776 16,280,331 10,166,720 11,882,330 1,852,937 6,510,224 1,304,315 2,360,596 0

License Taxes Property taxes $57,158,841 $17,461,386 521,990 406,288 153,636 122,341 495,034 1,047,254 409,856 1,188,905 10,504,521 2,837,386 816,832 0 431,196 0 1,574,576 0 2,123,462 0 719,422 927,590 275,600 0 367,178 0 2,751,479 59,589 749,114 12,927 954,503 1,671 433,229 714,895 499,502 660,902 393,129 60,172 281,155 39,308 850,913 808,763 1,154,719 7,197 1,945,619 2,182,188 1,476,228 818,513 492,415 29,540 596,167 33,267 379,198 300,258 196,215 129 661,240 317,136

Sales and Gross Receipts Taxes $484,307,927 5,534,807 252,970 9,708,694 4,834,983 57,345,108 5,712,243 7,596,995 585,645 38,456,615 9,132,965 4,732,032 2,396,117 18,699,777 12,119,558 4,687,073 4,494,809 5,714,427 6,864,723 2,250,293 9,567,244 9,022,362 14,398,369 10,614,808 5,030,854 5,539,227 655,034 2,502,020 7,329,456

Severance Taxes $12,628,238 56,162 931,084 24,562 54,655 108,912 102,722 0 0 36,200 0 0 5,463 0 1,074 0 52,213 122,972 435,228 0 0 0 32,548 49,623 47,418 2 185,397 3,236 155,938

Taxes, NEC $2,903,905 0 0 81,792 29,062 0 0 510 1,149 0 174,454 0 2,928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 203,120 0 36 50,124 0 74 3,824 0 581,844

790,011

154,903

105,759

435,544

408,769

1,025,902

2,235,653 111,297 3,617,910

605,845 0 1,203,725

513,967 0 1,269,623

15,037,845 1,071,125 52,738,515

1,542,213 322,473 1,771,629

5,016 84,224 0

15,424,507 2,874,807 26,399,319

0 1,042,547 0

0 32,856 1,540,378

742,512

10,735

79,982

12,609,608

2,197,653

12,213,458

1,913

107,277 9,046 234,817 804,453 2,486,379 118,118

0 213 0 176,453 982,470 133,103

0 0 21,112 1,772 625,056 115,800

367,635 8,698,901 3,260,447 8,879,552 12,800,890 1,329,152

214,463 2,237,002 1,018,657 1,087,449 2,721,979 110,799

4,549 0 0 20,116 34,399 2,704

1,395,503 18,056,988 4,194,272 1,654,829 21,034,252 1,682,021

2,115,757 66,120 699,937 15,682 0 0

0 0 0 0 24,120 0

404,164

126,174

4,432,104

582,294

37,298

4,948,178

32,376 1,644,159 0 460,657 110,819 861,897 0 110,068 910,466 0

0 0 0 0 22,935 932 208,610 0 1,733 0

187 251,574 0 0 38,366 386,598 1,161,436 12,036 76,138 0

0 246,508 0 4,661,910 819,330 14,105,766 0 1,950,571 8,151,462 0

291,896 1,763,747 3,635,024 347,888 126,404 878,751 2,070,931 219,003 1,187,392 187,522

0 0 0 0 1,065,767 31,890 2,769,520 7,316 163,446 250,153

1,585,089 10,343,084 51,462,209 3,901,286 1,095,321 7,082,742 20,327,520 2,731,739 8,232,896 862,797

8,000 1,025 5,231,610 42,015 0 2,695 41,307 411,895 10,667 531,659

0 18,964 0 317 5,289 133,674 0 0 14,120 5,270

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 3 9

RE VE NUE

TA BLE 7 .2 2 State Government Sales and Gross Receipts Tax Revenue: 2018 (In thousands of dollars)

State Total $484,307,927 United States Alabama 5,534,807 Alaska 252,970 Arizona 9,708,694 Arkansas 4,834,983 California 57,345,108 Colorado 5,712,243 Connecticut 7,596,995 Delaware 585,645 Florida 38,456,615 Georgia 9,132,965 Hawaii 4,732,032 Idaho 2,396,117 Illinois 18,699,777 Indiana 12,119,558 Iowa 4,687,073 Kansas 4,494,809 Kentucky 5,714,427 Louisiana 6,864,723 Maine 2,250,293 Maryland 9,567,244 Massachusetts 9,022,362 Michigan 14,398,369 Minnesota 10,614,808 Mississippi 5,030,854 Missouri 5,539,227 Montana 655,034 Nebraska 2,502,020 Nevada 7,329,456 New Hampshire 1,025,902 New Jersey 15,424,507 New Mexico 2,874,807 New York 26,399,319 North Carolina 12,213,458 North Dakota 1,395,503 Ohio 18,056,988 Oklahoma 4,194,272 Oregon 1,654,829 Pennsylvania 21,034,252 Rhode Island 1,682,021 South Carolina 4,948,178 South Dakota 1,585,089 Tennessee 10,343,084 Texas 51,462,209 Utah 3,901,286 Vermont 1,095,321 Virginia 7,082,742 Washington 20,327,520 West Virginia 2,731,739 Wisconsin 8,232,896 Wyoming 862,797

General sales or gross receipts $319,702,418 2,786,833 0 7,687,992 3,498,073 39,682,734 3,211,909 4,400,808 0 29,562,900 5,938,448 3,529,065 1,790,830 11,336,866 7,795,091 3,279,789 3,304,091 3,600,598 4,252,693 1,529,113 4,716,179 6,490,305 9,595,949 5,830,256 3,557,752 3,686,274 0 1,900,037 5,095,689 0 10,459,419 2,073,118 14,820,163 8,009,850 912,532 12,148,485 2,855,176 0 10,920,832 1,048,957 3,303,220 1,103,624 7,469,547 36,129,876 2,784,489 397,691 4,076,636 15,643,017 1,311,930 5,484,375 689,207

Selective sales taxes Other Selective Alcoholic Insurance Sales and Tobacco Beverages Amusements Premiums Motor Fuels Gross Receipts Pari-mutuels Public Utilities Products Total Sales Tax Sales Tax Sales Tax Sales Tax Taxes Sales Tax Sales Tax Sales Tax $164,605,509 $6,782,834 $8,169,039 $22,392,810 $48,324,660 $47,077,698 $127,379 $12,356,797 $19,374,292 2,747,974 214,615 0 376,766 648,639 579,222 1,146 747,657 179,929 252,970 39,217 11,002 62,429 47,149 32,854 0 4,819 55,500 2,020,702 76,378 3,621 550,438 869,183 186,286 183 21,805 312,808 1,336,910 58,036 64,580 223,362 492,945 268,924 2,335 0 226,728 17,662,374 381,670 0 2,569,271 6,351,756 5,227,196 15,871 688,489 2,428,121 2,500,334 46,989 124,714 262,411 675,962 1,195,852 525 0 193,881 3,196,187 63,211 300,740 209,026 487,327 1,492,283 5,602 261,184 376,814 585,645 26,556 0 110,292 131,864 140,612 67 53,228 123,026 8,893,715 293,098 207,460 1,084,872 2,799,610 939,931 8,352 2,387,900 1,172,492 3,194,517 195,696 0 505,054 1,801,798 467,059 0 0 224,910 1,202,967 51,383 0 165,602 88,377 659,578 0 117,641 120,386 605,287 9,710 0 97,359 362,234 81,367 884 2,592 51,141 7,362,911 296,162 888,260 456,406 1,367,939 2,143,567 6,387 1,439,894 764,296 4,324,467 51,578 602,410 236,175 1,420,135 1,391,450 1,760 202,149 418,810 1,407,284 22,183 303,374 114,363 671,937 40,101 3,818 39,039 212,469 1,190,718 142,126 304 408,321 461,075 48,272 0 373 130,247 2,113,829 145,648 196 165,161 702,651 802,594 7,704 61,126 228,749 2,612,030 75,774 708,462 870,872 631,641 146,971 5,191 9,349 163,770 721,180 19,647 56,264 99,654 250,468 139,189 1,435 21,573 132,950 4,851,065 31,682 1,022,368 541,758 1,084,195 1,651,726 1,175 145,437 372,724 2,532,057 85,843 70,467 406,251 769,144 605,292 887 0 594,173 4,802,420 165,758 115,424 393,367 1,473,002 1,694,284 2,855 36,823 920,907 4,784,552 91,745 75,597 519,547 936,893 2,566,114 1,192 54 593,410 1,473,102 40,883 129,880 338,576 436,245 386,289 0 1,496 139,733 1,852,953 38,932 369,410 464,418 717,894 164,891 0 0 97,408 655,034 36,502 60,336 107,646 258,958 66,339 226 44,497 80,530 601,983 31,230 5,815 62,662 373,889 26,184 138 44,942 57,123 2,233,767 45,340 915,531 395,701 343,386 310,345 3 46,300 177,161 1,025,902 12,828 530 111,972 183,366 454,982 539 48,987 212,698 4,965,088 142,459 217,736 591,243 458,892 1,915,627 0 978,816 660,315 801,689 23,811 63,138 213,597 230,303 159,883 842 31,747 78,368 11,579,156 258,327 2,848 1,623,191 1,636,749 6,007,581 21,310 877,490 1,151,660 4,203,608 411,971 76 589,037 1,974,782 935,277 0 322 292,143 482,971 8,819 3,139 63,274 196,649 131,928 1,498 49,663 28,001 5,908,503 104,977 270,480 582,794 1,912,191 1,193,768 5,185 898,003 941,105 1,339,096 122,247 26,429 328,756 485,276 16,834 1,085 45,058 313,411 1,654,829 19,216 0 70,903 533,976 756,241 1,876 8,757 263,860 10,113,420 397,092 1,429,632 836,186 3,375,429 1,537,195 10,182 1,155,009 1,372,695 633,064 19,918 0 81,519 79,858 244,353 1,074 59,651 146,691 1,644,958 179,115 39,774 239,215 646,581 484,071 0 29,003 27,199 481,465 18,939 9,135 92,488 187,424 110,634 177 3,510 59,158 2,873,537 201,713 0 970,831 1,086,693 357,107 0 8,520 248,673 15,332,333 1,321,516 30,023 2,445,005 3,710,307 5,748,579 6,510 630,057 1,440,336 1,116,797 51,420 0 147,452 557,490 197,908 0 45,800 116,727 697,630 26,892 0 59,370 82,953 448,459 0 8,878 71,078 3,006,106 231,250 84 516,743 1,031,034 954,481 0 112,131 160,383 4,684,503 370,738 4,434 630,657 1,713,782 1,040,201 1,724 500,703 422,264 1,419,809 17,576 35,152 169,607 419,528 477,666 2,704 119,736 177,840 2,748,521 62,498 214 207,729 1,051,479 447,251 239 361,696 617,415 173,590 1,920 0 23,481 113,622 2,900 4,698 4,893 22,076

3 40â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census. gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology. html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

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TABLE 7 .2 3 State Government License Tax Revenue: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total license revenue 57,158,841 521,990 153,636 495,034 409,856 10,504,521 816,832 431,196 1,574,576 2,123,462 719,422 275,600 367,178 2,751,479 749,114 954,503 433,229 499,502 393,129 281,155 850,913 1,154,719 1,945,619 1,476,228 492,415 596,167 379,198 196,215 661,240 435,544 1,542,213 322,473 1,771,629 2,197,653 214,463 2,237,002 1,018,657 1,087,449 2,721,979 110,799 582,294 291,896 1,763,747 3,635,024 347,888 126,404 878,751 2,070,931 219,003 1,187,392 187,522

Alcoholic beverages license 714,092 4,032 1,433 8,592 6,128 60,519 9,102 13,968 1,816 6,418 4,103 0 1,721 18,160 12,726 16,456 3,647 6,801 0 6,237 1,524 3,702 18,764 2,765 1,252 5,478 2,275 707 0 17,991 4,199 0 66,675 26,757 395 43,804 1,037 4,868 51,644 92 12,600 1,222 1,862 78,742 10,791 469 14,591 152,625 3,444 1,958 0

Amusements license 758,924 0 0 0 488 20,583 728 230 321 16,000 0 0 258 15,918 5,792 30,314 6,993 279 0 536 1,953 15,767 0 1,144 26,515 28 4,714 710 82,640 365 50,100 6,365 0 222 1,088 34,850 168,006 2,799 215,406 202 6,389 6,353 283 16,387 0 23 107 13,914 3,672 482 0

Corporations license 5,981,237 152,538 0 14,493 29,673 80,029 21,265 30,705 1,378,003 263,623 59,608 1,818 2,962 342,729 8,582 34,590 28,187 115,618 148,116 11,095 119,084 25,701 26,675 9,045 137,989 2,200 4,920 16,086 78,782 67,236 248,405 32,175 2,746 757,312 0 297,490 58,897 40,017 5,717 4,910 110,199 5,984 920,053 152,899 497 3,686 64,102 41,834 737 22,225 14,205

Hunting and fishing license 1,622,063 21,451 35,608 37,005 26,672 112,138 76,251 5,754 3,759 16,629 35,418 665 46,428 39,534 19,495 28,200 32,780 30,531 31,994 16,578 17,207 5,637 60,404 66,634 2,703 33,692 64,067 15,906 12,144 11,899 14,685 31,802 41,964 33,282 15,286 36,260 20,494 57,598 76,245 1,844 18,898 28,690 36,730 110,770 31,299 7,294 29,393 42,450 12,325 67,571 37,187

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 4 1

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TABLE 7 .2 3 State Government License Tax Revenue: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Motor vehicle license 27,782,391 220,483 36,258 230,095 164,617 4,635,040 597,097 238,351 58,969 1,449,604 395,140 191,757 195,431 1,618,750 321,055 664,178 222,978 211,646 79,284 112,557 501,417 444,827 1,337,873 800,981 158,283 296,849 168,827 113,733 198,263 82,270 657,956 200,727 1,411,790 853,879 118,080 787,276 736,979 539,474 1,183,964 29,352 274,093 83,369 357,692 2,358,248 224,833 72,957 492,825 1,129,671 4,498 518,115 91,663

Motor vehicle operators license 2,663,267 33,425 0 29,922 22,631 281,045 41,794 42,816 5,838 165,332 114,915 306 10,341 116,118 252,033 21,833 31,881 16,795 15,477 10,816 27,929 101,432 58,345 45,796 14,362 17,596 7,883 11,538 28,099 8,508 57,214 5,004 93,205 121,032 5,049 80,227 31,733 39,758 72,896 4,865 4,486 5,676 59,648 141,892 16,772 11,972 41,288 135,270 160,076 40,398 4,158

3 42â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Public utilities license 1,326,412 14,146 10,671 20 8,346 752,340 13,742 0 134 24,424 0 15,001 58,067 15,016 0 9,865 5,857 0 7,577 0 0 0 35,745 785 6,583 19,628 17 0 0 23,555 21,812 1,529 28,196 19,114 3 34,222 5 14,577 56,798 2,070 10,670 0 6,039 22,456 0 0 0 21,148 449 65,805 0

Occupation and Business License, NEC 14,678,552 75,914 65,553 173,274 149,452 4,535,825 56,774 95,770 117,494 171,749 81,296 53,544 47,431 552,696 51,828 146,470 98,132 112,292 106,475 113,492 179,997 301,510 212,035 484,398 81,682 142,822 110,183 36,475 256,769 216,120 485,902 44,871 125,822 349,449 74,562 875,280 727 381,707 1,038,215 61,959 126,871 135,433 372,981 609,900 56,433 25,674 231,791 357,370 31,582 464,571 40,309

Other licenses 1,444,381 1 4,113 1,633 1,849 27,002 79 3,602 8,242 9,683 28,942 12,509 4,539 32,558 77,603 2,597 2,774 5,540 4,206 9,844 1,802 256,143 195,778 64,680 63,046 77,874 16,312 1,060 4,543 7,600 1,940 0 1,231 36,606 0 47,593 779 6,651 21,094 5,505 18,088 25,169 8,459 143,730 7,263 4,329 4,654 176,649 2,220 6,267 0

from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census. gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology. html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E

TABLE 7 .2 4 Summary of Financial Aggregates, By State: 2018 (In millions of dollars)

Total $2,630,991,358 34,406,835 9,919,282 45,167,570 25,425,732 412,385,628 42,389,685 35,139,473 10,484,729 110,235,411 55,479,427 16,150,841 11,958,060 92,717,937 45,089,558 28,867,827 21,877,508 34,510,574 37,294,923 10,657,988 48,040,253 68,541,549 81,630,737 56,306,765 23,421,200 39,804,179 9,239,440 12,347,188 21,771,811 9,734,653 80,619,851 20,973,043 223,525,982 67,302,674 8,880,056 101,023,062 26,986,320 43,875,212 108,605,542 9,904,803 35,446,262 5,614,951 35,851,416 171,756,387 24,322,339 6,976,132 62,586,631 68,160,975 15,551,414 54,526,374 7,505,169

General revenue $2,097,939,270 28,250,965 8,152,092 38,133,225 21,402,327 320,249,459 30,878,620 30,490,255 9,275,531 91,783,197 45,135,668 14,078,337 9,155,174 72,948,065 40,546,768 24,072,068 19,078,088 29,299,781 29,227,226 8,814,837 42,101,136 58,094,512 66,231,312 44,475,950 19,137,029 30,919,843 7,021,451 10,470,221 16,087,532 7,566,526 66,129,779 17,627,371 175,700,469 56,343,509 7,746,544 68,842,609 22,075,260 32,138,083 87,715,628 8,406,086 28,177,916 4,409,773 30,234,945 137,622,906 18,687,798 6,346,252 50,882,334 50,923,984 12,970,565 36,278,147 5,602,117

Revenues Utilities revenue $14,018,753 0 21,482 34,811 0 1,006,148 0 43,872 20,430 24,966 10,478 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11,608 11,624 148,014 934,282 0 103,017 0 0 0 0 45,363 0 1,099,208 0 8,089,496 512 0 0 641,586 519 0 23,249 1,740,867 4,338 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,167 0 716

Liquor stores revenue $8,498,997 350,913 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 172,845 0 0 320,530 0 0 0 33 0 0 1,123,653 0 360,281 0 99,100 0 0 693,160 0 0 0 0 0 1,186,823 0 625,794 2,066,562 0 0 0 0 0 403,667 67,064 812,979 0 97,399 0 118,194

Insurance trust revenue (a) $510,534,338 5,804,957 1,745,708 6,999,534 4,023,405 91,130,021 11,511,065 4,605,346 1,188,768 18,427,248 10,333,281 2,072,504 2,630,041 19,769,872 4,542,790 4,475,229 2,799,420 5,210,793 8,056,089 1,831,494 5,791,103 9,512,755 14,275,772 11,727,798 3,923,890 8,884,336 2,118,889 1,876,967 5,638,916 1,474,967 13,390,864 3,345,672 39,736,017 10,958,653 1,133,512 30,993,630 4,269,474 11,110,816 18,823,352 1,475,468 5,527,479 1,200,840 5,616,471 34,133,481 5,230,874 562,816 10,891,318 17,236,991 2,481,283 18,248,227 1,784,142

See footnotes at end of table

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TABLE 7 .2 4 Summary of Financial Aggregates, By State: 2018 (In millions of dollars) (continued) Expenditures State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total expenditure $2,410,705,639 33,899,390 11,979,183 41,145,292 22,520,209 375,092,304 37,449,374 28,070,663 9,991,686 96,821,778 51,558,184 13,654,476 10,431,120 92,468,099 41,636,298 23,877,036 19,572,429 35,312,518 35,118,216 9,236,942 46,183,945 67,366,110 76,289,557 49,584,827 21,832,564 34,992,860 7,805,481 11,123,881 17,414,692 8,907,923 78,906,750 21,468,456 213,163,460 60,929,395 7,216,315 89,026,066 25,314,521 39,369,778 102,651,514 9,471,982 35,002,566 5,243,258 33,738,083 150,890,074 21,887,604 7,021,342 56,366,947 57,994,626 15,359,180 42,177,837 6,168,848

General expenditure $2,067,954,884 29,951,784 10,446,105 36,650,241 20,438,295 319,549,260 31,696,427 22,583,290 9,104,556 86,782,792 44,593,220 12,068,515 9,113,460 76,875,407 38,771,326 20,952,954 17,632,190 30,635,111 30,403,826 8,154,539 40,435,641 56,700,849 67,189,291 43,337,146 18,660,117 30,079,041 6,595,193 10,317,689 14,610,813 7,521,532 62,187,390 18,973,297 173,766,965 54,506,230 6,539,038 70,721,000 21,147,798 32,946,999 87,902,698 8,070,396 28,984,861 4,645,544 30,963,512 132,368,456 19,663,786 6,546,073 50,395,859 50,357,945 13,703,084 36,483,821 5,229,522

Utility expenditure $42,271,520 135 125,374 35,359 5,672 1,662,973 13,477 588,964 157,209 403,808 38,084 0 2,955 1,312,067 81,177 46,946 0 56,455 6,531 28,486 1,867,763 3,765,986 309,314 663,690 0 52,693 18,572 0 52,779 12,634 2,870,443 14,342 21,766,739 203,229 184,393 40,851 1,508,376 69,852 1,514,990 116,975 1,780,691 0 179 117,305 0 30,645 500,230 143,898 18,843 40,766 39,670

See footnotes at end of table

3 44â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Liquor stores expenditure $7,066,707 340,566 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 134,897 0 0 222,840 0 4,661 0 0 0 0 903,029 0 296,423 0 85,974 0 0 550,093 0 0 0 0 0 937,686 0 469,412 1,937,382 0 0 0 0 0 286,824 64,164 653,778 0 76,949 0 102,029

Insurance trust expenditure (a) $304,533,195 3,606,905 1,407,704 4,460,692 2,081,914 53,930,038 5,739,700 4,900,605 730,430 9,748,062 6,926,880 1,585,961 1,182,763 15,584,455 2,864,972 2,701,242 1,940,239 4,649,330 4,707,859 1,053,917 4,496,987 6,967,133 8,197,236 5,679,060 2,876,024 4,907,655 1,108,873 806,192 2,755,209 823,664 13,848,917 2,494,069 23,458,636 6,344,451 631,076 17,367,367 2,682,398 5,928,802 12,811,434 1,284,611 4,237,014 597,714 2,774,392 18,463,615 1,936,994 411,082 5,204,214 7,563,671 1,568,700 5,665,042 837,295

Debt at end of fiscal year $1,173,606,967 9,856,082 5,889,417 13,703,759 6,832,598 148,027,188 17,853,552 40,287,423 5,127,188 27,593,512 13,305,788 9,870,931 3,439,046 67,495,522 22,026,355 6,270,052 6,136,579 14,617,245 18,155,260 4,759,978 27,998,569 78,620,996 33,563,347 16,600,028 7,252,112 17,854,734 2,739,404 2,056,773 3,435,955 7,739,271 65,574,574 7,268,214 147,960,540 15,354,553 3,040,855 31,622,762 8,910,608 14,285,969 49,064,189 9,093,878 14,571,479 3,739,690 6,289,301 51,529,919 7,355,005 3,580,807 29,074,498 33,926,356 8,610,296 22,812,370 832,440

Cash and security holdings at end of fiscal year $3,442,074,701 39,602,773 88,950,277 57,921,027 27,870,451 492,984,712 56,740,818 44,891,736 12,105,695 162,461,982 66,058,597 22,037,073 19,655,832 111,000,043 39,281,758 25,793,525 16,091,719 30,088,192 49,492,144 21,292,213 52,360,669 46,872,609 77,197,608 59,746,002 25,099,617 56,309,750 20,499,545 22,192,904 26,353,048 12,122,865 71,631,817 43,067,956 311,605,279 78,805,101 36,832,455 150,593,257 33,822,240 76,735,488 105,234,020 13,029,290 31,178,307 18,216,081 46,294,165 289,878,150 30,446,227 8,664,425 112,061,636 85,772,168 14,081,565 71,701,733 29,348,157

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TABLE 7 .2 4 Summary of Financial Aggregates, By State: 2018 (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

Key: (a) Within insurance trust revenue, net earnings of state-administered pension systems is a calculated statistic (the item code in the data file is X08), and thus can be positive or negative. Net earnings is the sum of earnings on investments plus gains on investments minus losses on investments. The change made in 2002 for asset valuation from book to market value in accordance with Statement 34 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is reflected in the calculated statistics.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 4 5

RE VE NUE A N D EX PE N DIT U R E

TABLE 7 .2 5 National Totals of State Government Finances for Selected Years: 2009â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2018 (In thousands of dollars) Item Revenue total General revenue Taxes Intergovernmental revenue From Federal Government Public Welfare Education Highways Employment security administration Other From local government Charges and miscellaneous revenue Liquor stores revenue Utility revenue Insurance trust revenue (a) Employee retirement Unemployment compensation Worker compensation Other Expenditure total General expenditure Education Intergovernmental expenditure State institutions of higher education Other education Public welfare Intergovernmental expenditure Cash assistance, other Other public welfare Highways Intergovernmental expenditure Regular state highway facilities State toll highways/facilities Health and hospitals Hospitals Health Natural resources Corrections Financial administration Employment security administration Police protection Interest on general debt Utility expenditure Insurance trust expenditure Employee retirement Unemployment compensation Other Total expenditure by character and object Direct expenditure Current operation Capital outlay Assistance and subsidies Interest on debt Insurance benefits and repayments Intergovernmental expenditure Cash and security holdings at end of fiscal year

2018 $2,630,991,367 2,097,939,270 1,022,783,253 688,138,024 670,548,803 454,338,760 85,022,930 43,175,723 3,827,853 84,183,537 17,589,221 387,017,993 8,498,997 14,018,753 510,534,347 447,968,712 38,641,501 14,956,426 8,967,708 2,410,705,638 2,067,954,884 705,090,151 382,855,837 258,430,143 59,804,573 716,794,523 58,184,136 13,749,987 679,017,050 134,774,210 20,512,463 121,742,978 13,031,232 155,481,645 90,476,187 65,005,458 24,335,551 53,379,501 27,324,399 3,823,018 17,342,880 45,900,748 31,150,853 304,533,194 260,162,813 28,838,808 15,531,573 2,410,705,638 1,848,117,781 1,307,732,632 135,313,220 52,020,828 48,517,907 304,533,194 562,587,857 5,124,736,422

See footnotes at end of table

3 46â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

2017 $2,531,287,976 1,975,972,558 946,076,690 658,791,527 641,714,983 427,047,756 83,576,477 44,535,792 3,829,699 82,725,259 17,076,544 371,104,341 8,158,551 13,607,538 533,549,329 468,477,581 40,369,857 16,533,351 8,168,540 2,315,996,558 1,985,929,177 686,935,989 373,639,270 253,093,494 56,094,227 680,404,169 59,895,676 13,602,819 641,365,524 132,496,590 20,217,035 119,687,509 12,809,081 149,120,384 85,700,081 63,420,303 23,656,195 51,476,590 26,678,519 3,880,843 16,621,322 43,751,987 28,349,937 294,844,901 248,606,815 30,925,241 15,312,845 2,315,996,558 1,762,476,159 1,240,597,095 131,634,848 49,172,046 46,227,269 294,844,901 553,520,399 4,764,489,085

2016 $2,136,310,326 1,908,997,159 922,855,175 637,256,254 621,597,499 417,307,189 83,018,756 44,931,663 3,745,803 72,594,088 15,658,755 348,885,730 8,088,520 13,823,602 205,401,045 135,165,729 46,333,152 16,146,248 7,755,916 2,238,572,373 1,919,478,613 677,231,512 360,117,773 258,132,773 55,931,789 638,897,229 57,049,413 12,275,724 600,825,436 126,682,211 19,675,932 114,763,236 11,918,975 144,626,375 80,924,025 63,702,350 24,667,924 51,871,719 24,959,910 3,986,729 16,480,160 44,623,911 27,246,160 285,400,474 236,985,953 32,418,562 15,995,959 2,238,572,373 1,705,907,083 1,198,124,432 128,546,396 46,710,250 47,125,531 285,400,474 532,665,290 4,345,944,854

2015 $2,203,229,979 1,853,494,640 911,697,759 604,627,441 590,480,568 389,191,243 82,495,588 41,748,566 4,200,959 72,844,212 14,146,873 337,169,440 7,732,037 14,714,935 327,288,367 251,702,166 52,281,509 15,712,648 7,592,044 2,192,506,489 1,840,867,694 637,315,733 345,859,861 232,811,232 54,436,132 612,553,893 52,704,375 11,785,784 576,817,660 122,472,455 20,420,805 111,591,023 10,881,432 136,661,426 73,917,087 62,744,339 22,479,104 51,725,417 24,050,951 4,107,385 16,108,379 44,835,071 28,826,069 316,628,497 267,071,846 33,219,048 16,337,603 2,192,506,489 1,677,460,581 1,144,425,741 123,904,718 45,175,756 47,325,869 316,628,497 515,045,908 4,976,604,515

2014 $2,365,153,505 1,742,915,609 870,437,041 550,721,503 535,736,745 332,492,959 82,981,871 43,287,751 4,307,823 72,666,341 14,984,758 321,757,065 7,179,065 14,310,794 600,748,037 515,792,141 62,127,840 15,169,230 7,658,826 2,048,937,368 1,738,757,437 613,747,859 330,140,870 227,411,126 51,740,480 544,711,480 54,781,687 12,863,087 507,740,883 119,270,200 20,992,876 109,242,610 10,027,590 135,918,963 71,711,969 64,206,994 21,391,208 50,218,902 23,304,855 4,398,411 15,668,996 45,479,391 26,284,373 278,190,448 213,328,101 48,023,325 16,839,022 2,048,937,368 1,550,227,219 1,063,609,670 116,582,628 43,933,607 47,910,866 278,190,448 498,710,149 4,293,957,889

R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E

TABLE 7 .2 5 National Totals of State Government Finances for Selected Years: 2009â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Item Revenue total General revenue Taxes Intergovernmental revenue From Federal Government Public Welfare Education Highways Employment security administration Other From local government Charges and miscellaneous revenue Liquor stores revenue Utility revenue Insurance trust revenue (a) Employee retirement Unemployment compensation Worker compensation Other Expenditure total General expenditure Education Intergovernmental expenditure State institutions of higher education Other education Public welfare Intergovernmental expenditure Cash assistance, other Other public welfare Highways Intergovernmental expenditure Regular state highway facilities State toll highways/facilities Health and hospitals Hospitals Health Natural resources Corrections Financial administration Employment security administration Police protection Interest on general debt Utility expenditure Insurance trust expenditure Employee retirement Unemployment compensation Other Total expenditure by character and object Direct expenditure Current operation Capital outlay Assistance and subsidies Interest on debt Insurance benefits and repayments Intergovernmental expenditure Cash and security holdings at end of fiscal year

2013 $2,216,076,231 1,709,786,388 847,077,345 551,464,163 513,478,951 307,610,126 84,408,057 41,431,014 4,647,159 70,770,258 37,985,212 311,244,880 7,480,124 13,574,604 485,235,115 388,424,920 74,232,787 15,295,670 7,281,738 2,005,911,667 1,683,170,060 599,151,748 324,995,548 232,678,490 366,473,258 519,178,293 55,565,254 6,508,047 484,584,008 112,174,050 18,158,521 104,088,029 8,086,021 130,680,311 67,433,480 63,246,831 21,345,804 48,407,786 23,136,739 4,846,304 15,106,964 46,138,932 24,661,698 292,447,534 203,454,835 71,181,425 17,811,274 2,005,911,667 1,517,128,804 1,020,376,950 114,980,312 40,795,280 48,528,728 292,447,534 488,782,863 3,837,746,513

2012 $1,905,807,119 1,629,267,996 798,586,949 533,655,081 514,139,109 296,964,692 90,264,309 43,199,512 4,771,326 74,371,641 19,515,972 297,025,966 7,114,248 13,626,445 255,798,430 152,590,817 80,109,746 15,526,364 7,571,503 1,981,197,761 1,648,195,648 588,340,483 317,839,562 230,296,706 358,043,777 489,162,351 55,913,067 6,401,260 453,538,093 115,296,570 17,787,581 105,496,969 9,799,601 130,621,569 69,265,569 61,356,000 22,051,093 48,439,991 21,771,566 5,065,317 14,275,634 47,273,956 23,724,473 303,669,929 190,622,956 95,317,830 17,729,143 1,981,197,761 1,499,314,531 986,062,966 119,668,339 40,078,288 49,835,009 303,669,929 481,883,230 3,667,671,249

2011 $2,266,850,424 1,658,377,770 762,378,532 595,028,792 575,788,668 332,256,781 104,711,082 44,245,077 5,174,051 84,933,214 19,240,124 300,970,446 6,739,028 14,991,180 586,742,446 476,654,285 87,410,032 15,032,589 7,645,540 2,005,947,956 1,654,428,735 592,863,150 330,482,270 222,760,979 370,102,171 494,828,803 56,678,841 6,582,490 460,117,393 109,397,936 17,243,590 101,913,730 7,484,206 126,020,387 65,985,505 60,034,882 21,989,895 49,166,999 22,334,533 5,214,711 14,248,537 46,653,282 25,548,643 320,563,723 180,712,886 121,384,316 18,466,521 2,005,947,956 1,509,115,520 984,180,683 115,570,769 39,762,087 49,038,258 320,563,723 496,832,436 3,672,783,154

2010 $2,039,926,569 1,567,206,839 705,929,253 575,371,668 555,592,308 315,808,952 105,511,630 42,969,373 4,888,356 82,442,778 19,779,360 285,905,918 6,494,993 15,121,578 451,103,159 353,373,854 75,037,579 15,311,140 7,380,586 1,943,522,632 1,593,693,957 571,147,157 317,389,500 214,010,622 357,136,535 462,430,908 58,858,443 6,164,123 426,985,892 111,169,808 18,043,061 102,742,620 8,427,188 122,754,039 64,509,024 58,245,015 21,514,767 48,549,551 22,610,662 5,108,615 13,828,055 45,259,591 23,864,159 320,720,833 166,956,051 134,908,383 18,856,399 1,943,522,632 1,457,965,445 934,321,563 118,010,630 37,561,512 47,350,907 320,720,833 485,557,187 3,323,047,498

2009 $1,133,446,448 1,493,989,614 713,474,529 494,782,446 475,661,252 280,281,988 82,447,792 36,518,798 4,455,882 68,492,747 19,121,194 285,732,639 6,376,562 16,471,341 (383,391,069) (449,271,197) 41,976,470 16,618,791 7,284,867 1,832,596,801 1,560,046,263 567,674,062 324,374,036 207,010,341 360,663,721 438,744,629 58,741,316 6,290,097 404,409,141 107,286,437 16,492,780 98,889,122 8,397,315 120,594,797 58,041,020 62,553,777 22,605,445 50,382,439 22,978,925 4,520,197 13,676,971 45,281,069 26,295,576 241,080,311 156,708,757 65,974,092 18,397,462 1,832,596,801 1,341,709,410 901,310,643 116,989,763 35,005,215 47,323,478 241,080,311 490,887,391 3,082,511,650

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 4 7

RE VE NUE A N D EX PE N DIT U R E

TABLE 7 .2 5 National Totals of State Government Finances for Selected Years: 2009–2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments: Finance (years ending in ‘2’ and ‘7’), and Annual Survey of State Government Finances (remaining years). Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

3 48 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E

TABLE 7 .2 6 State General Revenue, By Source and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) Taxes State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total general revenue (a) $2,097,939,270 28,250,965 8,152,092 38,133,225 21,402,327 320,249,459 30,878,620 30,490,255 9,275,531 91,783,197 45,135,668 14,078,337 9,155,174 72,948,065 40,546,768 24,072,068 19,078,088 29,299,781 29,227,226 8,814,837 42,101,136 58,094,512 66,231,312 44,475,950 19,137,029 30,919,843 7,021,451 10,470,221 16,087,532 7,566,526 66,129,779 17,627,371 175,700,469 56,343,509 7,746,544 68,842,609 22,075,260 32,138,083 87,715,628 8,406,086 28,177,916 4,409,773 30,234,945 137,622,906 18,687,798 6,346,252 50,882,334 50,923,984 12,970,565 36,278,147 5,602,117

Total (b) $1,022,783,253 11,055,577 1,641,733 16,212,105 9,843,173 175,016,884 14,802,263 19,082,263 4,219,572 45,961,204 23,428,056 7,714,451 4,845,431 39,857,069 19,397,879 10,088,480 9,546,790 12,059,970 11,357,686 4,410,632 22,427,037 29,654,803 30,508,361 26,697,469 7,890,571 13,027,504 2,944,827 5,393,093 9,157,036 2,920,888 35,365,046 5,671,904 88,541,099 27,855,070 4,205,184 29,130,040 9,563,830 12,644,869 40,709,545 3,483,100 10,550,096 1,917,548 14,269,061 60,328,843 8,038,690 3,284,231 23,489,398 26,574,889 5,417,673 18,742,929 1,837,401

Total (b) $484,307,927 5,534,807 252,970 9,708,694 4,834,983 57,345,108 5,712,243 7,596,995 585,645 38,456,615 9,132,965 4,732,032 2,396,117 18,699,777 12,119,558 4,687,073 4,494,809 5,714,427 6,864,723 2,250,293 9,567,244 9,022,362 14,398,369 10,614,808 5,030,854 5,539,227 655,034 2,502,020 7,329,456 1,025,902 15,424,507 2,874,807 26,399,319 12,213,458 1,395,503 18,056,988 4,194,272 1,654,829 21,034,252 1,682,021 4,948,178 1,585,089 10,343,084 51,462,209 3,901,286 1,095,321 7,082,742 20,327,520 2,731,739 8,232,896 862,797

Sales and gross receipts General $319,702,418 2,786,833 0 7,687,992 3,498,073 39,682,734 3,211,909 4,400,808 0 29,562,900 5,938,448 3,529,065 1,790,830 11,336,866 7,795,091 3,279,789 3,304,091 3,600,598 4,252,693 1,529,113 4,716,179 6,490,305 9,595,949 5,830,256 3,557,752 3,686,274 0 1,900,037 5,095,689 10,459,419 2,073,118 14,820,163 8,009,850 912,532 12,148,485 2,855,176 0 10,920,832 1,048,957 3,303,220 1,103,624 7,469,547 36,129,876 2,784,489 397,691 4,076,636 15,643,017 1,311,930 5,484,375 689,207

Motor fuels $48,324,660 648,639 47,149 869,183 492,945 6,351,756 675,962 487,327 131,864 2,799,610 1,801,798 88,377 362,234 1,367,939 1,420,135 671,937 461,075 702,651 631,641 250,468 1,084,195 769,144 1,473,002 936,893 436,245 717,894 258,958 373,889 343,386 183,366 458,892 230,303 1,636,749 1,974,782 196,649 1,912,191 485,276 533,976 3,375,429 79,858 646,581 187,424 1,086,693 3,710,307 557,490 82,953 1,031,034 1,713,782 419,528 1,051,479 113,622

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 4 9

RE VE NUE A N D EX PE N DIT U R E

TABLE 7 .2 6 State General Revenue, By Source and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Taxes (conâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t.) Licenses State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total (b) $57,158,841 521,990 153,636 495,034 409,856 10,504,521 816,832 431,196 1,574,576 2,123,462 719,422 275,600 367,178 2,751,479 749,114 954,503 433,229 499,502 393,129 281,155 850,913 1,154,719 1,945,619 1,476,228 492,415 596,167 379,198 196,215 661,240 435,544 1,542,213 322,473 1,771,629 2,197,653 214,463 2,237,002 1,018,657 1,087,449 2,721,979 110,799 582,294 291,896 1,763,747 3,635,024 347,888 126,404 878,751 2,070,931 219,003 1,187,392 187,522

Motor vehicle $27,874,054 220,483 36,258 230,095 164,617 4,635,040 597,097 238,351 58,969 1,449,604 395,140 191,757 195,431 1,618,750 321,055 664,178 222,978 211,646 79,284 112,557 501,417 444,827 1,337,873 800,981 158,283 296,849 168,827 113,733 198,263 82,270 657,956 200,727 1,411,790 853,879 118,080 787,276 736,979 539,474 1,183,964 29,352 274,093 83,369 357,692 2,358,248 224,833 72,957 492,825 1,129,671 4,498 518,115 91,663

See footnotes at end of table

3 50â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Individual income $390,002,949 3,912,800 0 4,545,242 2,866,175 95,152,230 7,510,366 9,733,258 1,652,335 0 11,643,781 2,430,032 1,835,864 15,296,693 5,816,072 3,897,236 3,413,677 4,499,086 3,246,226 1,605,096 9,507,776 16,280,331 10,238,864 11,882,330 1,852,937 6,510,224 1,300,809 2,360,596 0 105,759 15,037,845 1,252,651 52,738,515 12,609,608 367,635 8,698,901 3,495,264 8,879,552 12,800,890 1,329,152 4,432,104 0 246,508 0 3,991,400 819,330 14,105,766 0 1,950,571 8,151,462 0

Corporation net income $47,647,798 577,516 196,321 373,076 390,756 12,488,304 660,100 778,232 254,802 2,426,900 1,004,298 146,831 240,809 2,587,141 698,725 443,187 437,967 511,353 358,208 185,737 1,033,175 2,408,947 1,095,023 1,357,004 437,407 333,724 176,132 313,690 0 790,011 2,235,653 91,488 3,617,910 742,512 107,277 9,046 234,868 804,453 2,486,379 118,118 424,048 32,376 1,644,159 0 400,885 110,819 861,897 0 110,068 910,466 0

Intergovernmental revenue $688,138,024 10,303,451 3,457,365 16,011,205 7,877,352 103,018,851 9,402,733 7,440,296 2,619,277 28,298,587 15,295,883 3,013,717 2,819,674 22,429,882 15,075,489 6,075,843 4,072,601 11,970,566 13,648,190 3,012,515 13,023,465 17,101,109 21,365,685 11,742,550 8,271,815 11,947,706 3,124,693 3,264,232 5,454,068 2,799,206 18,014,349 7,534,520 64,587,716 18,704,775 1,742,138 24,388,743 7,100,962 10,470,949 29,418,893 2,868,687 9,916,827 1,499,310 11,826,420 47,201,933 4,724,208 2,091,212 10,957,750 14,446,364 4,846,089 9,494,180 2,363,993

Charges and miscellaneous general revenue $387,017,993 6,891,937 3,052,994 5,909,915 3,681,802 42,213,724 6,673,624 3,967,696 2,436,682 17,523,406 6,411,729 3,350,169 1,490,069 10,661,114 6,073,400 7,907,745 5,458,697 5,269,245 4,221,350 1,391,690 6,650,634 11,338,600 14,357,266 6,035,931 2,974,643 5,944,633 951,931 1,812,896 1,476,428 1,846,432 12,750,384 4,420,947 22,571,654 9,783,664 1,799,222 15,323,826 5,410,468 9,022,265 17,587,190 2,054,299 7,710,993 992,915 4,139,464 30,092,130 5,924,900 970,809 16,435,186 9,902,731 2,706,803 8,041,038 1,400,723

R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E

TABLE 7 .2 6 State General Revenue, By Source and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census. gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology. html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

Key: (a) Total general revenue equals total taxes plus intergovernmental revenue plus charges and miscellaneous revenue. (b) Total includes other taxes not shown separately in this table. (c) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of State Government Tax Collections

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5 1

RE VE NUE A N D EX PE N DIT U R E

TABLE 7 .2 7 State Expenditure, By Character and Object and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) Direct expenditures State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Intergovernmental expenditures $562,587,857 7,006,778 648,930 10,268,171 5,489,804 108,218,508 7,518,654 5,908,441 1,611,413 18,958,978 12,889,900 355,739 2,570,844 21,109,911 10,328,805 5,373,071 5,030,280 4,890,345 6,380,598 1,347,094 9,874,995 9,434,585 22,754,958 14,174,246 4,861,117 6,336,401 1,113,197 2,668,741 5,180,050 1,764,616 15,250,952 5,176,572 63,492,253 14,706,189 1,995,041 18,933,185 4,470,670 6,320,421 22,327,616 1,307,710 6,768,154 871,682 7,619,932 31,520,535 4,166,842 1,839,019 12,257,922 14,338,188 2,693,408 11,108,614 1,353,782

Total $1,848,117,782 26,892,612 11,330,253 30,877,121 17,030,405 266,873,796 29,930,720 22,162,222 8,380,273 77,862,800 38,668,284 13,298,737 7,860,276 71,358,188 31,307,493 18,503,965 14,542,149 30,422,173 28,737,618 7,889,848 36,308,950 57,931,525 53,534,599 35,410,581 16,971,447 28,656,459 6,692,284 8,455,140 12,234,642 7,143,307 63,655,798 16,291,884 149,671,207 46,223,206 5,221,274 70,092,881 20,843,851 33,049,357 80,323,898 8,164,272 28,234,412 4,371,576 26,118,151 119,369,539 17,720,762 5,182,323 44,109,025 43,656,438 12,665,772 31,069,223 4,815,066

See footnotes at end of table

3 52â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Current operation $1,307,732,632 18,465,571 8,414,113 23,083,588 12,951,596 190,565,162 20,829,453 13,306,482 6,373,474 57,473,878 26,566,012 10,136,706 5,628,078 45,757,167 23,687,675 13,134,266 11,206,738 21,918,436 20,478,025 6,157,472 25,516,499 42,170,593 39,346,253 26,273,079 12,346,712 21,010,758 4,982,167 6,628,165 7,802,811 5,363,400 41,022,722 12,750,523 105,263,964 32,743,106 3,853,916 45,118,929 14,292,023 24,709,888 53,989,427 5,815,655 19,841,367 2,898,694 19,873,507 83,871,515 12,732,903 4,148,629 32,667,604 30,352,601 9,070,100 21,740,427 3,400,803

Total $135,313,220 2,397,764 1,142,969 1,747,664 1,364,490 9,438,084 1,711,872 1,841,642 713,138 7,427,393 3,231,415 1,358,477 735,909 4,005,783 2,355,800 1,830,005 1,016,388 2,038,511 2,031,489 350,777 3,503,748 4,856,630 2,715,123 1,642,656 1,049,450 1,346,219 404,754 737,197 962,791 403,614 4,881,770 389,427 12,931,334 5,062,722 534,189 4,621,346 2,840,809 1,471,019 8,870,696 444,220 2,322,633 613,501 1,767,907 11,764,854 2,015,974 330,332 3,848,602 2,597,102 779,625 2,350,081 513,325

Capital outlay Construction $114,419,655 1,866,960 925,567 1,411,687 1,248,030 8,298,926 1,254,278 1,500,411 591,920 6,921,210 2,717,120 302,474 613,879 3,619,535 1,910,900 1,661,633 862,730 1,807,481 1,595,354 313,933 2,745,694 4,254,933 2,250,543 1,226,159 910,957 1,133,341 364,693 640,356 865,103 323,612 3,533,380 335,975 11,420,074 4,263,287 489,237 4,200,064 2,533,550 1,271,619 7,803,287 398,445 2,037,907 562,079 1,393,083 9,664,505 1,594,419 283,540 3,168,759 2,079,920 676,453 2,078,415 492,238

Other $20,893,565 530,804 217,402 335,977 116,460 1,139,158 457,594 341,231 121,218 506,183 514,295 1,056,003 122,030 386,248 444,900 168,372 153,658 231,030 436,135 36,844 758,054 601,697 464,580 416,497 138,493 212,878 40,061 96,841 97,688 80,002 1,348,390 53,452 1,511,260 799,435 44,952 421,282 307,259 199,400 1,067,409 45,775 284,726 51,422 374,824 2,100,349 421,555 46,792 679,843 517,182 103,172 271,666 21,087

R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E

TABLE 7 .2 7 State Expenditure, By Character and Object and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Direct expenditures (conâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Assistance and subsidies $52,020,828 2,026,561 156,646 1,044,970 479,449 5,768,639 863,014 506,209 351,317 2,348,488 1,349,426 117,347 170,912 1,619,236 1,420,605 623,092 213,140 1,150,992 709,562 169,069 1,552,242 1,040,193 1,570,238 1,243,256 403,554 621,873 87,500 224,730 574,416 237,485 1,674,419 240,051 2,026,985 1,429,827 129,454 1,797,777 622,361 524,840 3,065,350 175,387 1,288,726 138,315 1,391,419 3,588,207 811,121 189,366 1,226,394 1,621,721 658,436 736,561 39,950

Interest on debt $48,517,907 395,811 208,821 540,207 152,956 7,171,873 786,681 1,607,284 211,914 864,979 594,551 100,246 142,614 4,391,547 978,441 215,360 165,644 664,904 810,683 158,613 1,239,474 2,896,976 1,705,749 572,530 295,707 769,954 108,990 58,856 139,415 315,144 2,227,970 417,814 5,990,288 643,100 72,639 1,187,462 406,260 414,808 1,586,991 444,399 544,672 123,352 310,926 1,681,348 223,770 102,914 1,162,211 1,521,343 588,911 577,112 23,693

Insurance benefits and repayments $304,533,195 3,606,905 1,407,704 4,460,692 2,081,914 53,930,038 5,739,700 4,900,605 730,430 9,748,062 6,926,880 1,585,961 1,182,763 15,584,455 2,864,972 2,701,242 1,940,239 4,649,330 4,707,859 1,053,917 4,496,987 6,967,133 8,197,236 5,679,060 2,876,024 4,907,655 1,108,873 806,192 2,755,209 823,664 13,848,917 2,494,069 23,458,636 6,344,451 631,076 17,367,367 2,682,398 5,928,802 12,811,434 1,284,611 4,237,014 597,714 2,774,392 18,463,615 1,936,994 411,082 5,204,214 7,563,671 1,568,700 5,665,042 837,295

Exhibit: Total salaries and wages $279,060,869 5,006,399 1,693,777 4,131,082 3,045,148 36,861,691 5,694,648 4,535,820 1,427,539 9,593,177 6,861,976 3,250,714 1,533,577 8,044,553 4,792,238 3,527,619 2,959,691 4,425,025 4,127,020 1,090,102 5,373,400 7,589,998 10,233,587 5,767,789 2,546,158 3,954,740 1,094,046 1,624,038 1,838,635 1,162,054 10,392,904 2,501,757 18,772,845 8,348,468 1,049,222 8,378,398 3,364,146 4,984,970 10,561,499 1,344,672 4,025,773 764,981 4,221,590 18,769,065 3,719,162 969,252 7,708,152 8,567,327 1,874,275 4,297,663 658,507

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5 3

RE VE NUE A N D EX PE N DIT U R E

TABLE 7 .2 7 State Expenditure, By Character and Object and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come

3 54â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E

TABLE 7 .2 8 State General Expenditure, By Function and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total general expenditures (a) $2,067,954,884 29,951,784 10,446,105 36,650,241 20,438,295 319,549,260 31,696,427 22,583,290 9,104,556 86,782,792 44,593,220 12,068,515 9,113,460 76,875,407 38,771,326 20,952,954 17,632,190 30,635,111 30,403,826 8,154,539 40,435,641 56,700,849 67,189,291 43,337,146 18,660,117 30,079,041 6,595,193 10,317,689 14,610,813 7,521,532 62,187,390 18,973,297 173,766,965 54,506,230 6,539,038 70,721,000 21,147,798 32,946,999 87,902,698 8,070,396 28,984,861 4,645,544 30,963,512 132,368,456 19,663,786 6,546,073 50,395,859 50,357,945 13,703,084 36,483,821 5,229,522

Education $705,090,151 12,051,715 1,372,847 12,377,309 8,086,351 102,372,367 12,635,707 7,354,661 3,267,523 28,660,079 20,031,380 3,658,576 3,382,019 19,254,876 16,263,389 7,371,352 7,482,546 10,274,643 9,276,658 2,176,832 12,984,499 13,317,694 27,269,300 16,405,597 5,751,698 9,820,813 1,893,109 3,869,733 5,653,496 2,304,692 22,648,321 6,022,626 46,901,379 21,894,866 2,336,423 23,297,437 8,068,280 10,549,695 26,638,852 2,165,079 10,411,541 1,608,584 10,686,746 56,461,040 9,029,569 2,883,613 17,421,907 20,831,462 4,396,317 12,317,405 1,897,548

Public welfare $716,794,523 8,612,680 2,829,723 15,233,186 6,805,974 141,298,829 9,804,228 4,883,237 2,708,613 27,812,728 13,103,954 2,908,075 2,715,286 25,365,980 13,971,440 6,260,575 4,187,002 11,926,347 12,158,245 3,325,199 13,047,335 23,880,903 19,324,550 16,076,178 6,579,317 9,685,146 2,220,855 2,843,906 3,956,409 2,597,379 18,814,173 6,238,404 71,580,845 15,124,072 1,555,797 28,265,068 6,810,139 11,235,890 29,548,636 3,261,230 8,053,479 1,172,574 12,480,175 39,408,074 3,898,102 1,789,827 11,684,097 12,790,963 4,944,067 11,162,054 853,578

Highways $134,774,210 2,078,347 1,325,870 2,372,631 1,783,776 11,133,335 2,177,923 1,671,813 578,469 8,456,153 2,832,890 594,409 882,023 5,289,208 2,762,006 2,380,210 1,008,522 1,803,079 1,444,825 775,769 2,837,118 2,630,888 3,402,666 2,812,506 1,172,098 1,533,420 648,130 870,351 1,076,888 553,746 5,016,444 709,107 7,467,266 5,343,092 768,683 4,344,194 2,234,254 1,153,745 9,530,078 425,934 1,895,113 658,346 1,791,384 9,526,653 1,437,674 451,526 5,477,966 2,955,838 1,227,811 2,958,776 511,257

Hospitals $90,476,187 3,009,374 33,660 251 1,182,854 13,661,880 1,166,904 1,468,717 80,689 1,448,208 1,446,620 554,863 54,726 954,931 140,266 2,220,166 2,682,388 1,959,379 360,569 104,638 546,427 699,023 4,639,200 330,829 1,492,885 2,436,367 63,105 183,303 284,633 63,389 2,119,311 1,165,291 5,891,120 2,412,935 49,411 3,485,303 232,768 2,580,178 5,441,838 56,365 1,984,218 22,971 354,881 7,596,330 2,168,114 22,769 5,516,050 3,652,849 158,504 2,291,169 3,568

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5 5

RE VE NUE A N D EX PE N DIT U R E

TABLE 7 .2 8 State General Expenditure, By Function and By State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Natural resources $24,335,551 270,436 564,528 314,216 282,203 5,627,729 425,244 209,028 79,663 1,614,036 582,562 154,917 256,214 259,199 373,597 306,130 224,604 429,366 847,952 138,344 516,597 281,180 413,764 656,288 312,207 375,964 311,697 218,809 148,965 60,669 582,909 201,119 572,127 520,176 150,952 396,531 175,197 473,168 784,111 78,868 208,474 166,839 387,474 799,779 241,862 117,306 302,288 856,296 267,618 562,898 233,451

Health $65,005,458 528,982 273,110 593,159 174,956 7,264,570 491,923 1,015,650 481,144 4,023,674 1,362,561 546,530 144,359 1,163,348 589,823 244,446 426,940 446,213 444,667 195,530 2,201,263 1,593,860 2,139,562 537,345 417,704 2,006,652 175,282 295,322 303,777 144,369 2,948,275 386,056 10,046,952 1,665,329 127,917 1,964,946 867,839 1,001,355 3,728,441 225,931 1,216,517 160,503 753,484 3,165,266 341,573 376,219 1,573,641 2,938,904 291,850 613,949 383,790

See footnotes at end of table

3 56â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Corrections $53,379,501 595,676 435,826 1,093,410 338,273 9,104,578 1,093,736 616,242 340,098 2,768,672 1,355,774 228,068 288,137 1,958,336 726,759 282,045 350,498 609,697 704,416 159,658 1,447,811 1,504,408 1,914,217 655,076 325,624 783,787 218,878 371,531 339,980 135,173 1,421,635 483,190 3,199,404 1,412,095 104,432 1,805,807 611,411 945,814 2,182,586 219,705 513,277 125,620 955,135 4,052,989 379,926 144,869 1,586,514 1,039,580 306,006 1,006,021 137,101

Financial administration $27,324,399 404,690 260,824 325,585 443,790 3,487,630 446,711 315,227 220,548 593,557 634,959 231,537 253,983 1,139,162 338,099 250,131 172,811 332,899 443,390 246,688 718,272 664,934 945,438 488,380 234,503 440,451 145,676 155,945 245,776 97,192 1,091,684 161,090 2,530,068 690,189 75,904 1,330,244 312,475 657,944 1,374,643 142,142 318,642 95,658 572,678 1,100,572 455,449 88,502 588,033 463,590 190,030 267,407 138,667

Employment security administration $3,823,018 97,214 33,984 0 90,015 317,600 64,892 20,880 16,553 305,267 30,598 6,883 6,774 45,692 79,295 51,428 30,524 115,992 111,426 62,353 48,243 185,436 177,082 42,146 72,732 41,509 43,270 44,487 64,571 30,183 194,343 10,669 206,807 56,704 15,328 119,447 75,662 51,799 102,763 40,881 98,474 24,653 59,451 91,145 12,455 1,734 78,214 192,278 21,546 94,727 36,909

Police $17,342,880 178,415 185,933 282,873 106,628 1,931,457 221,140 248,298 146,507 633,426 459,715 44,930 67,156 509,105 263,847 106,324 109,890 215,850 366,451 91,828 666,408 599,597 521,117 485,123 142,346 258,835 54,835 90,507 98,896 66,713 849,427 148,651 1,064,365 604,212 29,140 498,391 177,128 232,066 1,151,450 90,313 173,934 49,317 240,927 1,279,130 159,512 86,944 713,547 470,737 77,494 52,438 39,607

R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E

TABLE 7 .2 8 State General Expenditure, By Function and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidentialdata. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error.

Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology <https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html>. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Total includes other expenditures not shown separately in this table.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5 7

RE VE NUE A N D EX PE N DIT U R E

TA BLE 7 .2 9 State Debt Outstanding at End of Fiscal Year, by State: 2018 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total $1,173,606,967 9,856,082 5,889,417 13,703,759 6,832,598 148,027,188 17,853,552 40,287,423 5,127,188 27,593,512 13,305,788 9,870,931 3,439,046 67,495,522 22,026,355 6,270,052 6,136,579 14,617,245 18,155,260 4,759,978 27,998,569 78,620,996 33,563,347 16,600,028 7,252,112 17,854,734 2,739,404 2,056,773 3,435,955 7,739,271 65,574,574 7,268,214 147,960,540 15,354,553 3,040,855 31,622,762 8,910,608 14,285,969 49,064,189 9,093,878 14,571,479 3,739,690 6,289,301 51,529,919 7,355,005 3,580,807 29,074,498 33,926,356 8,610,296 22,812,370 832,440

Long-term total $1,165,350,673 9,806,657 5,836,148 13,627,491 6,808,411 148,027,188 17,765,295 40,287,423 5,127,188 27,538,764 13,194,560 9,870,931 3,433,664 67,495,522 21,890,097 6,270,052 6,136,579 14,582,347 18,150,256 4,759,978 27,998,569 78,516,607 33,093,830 16,600,028 7,230,924 17,811,485 2,738,814 2,055,332 3,435,955 7,739,271 65,164,039 7,236,443 147,109,807 15,260,118 3,040,436 30,911,916 8,898,017 13,707,544 48,824,084 9,024,676 14,426,995 3,734,340 6,019,882 48,463,432 7,272,605 3,344,643 28,900,868 33,926,356 8,610,296 22,812,370 832,440

3 58â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Short-term total $8,256,294 49,425 53,269 76,268 24,187 0 88,257 0 0 54,748 111,228 0 5,382 0 136,258 0 0 34,898 5,004 0 0 104,389 469,517 0 21,188 43,249 590 1,441 0 0 410,535 31,771 850,733 94,435 419 710,846 12,591 578,425 240,105 69,202 144,484 5,350 269,419 3,066,487 82,400 236,164 173,630 0 0 0 0

Net long-term total (a) $701,872,827 8,489,389 1,987,469 8,035,248 5,172,511 118,128,158 6,295,739 24,730,849 3,612,473 22,256,898 9,817,549 9,105,035 624,399 37,837,997 2,693,426 1,655,881 3,184,793 8,440,226 10,455,247 1,141,496 15,466,494 52,910,013 16,491,908 9,921,256 5,576,023 4,676,746 119,656 538,191 2,470,524 2,931,142 46,870,207 4,210,739 83,824,747 6,705,612 1,318,159 10,483,212 6,048,877 8,548,146 32,173,424 2,483,058 11,650,341 986,023 1,544,803 34,044,941 4,601,351 1,115,746 15,725,322 22,478,682 3,992,767 8,200,074 99,860

pling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Long-term debt outstanding minus long-term debt offsets.

P U B LI C P E N S I O N P LA N S

TABLE 7 .3 0 Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems By State: Fiscal Year 2018 State United States Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (a) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (a) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total 19,006,463 255,052 32,780 487,375 170,536 2,212,741 490,300 125,450 48,925 625,818 593,855 75,520 84,297 695,450 261,356 245,584 209,549 393,781 354,057 61,936 247,918 297,827 284,968 554,089 220,827 362,358 94,019 96,127 124,303 62,053 461,069 183,091 916,620 706,876 49,348 1,415,590 178,203 322,090 543,022 53,287 411,383 59,919 385,582 1,836,171 152,723 33,341 499,273 398,385 103,819 425,409 102,411

Membership Active members 12,928,649 225,351 22,488 243,705 136,180 1,456,951 231,710 110,901 44,641 518,545 369,537 66,271 71,163 461,104 220,206 175,116 151,687 205,917 187,512 51,522 195,085 213,864 253,671 310,469 151,376 247,623 54,147 62,437 107,649 48,179 456,096 117,216 789,345 484,938 34,525 693,724 143,538 276,097 368,332 39,493 219,295 41,186 217,434 1,266,358 97,522 25,874 343,005 329,154 71,462 257,413 61,635

Inactive members 6,077,814 29,701 10,292 243,670 34,356 755,790 258,590 14,549 4,284 107,273 224,318 9,249 13,134 234,346 41,150 70,468 57,862 187,864 166,545 10,414 52,833 83,963 31,297 243,620 69,451 114,735 39,872 33,690 16,654 13,874 4,973 65,875 127,275 221,938 14,823 721,866 34,665 45,993 174,690 13,794 192,088 18,733 168,148 569,813 55,201 7,467 156,268 69,231 32,357 167,996 40,776

Total beneficiaries receiving periodic benefit payments 9,424,493 144,409 49,743 173,561 99,888 1,143,806 128,259 94,996 29,498 414,699 219,655 48,563 52,271 391,834 154,826 125,913 101,911 173,344 177,090 45,287 162,282 153,350 323,097 225,169 107,599 189,523 42,794 27,532 67,163 41,526 329,318 90,097 645,382 303,346 20,627 475,093 121,341 147,595 368,288 28,520 163,082 28,403 157,487 656,639 65,428 19,432 206,776 188,566 66,069 203,202 30,214

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5 9

P UB LIC PE NS IO N PL A N S

TABLE 7 .3 0 Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems By State: Fiscal Year 2018 (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State- and Locally-Administered Defined Benefit Data. Notes: 1.Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table come from a sample of governmental units and are thus subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www2.census. gov/programs-surveys/aspp/technical-documentation/methodolog y/2018/2018surveymethodology.pdf. 2. Effective with the 2012 survey cycle, the Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State-Administered Defined Benefit Data revised the survey form to implement changes in asset classification. These changes apply to the categories designated as corporate stocks, corporate bonds, federal government securities, state and local government securities, and other securities. Federally-sponsored agency securities are classified under federal government securities instead of corporate bonds. Private equity, venture capital, and leverage buyouts are classified under corporate stocks instead

3 60â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

of other securities. Due to these changes in asset classification, there are shifts in the distribution of assets from corporate bonds to federal government securities and from other securities to corporate stocks. However, since investment decisions guide the distribution of assets, we cannot calculate the exact impact that the changes in classification had on the asset distribution for 2012. As such, for the above mentioned asset categories, any data comparisons between data from 2012 to the present, and data prior to 2012 should be exercised with caution. 3. Pension obligations and Covered payroll for defined benefit pension systems are only collected at the state level. 4 .Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) There are exceptions to the fiscal year rule for the state pension systems in Alabama, Michigan, and Texas. For systems in these states, the fiscal year moves beyond the June 30 cutoff. The data for the survey year 2018 covers the fiscal year ending August 31, 2018 for Texas and September 30, 2018 for Alabama and Michigan. These exceptions are made to better align the data with the Survey of State Government Finances.

P U B LI C P E N S I O N P LA N S

Table 7.30 | Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems By State: (Fiscal Year 2018)

300,000 to 399,999 400,000 to 499,999

AK • 22,488 VT • 25,874 ND • 34,525 RI • 39,493 SD • 41,186

•

500,000 to 999,999 Over 1,000,000

Inactive Members HIGHEST

HIGHEST

CA • 1,456,951 TX 1,266,358 NY • 789,345 OH • 693,724 FL • 518,545

LOWEST

Active Members

LOWEST

Less than 100,000 100,000 to 199,999 200,000 to 299,999

CA • 755,790 OH • 721,866 • TX 569,813 CO • 258,590 AZ • 243,670 DE • 4,284 WV • 4,973 VT • 7,467 ND • 9,249 HI • 10,292

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 6 1

P UB LIC PE NS IO N PL A N S

TA BLE 7 .3 1 Finances of State-Administered Public-Employee Pension Systems, by State: Fiscal Year 2018* (In thousands of dollars)

State and level Employee of government Total receipts contributions United States $519,232,163 $47,449,885 Alabama (a) 5,780,815 727,477 Alaska 1,961,185 130,476 Arizona 7,413,749 1,287,488 Arkansas 4,536,149 237,262 California 92,797,177 8,891,615 Colorado 10,951,819 886,653 Connecticut 6,550,385 530,861 Delaware 1,301,547 76,520 Florida 18,192,766 746,370 Georgia 12,287,909 808,475 Hawaii 2,524,205 252,686 Idaho 2,331,532 246,105 Illinois 25,480,892 1,872,594 Indiana 5,115,152 202,493 Iowa 4,137,040 521,251 Kansas 3,089,601 420,285 Kentucky 6,226,243 671,181 Louisiana 8,694,856 864,444 Maine 2,038,300 189,721 Maryland 7,148,774 795,898 Massachusetts 8,974,673 1,684,955 Michigan (a) 13,886,646 1,042,931 Minnesota 11,141,277 1,150,804 Mississippi 4,203,618 573,310 Missouri 9,081,393 1,009,156 Montana 1,980,966 295,266 Nebraska 1,877,741 239,041 Nevada 5,209,543 147,129 New Hampshire 1,402,134 218,317 New Jersey 14,727,756 2,093,554 New Mexico 3,474,671 566,202 New York 39,180,805 471,545 North Carolina 11,860,440 1,352,014 North Dakota 832,858 127,748 Ohio 30,065,256 3,462,889 Oklahoma 4,607,389 492,001 Oregon 9,719,671 634,836 Pennsylvania 17,452,434 1,457,484 Rhode Island 1,447,564 192,065 South Carolina 5,805,833 952,676 South Dakota 1,209,712 124,262 Tennessee 5,781,562 344,034 Texas (a) 32,890,791 4,958,761 Utah 5,619,329 70,049 Vermont 593,589 97,478 Virginia 11,111,413 938,128 Washington 14,417,470 1,088,902 West Virginia 2,637,769 168,634 Wisconsin 17,877,999 965,453 Wyoming 1,599,764 170,404

Receipts during fiscal year Government contributions Earnings on From state From local investments Total government government (b) $124,789,613 $71,263,451 $53,526,162 $346,992,665 1,247,213 217,132 1,030,081 3,806,125 538,946 370,601 168,345 1,291,762 1,834,306 940,705 893,601 4,291,955 853,970 754,797 99,173 3,444,917 30,365,411 17,276,816 13,088,596 53,540,151 1,633,571 745,295 888,275 8,431,596 2,924,390 2,745,015 179,375 3,095,134 237,701 225,391 12,310 987,326 2,849,920 663,381 2,186,539 14,596,476 3,246,698 2,749,803 496,895 8,232,736 851,041 639,128 211,912 1,420,478 391,371 107,182 284,188 1,694,056 8,832,855 7,788,725 1,044,129 14,775,443 1,940,819 1,112,164 828,654 2,971,841 816,396 137,656 678,739 2,799,393 887,735 588,153 299,582 1,781,581 2,323,707 1,717,431 606,276 3,231,355 2,692,709 1,100,972 1,591,737 5,137,703 398,926 341,852 57,074 1,449,652 2,036,015 2,036,015 0 4,316,861 1,831,170 1,625,923 205,247 5,458,548 4,144,043 975,060 3,168,983 8,699,672 1,378,871 288,625 1,090,246 8,611,602 1,052,134 409,466 642,668 2,578,174 1,779,507 722,249 1,057,257 6,292,731 317,974 198,624 119,350 1,367,727 308,163 91,025 217,137 1,330,537 1,718,876 254,597 1,464,279 3,343,538 429,005 6,845 422,160 754,812 4,422,551 4,421,746 805 8,211,651 737,277 323,750 413,527 2,171,192 6,429,724 3,121,013 3,308,711 32,279,535 2,147,626 1,636,501 511,125 8,360,800 200,658 83,638 117,019 504,452 4,259,627 2,220,463 2,039,164 22,342,740 1,189,561 609,351 580,210 2,925,827 1,370,441 409,164 961,276 7,714,395 6,199,849 1,922,917 4,276,933 9,795,101 469,185 421,122 48,062 786,314 1,542,322 728,783 813,539 3,310,835 124,734 44,639 80,096 960,715 1,558,062 465,608 1,092,454 3,879,466 5,952,439 2,710,576 3,241,863 21,979,591 1,115,698 938,692 177,006 4,433,582 192,438 174,918 17,520 303,673 2,527,786 703,032 1,824,754 7,645,499 2,601,212 2,532,645 68,566 10,727,356 664,195 476,868 187,327 1,804,940 1,017,559 322,430 695,129 15,894,987 203,232 164,966 38,265 1,226,128

See footnotes at end of table

3 62â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Payments during fiscal year Total payments Benefits $274,139,250 $253,879,359 3,500,114 3,347,835 1,311,508 1,278,129 4,505,170 3,946,187 2,025,616 1,911,293 43,805,492 40,772,573 5,194,829 4,766,534 4,192,278 4,144,931 687,088 652,425 9,947,912 9,306,634 6,675,221 6,480,959 1,489,496 1,395,676 1,000,178 905,032 14,346,234 13,472,978 2,834,023 2,567,067 2,425,318 2,258,361 1,891,871 1,712,451 4,360,210 4,097,134 4,807,035 4,338,968 1,082,981 946,934 4,189,930 3,781,335 5,778,204 5,280,668 7,729,371 7,306,411 4,922,329 4,752,182 2,974,606 2,676,744 5,310,974 4,449,667 934,058 840,184 784,521 641,143 2,521,786 2,426,131 809,217 748,354 11,155,380 10,911,471 2,499,874 2,237,114 20,801,799 19,219,362 5,970,557 6,732,672 412,757 383,065 16,364,431 15,428,383 2,522,787 2,389,856 5,894,984 5,160,716 11,461,042 10,017,775 1,028,782 936,193 4,382,878 3,853,745 573,459 546,633 2,644,632 2,520,271 16,201,525 15,077,864 1,597,160 1,575,533 361,037 337,982 4,922,214 4,752,889 4,832,654 4,267,553 1,331,971 1,292,143 5,763,142 5,211,267 616,500 584,067

Withdrawals $6,283,454 101,601 15,708 277,195 29,914 544,246 162,326 44,448 6,072 19,325 93,586 20,847 38,259 262,505 34,549 60,987 64,967 67,863 128,418 22,589 69,408 142,667 108,719 80,362 124,427 73,200 25,157 91,861 31,799 24,010 189,105 92,436 387,752 188,373 19,241 595,001 62,229 13,876 751,369 6,435 139,061 21,841 41,160 696,286 9,626 7,446 122,968 82,872 26,581 38,358 24,424

Other payments $13,976,437 50,678 17,671 281,787 84,408 2,488,673 265,970 2,899 28,591 621,953 100,676 72,974 56,888 610,751 232,406 105,970 114,453 195,213 339,649 113,458 339,186 354,869 314,241 89,784 173,435 788,107 68,717 51,517 63,857 36,853 54,804 170,324 1,194,685 573,742 10,451 341,048 70,702 720,391 691,898 86,154 390,072 4,985 83,201 427,376 12,001 15,609 46,357 482,229 13,247 513,517 8,009

P U B LI C P E N S I O N P LA N S

TABLE 7 .3 1 Finances of State-Administered Public-Employee Pension Systems, by State: Fiscal Year 2018* (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: 2018 Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State- and LocallyAdministered Defined Benefit Data. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table come from a sample of governmental units and are thus subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology <https://www2.census. gov/programs-surveys/aspp/technical-documentation/methodolo gy/2018/2018surveymethodology.pdf?#> 2. *Effective with the 2012 survey cycle, the Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State-Administered Defined Benefit Data revised the survey form to implement changes in asset classification. These changes apply to the categories designated as corporate stocks, corporate bonds, federal government securities, state and local government securities, and other securities. Federally-sponsored agency securities are classified under federal government securities instead of corporate bonds. Private equity, venture capital, and leverage buyouts are classified under corporate stocks instead of other securities. Due to these changes in asset classification, there are shifts in the distribution of assets from corporate bonds to federal government securities and from other securities to corporate stocks. However, since investment decisions guide the distribution of assets, we cannot calculate the exact impact that the changes in classification had on the asset distribution for 2012. As such, for the above mentioned asset categories, any data comparisons between data from 2012 to the present, and data prior to 2012 should be exercised with caution.

3. Pension obligations and Covered payroll for defined benefit pension systems are only collected at the state level. 4. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) There are exceptions to the fiscal year rule for the state pension systems in Alabama, Michigan, and Texas. For systems in these states, the fiscal year moves beyond the June 30 cutoff. The data for the survey year 2018 covers the fiscal year ending August 31, 2018 for Texas and September 30, 2018 for Alabama and Michigan. These exceptions are made to better align the data with the Survey of State Government Finances. (b) The total of â&#x20AC;&#x153;net earningsâ&#x20AC;? is a calculated statistic and thus can be positive or negative. Net earnings is the sum of earnings on investments plus gains on investments minus losses on investments. The change made in 2002 for asset valuation from book to market value in accordance with Statement 34 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is reflected in the calculated statistics.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 6 3

P UB LIC PE NS IO N PL A N S

TA BLE 7 .3 2 National Summary of State-Administered Defined Benefit Pension System Finances: Fiscal Years, 2016–2018*

Total contributions Employee contributions Government contributions State government contributions Local government contributions Earnings on investments (b) Total Payments Benefits Withdrawals Other payments Total cash and investment holdings Cash and short-term investments Total securities Government securities Federal government United States Treasury Federal agency State and local government Nongovernmental securities Corporate bonds Corporate stocks Mortgages Funds held in trust Foreign and international Other nongovernmental securities Other investments Real property Miscellaneous investments

2018 $172,239,498 47,449,885 124,789,613 71,263,451 53,526,162 346,992,665 274,139,250 253,879,359 6,283,454 13,976,437 3,528,147,973 118,855,375 2,831,225,549 349,968,780 347,263,431 256,759,464 90,503,967 2,705,349 2,481,256,769 248,950,169 1,140,649,169 7,914,659 92,238,189 758,034,370 233,470,212 578,067,049 55,606,123 522,460,927

Amount (in thousands of dollars) 2017 2016 $157,386,474 $149,657,642 46,944,545 43,150,277 110,441,928 106,507,365 64,089,546 59,594,514 46,352,382 46,912,851 375,445,862 45,411,198 261,585,890 248,284,997 242,520,732 232,052,855 6,226,056 5,080,298 12,839,103 11,151,844 3,299,651,933 3,051,596,871 121,753,990 114,828,590 2,678,609,021 2,522,973,332 293,175,593 234,301,397 292,007,007 232,524,339 216,693,813 149,766,700 75,313,194 82,757,639 1,168,586 1,777,058 2,385,433,427 2,288,671,935 305,387,955 383,681,199 1,061,869,639 1,107,538,222 7,815,572 8,204,825 95,038,374 32,390,689 708,881,545 570,655,405 206,440,342 186,201,595 499,288,922 413,794,949 75,978,186 118,527,861 423,310,736 295,267,088

Source:The 2016–2018 Annual Surveys of Public Pensions: Stateand Locally-Defined Benefits Data. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this report should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table for the years ending in ‘2’ and ‘7’ come from a census of pension systems and are subject to nonsampling error. Data for the remaining years are from a sample of pension systems, and are thus subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, and response rates may be found at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/aspp/technical-documentation/methodology/how-the-data-are-collected.html 2.* Effective with the 2012 survey cycle, the Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State-Administered Defined Benefit Data revised the survey form to implement changes in asset classification. These changes apply to the categories designated as corporate stocks, corporate bonds, federal government securities, state and local government securities, and other securities. Federally-sponsored agency securities are classified under federal government securities instead of corporate bonds. Private equity, venture capital, and leverage buyouts are classified under corporate stocks instead of other securities. Due to these changes in asset classification, there are shifts in the distribution of assets from corporate bonds

3 64 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

2018 100.0 27.5 72.5 41.4 31.1 100.0 100.0 92.6 2.3 5.1 100.0 3.4 80.2 9.9 9.8 7.3 2.6 0.1 70.3 7.1 32.3 0.2 2.6 21.5 6.6 16.4 1.6 14.8

Percentage distribution 2017 100.0 29.8 70.2 40.7 29.5 100.0 100.0 92.7 2.4 4.9 100.0 3.7 81.2 8.9 8.8 6.6 2.3 0.0 72.3 9.3 32.2 0.2 2.9 21.5 6.3 15.1 2.3 12.8

2016 100.0 28.8 71.2 39.8 31.3 100.0 100.0 93.5 2.0 4.5 100.0 3.8 82.7 7.7 7.6 4.9 2.7 0.1 75.0 12.6 36.3 0.3 1.1 18.7 6.1 13.6 3.9 9.7

to federal government securities and from other securities to corporate stocks. However, since investment decisions guide the distribution of assets, we cannot calculate the exact impact that the changes in classification had on the asset distribution for 2012. As such, for the above mentioned asset categories, any data comparisons between data from 2012 to the present, and data prior to 2012 should be exercised with caution. 3. Detail may not add to total due to rounding; 4. Total Receipts are the sum of earnings on investments and total contributions. Key: (a) There are exceptions to the fiscal year rule for the state pension systems in Alabama, Michigan, and Texas. For systems in these states, the fiscal year moves beyond the June 30 cutoff. The data for the survey year 2017 covers the fiscal year ending August 31, 2017 for Texas and September 30, 2017 for Alabama and Michigan. These exceptions are made to better align the data with the Survey of State Government Finances. (b) The total of “net earnings” is a calculated statistic (the item code in the data file is X08), and thus can be positive or negative. Net earnings is the sum of earnings on investments plus gains on investments minus losses on investments. The change made in 2002 for asset valuation from book to market value in accordance with Statement 34 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is reflected in the calculated statistics.

CHAPTER EIGHT

STATE MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T

TA BLE 8 .1 Summary of State Government Employment: 1960â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2018 Employment (in thousands) Year (October) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 (March) 1998 (March) 1999 (March) 2000 (March) 2001 (March) 2002 (March) 2003 (March) 2004 (March) 2005 (March) 2006 (March) 2007 (March) 2008 (March) 2009 (March) 2010 (March) 2011 (March) 2012 (March) 2013 (March) 2014 (March) 2015 (March) 2016 (March) 2017 (March) 2018 (March)

Monthly payrolls Average monthly earnings Total, full-time and part-time Full-time equivalent (in millions of dollars) of full-time employees All Education Other All Education Other All Education Other All Education Other 1,527 474 1,053 1,353 332 1,021 524 168 356 386 439 365 1,625 518 1,107 1,435 367 1,068 586 192 394 409 482 383 1,680 555 1,126 1,478 389 1,088 635 202 433 429 518 397 1,775 602 1,173 1,558 422 1,136 696 230 466 447 545 410 1,873 656 1,217 1,639 460 1,179 761 258 504 464 560 427 2,028 739 1,289 1,751 508 1,243 849 290 559 484 571 450 2,211 866 1,344 1,864 575 1,289 975 353 622 522 614 483 2,335 940 1,395 1,946 620 1,326 1,106 406 699 567 666 526 2,495 1,037 1,458 2,085 694 1,391 1,257 477 780 602 687 544 2,614 1,112 1,501 2,179 746 1,433 1,431 555 876 655 743 597 2,755 1,182 1,573 2,302 803 1,499 1,612 630 982 700 797 605 2,832 1,223 1,609 2,384 841 1,544 1,742 682 1,060 731 826 686 2,957 1,267 1,690 2,487 867 1,619 1,937 747 1,190 778 871 734 3,013 1,280 1,733 2,547 887 1,660 2,158 822 1,336 843 952 805 3,155 1,357 1,798 2,653 929 1,725 2,410 933 1,477 906 1,023 855 3,271 1,400 1,870 2,744 952 1,792 2,653 1,022 1,631 964 1,080 909 3,343 1,434 1,910 2,799 973 1,827 2,894 1,112 1,782 1,031 1,163 975 3,491 1,484 2,007 2,903 1,005 1,898 3,195 1,234 1,960 1,096 1,237 1,031 3,539 1,508 2,032 2,966 1,016 1,950 3,483 1,333 2,150 1,167 1,311 1,102 3,699 1,577 2,122 3,072 1,046 2,026 3,869 1,451 2,418 1,257 1,399 1,193 3,753 1,599 2,154 3,106 1,063 2,044 4,285 1,608 2,677 1,373 1,523 1,305 3,726 1,603 2,123 3,087 1,063 2,024 4,668 1,768 2,900 1,507 1,671 1,432 3,747 1,616 2,131 3,083 1,051 2,032 5,028 1,874 3,154 1,625 1,789 1,551 3,816 1,666 2,150 3,116 1,072 2,044 5,346 1,989 3,357 1,711 1,850 1,640 3,898 1,708 2,190 3,177 1,091 2,086 5,815 2,178 3,637 1,825 1,991 1,740 3,984 1,764 2,220 2,990 945 2,046 6,329 2,434 3,885 1,935 2,155 1,834 4,068 1,800 2,267 3,437 1,256 2,181 6,801 2,583 4,227 2,052 2,263 1,956 4,115 1,804 2,310 3,491 1,264 2,227 7,298 2,758 4,540 2,161 2,396 2,056 2,158 4,236 1,854 2,381 3,606 1,309 2,297 7,842 2,929 4,914 2,260 2,490 4,365 1,925 2,440 3,709 1,360 2,349 8,443 3,175 5,268 2,372 2,627 2,259 4,503 1,984 2,519 3,840 1,418 2,432 9,083 3,426 5,657 2,472 2,732 2,359 4,521 1,999 2,522 3,829 1,375 2,454 9,437 3,550 5,887 2,479 2,530 2,433 4,595 2,050 2,545 3,856 1,384 2,472 9,828 3,774 6,054 2,562 2,607 2,521 4,673 2,112 2,562 3,891 1,436 2,455 10,288 3,999 6,289 2,722 3,034 2,578 4,694 2,115 2,579 3,917 1,442 2,475 10,666 4,177 6,489 2,776 3,073 2,640 4,719 2,120 2,598 3,971 1,469 2,502 10,927 4,173 6,753 2,854 3,138 2,725 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(a)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4,733 2,114 2,619 3,987 1,484 2,503 11,413 4,372 7,041 2,968 3,251 2,838 4,758 2,173 2,585 3,985 1,511 2,474 11,845 4,632 7,213 3,088 3,382 2,947 4,818 2,229 2,588 4,034 1,541 2,493 12,564 4,957 7,608 3,236 3,544 3,087 4,877 2,259 2,618 4,083 1,563 2,520 13,279 5,255 8,024 3,374 3,692 3,219 4,985 2,329 2,656 4,173 1,615 2,559 14,136 5,621 8,516 3,521 3,842 3,362 5,072 2,414 2,658 4,223 1,659 2,564 14,838 5,997 8,841 3,657 4,007 3,479 5,043 2,413 2,630 4,191 1,656 2,534 15,116 6,154 8,962 3,751 4,115 3,566 5,041 2,432 2,609 4,188 1,673 2,515 15,478 6,412 9,066 3,845 4,256 3,631 5,078 2,459 2,620 4,209 1,684 2,525 16,062 6,669 9,393 3,966 4,390 3,745 5,128 2,493 2,635 4,251 1,708 2,542 16,769 6,961 9,809 4,098 4,505 3,883 5,200 2,538 2,663 4,307 1,740 2,566 17,789 7,419 10,370 4,276 4,670 4,063 5,270 2,593 2,677 4,363 1,780 2,582 18,726 7,883 10,843 4,445 4,853 4,222 5,346 2,649 2,697 4,408 1,814 2,594 19,425 8,279 11,146 4,565 5,007 4,320 5,326 2,669 2,656 4,378 1,824 2,554 19,579 8,516 11,063 4,620 5,111 4,342 5,314 2,704 2,609 4,359 1,847 2,512 19,972 8,813 11,159 4,735 5,233 4,446 5,285 2,728 2,557 4,315 1,854 2,461 20,169 9,042 11,127 4,840 5,377 4,522 5,304 2,749 2,554 4,315 1,867 2,449 20,473 9,242 11,231 4,917 5,463 4,589 5,336 2,779 2,557 4,330 1,880 2,450 21,118 9,564 11,555 5,051 5,599 4,718 5,353 2,794 2,559 4,342 1,890 2,452 21,591 9,766 11,826 5,159 5,708 4,824 5,368 2,826 2,542 4,361 1,917 2,443 22,149 10,142 12,007 5,274 5,868 4,907 5,418 2,851 2,567 4,400 1,934 2,466 23,024 10,570 12,453 5,426 6,042 5,044 5,408 2,845 2,563 4,386 1,924 2,462 23,701 10,909 12,792 5,593 6,249 5,184

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 6 7

P UB LIC E MPLOYME N T

TA BLE 8 .1 Summary of State Government Employment: 1960–2018 (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments: Employment (for the years ending in ‘2’ and ‘7’) and the Annual Survey of Public Employment & Payroll for remaining years. Note: Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table for the years ending in ‘2’ and ‘7’ come from a census of governmental units and are subject to nonsampling error. Data for the remaining years are from a sample of governmental units,

3 68 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

and are thus subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation.html. Key: (a) Due to a change in the reference period, from October to March, the October 1996 Annual Survey of Government Employment & Payroll was not conducted. This change in collection period was effective beginning with the March 1997 survey.

P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T

TA BLE 8 .2 Employment and Payrolls of State and Local Governments by Function: March 2018

Functions All functions Education: Education - Elementary and Secondary Total Education - Elementary and Secondary Instructional Education - Higher Education Total Education - Higher Education Instructional Education - Other Libraries Selected functions: Financial Administration Other Government Administration Judicial and Legal Police Protection Total Police Protection - Persons with Power of Arrest Fire Protection Total Fire Protection - Firefighters Corrections Highways Public Welfare Hospitals Social Insurance Administration Natural Resources State liquor stores Utilities Other and unallocable

All employees, full-time and part-time (in thousands of dollars) Total State government Local government 19,600,048 5,408,289 14,191,759

March payrolls (in thousands of dollars) Total State government Local government $82,677,997,413 $23,701,059,639 $58,976,937,774

Average March earnings of fulltime employees $5,158

7,802,158

59,475

7,742,683

29,776,850,563

250,053,648

29,526,796,915

4,553

5,319,924

44,034

5,275,890

23,292,786,473

200,734,401

23,092,052,072

5,058

3,264,805

2,696,268

568,537

12,066,188,603

10,252,752,806

1,813,435,797

6,263

1,130,541

857,689

272,852

5,484,157,181

4,540,928,792

943,228,389

8,422

89,738 186,184

89,738 783

0 185,401

406,541,194 490,942,570

406,541,194 2,389,939

0 488,552,631

5,013 4,249

439,765

174,748

265,017

2,117,656,307

895,370,437

1,222,285,870

5,242

413,478

55,445

358,033

1,379,195,215

261,171,073

1,118,024,142

5,187

440,348 997,419

181,483 107,300

258,865 890,119

2,361,595,222 5,747,720,468

1,052,517,152 678,299,705

1,309,078,070 5,069,420,763

5,725 6,235

739,787

68,560

671,227

4,720,104,823

501,663,113

4,218,441,710

6,641

437,282 391,836 712,797 509,205 540,946 1,125,041 69,068 192,081 13,535 449,204 1,472,705

0 0 441,471 215,264 247,922 433,343 68,446 145,798 13,535 44,780 432,490

437,282 391,836 271,326 293,941 293,024 691,698 622 46,283 0 404,424 1,040,215

2,397,347,288 2,185,228,537 3,436,105,959 2,400,459,075 2,285,957,224 5,820,754,982 333,665,372 833,694,204 33,703,439 33,703,439 6,530,788,820

0 0 2,121,771,519 1,094,017,987 1,030,205,456 2,208,465,160 329,848,634 643,556,643 33,703,439 33,703,439 2,106,899,765

2,397,347,288 2,185,228,537 1,314,334,440 1,306,441,088 1,255,751,768 3,612,289,822 3,816,738 190,137,561 0 0 4,423,889,055

6,832 6,917 4,912 4,951 4,455 5,610 4,913 4,967 3,643 3,643 5,196

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of Public Employment & Payroll Note: Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this

table come from a census of governmental units and are subject to nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation.html. Note: Detail may not add to total due to rounding.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 6 9

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TABLE 8 .3 State and Local Government Employment, By State: March 2018 State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Total 19,600,048 322,383 60,665 330,000 193,816 2,280,252 360,531 221,342 56,356 1,018,359 590,627 89,547 109,214 758,967 402,970 242,241 247,509 276,730 291,223 87,639 341,117 404,520 548,835 380,329 205,916 377,038 71,443 146,449 135,030 85,834 546,720 142,817 1,345,936 667,348 65,350 705,280 241,572 261,472 657,320 56,889 299,173 64,323 380,164 1,678,915 207,844 50,237 536,890 450,919 118,403 373,762 60,102 51,730

All employees (full-time and part-time) State Local 5,408,289 14,191,759 112,868 209,515 27,851 32,814 93,739 236,261 72,928 120,888 540,350 1,739,902 111,660 248,871 76,985 144,357 30,097 26,259 211,746 806,613 167,272 423,355 70,620 18,927 32,007 77,207 151,684 607,283 125,586 277,384 70,135 172,106 66,797 180,712 98,513 178,217 88,370 202,853 26,454 61,185 89,386 251,731 128,191 276,329 193,688 355,147 104,207 276,122 61,906 144,010 103,698 273,340 26,420 45,023 36,957 109,492 36,892 98,138 25,874 59,960 156,995 389,725 54,416 88,401 277,958 1,067,978 168,570 498,778 24,442 40,908 183,835 521,445 80,379 161,193 89,386 172,086 201,901 455,419 23,944 32,945 92,893 206,280 18,830 45,493 98,618 281,546 361,356 1,317,559 82,228 125,616 17,281 32,956 166,869 370,021 158,258 292,661 47,841 70,562 104,683 269,079 14,725 45,377 N.A. 51,730

3 70â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Total 16,650,724 283,939 51,876 278,779 169,448 1,872,571 299,636 184,556 49,350 899,621 522,795 74,946 85,544 616,092 331,556 186,348 202,356 244,093 258,038 69,649 303,874 341,164 436,726 302,615 187,102 318,635 57,186 121,858 116,221 69,929 473,729 124,467 1,205,241 570,987 47,052 589,389 208,665 206,777 559,999 47,904 270,541 48,043 335,643 1,510,225 155,376 39,642 452,707 380,179 102,192 284,159 50,162 51,142

Full-time equivalent employment State Local 4,386,219 12,264,505 91,993 191,946 24,464 27,412 72,829 205,950 62,434 107,014 427,272 1,445,299 88,669 210,967 58,988 125,568 25,416 23,934 181,059 718,562 131,756 391,039 58,058 16,888 24,907 60,637 121,646 494,446 96,586 234,970 50,939 135,409 53,667 148,689 85,167 158,926 74,116 183,922 19,881 49,768 84,443 219,431 104,092 237,072 147,886 288,840 84,274 218,341 54,637 132,465 84,877 233,758 19,887 37,299 31,969 89,889 29,819 86,402 19,104 50,825 139,102 334,627 45,332 79,135 247,537 957,704 140,019 430,968 18,010 29,042 135,359 454,030 63,040 145,625 72,657 134,120 160,402 399,597 18,368 29,536 79,601 190,940 14,174 33,869 80,266 255,377 308,058 1,202,167 62,104 93,272 14,296 25,346 125,819 326,888 127,864 252,315 39,757 62,435 71,254 212,905 12,365 37,797 N.A. 51,142

to nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation.html. Note: Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: N.A. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable

P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T

Table 8.3 | State & Local Government Employment Full- and Part-time Employees

Full-time Equivalent Employment

TOTA L — H I G H E S T A N D LO W E S T

TOTA L — H I G H E S T A N D LO W E S T CA • 1,872,571

CA • 2,280,252

TX 1,510,225

TX 1,678,915 •

•

NY • 1,345,936

NY • 1,205,241

FL • 1,018,359

FL • 899,621

IL • 758,967

IL • 616,092

AK • 60,665

DE • 49,350

WY 60,102

SD • 48,043

RI • 56,889

RI • 47,904

•

DE • 56,356

ND • 47,052

VT • 50,237

VT • 39,642

S TAT E — H I G H E S T A N D LO W E S T

CA 540,350

CA • 427,272

•

TX • 361,356

TX • 308,058

NY • 277,958

NY • 247,537

FL • 211,746

FL • 181,059

PA • 201,901

PA • 160,402

ND 24,442

RI 18,368

RI • 23,944

ND • 18,010

•

SD • 18,830

VT • 14,296

VT • 17,281

SD • 14,174

WY • 14,725

WY • 12,365

LOCAL—HIGHEST AND LOWEST

CA • 1,739,902

CA • 1,445,299

TX • 1,317,559

TX • 1,202,167

NY • 1,067,978

NY • 957,704

FL • 806,613 IL • 607,283

FL • 718,562 IL 494,446 •

VT • 32,956

ND • 29,042

RI • 32,945

AK • 27,412

AK • 32,814

VT • 25,346

DE • 26,259

DE • 23,934

HI 18,927

HI • 16,888

•

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 7 1

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TABLE 8 .4 State and Local Government Payrolls and Average Earnings of Full-Time Employees, By State: March 2018 Amount of Payroll State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Total State government Local government $82,677,997,413 $23,701,059,639 $58,976,937,774 1,151,729,746 425,201,110 726,528,636 295,737,557 143,855,464 151,882,093 1,297,209,898 350,858,908 946,350,990 613,289,568 258,628,573 354,660,995 12,369,106,850 3,130,719,390 9,238,387,460 1,497,145,360 483,655,146 1,013,490,214 1,085,871,792 385,234,485 700,637,307 236,967,134 121,243,321 115,723,813 3,884,004,657 814,762,681 3,069,241,976 2,147,694,682 582,798,290 1,564,896,392 370,563,705 276,087,848 94,475,857 354,102,519 130,249,237 223,853,282 3,227,725,909 683,235,749 2,544,490,160 1,309,137,282 407,011,992 902,125,290 887,867,139 299,606,472 588,260,667 810,428,448 251,371,009 559,057,439 952,156,170 375,824,091 576,332,079 1,009,505,841 350,514,492 658,991,349 289,479,604 92,583,702 196,895,902 1,680,765,127 456,371,426 1,224,393,701 1,936,859,136 644,629,678 1,292,229,458 2,151,351,857 869,154,452 1,282,197,405 1,550,273,339 489,867,109 1,060,406,230 657,822,273 216,249,462 441,572,811 1,219,633,322 335,881,694 883,751,628 241,039,183 92,918,528 148,120,655 541,287,951 137,932,057 403,355,894 606,102,574 156,157,653 449,944,921 317,562,547 98,694,605 218,867,942 2,881,877,249 882,685,160 1,999,192,089 510,374,338 212,477,545 297,896,793 7,393,235,441 1,594,406,354 5,798,829,087 2,512,138,433 709,048,365 1,803,090,068 214,611,964 89,112,231 125,499,733 2,703,314,031 711,589,726 1,991,724,305 797,518,756 285,721,770 511,796,986 1,105,092,586 423,381,473 681,711,113 2,859,354,182 897,003,786 1,962,350,396 277,615,356 114,205,001 163,410,355 1,082,180,962 341,914,704 740,266,258 187,428,763 64,970,698 122,458,065 1,324,356,981 358,546,070 965,810,911 6,587,852,000 1,594,084,807 4,993,767,193 702,774,394 315,873,973 386,900,421 191,321,175 82,319,679 109,001,496 2,082,294,466 654,664,531 1,427,629,935 2,280,721,437 727,636,146 1,553,085,291 370,742,324 159,184,708 211,557,616 1,326,681,937 365,006,673 961,675,264 226,330,252 55,927,615 170,402,637 367,759,216 N.A. 367,759,216

3 72â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Percentage of March payroll State Local government government 29% 71% 37% 63% 49% 51% 27% 73% 42% 58% 25% 75% 32% 68% 35% 65% 51% 49% 21% 79% 27% 73% 75% 25% 37% 63% 21% 79% 31% 69% 34% 66% 31% 69% 39% 61% 35% 65% 32% 68% 27% 73% 33% 67% 40% 60% 32% 68% 33% 67% 28% 72% 39% 61% 25% 75% 26% 74% 31% 69% 31% 69% 42% 58% 22% 78% 28% 72% 42% 58% 26% 74% 36% 64% 38% 62% 31% 69% 41% 59% 32% 68% 35% 65% 27% 73% 24% 76% 45% 55% 43% 57% 31% 69% 32% 68% 43% 57% 28% 72% 25% 75% N.A. 100%

Average earnings of full-time state and local government employees (dollars) State Local All government government $5,158 $5,593 $5,008 4,169 4,851 3,864 5,891 6,081 5,721 4,856 5,169 4,752 3,708 4,297 3,379 7,047 7,559 6,895 5,293 6,047 5,034 6,144 6,809 5,845 5,008 4,902 5,119 4,429 4,623 4,383 4,225 4,619 4,101 5,152 4,991 5,652 4,316 5,584 3,818 5,526 5,857 5,448 4,154 4,526 4,004 5,166 6,709 4,617 4,125 4,819 3,874 4,055 4,715 3,727 4,023 4,903 3,679 4,278 4,728 4,096 5,769 5,458 5,892 5,869 6,311 5,674 5,225 6,150 4,768 5,467 6,200 5,184 3,560 4,050 3,364 3,945 4,079 3,897 4,406 4,865 4,165 4,698 4,715 4,692 5,507 5,410 5,542 4,951 5,572 4,723 6,378 6,567 6,298 4,194 4,791 3,864 6,340 6,554 6,284 4,498 5,105 4,300 4,768 5,144 4,533 4,809 5,678 4,576 3,873 4,570 3,581 5,532 5,882 5,335 5,290 5,513 5,200 5,974 6,283 5,780 4,101 4,426 3,969 4,047 4,791 3,739 4,071 4,644 3,896 4,462 5,348 4,249 4,848 5,352 4,498 4,982 5,738 4,531 4,757 5,412 4,522 6,379 5,874 6,638 3,683 4,107 3,417 4,951 5,487 4,779 4,730 4,689 4,744 7,404 N.A. 7,404

to nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation <https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation.html>. Note: Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: N.A. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Not applicable

P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T

TABLE 8 .5 State Government Employment (Full-Time Equivalent) for Selected Functions, By State: March 2018

All functions 4,386,219 91,993 24,464 72,829 62,434 427,272 88,669 58,988 25,416 181,059 131,756 58,058 24,907 121,646 96,586 50,939 53,667 85,167 74,116 19,881 84,443 104,092 147,886 84,274 54,637 84,877 19,887 31,969 29,819 19,104 139,102 45,332 247,537 140,019 18,010 135,359 63,040 72,657 160,402 18,368 79,601 14,174 80,266 308,058 62,104 14,296 125,819 127,864 39,757 71,254 12,365

Education Higher Other education education (a) 1,793,782 82,067 42,679 2,848 4,860 227 35,076 2,660 26,210 1,345 172,937 4,282 50,950 1,698 18,257 3,034 7,773 325 68,194 2,826 65,966 2,795 12,230 127 9,518 396 55,122 2,051 63,613 956 24,206 1,024 23,773 492 39,304 2,179 24,822 3,154 6,714 271 28,450 1,968 32,225 1,117 77,132 613 36,621 3,625 19,504 1,330 29,229 1,591 6,914 335 12,695 551 10,868 170 7,229 306 35,814 2,422 17,355 981 57,594 3,760 56,920 2,964 7,973 296 72,986 2,087 27,389 1,552 26,028 873 57,453 5,421 5,334 473 31,507 3,234 5,479 415 35,414 2,176 141,099 2,344 29,827 1,647 4,742 365 57,016 1,937 54,996 2,265 14,392 1,262 37,576 1,087 3,817 210

Selected Functions

Highways 209,972 4,266 2,894 2,466 3,591 19,398 3,067 3,064 1,528 6,155 4,039 787 1,363 6,339 3,601 2,068 2,547 4,157 4,333 2,036 4,400 2,757 2,685 4,809 3,143 5,254 2,022 1,948 1,742 1,600 5,930 2,133 10,687 8,792 931 6,140 2,858 3,746 13,075 726 4,390 1,018 3,886 12,338 1,583 1,048 7,817 6,689 4,984 1,402 1,740

Public welfare 243,844 4,295 1,723 6,145 4,386 4,232 2,278 5,473 1,643 9,488 7,072 389 1,813 9,320 5,953 2,363 2,495 7,298 5,369 2,118 6,176 8,047 11,380 3,139 4,225 6,501 1,710 2,557 2,487 1,999 8,926 1,660 4,629 1,102 717 2,771 6,740 8,562 12,528 1,395 5,442 1,639 7,514 23,660 2,855 1,591 3,107 10,696 3,362 2,371 503

Hospitals 401,985 13,169 214 641 6,596 47,324 6,681 6,285 1,209 4,081 8,079 2,921 584 10,492 1,574 8,843 11,291 7,333 10,002 515 3,382 5,718 18,603 5,277 10,638 10,687 725 3,771 1,308 565 12,942 8,014 40,455 22,835 794 14,006 1,033 9,241 7,943 717 6,666 315 2,944 23,062 10,744 245 11,394 14,453 1,451 3,653 570

Police Corrections protection 437,958 105,624 4,263 1,269 2,161 691 9,296 1,976 5,762 1,249 60,485 11,348 7,413 1,451 5,520 1,834 2,787 1,097 23,690 4,257 15,862 2,872 2,360 0 2,364 524 12,973 3,107 6,120 1,837 2,564 842 3,140 1,093 4,045 2,089 5,736 1,841 1,225 547 10,620 2,219 12,104 2,950 11,776 2,897 4,411 974 2,322 1,214 11,524 2,459 1,244 493 2,794 748 3,656 823 1,025 556 8,688 4,088 3,789 646 33,025 6,182 16,877 5,566 945 197 13,443 2,655 4,852 1,929 5,247 1,470 16,814 6,661 1,414 321 7,671 2,090 727 361 5,924 1,750 38,874 7,482 3,297 913 1,026 619 13,334 3,145 8,948 2,229 3,473 1,000 9,284 801 1,064 262

Natural resources 132,374 1,918 1,942 1,531 1,896 15,936 1,115 642 446 8,121 5,008 807 2,002 2,611 2,375 1,427 769 2,371 3,852 1,123 2,017 1,139 3,425 3,163 2,815 2,176 1,567 2,105 922 366 1,906 981 2,966 3,975 1,036 2,493 1,713 2,870 6,228 355 2,122 965 3,622 10,946 1,333 649 2,688 5,043 1,747 2,357 792

Financial admin. 171,266 2,231 1,151 2,172 2,241 26,957 2,130 1,603 759 6,411 3,035 695 1,333 4,597 3,244 1,276 1,649 2,172 2,860 1,269 3,148 3,491 4,241 5,094 1,575 2,865 972 787 1,591 770 5,367 1,068 16,170 4,017 654 6,121 2,349 4,077 6,300 951 3,520 405 4,086 7,779 2,457 624 4,725 3,212 1,777 2,597 691

Judicial and legal admin. 176,811 3,261 1,326 2,393 1,625 6,480 5,121 5,261 1,831 19,675 3,627 2,888 583 2,668 1,417 2,109 2,091 5,555 1,906 833 5,323 9,302 1,474 4,046 453 4,121 772 781 695 854 13,003 3,161 19,430 6,659 618 2,834 2,470 3,305 2,978 1,162 954 666 2,610 5,697 1,572 690 3,864 2,124 1,630 2,377 536

error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation <https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation.html>. Note: Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Includes instructional and other personnel.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 7 3

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TABLE 8 .6 State Government Payrolls for Selected Functions, By State: March 2018 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

All functions $22,920,048,649 410,209,467 142,151,749 340,878,839 251,779,689 2,977,464,716 459,118,172 377,948,174 118,745,601 776,622,194 556,701,241 279,420,700 122,570,808 683,283,763 381,582,094 297,791,595 245,981,485 364,475,018 337,494,528 89,097,105 457,950,608 590,350,494 825,054,944 473,259,378 216,596,303 335,587,588 95,817,742 131,604,464 144,755,390 96,360,487 848,436,856 210,683,741 1,535,953,566 681,756,491 91,480,042 691,794,167 275,076,106 406,900,558 874,173,693 110,456,856 335,979,627 65,712,945 341,670,507 1,582,232,617 296,707,807 79,941,610 645,958,864 691,839,114 151,375,663 362,632,547 58,630,936

Education Higher education (a) Other education $10,252,752,806 $406,541,194 215,885,407 11,738,680 30,130,417 1,357,496 193,595,580 9,955,276 123,575,119 5,386,031 1,217,219,238 24,022,980 287,618,663 8,802,171 121,343,104 19,349,225 44,419,061 1,962,016 395,018,573 10,505,162 326,655,924 13,877,636 58,171,248 572,970 44,504,833 2,681,115 297,554,153 10,745,284 272,300,017 3,988,328 148,336,774 6,149,856 120,234,084 2,267,207 196,275,160 9,102,048 129,618,552 14,230,572 30,644,935 1,212,172 165,833,673 10,345,758 191,734,996 7,557,388 475,890,208 3,917,052 218,907,522 21,116,709 94,419,016 4,632,428 142,927,332 5,555,496 32,804,543 1,638,474 56,042,348 2,636,830 62,020,371 891,412 40,702,652 1,499,668 261,077,492 14,580,492 91,025,793 4,224,425 359,396,362 22,878,767 329,740,637 14,550,040 40,136,436 1,337,078 365,119,464 11,826,957 142,390,206 6,324,844 160,257,559 4,963,616 393,399,746 24,362,249 29,951,630 3,073,912 157,653,902 13,137,988 25,560,607 1,827,762 166,918,989 9,203,764 855,353,814 12,860,200 167,550,422 7,242,608 28,341,484 2,007,197 329,358,967 9,950,907 330,811,846 11,884,168 69,977,666 6,032,753 197,341,880 5,385,342 17,004,401 1,188,685

See footnotes at end of table

3 74â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Highways $1,094,017,987 16,316,464 17,832,378 11,564,063 13,561,535 168,858,570 15,214,890 20,081,924 5,699,519 29,309,638 14,964,241 4,190,876 6,048,314 39,786,304 15,364,397 11,548,346 9,442,175 15,730,472 18,432,179 9,776,896 23,644,028 17,708,681 15,369,020 26,586,430 9,834,089 18,425,666 9,989,998 8,242,980 8,728,701 8,360,997 36,664,417 8,071,532 62,474,196 37,929,160 5,567,259 31,956,147 10,920,421 21,751,167 60,551,282 4,956,214 16,038,948 4,879,973 15,574,114 58,112,997 7,663,164 6,085,842 41,459,784 38,751,094 18,826,832 7,920,542 7,249,131

Selected functions Public welfare $1,030,205,456 14,800,483 8,043,704 22,293,159 14,956,849 23,076,189 11,078,012 34,296,965 5,545,444 29,647,530 23,547,586 1,842,678 7,737,268 51,198,396 21,778,933 12,736,570 8,518,235 23,377,538 20,397,548 8,499,342 27,573,408 46,341,712 56,548,542 14,211,810 12,636,261 18,499,366 7,074,590 8,824,068 9,956,171 8,981,448 50,641,505 6,133,782 25,039,569 4,498,828 3,127,041 16,277,897 22,959,785 40,341,455 49,670,153 8,672,821 17,142,754 6,933,353 28,632,628 87,176,375 10,803,409 8,467,559 15,124,901 52,419,850 9,221,183 10,865,017 2,035,786

Hospitals $2,208,465,160 62,138,414 1,194,878 2,730,958 26,658,331 438,428,111 33,485,201 39,599,466 4,403,789 14,019,159 33,130,418 17,386,559 2,181,926 52,921,930 5,523,815 50,206,528 56,842,083 36,710,487 42,610,156 2,452,706 16,918,478 29,023,700 108,640,563 25,988,423 38,203,206 40,226,450 2,598,305 15,623,624 6,601,381 2,634,150 66,723,505 37,844,282 235,727,755 112,032,228 3,286,717 76,875,146 3,569,256 55,878,828 29,405,809 4,355,759 24,014,032 1,149,547 12,114,241 111,746,875 52,328,732 1,329,384 58,351,794 89,553,494 4,593,804 16,392,603 2,108,174

P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T

TABLE 8 .6 State Government Payrolls for Selected Functions, By State: March 2018 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Corrections $2,121,771,519 17,397,912 12,646,112 34,693,132 15,688,204 475,871,392 32,156,483 33,368,261 13,424,488 75,510,925 49,969,336 13,363,562 14,006,998 73,225,152 21,257,821 13,793,778 10,884,465 13,786,515 23,903,004 5,610,107 56,739,464 71,825,911 63,994,566 25,972,763 6,559,807 31,916,504 5,066,540 12,728,387 17,179,188 5,766,820 49,187,523 14,227,649 187,008,286 64,850,401 4,136,033 65,368,480 15,414,860 28,707,772 88,192,447 11,621,552 24,809,480 2,986,234 20,521,766 129,877,370 13,313,061 5,457,428 47,887,638 42,957,086 10,008,412 42,872,170 4,058,274

Police protection $678,299,705 5,801,418 5,175,726 10,390,201 5,051,820 100,975,475 10,102,755 15,330,733 7,647,658 17,634,410 13,123,429 0 2,848,741 22,223,330 8,164,899 5,969,721 5,458,397 8,494,222 12,906,511 3,179,144 15,121,910 29,941,139 16,491,453 5,569,608 4,956,610 11,128,752 2,402,404 3,896,859 6,332,455 2,928,502 30,199,498 3,222,687 58,418,632 24,670,747 1,208,544 15,360,954 10,250,604 9,417,008 42,740,203 2,825,763 8,489,516 1,737,534 8,518,922 52,100,810 4,321,462 4,242,959 17,514,002 13,722,084 4,058,566 4,633,713 1,397,215

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 Annual Survey of Public Employment & Payroll Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are subject

Selected functions, cont. Natural resources $643,556,643 7,269,361 11,490,628 6,824,010 6,961,360 107,786,802 5,951,472 3,676,804 2,160,335 29,116,378 19,009,742 4,158,420 11,119,535 12,922,569 8,658,204 7,777,940 3,388,555 8,895,510 17,478,879 5,440,763 11,024,821 7,933,445 18,043,477 17,817,575 9,809,242 7,622,762 7,211,955 8,183,781 4,604,125 1,874,810 11,259,170 4,490,732 17,510,235 15,742,007 4,712,562 12,309,996 7,161,054 14,645,771 29,864,185 2,168,773 7,848,110 3,876,927 15,928,377 51,730,634 5,594,740 3,675,551 14,323,609 25,203,170 6,594,801 10,734,392 3,968,587

Financial admin. $895,370,437 10,128,526 7,379,338 9,978,566 9,137,670 150,575,052 11,571,615 10,885,942 2,490,479 25,459,038 14,005,326 3,266,806 7,629,211 23,276,531 13,039,262 7,388,272 6,667,635 8,776,550 14,329,398 5,644,240 15,265,622 22,108,276 26,195,507 34,996,857 6,256,074 11,103,816 4,393,135 3,298,293 6,876,061 4,009,793 27,866,527 4,942,368 99,188,529 22,105,792 3,200,136 37,402,621 10,337,908 23,182,174 29,277,538 5,539,776 13,512,883 2,295,553 20,286,783 40,977,745 12,675,517 3,438,435 21,231,391 18,828,128 5,879,414 13,382,167 3,686,161

Judicial and legal admin. $1,052,517,152 13,888,359 8,809,220 11,944,769 6,929,998 48,991,618 29,816,262 36,165,183 8,717,085 85,039,905 18,923,566 14,259,388 5,847,110 24,991,607 11,350,391 12,658,036 9,329,585 19,520,603 8,817,526 4,461,097 28,326,300 60,647,195 11,093,720 25,157,833 2,508,183 17,231,284 4,011,489 4,528,828 5,029,037 4,366,372 79,963,459 15,194,126 152,262,621 34,893,214 3,675,647 21,543,446 12,000,436 20,276,918 31,074,409 7,280,770 5,095,046 3,460,060 16,079,788 33,337,218 8,666,515 3,963,064 20,489,416 13,988,734 7,693,839 15,393,496 2,823,381

to nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Includes instructional and other personnel.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 7 5

P UB LIC E MPLOYME N T

TABLE 8 .7 State Employees: Paid Holidays** State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Major holidays (a) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «

Martin Luther King’s Birthday (b) «(h) « « « « « « « « « « «(h) « « « « « « « « « « « «(h) « « « « «(h) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «

See footnotes at end of table

3 76 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Lincoln’s Birthday … … … … … … « … … … … … « (m) … … … … … … … … … … « … … … … … … (j) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

President’s Day (c) … « « … « « … … … … « « … … … … … … « « … « « … … « « « « « (o) … … « « « « « … « « « « « « … « « … « … « … « « «

Washington’s Birthday (c) «(i) … … «(i) … … « … … (l) … … « (m) … … … … … … « … … « « … … … … … … « … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … … … … « … … … … …

Good Friday … … … … … … « « … … « … … « … … «(n) « … … … … … … … … … … … « … … « « … … … … … … … « (r) … … … … … … … … « … « « «

Memorial Day (d) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «(v) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «

P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T

TABLE 8 .7 State Employees: Paid Holidays** (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Columbus Day (e) « (kk) « … … « « … … « … « « « … … … … (ii) « « … … … « « « … … « (hh) « … … « … … « « … (y) (q) … « (jj) « … « … … (kk) « … (ff) « (gg)

Veteran’s Day « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « «

Day after Thanksgiving (k) … … (k) « … … « « (l) … … « (m) « « « … « «(aa) … « « (k) … … « «(cc) « … (o) … « … … « « « … « … (q) « … (dd) « «(aa) « … … … … … … … …

Day before or after Christmas (k) … … Before … … … … … (l) … … … (m) … « « … … … … Before … (k) … … … … … … … … (x) (p) … Before … … … Both … … Both … … (ee) … (s) Before … … … … … Before (bb)

Day before or after New Year’s … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … … … … Before … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (s) Before … … … … … … …

Election Day (f) … … … … … … … « … … « … « « … … «(t) «(u) … « … «(z) … … … « … … … « (w) « … … … … … … « … … … … … … « … « … … … … … … … …

Other (g) « « … « « « … « « « « … … … « « … « « … « … « « « … « « « … … … … … … … … … « « … … « « « « « « … … « « « « « «

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 7 7

P UB LIC E MPLOYME N T

TABLE 8 .7 State Employees: Paid Holidays** (continued) **Holidays in addition to any other authorized paid personal leave granted state employees. Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel office websites, October 2019. Note: In some states, the governor may proclaim additional holidays or select from a number of holidays for observance by state employees. In some states, the list of paid holidays is determined by the personnel department at the beginning of each year; as a result, the number of holidays may change from year to year. Number of paid holidays may also vary across some employee classifications. If a holiday falls on a weekend, generally employees get the day preceding or following. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Paid holiday granted. …—Paid holiday not granted. (a) New Year’s Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. (b) Third Monday in January. (c) Generally, third Monday in February; Washington’s Birthday or President’s Day. In some states the holiday is called President’s Day or Washington-Lincoln Day. Most frequently, this day recognizes George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. (d) Last Monday in May in all states indicated. Generally, states follow the federal government’s observance (last Monday in May) rather than the traditional Memorial Day (May 30). (e) Second Monday in October. (f) General election day only, unless otherwise indicated. In Indiana, primary and general election days. (g) Additional holidays: Alabama—Mardi Gras Day (Baldwin and Mobile counties only)(day before Ash Wednesday), Robert E. Lee’s Birthday clebrated with MLK day, Confederate Memorial Day (fourth Monday in April), Jefferson Davis’ Birthday (first Monday in June). Columbus Day is also celebrated as Fraternal Day and American Indian Heritage Day. Alaska—Seward’s Day (last Monday in March), Alaska Day (October 18). Arkansas—Employee is granted one holiday to observe his or her birthday. California—César Chávez Day (March 31), one personal holiday (employees become eligible for a personal holiday once they have completed six months of state employment). Colorado—State employees may have César Chávez Day (March 31) off in lieu of any other legal holiday that occurs on a weekday in the same fiscal year. Delaware—Eligible employees are granted two floating holidays per calendar year, Return Day after 12:00 noon (second day after a general election) in Sussex County only. Florida—Full-time employees are entitled to one personal holiday each year. Personal holidays are credited to eligible employees on July 1, and must be taken by the employee by June 30 of each year. Georgia—State Holiday days will be observed on Friday, April 10 and Friday, November 27. Hawaii—Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Day (March 26), King Kamehameha I Day (June 11), Statehood Day (third Friday in August). Iowa—State employees are granted two days of paid leave each year 3 78 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

to be added to the vacation allowance and accrued under certain provisions. Kansas—One discretionary holiday that can be used any time during the calendar year. Louisiana—Mardi Gras Day (Tuesday before Ash Wednesday), Inauguration Day (every four years, in Baton Rouge only). Maine—Patriot’s Day (third Monday in April). Indigenous People’s Day is now celebrated instead of Columbus Day. Massachusetts—Patriot’s Day (third Monday in April), Evacuation Day (March 17—Suffolk County only), Bunker Hill Day (June 17—Suffolk County only). Minnesota—Regular and temporary employees with at least six months of employment shall receive two floating holidays each payroll year. Mississippi—Confederate Memorial Day (last Monday in April). Missouri—Harry Truman’s Birthday (May 8). Nebraska—Arbor Day (last Friday in April). Nevada—Nevada Day (last Friday in October). New Hampshire—Employees who are employed on a full-time basis are eligible for two floating holildays. Rhode Island—Victory Day (second Monday in August). South Carolina—Confederate Memorial Day (May 10). Texas—The following are partial staffing holidays: Confederate Heroes Day (January 19), Texas Independence Day (March 2), San Jacinto Day (April 21), Emancipation Day in Texas (June 19) and Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (August 27). Staff offices are scheduled to be open on partial staffing holidays and optional holidays. An employee may observe optional holidays in lieu of any partial staffing holiday on which state offices are required to be open to conduct public business. Optional holidays include Cesar Chavez Day (March 31), Good Friday, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Utah—Pioneer Day (July 24). Vermont—Town Meeting Day (first Tuesday in March), Bennington Battle Day (August 16). Virginia—Lee-Jackson Day is no longer a state holiday. On April 12, 2020, Election Day became a state holiday. Washington—One additional paid holiday per calendar year. West Virginia—West Virginia Day (June 20). District of Columbia—Presidential Inauguration Day (January 20) and District of Columbia Emancipation Day (April 16). American Samoa—American Samoa Flag Day (April 17), Manu’a Cession Day (July 16). Guam—Guam History & Chamorro Heritage Day (March 6), Liberation Day (July 21), All Souls’ Day (November 2) and Our Lady of Camarin Day (December 8). Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands—Commonwealth Covenant Day (March 25), Citizenship Day (November 4) and Constitution Day (December 8). Puerto Rico—Three Kings Day (January 6), Birthday of Eugenio Maria de Hostos (second Monday in January), Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marin (February 18), Emancipation Day (March 22), Birthday of Jose de Diego (third Monday in April), Birthday of Don Luis Munoz Rivera (third Monday in July), Constitution or Puerto Rico Day (July 25), Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa (July 27), Discovery of Puerto Rico (November 19).

P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T

TABLE 8 .7 State Employees: Paid Holidays** (continued) U.S. Virgin Islands—Three Kings Day (January 6), Holy Thursday (Thursday before Good Friday), Transfer Day (March 31), Easter Monday (Monday after Easter), Emancipation Day (July 3), Liberty Day (November 1). (h) In Alabama and Mississippi also celebrate the day as Robert E. Lee’s Birthday. In Idaho, also celebrated as Idaho Human Rights Day. In New Hampshire, also celebrated as Civil Rights Day. (i) In Alabama, celebrated as George Washington’s and Thomas Jefferson’s Birthday. In Arkansas, celebrated as George Washington’s Birthday and Daisy Gatson Bates Day. (j) The state has designated Lincoln’s birthday as a floating holiday in 2020 for state employees in certain bargaining units. (k) At the discretion of the governor. (l) In Georgia, Washington’s Birthday is observed the day before Christmas and State Holiday is observed the day after Thanksgiving. (m) In Indiana, Lincoln’s Birthday is observed on the day after Thanksgiving, and Washington’s Birthday is observed the day before Christmas. (n) In Kentucky, half day. (o) In New Mexico, President’s Day is observed on the day after Thanksgiving. (p) In North Dakota, state offices close at noon on Christmas Eve when it falls on Monday through Thursday. (q) Pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated, Section 4-4-105(a)(3), the Governor has designated that the Friday after Thanksgiving shall be substituted for the Columbus Day holiday (r) In Texas, Good Friday is an optional holiday. An employee is entitled to observe optional holidays in lieu of any partial staffing holiday in which state offices are required to be open to conduct public business. (s) Half day on Christmas Eve and New Year’s Eve (closes at noon).

(t) Tuesday after first Monday in November of presidential election years (u) General Election Day is a state holiday the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. (v) Also celebrated as Jefferson Davis’ Birthday. (w) Employees are allowed up to two hours paid administrative leave to vote. (x) Three days when Christmas Day falls on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday; two days when Christmas Day falls on Friday or Monday. (y) Celebrated as Native Americans’ Day since 1990. (z) First Tuesday in November, even numbered years. (aa) Observed as American Indian Heritage Day in Maryland and Native American Heritage Day in Washington. (bb) Observed as Boxing Day. (cc) Observed as Family Day. (dd) Most state offices will be closed the day after Thanksgiving. (ee) At the discretion of the governor. A paid holiday will be granted on the day before Christmas for 2020. (ff) Celebrated as Commonwealth Cultural Day. (gg) Also celebrated as V.I./P.R. Friendship Day. (hh) In 2019 New Mexico celebrated Indigenous Peoples’ Day for the first time. (ii) In 2019 Maine celebrated Indigenous Peoples’ Day for the first time. (jj) In 2019 Vermont celebrated Indigenous Peoples’ Day for the first time. (kk) Celebrated as Indigenous Peoples’ Day in Alaska. The Washington D.C. Council voted in Oct. 2019 to rename Columbus Day as Indigenous Peoples’ Day, pending Congressional approval.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 7 9

DEMO GRA PH ICS

TA BLE 8 .8 Women Governors Throughout History Name (Party-State)

Dates served

Special circumstances

Nellie Tayloe Ross (D-WY)

1925–1927

Won special election to replace deceased husband

Miriam “Ma” Ferguson (D-TX)

1925–1927, 1933–1935

Inaugurated 15 days after Ross; elected as surrogate for husband who could not succeed himself

Lurleen Wallace (D-AL)

1967–1968

Elected as surrogate for husband who could not succeed himself

Ella Grasso (D-CT)

1975–1980

First woman elected governor in her own right; resigned for health reasons

Dixy Lee Ray (D-WA)

1977–1981

Vesta Roy (R-NH)

1982–1983

Martha Layne Collins (D-KY)

1984–1987

Madeleine Kunin (D-VT)

1985–1991

First woman to serve three terms as governor

Kay Orr (R-NE)

1987–1991

First Republican woman governor and first woman to defeat another woman in a gubernatorial race

Rose Mofford (D-AZ)

1988–1991

Elected as secretary of state, succeeded governor who was impeached and convicted

Joan Finney (D-KS)

1991–1995

First woman to defeat an incumbent governor

Ann Richards (D-TX)

1991–1995

Barbara Roberts (D-OR)

1991–1995

Christine Todd Whitman (R-NJ)

1994–2001

Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH)

1997–2003

Jane Dee Hull (R-AZ)

1997–2003

Elected as secretary of state, succeeded governor who resigned; later elected to a full term

Nancy Hollister (R-OH)

1998–1999

Elected lieutenant governor; served as governor for 11 days when predecessor took U.S. Senate seat and successor had not yet been sworn in

Jane Swift (R-MA)

2001–2003

Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned for an ambassadorial appointment

Judy Martz (R-MT)

2001–2005

Olene Walker (R-UT)

2003–2005

Ruth Ann Minner (D-DE)

2001–2009

Jennifer M. Granholm (D-MI)

2003–2011

Linda Lingle (R-HI)

2003–2011

Janet Napolitano (D-AZ)

2003–2009

First woman to succeed another woman as governor; resigned to become U. S. Secretary of Homeland Security

Kathleen Sebelius (D-KS)

2003–2009

Father was governor of Ohio; resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services

Kathleen Blanco (D-LA)

2004–2008

M. Jodi Rell (R-CT)

2004–2011

Christine Gregoire (D-WA)

2005–2013

Sarah Palin (R-AK)

2007–2009

Beverly Perdue (D-NC)

2009–2013

Jan Brewer (R-AZ)

2009–2015

Elected as secretary of state, succeeded governor who resigned

Nikki Haley (R-SC)

2011–2017

First Asian (Indian) American woman to be elected governor; resigned to become U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations

Maggie Hassan (D-NH)

2013–2017

Mary Fallin (R-OK)

2011–present

Susana Martinez (R-NM)

2011–present

Gina Raimando (D-RI)

2015–present

Kate Brown (D-OR)

2015–present

Elected as secretary of state, succeeded governor who resigned

Kay Ivey (R-AL)

2017–present

Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned

Kim Reynolds (R-IA)

2017–present

Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned

Laura Kelly (D-KS)

2019–present

Michelle Lujan Grisham (D-NM)

2019–present

Janet Mills (D-ME)

2019–present

Kristi Noem (R-SD)

2019–present

Gretchen Whitmer (D-MI)

2019–present

Elected to state senate and chosen as senate president; served as governor for seven days when incumbent died

Resigned to take presidential appointment as commissioner of the Environmental Protection Agency

Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned to take a federal appointment

Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned Resigned

First Latina to be elected governor

Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. May 2020.

3 80 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

D E M O G R A P HI C S

TA BLE 8 .9 Women in State Legislatures: 2020 State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska (c) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Senate Democrats Republicans 4 0 1 5 7 6 3 4 11 3 11 1 8 1 4 1 6 6 13 2 7 0 4 5 19 2 2 8 6 5 6 7 2 2 3 3 8 4 13 2 11 0 8 3 10 6 4 8 5 3 11 2 --------------------Nonpartisan-------------------9 1 7 3 9 1 7 2 14 5 7 4 4 7 4 4 5 4 7 2 7 6 14 2 2 2 2 5 4 4 3 6 4 2 10 0 7 4 12 7 0 3 6 2 1 5

% Women 11.4 30.0 43.3 20.0 35.0 34.3 25.0 23.8 30.0 26.8 28.0 25.7 35.6 20.0 22.0 32.5 10.5 15.4 34.3 31.9 27.5 28.9 23.9 23.1 23.5 26.0 28.6 47.6 41.7 25.0 21.4 30.2 22.0 23.4 24.2 18.8 30.0 26.0 42.1 8.7 20.0 27.3 29.0 20.7 33.3 27.5 38.8 8.8 24.2 20.0

House Democrats Republicans % Women 11 7 17.1 6 10 40.0 14 8 36.7 10 17 27.0 21 3 30.0 26 6 49.2 29 22 33.8 9 1 24.4 22 13 29.2 42 15 31.7 14 3 33.3 8 16 34.3 35 8 36.4 17 11 28.0 23 10 33.3 18 15 26.4 19 10 29.0 8 12 19.0 47 11 38.4 53 7 42.6 38 6 28.1(b) 26 17 39.1 35 13 35.8 10 6 13.1 20 20 24.5 22 11 33.0 -------------------------------------Unicameral------------------------------------18 5 54.8 109 25 33.5 20 7 33.8 25 7 45.7 44 4 32.0 23 10 27.5 8 12 21.3 19 9 28.3 11 12 22.8 22 7 48.3 31 24 27.1 25 1 34.7 12 12 19.4 4 15 27.1 4 8 12.1 29 6 23.3 12 9 28.0 42 14 42.0(d) 24 6 30.0 30 10 40.8 8 7 15.0 18 10 28.3 4 4 13.3

Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. Figures are as of May 2020. Key: (a) States share the same rank if their proportions of women legislators are exactly equal or round off to be equal (Iowa, Ohio, Virginia, Wisconsin).

Legislature (both houses) % Women State rank (a) 15.7 47 36.7 10 38.9 7 25.2 36 31.7 17 44.0 2 32.1 15 24.2 40 29.4 24 30.5 23 31.6 18 31.4 20 36.2 13 25.3 35 29.3 25 27.9 29 23.9 41 18.1 44 37.6 8 39.9 6 28.0 28 36.5 12 31.8 16 16.1 46 24.4 38 30.7 22 28.6 27 52.4 1 34.0 14 30.8 21 36.6 11 31.5 19 25.9 34 22.0 42 27.3 30 21.5 43 42.2 3 26.9 32 37.2 9 16.5 45 24.8 37 15.2 49 24.3 39 26.0 33 40.6 4 29.3 25 40.1 5 13.4 50 27.3 30 15.6 48

(b) Massachusetts percentage includes one Independent. (c) Nebraska has a unicameral legislature with nonpartisan elections. (d) Vermont percentage includes three Independents and four Progressives.

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DEMO GRA PH ICS

Table 8.9 | Proportion of Women among State Legislators 30%

28.7% 24.3%

25% 22.4% 20.6%

20%

22.4%

24.2%

22.7% 22.4%

23.5%

23.7%

29.1%

24.8% 24.6%

25.3%

18.3% 15.7%

15%

13.3% 10.3%

10%

8.0%

4.5%

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institue of Politics, Rutgers University.

3 82â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

D E M O G R A P HI C S

TA BLE 8 .1 0 Women Statewide Elected Officials: 2020 State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Governor W « « « « « « « « « « « « « W W « « W « « W « « « « « « « « W « « « « W W « W « W « « « « « « « « «

Lieutenant Governor « « N.A. « W W W W W « « W W W « « W « N.A. « W « W « « « « W N.A. W « W « « « « N.A. « « W « N.A. « « « « « N.A. « N.A.

Source: Data for elected officials are current as of May 2020 and have been provided by the Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University.

Attorney General « « « W « « « W W « N.A. « « « « « « « N.A. « W W « W « « « « N.A. N.A. « W « « « « W « « « « N.A. « « « « « « « N.A.

Secretary of State « N.A. W « « W W N.A. N.A. « N.A. « « W « « « « N.A. N.A. « W « « « « « W N.A. N.A. W N.A. W « « N.A. W N.A. W « « N.A. N.A. N.A. « N.A. W « « «

Treasurer « N.A. W « W « « W « N.A. N.A. W « W « « W « N.A. N.A. W N.A. N.A. « « N.A. N.A. « N.A. N.A. « N.A. « W « « « « « « « N.A. N.A. « W N.A. « « W «

Key: «—Denotes that this position is filled through a statewide election. W—Denotes that this position is filled through a statewide election and is held by a woman. N.A.—Not applicable

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 8 3

DEMO GRA PH ICS

Table 8.10 | Proportion of Women among Statewide Elected Officials 30%

27.6%

25.7%

25.9%

25%

28.9%

27.6%

25.6%

24.5% 23.4%

24.1% 22.9%

20%

21.6%

22.3%

18.2%

15%

10%

24.0%

13.9% 9.8%

10.7% 10.5%

7.0%

1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institue of Politics, Rutgers University.

3 84â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

CHAPTER NINE

S E L E C T E D S TAT E POLICIES AND PROGRAMS

E D U CATI O N

TABLE 9 .1 Enrollment in Public Elementary And Secondary Schools, by Level, Grade, and State or Jurisdiction: Fall 2017 Elementary State or Total, all Prekinder- KinderElementary jurisdiction grades Total garten garten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 ungraded United States 50,685,567 35,496,055 1,471,216 3,684,238 3,667,166 3,684,091 3,787,970 3,859,475 3,877,267 3,827,023 3,776,565 3,772,276 88,768 Alabama 742,444 523,057 15,520 54,985 56,414 55,606 57,526 58,541 57,928 55,711 55,600 55,226 0 Alaska 132,872 94,618 3,586 10,196 10,243 10,331 10,409 10,398 10,229 10,007 9,741 9,478 0 Arizona 1,110,851 777,744 14,124 79,520 80,377 81,200 84,933 88,092 88,849 87,512 86,544 86,287 306 Arkansas 496,085 352,513 16,827 36,942 36,820 36,915 37,797 38,800 38,844 36,305 36,431 36,631 201 California 6,304,266 4,357,267 8,385 (b) 531,725 456,175 455,523 447,253 466,660 472,202 486,261 477,308 474,828 5,479 Colorado 910,280 639,875 33,048 63,574 64,967 65,616 67,991 69,784 69,821 69,321 67,899 67,854 0 Connecticut 531,288 365,546 18,579 36,225 36,783 36,848 38,020 38,873 40,145 39,621 40,142 40,310 0 Delaware 136,293 95,390 1,802 9,943 10,048 10,327 10,602 10,838 10,754 10,498 10,362 10,216 0 Florida 2,832,424 1,980,941 61,241 200,185 207,590 207,609 226,346 220,504 215,793 219,942 210,658 211,073 0 Georgia 1,768,642 1,246,608 47,726 126,400 128,192 130,015 135,911 138,249 139,160 135,448 132,993 132,514 0 Hawaii 180,837 130,255 1,582 14,316 14,755 14,981 11,986 15,443 15,308 14,425 13,996 13,226 237 Idaho 301,186 210,927 2,845 21,111 22,148 22,376 23,146 24,003 24,147 23,732 24,005 23,414 0 Illinois 2,005,153 1,388,977 83,664 132,075 137,580 139,991 145,553 148,792 151,331 149,568 149,227 151,180 16 Indiana 1,054,187 728,666 19,198 77,944 76,301 76,468 78,722 80,111 80,201 79,338 78,616 80,163 1,604 Iowa 511,850 363,718 30,454 38,293 34,934 36,056 36,683 37,980 38,071 37,618 37,138 36,491 0 Kansas 497,088 353,430 21,281 35,661 35,554 36,462 36,888 37,687 37,715 36,808 36,210 36,269 2,895 Kentucky 680,978 481,962 29,493 44,058 50,518 49,479 51,350 52,328 52,669 51,102 50,249 50,293 423 Louisiana 715,135 514,159 27,491 53,070 54,585 53,478 55,396 55,835 55,456 53,698 52,928 52,222 0 Maine 180,473 124,937 5,617 12,586 12,569 12,688 13,246 13,343 13,727 13,513 13,852 13,796 0 Maryland 893,684 633,791 30,422 64,045 66,082 66,879 68,516 70,330 69,515 67,059 65,571 65,372 0 Massachusetts 964,791 668,415 30,684 66,122 68,195 68,491 70,416 72,620 73,012 71,892 71,705 72,860 2,418 Michigan 1,516,398 1,037,784 44,258 116,636 105,819 103,930 105,399 107,959 112,263 112,397 111,842 114,521 2,760 Minnesota 884,944 614,476 22,692 64,111 63,518 64,385 65,710 67,226 67,694 66,560 66,152 66,428 0 Mississippi 478,321 341,927 5,732 35,988 36,391 36,409 37,952 38,880 38,842 35,783 35,864 35,613 4,473 Missouri 915,472 648,697 33,054 66,010 66,399 67,231 69,041 70,749 71,042 69,214 68,224 67,733 0 Montana 149,474 106,075 2,321 11,702 11,407 11,144 11,559 11,971 11,721 11,804 11,239 11,207 0 Nebraska 323,766 228,831 17,513 23,232 22,892 23,559 24,173 24,169 22,553 23,661 23,357 23,722 0 Nevada 485,785 343,807 8,908 35,083 36,354 36,375 36,959 38,624 39,062 38,004 37,216 36,389 833 New Hampshire 179,433 122,657 3,907 11,419 12,745 12,514 13,003 13,456 13,694 13,801 13,895 14,223 0 New Jersey 1,408,102 987,988 64,351 91,077 94,920 95,253 98,425 99,443 100,606 99,986 99,191 100,919 43,817 New Mexico 334,345 235,839 9,689 23,709 24,166 24,309 25,880 26,363 26,248 25,343 25,304 24,828 0 New York 2,724,663 1,880,208 65,558 193,045 197,155 198,490 200,783 202,149 203,385 199,743 197,715 198,879 23,306 North Carolina 1,553,513 1,080,861 18,734 115,064 115,584 117,037 121,228 122,866 122,997 119,927 117,127 110,297 0 North Dakota 111,920 81,031 2,778 9,273 8,739 8,713 8,876 8,781 8,746 8,575 8,307 8,243 0 Ohio 1,704,399 1,187,254 38,310 123,036 123,188 123,921 131,207 128,118 130,839 129,831 128,323 130,481 0 Oklahoma 695,092 503,796 41,727 51,920 52,328 51,834 53,565 52,385 52,257 50,368 47,950 49,462 0 41,884 43,156 43,504 44,827 46,543 46,542 45,378 44,151 44,375 0 Oregon 608,014 427,690 27,330 (b) Pennsylvania 1,726,809 1,182,944 8,498 121,043 126,361 126,616 129,812 134,060 134,805 133,628 133,276 134,845 0 Rhode Island 142,949 98,737 2,477 10,006 10,297 10,434 10,583 11,003 11,119 10,913 10,853 11,052 0 South Carolina 777,507 553,414 27,006 55,598 57,183 57,012 60,334 60,890 61,389 59,112 57,857 57,033 0 South Dakota 137,823 99,878 3,393 11,720 10,432 10,494 10,655 10,966 10,921 10,677 10,516 10,104 0 Tennessee 1,001,967 710,398 28,379 75,482 74,633 74,145 74,844 78,085 78,681 76,941 75,058 74,150 0 Texas 5,401,341 3,852,952 256,222 371,638 388,650 394,381 409,998 413,843 414,412 402,634 402,512 398,662 0 Utah 668,274 475,107 15,904 47,591 49,791 50,429 51,635 52,970 53,368 51,951 50,841 50,627 0 Vermont 88,028 63,052 8,818 5,789 5,814 5,871 5,848 6,236 6,265 6,040 6,240 6,131 0 Virginia 1,291,462 900,027 33,617 91,002 94,312 94,166 96,946 99,305 99,548 97,617 96,633 96,881 0 Washington 1,110,367 769,992 15,754 80,917 82,843 83,077 85,583 87,366 86,667 83,947 82,040 81,798 0 West Virginia 272,266 193,961 16,665 19,521 19,402 19,150 19,659 20,069 20,218 19,539 19,780 19,958 0 Wisconsin 860,753 598,837 55,186 56,832 57,517 58,370 60,783 61,913 62,743 61,551 61,583 62,359 0 Wyoming 94,258 66,897 671 7,469 7,118 7,179 7,411 7,537 7,604 7,449 7,373 7,086 0 Dist. of Columbia 87,315 68,142 12,727 7,465 7,222 6,820 6,602 6,339 6,159 5,270 4,971 4,567 0 Bureau of Indian 46,330 35,064 N/A 4,601 4,064 3,899 3,931 3,962 3,774 3,756 3,614 3,463 0 Education DoDEA (c) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A American Samoa 12,620 8,877 1,128 729 800 817 850 845 855 873 1,010 970 0 2,164 2,181 2,327 2,315 2,139 2,159 2,234 0 Guam 30,112 20,227 602 1,953 2,153 CNMI* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Puerto Rico 346,096 238,807 2,536 22,189 25,701 24,247 25,082 25,360 25,827 25,754 27,494 26,186 8,431 U.S. Virgin Islands 10,868 7,427 N/A 732 745 780 898 865 833 848 955 771 0 See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 8 7

EDUCATION

TABLE 9 .1 Enrollment in Public Elementary And Secondary Schools, by Level, Grade, and State or Jurisdiction: Fall 2017 (continued) State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Bureau of Indian Education DoDEA (c) American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Secondary Total 15,189,512 219,387 38,254 333,107 143,572 1,946,999 270,405 165,742 40,903 851,483 522,034 50,582 90,259 616,176 325,521 148,132 143,658 199,016 200,976 55,536 259,893 296,376 478,614 270,468 136,394 266,775 43,399 94,935 141,978 56,776 420,114 98,506 844,455 472,652 30,889 517,145 191,296 180,324 543,865 44,212 224,093 37,945 291,569 1,548,389 193,167 24,976 391,435 340,375 78,305 261,916 27,361 19,173

Grade 9 3,995,574 57,301 9,584 86,236 37,758 495,277 70,017 43,232 11,806 219,313 147,677 14,408 23,599 159,550 80,535 37,728 37,510 53,687 56,596 13,814 71,633 77,572 123,324 67,007 35,716 69,398 11,556 23,832 36,452 14,992 103,655 28,522 218,826 129,965 8,199 141,280 52,268 44,819 141,407 11,580 63,516 10,600 75,784 433,521 50,184 6,447 103,925 83,131 21,317 65,980 7,453 6,085

Grade 10 3,833,718 55,318 9,285 83,999 37,245 483,745 67,140 41,092 10,476 216,578 135,406 13,143 22,935 155,612 80,799 37,111 35,904 50,822 51,715 13,846 67,738 74,170 121,134 65,975 34,365 67,397 11,245 23,747 36,510 14,567 100,781 25,597 212,490 120,884 7,760 133,705 49,055 44,257 136,286 11,470 57,755 9,649 74,234 397,573 48,968 6,430 99,531 82,138 20,164 64,354 6,893 4,725

Grade 11 3,676,753 53,920 9,503 78,514 35,387 475,696 65,136 40,616 9,521 212,640 123,273 11,766 22,210 150,969 83,712 36,238 34,718 48,739 47,551 13,946 60,336 72,950 115,646 66,653 32,230 65,697 10,667 23,007 35,532 13,779 99,613 22,814 195,169 114,820 7,561 120,359 46,439 44,003 133,081 10,867 52,722 8,913 72,053 372,052 47,499 6,192 94,858 83,214 18,547 64,556 6,610 4,259

Grade 12 3,631,450 52,848 9,882 84,330 33,097 489,221 68,112 40,802 9,100 202,952 115,678 11,068 21,512 150,045 80,475 37,055 34,437 45,593 45,114 13,930 60,186 71,684 117,197 70,833 30,933 64,283 9,931 24,349 33,456 13,435 98,845 21,573 194,079 105,208 7,369 121,801 43,534 47,245 133,091 10,295 50,100 8,783 69,498 345,243 46,516 5,907 93,121 91,892 18,277 67,026 6,405 4,104

11,266

3,315

2,990

2,470

2,491

N/A 3,743 9,885 N/A 107,289 3,441

N/A 1,007 2,888 N/A 25,865 1,196

N/A 946 2,834 N/A 26,222 875

N/A 982 2,350 N/A 25,627 676

N/A 808 1,813 N/A 25,064 694

N/A 0 0 N/A 4,511 0

See footnotes at end of table

3 88â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Secondary ungraded (a) 52,017 0 0 28 85 3,060 0 0 0 0 0 197 3 0 0 0 1,089 175 0 0 0 0 1,313 0 3,150 0 0 0 28 3 17,220 0 23,891 1,775 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .1 Enrollment in Public Elementary And Secondary Schools, by Level, Grade, and State or Jurisdiction: Fall 2017 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 2017-18. (This table was prepared August 2019.) * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: The total ungraded counts of students were prorated to the elementary and secondary levels based on prior state reports of the percentage of elementary and of secondary ungraded students.

Key: N/A — Not available (a) Includes students reported as being enrolled in grade 13. (b) Imputed by the National Center for Education Statistics. (c) DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. Includes both domestic and overseas schools.

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TABLE 9 .2 Number and Percentage Distribution of Teachers in Traditional Public and Public Charter Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Instructional Level and Selected Teacher and School Characteristics: 2017–18 Number of teachers (in thousands) Total Elementary Secondary Traditional Public Traditional Public Traditional Public Total public charter public charter public charter 3,545 3,340 206 1,678 101 1,662 104

Selected teacher or school characteristic Total Sex Male 834 785 48 Female 2,712 2,555 157 Race/ethnicity White 2,811 2,671 140 Black 239 217 21 Hispanic 331 299 32 Asian 75 69 6 Pacific Islander 8 8 ‡ American Indian/ 18 18 ‡ Alaska Native Two or more races 63 58 5 Age Under 30 531 482 49 30 to 39 991 926 65 40 to 49 1,028 979 49 50 to 59 732 702 31 60 and over 263 251 12 Highest degree earned Less than bachelor’s 97 90 7 Bachelor’s 1,393 1,290 103 Postbaccalaureate 2,056 1,960 95 Master’s 1,744 1,665 79 Education 271 258 13 specialist (a) Doctor’s 41 38 3 Years of full-time and part-time teaching experience Less than 3 318 285 34 3 to 9 1,003 917 87 10 to 20 1,416 1,353 63 Over 20 808 785 23 Certification type (b) Regular 3,205 3,048 157 Probationary 108 98 9 Provisional or 137 121 16 temporary Waiver or emergency 35 31 4 No certification 61 41 19 School locale City 1,032 932 100 Suburban 1,374 1,305 69 Town 413 398 15 Rural 727 705 22 Percent of students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch 0 to 25 665 642 24 26 to 50 947 907 40 51 to 75 817 779 38 76 to 100 1,029 952 77 School does not 87 60 27 participate

Percentage distribution of teachers Total Elementary Secondary Traditional Public Traditional Public Traditional Public Total public charter public charter public charter 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

190 1,487

11 91

595 1,067

38 66

23.5 76.5

11.3 88.7

10.6 89.4

35.8 64.2

36.2 63.8

1,332 107 166 34 4

70 11 16 2 ‡

1,339 110 133 35 4

70 11 16 4 ‡

79.3 6.7 9.3 2.1 0.2

80.0 6.5 9.0 2.1 0.2

68.0 10.4 15.6 3.0 0.4

79.4 6.4 9.9 2.1 0.2

69.1 10.6 15.5 2.4 ‡

80.6 6.6 8.0 2.1 0.2

66.9 10.1 15.7 3.5 0.6

‡

0.5

0.4

0.6

‡

0.5

0.4

1.8

1.7

2.3

1.5

1.8

2.0

2.8

254 471 499 341 113

26 31 25 15 5

228 455 480 360 139

23 34 24 16 7

15.0 27.9 29.0 20.7 7.4

14.4 27.7 29.3 21.0 7.5

23.9 31.4 23.9 14.9 5.9

15.1 28.1 29.7 20.3 6.7

25.8 30.1 25.1 14.3 4.7

13.7 27.4 28.9 21.7 8.3

22.1 32.7 22.6 15.5 7.0

33 702 942 801

3 55 43 36

57 587 1,018 863

3 49 52 43

2.7 39.3 58.0 49.2

2.7 38.6 58.7 49.8

3.2 50.3 46.4 38.6

2.0 41.9 56.2 47.8

3.4 54.0 42.7 35.6

3.4 35.3 61.3 51.9

3.1 46.8 50.1 41.6

129

7.6

7.7

6.3

7.7

6.3

7.8

6.2

‡

1.2

1.1

1.6

0.7

0.8

1.5

2.3

150 474 665 389

17 45 29 11

135 442 688 397

17 41 34 12

9.0 28.3 39.9 22.8

8.5 27.4 40.5 23.5

16.3 42.1 30.5 11.1

8.9 28.3 39.6 23.2

16.4 44.5 28.7 10.4

8.1 26.6 41.4 23.9

16.2 39.7 32.4 11.7

1,545 46

80 5

1,503 52

78 5

90.4 3.0

91.3 2.9

76.5 4.5

92.1 2.8

78.4 4.6

90.5 3.1

74.6 4.3

3.9

3.6

7.9

3.2

7.5

4.0

8.3

11 22

2 8

20 19

2 11

1.0 1.7

0.9 1.2

1.8 9.4

0.6 1.3

1.8 7.7

1.2 1.2

1.8 11.0

496 636 199 347

49 33 7 13

436 669 199 358

52 36 8 9

29.1 38.7 11.6 20.5

27.9 39.1 11.9 21.1

48.7 33.3 7.1 10.8

29.6 37.9 11.9 20.7

47.9 32.3 6.6 13.2

26.2 40.3 12.0 21.6

49.4 34.4 7.7 8.5

300 384 390 583

12 17 21 39

342 523 389 370

12 22 17 38

18.8 26.7 23.0 29.0

19.2 27.2 23.3 28.5

11.4 19.3 18.5 37.4

17.9 22.9 23.3 34.7

11.4 17.1 20.9 38.0

20.6 31.5 23.4 22.3

11.5 21.5 16.2 36.8

2.5

1.8

13.3

1.3

12.7

2.3

14.0

See footnotes at end of table

3 90 The B ook o f t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

E D U CATI O N

TABLE 9 .2 Number and Percentage Distribution of Teachers in Traditional Public and Public Charter Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Instructional Level and Selected Teacher and School Characteristics: 2017–18 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), “Public School Teacher Data File,” 2017–18. (This table was prepared November 2019.) Note: Excludes teachers who teach only prekindergarten. Data are based on a head count of full-time and part-time teachers rather than on the number of full-time-equivalent teachers reported in other tables. Teachers were classified as elementary or secondary on the basis of the grades they taught, rather than on the level of the school in which they taught. In general, elementary teachers include those teaching prekindergarten through grade 6 and those teaching multiple grades, with a preponderance of grades taught being kindergarten through grade 6. In general, secondary teachers include those teaching any of grades 7 through 12 and those teaching multiple grades, with a preponderance of grades taught being grades 7 through 12 and usually with no grade taught being lower than grade 5. Detail may not sum to totals

because of rounding and cell suppression. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Standard errors appear in the original online report. See source cited above. Key: ‡ — Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. (a) Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for 1 year’s work beyond the master’s level. Includes certificate of advanced graduate studies. (b) Refers to certification of teachers to teach in the state where they are currently teaching. A teaching certificate is probationary if all requirements have been satisfied except completion of a probationary period. It is provisional or temporary if additional coursework, student teaching, or passage of a test is required to obtain regular certification. It is a waiver or emergency certificate if a certification program must be completed to continue teaching.

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TABLE 9 .3 Public Elementary and Secondary Teachers, by Level and State or Jurisdiction: Selected years, Fall 2016â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Fall 2017 (In full-time equivalents) State or jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Bureau of Indian Education DoDEA (d) American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Total 3,169,499 (a) 42,533 7,825 48,220 35,730 271,287 (b) 52,014 42,343 9,208 186,339 114,763 11,782 16,204 128,893 60,162 35,808 36,193 42,029 48,408 14,750 59,703 72,413 83,597 56,715 31,924 67,926 10,555 23,611 23,705 14,760 115,729 21,331 209,151 100,220 9,265 102,600 41,090 29,756 122,552 10,689 50,789 9,777 64,270 352,809 28,841 (c) 8,187 91,628 58,815 19,356 59,011 7,506 6,727 N/A N/A N/A 2,289 N/A 28,899 1,154

Fall 2016 Elementary Secondary 1,759,610 (a) 1,232,805 (a) 22,476 20,057 4,070 3,754 33,135 15,085 18,317 14,768 182,600 (b) 86,140 (b) 29,401 22,613 26,744 15,373 4,678 4,530 76,301 67,849 52,918 44,721 6,397 5,315 7,648 8,556 90,125 38,506 31,163 28,999 25,205 10,603 18,496 17,697 24,772 10,058 32,806 15,602 10,284 4,467 36,442 23,261 47,382 25,031 34,756 32,785 30,555 24,270 14,907 13,196 35,235 32,691 7,391 3,127 15,221 8,390 11,422 8,486 9,761 4,999 61,286 37,911 9,454 8,123 105,341 93,792 69,663 29,741 6,122 3,143 57,122 41,128 23,119 17,970 21,089 8,667 58,732 52,965 5,965 4,724 35,712 15,078 6,364 2,499 45,296 18,975 175,290 153,142 14,050 (c) 11,882 (c) 3,326 2,736 42,155 49,473 32,242 24,507 9,168 10,167 29,429 29,125 4,089 3,417 3,990 2,713 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,154 1,135 N/A N/A 13,097 10,140 546 593

See footnotes at end of table

3 92â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook o f t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Ungraded 177,803(a) 0 0 0 2,645 2,547 (b) 0 226 0 42,190 17,124 70 0 263 0 0 0 7,199 0 0 0 0 16,057 1,889 3,822 0 36 0 3,797 0 16,532 3,754 10,018 816 0 4,350 0 0 10,855 0 0 914 0 24,377 2,909 (c) 2,124 0 2,067 21 457 0 24 N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 5,661 15

Total 3,169,750 (a) 41,802 7,743 47,868 35,800 271,523 (b) 52,373 45,081 9,399 186,128 116,022 12,033 16,592 128,204 61,018 35,553 36,387 42,064 40,281 14,760 60,175 73,381 84,473 57,260 31,625 68,496 10,515 23,771 23,709 14,589 115,496 21,092 213,159 100,401 9,284 98,912 41,597 29,909 121,918 10,687 52,467 9,833 64,019 356,877 29,212 (c) 8,313 85,936 60,183 19,239 58,598 7,335 6,659 N/A N/A N/A 2,202 N/A 28,039 1,066

Fall 2017 Elementary Secondary 1,746,538 (a) 1,233,360 (a) 22,301 19,501 4,070 3,673 33,299 14,569 18,177 14,862 181,402 (b) 85,849 (b) 29,341 23,033 29,414 15,428 4,788 4,611 75,746 67,474 53,116 45,502 6,518 5,450 7,764 8,828 89,854 38,018 31,621 29,398 25,007 10,546 18,729 17,658 24,701 10,092 27,409 12,872 10,329 4,431 36,657 23,518 47,733 25,648 35,276 32,978 30,816 24,497 14,795 13,117 35,725 32,771 7,383 3,097 15,321 8,450 11,348 8,453 9,859 4,730 61,197 37,635 9,387 7,960 108,893 95,744 70,004 29,641 6,163 3,121 43,987 41,543 23,643 17,954 21,158 8,752 58,334 52,638 5,939 4,748 36,969 15,498 6,250 2,495 45,462 18,558 176,132 155,342 14,230 (c) 12,035 (c) 3,176 2,745 37,097 48,840 33,057 24,810 9,951 9,083 28,986 29,198 3,948 3,387 4,078 2,581 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,068 1,134 N/A N/A 16,617 6,275 500 553

Ungraded 189,851 (a) 0 0 0 2,760 4,272 0 239 0 42,908 17,403 66 0 332 0 0 0 7,270 0 0 0 0 16,219 1,947 3,713 0 35 0 3,908 0 16,664 3,745 8,522 756 0 13,382 0 0 10,946 0 0 1,087 0 25,403 2,946 (c) 2,392 0 2,316 205 414 0 0 N/A N/A N/A 0 N/A 5,147 13

E D U CATI O N

TABLE 9 .3 Public Elementary and Secondary Teachers, by Level and State or Jurisdiction: Selected years, Fall 2016–Fall 2017 (In full-time equivalents) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 2000-01 through 2017-18. (This table was prepared August 2019.) Note: Distribution of elementary and secondary teachers determined by reporting units. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands

Key: N/A — Not available (a) Includes imputed values for states. (b) Includes imputations to correct for underreporting of prekindergarten teachers. (c) Imputed. (d) Department of Defense Education Activity. Includes both domestic and overseas schools.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9 3

EDUCATION

TA BLE 9 .4 Average Base Salary for Full-Time Public Elementary and Secondary School Teachers with a Master’s Degree as Their Highest Degree, by Years of Teaching Experience and State: 2017-18

Total $63,120 51,090 74,580 46,510 50,720 79,680 56,140 74,220 63,580 49,710 55,110 57,800 52,000 71,640 56,490 57,190 52,520 52,250 48,380 55,730 ‡ 73,510 64,350 68,990 46,970 52,240 54,640 49,130 56,860 59,210 73,800 50,220 80,030 47,320 55,810 62,410 40,310 58,770 68,830 73,850 49,100 49,390 50,910 54,080 54,870 62,210 59,130 60,910 45,790 58,040 59,340 ‡

5 or fewer years $51,050 45,790 62,310 40,500 44,610 61,740 49,540 56,850 52,040 42,730 46,840 53,100 ‡ 55,400 41,400 49,050 46,000 46,290 44,950 ‡ ‡ 58,980 46,550 50,560 41,570 45,220 ‡ 43,030 46,710 45,420 59,480 39,740 62,230 42,050 ‡ 46,340 ‡ 46,280 52,210 ‡ 42,890 ‡ 44,890 51,150 43,820 50,800 50,000 50,040 40,390 45,470 51,690 ‡

See footnotes at end of table

3 94 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Current dollars 2017-18 Years of full- and part-time teaching experience (a) 6 to 10 years 11 to 20 years $56,140 $65,700 49,240 50,740 67,350 79,390 44,220 47,430 49,330 52,520 71,030 83,340 48,810 60,740 64,690 78,840 57,700 68,340 44,220 48,630 51,580 56,860 55,630 59,350 44,770 53,930 60,080 72,330 47,380 54,410 51,150 59,410 46,980 53,210 47,340 54,230 44,760 49,910 ‡ 56,060 ‡ ‡ 68,620 79,560 51,550 67,080 58,690 68,980 44,280 45,430 46,180 53,960 46,920 56,900 47,290 49,830 51,310 58,760 52,610 62,350 63,830 75,460 48,190 52,520 72,410 82,230 43,710 48,580 52,480 58,830 55,380 64,400 ‡ 39,630 52,460 65,840 58,030 72,550 66,520 75,790 45,020 50,490 47,660 49,760 46,790 53,090 52,840 54,260 49,180 59,300 53,010 63,470 54,000 62,020 53,370 65,240 40,930 45,860 52,090 58,070 55,910 59,990 ‡ ‡

Over 20 years $73,430 58,200 84,390 52,790 55,790 91,090 63,580 90,150 76,030 59,050 63,660 64,870 60,380 87,860 66,130 63,700 59,040 62,570 ‡ 60,790 ‡ 82,740 70,540 78,310 54,040 59,410 64,140 52,470 67,700 68,350 87,110 53,990 95,660 56,040 62,480 71,300 45,440 69,300 79,070 78,840 56,530 55,200 58,760 60,170 61,890 70,550 69,650 68,980 54,050 65,120 65,780 ‡

E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .4 Average Base Salary for Full-Time Public Elementary and Secondary School Teachers with a Master’s Degree as Their Highest Degree, by Years of Teaching Experience and State: 2017-18 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), “Public School Teacher Data File,” 1993-94, 1999-2000, 2003-04, 2007-08, and 2011-12; SASS, “Public Charter School Teacher Data File,” 19992000; and National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), “Public School Teacher Data File,” 2017-18. (This table was prepared November 2019.) Note: This table includes regular full-time teachers only; it excludes other staff even when they have full-time teaching duties (regular part-time teachers, itinerant teachers, long-term substitutes, administrators, library media specialists, other professional staff, and support staff). Teachers’ base salary does not include any supplemental contracts for additional work at a school during the school year (e.g., coaching) or during the summer (e.g., teaching

summer sessions). Also does not include any income from nonschool sources. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Key: ‡—Reporting standards not met. Data may be suppressed because the response rate is under 50 percent, there are too few cases for a reliable estimate, or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. (a) Teachers were asked how many school years they had worked as a teacher. They were also asked how many of their teaching years were full time and how many were part time. Throughout this table, all school years are counted, regardless of whether teachers taught full time or part time.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9 5

EDUCATION

TA BLE 9 .5 Estimated Average Annual Salary of Teachers in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by State: Selected Years: 1969-70 Through 2018-19 Current dollars

1969-70 $8,626 6,818 10,560 8,711 6,307 10,315 7,761 9,262 9,015 8,412 7,276 9,453 6,890 9,569 8,833 8,355 7,612 6,953 7,028 7,572 9,383 8,764 9,826 8,658 5,798 7,799 7,606 7,375 9,215 7,771 9,130 7,796 10,336 7,494 6,696 8,300 6,882 8,818 8,858 8,776 6,927 6,403 7,050 7,255 7,644 7,968 8,070 9,225 7,650 8,963 8,232 10,285

1979-80 $15,970 13,060 27,210 15,054 12,299 18,020 16,205 16,229 16,148 14,149 13,853 19,920 13,611 17,601 15,599 15,203 13,690 14,520 13,760 13,071 17,558 17,253 19,663 15,912 11,850 13,682 14,537 13,516 16,295 13,017 17,161 14,887 19,812 14,117 13,263 15,269 13,107 16,266 16,515 18,002 13,063 12,348 13,972 14,132 14,909 12,484 14,060 18,820 13,710 16,006 16,012 22,190

1989-90 $31,367 24,828 43,153 29,402 22,352 37,998 30,758 40,461 33,377 28,803 28,006 32,047 23,861 32,794 30,902 26,747 28,744 26,292 24,300 26,881 36,319 34,712 37,072 32,190 24,292 27,094 25,081 25,522 30,590 28,986 35,676 24,756 38,925 27,883 23,016 31,218 23,070 30,840 33,338 36,057 27,217 21,300 27,052 27,496 23,686 29,012 30,938 30,457 22,842 31,921 28,141 38,402

1999-2000 $41,807 36,689 46,462 36,902 33,386 47,680 38,163 51,780 44,435 36,722 41,023 40,578 35,547 46,486 41,850 35,678 34,981 36,380 33,109 35,561 44,048 46,580 49,044 39,802 31,857 35,656 32,121 33,237 39,390 37,734 52,015 32,554 51,020 39,404 29,863 41,436 31,298 42,336 48,321 47,041 36,081 29,071 36,328 37,567 34,946 37,758 38,744 41,043 35,009 41,153 34,127 47,076

See footnotes at end of table

Source: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, selected years, 1970 through 2019. (This table was prepared September 2019.) Notes: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Standard errors are not available for these estimates, which are based on state reports. 3 96â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

2009-10 $55,370 47,571 59,672 46,952 46,700 68,203 49,202 64,350 57,080 46,708 53,112 55,063 46,283 62,077 49,986 49,626 46,657 49,543 48,903 46,106 63,971 69,273 57,958 52,431 45,644 45,317 45,759 46,227 51,524 51,443 65,130 46,258 71,633 46,850 42,964 55,958 47,691 55,224 59,156 59,686 47,508 38,837 46,290 48,261 45,885 49,084 50,015 53,003 45,959 51,264 55,861 64,548

2017-18 $60,477 50,568 69,682 48,723 50,544 80,680 52,701 74,517 61,795 48,168 56,329 57,866 49,225 65,721 50,614 57,018 49,754 52,952 50,359 53,815 69,627 80,357 61,911 57,782 44,926 49,304 52,776 54,213 54,280 57,833 69,917 47,152 84,227 51,231 52,850 58,000 46,300 63,061 67,535 66,758 50,182 47,631 50,900 53,334 49,655 60,556 51,994 55,693 45,642 51,469 58,352 76,486

2018-19 $61,730 50,810 70,277 49,892 51,019 82,282 53,301 76,465 62,308 48,395 57,137 59,757 50,757 66,600 50,937 58,140 49,800 53,434 50,923 54,974 70,463 82,042 61,825 58,221 45,574 50,064 54,034 54,506 54,280 58,146 70,212 47,826 85,889 53,975 53,434 57,799 52,412 64,385 68,141 67,040 50,395 48,786 51,714 54,155 50,342 61,027 52,466 72,965 47,681 51,453 58,618 78,477

Percent change, 1999-2000 to 2018-19 (1.3) (7.4) 1.1 (9.6) 2.1 15.4 (6.6) (1.3) (6.3) (11.9) (6.9) (1.6) (4.6) (4.2) (18.6) 8.9 (4.8) (1.8) 2.8 3.3 6.9 17.7 (15.7) (2.2) (4.4) (6.1) 12.4 9.6 (7.9) 3.0 (9.8) (1.8) 12.5 (8.4) 19.6 (6.8) 11.9 1.7 (5.7) (4.7) (6.6) 12.2 (4.8) (3.6) (3.7) 8.0 (9.5) 18.8 (9.0) (16.4) 14.8 11.4

E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .6 Percentage of High School Dropouts Among Persons 16 Through 24 Years Old (Status Dropout Rate), By Race/Ethnicity and State: 2018 State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Total 5.3 5.4 4.4 7.7 5.6 4.3 4.7 3.9 5.0 6.5 6.2 5.5 7.4 4.6 7.4 4.7 5.2 5.6 7.8 4.3 3.9 3.8 5.3 4.2 6.2 6.0 6.5 4.3 7.9 4.1 3.6 10.3 4.8 5.7 2.7 5.2 7.2 6.1 5.4 4.0 6.4 8.1 5.4 6.0 3.9 4.1 3.4 6.0 6.4 4.4 2.8 4.5

White 4.2 4.5 2.7 6.0 4.8 2.3 3.3 2.4 6.0 5.5 6.2 ‡ 6.2 3.6 7.5 3.9 4.2 5.1 4.9 4.3 2.9 2.7 4.8 3.1 5.6 5.8 6.1 3.3 6.1 3.8 1.8 8.5 3.2 4.3 2.2 4.4 6.1 4.9 5.1 5.3 4.9 5.9 4.2 3.8 3.1 4.4 2.3 5.1 6.2 2.7 3.0 ‡

Black 6.4 5.7 ‡ 8.1 4.4 6.1 3.8 2.5 4.5 7.8 4.8 ‡ ‡ 7.1 8.3 12.7 5.5 6.9 10.9 ‡ 4.7 6.7 8.1 5.4 5.5 7.0 ‡ ‡ 9.6 ‡ 5.5 ‡ 5.3 6.5 ‡ 7.5 8.2 ‡ 5.6 ‡ 8.6 ‡ 7.9 4.5 ‡ ‡ 3.6 4.6 10.1 15.5 ‡ 7.3

Hispanic 8.0 10.7 ‡ 9.6 10.1 6.0 8.6 10.0 5.0 7.9 11.9 5.2 10.5 6.2 6.6 10.5 11.0 13.4 11.6 ‡ 7.6 8.7 5.3 7.3 29.7 8.4 ‡ 11.2 9.6 ‡ 7.0 12.2 8.8 9.1 ‡ 10.7 10.4 12.6 8.9 2.0 9.7 ‡ 10.9 8.3 7.0 ‡ 9.2 11.6 ‡ 9.6 ‡ ‡

Asian 1.9 ‡ ‡ 1.4 ‡ 1.5 2.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ 2.1 7.4 ‡ 1.6 3.2 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1.0 3.7 4.3 ‡ 5.9 ‡ ‡ 5.7 ‡ 1.2 ‡ 1.6 6.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 2.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 2.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ 1.2 ‡ 2.7 ‡ ‡

Pacific Islander 8.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 4.8 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 9.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 15.5 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

American Indian/ Alaska Native Two or more races 9.5 5.2 ‡ 7.9 9.0 ‡ 9.6 6.9 ‡ 10.0 5.6 2.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 21.9 6.4 ‡ 5.5 ‡ 4.6 12.3 14.9 ‡ 4.6 ‡ 9.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 5.5 ‡ 11.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ 4.6 ‡ 2.6 4.1 3.7 31.8 7.6 ‡ ‡ ‡ 3.7 9.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 7.2 ‡ 12.8 ‡ 3.3 8.3 ‡ ‡ 7.0 7.6 8.0 12.9 ‡ ‡ 6.2 9.7 7.5 15.8 3.4 ‡ 3.7 ‡ ‡ ‡ 7.0 20.7 ‡ ‡ 3.0 ‡ 6.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 3.4 11.5 3.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ 6.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9 7

EDUCATION

TA BLE 9 .6 Percentage of High School Dropouts Among Persons 16 Through 24 Years Old (Status Dropout Rate), By Race/Ethnicity and State: 2018 (continued) Source: U.S Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS), 2018. (This table was prepared December 2019.) Note: Status dropouts are 16- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled in school and who have not completed a high school program, regardless of when they left school. People who have received equivalency credentials, such as the GED, are counted as high school completers. Data are based on sample surveys of the entire population residing within the United States, including both noninstitutionalized persons (e.g., those living in households, college housing, or military housing located within the United States) and

3 98 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

institutionalized persons (e.g., those living in prisons, nursing facilities, or other healthcare facilities). Totals include other racial/ ethnic groups not separately shown. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Key: ‡—Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater.

E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .7 Rates of High School Completion and Bachelor’s Degree Attainment Among Persons Age 25 and Over, by Race/Ethnicity and State: 2017 State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Total (b) 88.0 86.0 91.6 87.1 86.7 83.4 91.7 90.5 90.7 88.4 87.0 91.7 91.2 89.0 88.8 92.0 91.0 86.5 85.0 92.7 89.9 90.8 90.9 93.0 84.6 89.6 92.6 91.4 86.8 93.2 90.2 85.9 86.6 88.0 93.1 90.3 88.1 90.9 90.5 88.2 87.6 91.8 87.7 83.7 92.1 92.4 89.6 91.3 87.0 92.5 93.1 90.6

White 92.9 88.4 95.1 94.6 89.6 95.0 96.3 94.4 93.1 92.9 90.9 97.1 93.6 94.2 90.7 94.1 94.4 86.7 89.0 93.0 93.6 94.0 92.6 95.7 87.7 90.8 93.6 95.5 94.1 93.7 94.6 94.9 93.4 91.6 94.1 91.5 90.9 94.0 92.4 90.4 90.9 94.0 88.9 94.0 95.5 93.0 92.7 94.9 86.9 94.7 94.8 99.2

Percent with high school completion or higher (a) Black Hispanic 86.1 68.8 82.6 60.5 96.2 89.5 91.1 68.8 83.6 57.0 89.8 65.1 92.6 73.3 87.6 71.8 91.6 65.6 83.7 80.2 86.1 60.9 97.3 87.7 ‡ 69.8 87.2 66.2 86.4 64.4 81.5 60.4 84.4 65.1 88.6 76.4 79.2 70.4 90.5 91.2 90.0 64.6 86.5 72.2 85.9 73.4 82.4 65.1 80.2 68.7 84.4 74.2 ‡ 73.9 84.1 57.6 88.8 66.3 88.6 86.4 88.3 76.0 91.7 77.0 84.4 69.7 86.1 60.5 88.5 82.1 85.4 77.6 89.6 64.5 88.6 68.0 87.8 74.1 86.0 76.0 82.1 68.2 94.3 71.6 87.3 63.6 89.9 66.2 86.7 69.9 ‡ 83.2 85.8 70.9 89.9 66.3 91.1 84.3 81.3 69.7 ‡ 73.6 87.3 67.9

Asian 87.0 83.6 77.6 88.7 80.2 87.7 83.8 89.1 92.3 87.0 87.5 89.4 87.9 90.6 82.2 77.0 89.9 81.4 77.6 80.2 90.5 86.1 90.4 82.2 82.2 91.5 79.3 79.9 91.1 87.2 92.4 91.4 78.2 86.5 83.5 89.4 79.8 87.0 83.1 85.2 84.7 95.2 89.2 88.5 90.7 62.9 91.2 88.3 91.7 86.3 95.1 95.5

Two or more races 91.9 87.1 96.7 93.4 88.8 93.3 93.8 91.3 90.7 90.8 89.8 94.1 94.0 91.1 91.7 94.0 89.1 86.7 90.9 90.5 94.3 91.3 90.5 92.3 86.6 91.0 94.9 89.7 96.1 88.8 93.2 96.4 89.7 89.5 88.2 90.8 90.1 89.6 89.6 93.4 92.0 94.0 90.2 92.9 92.3 95.2 92.2 93.2 86.2 94.0 96.0 95.2

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9 9

EDUCATION

Total (b) 32.0 25.6 29.0 29.2 23.5 33.7 41.2 38.4 31.9 29.6 30.9 32.8 26.8 34.4 26.9 29.2 33.9 23.9 23.9 32.9 40.0 43.6 29.0 35.7 21.7 29.0 31.4 31.2 25.2 37.1 39.7 27.3 36.2 31.4 30.6 28.0 25.5 33.7 31.7 33.8 28.0 27.7 27.4 29.6 34.3 37.2 38.8 35.6 20.2 30.5 27.6 57.2

White 35.8 28.8 34.4 35.6 25.4 43.8 47.5 43.5 34.9 33.2 35.0 47.4 28.3 38.8 27.6 30.0 36.9 23.9 28.1 32.6 45.5 46.7 30.3 37.1 25.3 30.0 32.9 33.4 30.4 36.8 43.6 40.4 42.8 35.1 31.4 29.0 28.2 35.4 33.1 36.5 33.3 29.5 28.7 38.6 36.8 37.3 42.1 37.0 20.0 31.8 28.8 90.5

See footnotes at end of table

4 00 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Percent with bachelor’s or higher degree Black Hispanic 21.6 16.0 17.0 15.9 28.7 21.3 23.5 12.6 15.6 11.3 25.7 13.1 28.7 16.1 20.1 15.9 22.9 10.0 18.8 23.9 23.1 16.8 40.1 20.4 ‡ 10.9 21.1 14.1 20.8 13.7 20.0 10.6 21.9 13.0 19.0 21.6 15.0 16.0 37.2 44.5 29.2 22.1 27.7 18.3 16.8 17.5 24.4 17.1 15.2 15.5 17.6 19.4 ‡ 20.7 14.9 12.1 18.3 10.4 29.6 26.7 25.1 20.2 22.2 16.3 24.6 18.5 21.4 15.4 26.4 6.3 17.3 18.6 21.0 10.5 27.6 16.0 20.0 16.4 25.6 14.2 15.0 15.3 17.7 18.5 20.4 15.6 24.7 14.3 31.1 14.8 ‡ 39.7 24.6 25.3 25.9 16.8 18.0 20.2 12.8 15.2 ‡ 15.5 26.6 43.3

Asian 54.1 45.8 24.1 58.7 48.2 52.6 52.5 64.5 69.5 52.1 55.4 33.5 50.5 64.4 58.1 41.4 46.3 48.8 45.0 46.0 62.8 63.1 64.0 45.1 37.4 61.0 39.4 52.4 39.9 61.0 70.2 61.0 44.9 58.8 74.0 62.7 38.8 52.7 56.8 57.4 47.4 48.7 58.1 59.8 53.8 35.0 60.9 51.7 53.9 53.4 46.5 82.1

Two or more races 34.9 29.0 31.6 34.1 21.2 41.0 43.7 29.5 22.9 35.7 37.2 22.9 31.8 41.3 27.4 29.0 28.2 26.7 28.3 30.5 46.0 45.3 32.7 29.6 38.1 33.0 19.5 29.9 26.5 31.1 39.9 43.3 41.4 33.1 27.5 27.3 22.8 27.2 32.7 31.5 28.6 20.9 29.2 36.8 35.5 39.9 42.1 33.5 28.4 34.3 26.5 83.3

E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .7 Rates of High School Completion and Bachelor’s Degree Attainment Among Persons Age 25 and Over, by Race/Ethnicity and State: 2017 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data. (This table was prepared February 2019.) Note: Data are based on sample surveys of the entire population in the given age range residing within the United States, including both noninstitutionalized persons (e.g., those living in households, college housing, or military housing located within the United States) and institutionalized persons (e.g., those living in prisons, nursing facilities, or other healthcare facilities). Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.

Key: ‡—Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. (a) Includes completion of high school through equivalency programs, such as a GED program. (b) Total includes racial/ethnic groups not shown separately.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 0 1

EDUCATIO N

TABLE 9 .8 Revenues for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Source of Funds and State or Jurisdiction: 2016â&#x20AC;&#x201C;17 Federal State or jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Total (in thousands) $705,267,398 7,889,120 2,508,281 10,259,496 5,619,332 88,108,864 10,600,561 11,583,918 2,729,986 28,808,723 20,443,717 2,844,167 2,575,178 35,480,443 11,952,546 6,904,458 6,344,151 7,782,860 8,949,726 2,820,246 15,045,717 18,423,533 20,163,387 13,242,082 4,753,225 11,485,402 1,841,286 4,470,153 4,919,401 3,132,306 30,368,383 4,023,795 69,228,226 14,481,275 1,757,100 24,762,785 6,361,194 7,689,411 31,353,132 2,561,477 9,992,973 1,580,004 10,077,253 60,006,975 5,757,609 1,742,206 16,611,639 15,654,623 3,526,416 11,591,278 1,931,277 2,526,099 73,876 332,552 87,683 2,819,791 193,314

Amount (in thousands) $57,310,693 863,637 354,045 1,326,469 625,993 7,455,046 706,162 503,812 188,717 3,288,570 1,925,205 252,145 252,533 2,312,325 974,150 497,385 537,797 912,224 1,168,690 195,168 851,860 929,798 1,734,557 743,953 672,881 1,003,289 225,892 349,144 444,730 173,816 1,269,661 589,017 3,657,578 1,641,260 163,446 1,949,822 726,159 550,627 2,152,130 192,929 913,225 205,299 1,161,636 6,298,581 459,308 113,778 1,131,683 1,071,035 404,295 832,985 118,429 237,820 62,906 60,166 39,503 935,887 26,259

See footnotes at end of table

402â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook o f t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Per pupil $1,135 1,159 2,667 1,191 1,269 1,182 780 941 1,385 1,167 1,091 1,389 850 1,141 928 976 1,088 1,334 1,632 1,081 961 964 1,135 850 1,393 1,096 1,543 1,094 939 961 900 1,752 1,373 1,059 1,490 1,140 1,046 951 1,246 1,357 1,184 1,506 1,160 1,175 696 1,287 879 972 1,476 964 1,258 2,770 N/A 1,956 N/A 2,563 1,990

State Percent of total 8.1 10.9 14.1 12.9 11.1 8.5 6.7 4.3 6.9 11.4 9.4 8.9 9.8 6.5 8.2 7.2 8.5 11.7 13.1 6.9 5.7 5.0 8.6 5.6 14.2 8.7 12.3 7.8 9.0 5.5 4.2 14.6 5.3 11.3 9.3 7.9 11.4 7.2 6.9 7.5 9.1 13.0 11.5 10.5 8.0 6.5 6.8 6.8 11.5 7.2 6.1 9.4 85.2 18.1 45.1 33.2 13.6

Amount (in thousands) $331,322,010 4,350,890 1,600,510 4,778,454 2,950,895 50,841,072 4,602,299 4,494,453 1,323,678 11,346,675 9,439,804 2,534,177 1,706,894 13,710,764 7,087,311 3,732,324 4,031,070 4,229,780 3,903,101 1,093,382 6,625,703 6,999,777 12,224,090 8,762,296 2,415,769 3,749,129 867,286 1,450,774 1,780,380 1,007,310 12,920,845 2,726,305 28,253,045 9,057,842 1,014,779 10,538,278 3,007,742 4,018,900 12,104,094 1,087,361 4,867,687 540,408 4,629,304 23,339,969 3,183,265 1,560,743 6,565,661 9,846,364 1,917,056 5,360,746 1,141,567 N.A. 10,738 0 47,227 1,883,850 0

Percent of total 47.0 55.2 63.8 46.6 52.5 57.7 43.4 38.8 48.5 39.4 46.2 89.1 66.3 38.6 59.3 54.1 63.5 54.3 43.6 38.8 44.0 38.0 60.6 66.2 50.8 32.6 47.1 32.5 36.2 32.2 42.5 67.8 40.8 62.5 57.8 42.6 47.3 52.3 38.6 42.5 48.7 34.2 45.9 38.9 55.3 89.6 39.5 62.9 54.4 46.2 59.1 N.A. 14.5 0.0 53.9 66.8 0.0

E D U CATI O N

TABLE 9 .8 Revenues for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Source of Funds and State or Jurisdiction: 2016â&#x20AC;&#x201C;17 (continued)

State or jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Amount (in thousands) (a) $316,634,696 2,674,593 553,726 4,154,572 2,042,443 29,812,746 5,292,101 6,585,653 1,217,591 14,173,479 9,078,707 57,844 615,751 19,457,354 3,891,085 2,674,750 1,775,284 2,640,856 3,877,936 1,531,696 7,568,154 10,493,958 6,204,741 3,735,833 1,664,576 6,732,984 748,107 2,670,235 2,694,292 1,951,180 16,177,878 708,473 37,317,603 3,782,173 578,875 12,274,685 2,627,292 3,119,884 17,096,908 1,281,187 4,212,060 834,297 4,286,312 30,368,425 2,115,036 67,685 8,914,296 4,737,224 1,205,066 5,397,548 671,281 2,288,279 232 272,386 953 55 167,056

Local (including intermediate sources below the state level) Property taxes Private (b) Percent of total Amount (in thousands) Percent of total Amount (in thousands) 44.9 $258,159,622 36.6 $11,665,181 33.9 1,223,602 15.5 325,777 22.1 319,889 12.8 18,951 40.5 3,182,393 31.0 248,513 36.3 1,782,061 31.7 158,048 33.8 24,101,208 27.4 394,460 49.9 4,287,369 40.4 393,355 56.9 6,431,528 55.5 92,242 44.6 646,622 23.7 17,771 49.2 11,738,747 40.7 935,775 44.4 6,020,224 29.4 474,428 2.0 0 0.0 28,852 23.9 517,769 20.1 35,395 54.8 17,082,907 48.1 480,875 32.6 3,005,433 25.1 342,023 38.7 2,187,985 31.7 145,240 28.0 1,103,725 17.4 152,835 33.9 1,975,137 25.4 85,541 43.3 1,689,558 18.9 50,474 54.3 1,457,658 51.7 36,636 50.3 3,703,439 24.6 115,109 57.0 9,766,156 53.0 273,640 30.8 5,289,166 26.2 273,047 28.2 2,449,514 18.5 350,318 35.0 1,393,467 29.3 110,153 58.6 5,286,304 46.0 349,579 40.6 476,318 25.9 62,801 59.7 2,369,879 53.0 161,587 54.8 1,201,302 24.4 28,596 62.3 1,859,886 59.4 46,040 53.3 15,304,628 50.4 581,364 17.6 572,792 14.2 54,087 53.9 34,657,273 50.1 305,467 26.1 3,290,986 22.7 166,817 32.9 423,505 24.1 69,564 49.6 10,070,121 40.7 642,876 41.3 2,007,824 31.6 281,400 40.6 2,524,905 32.8 137,680 54.5 13,601,256 43.4 385,862 50.0 1,242,366 48.5 25,406 42.2 3,195,782 32.0 245,374 52.8 716,885 45.4 44,816 42.5 2,008,470 19.9 438,170 50.6 27,675,817 46.1 1,022,545 36.7 1,598,326 27.8 241,408 3.9 2,385 0.1 21,859 53.7 5,399,824 32.5 241,647 30.3 4,056,493 25.9 299,337 34.2 1,115,409 31.6 19,618 46.6 4,891,353 42.2 224,031 34.8 486,856 25.2 16,436 90.6 767,117 30.4 11,358 0.3 0 0.0 14 81.9 0 0.0 147 1.1 0 0.0 711 55 # 0 0.0 86.4 0 0.0 5

Percent of total 1.7 4.1 0.8 2.4 2.8 0.4 3.7 0.8 0.7 3.2 2.3 1.0 1.4 1.4 2.9 2.1 2.4 1.1 0.6 1.3 0.8 1.5 1.4 2.6 2.3 3.0 3.4 3.6 0.6 1.5 1.9 1.3 0.4 1.2 4.0 2.6 4.4 1.8 1.2 1.0 2.5 2.8 4.3 1.7 4.2 1.3 1.5 1.9 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.4 # # 0.8 # #

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 0 3

EDUCATIO N

TABLE 9 .8 Revenues for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Source of Funds and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 2016-17. (This table was prepared August 2019.) Note: Excludes revenues for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands

404 The B ook o f t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Key: N.A. — Not applicable N/A — Not available # — Rounds to zero. (a) Includes other categories of revenue not separately shown. (b) Includes revenues from gifts, and tuition and fees from patrons.

E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .9 Current Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, by State or Jurisdiction: Selected Years, 2007-08 Through 2016–17 (In thousands of current dollars) State or jurisdiction 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 United States $506,884,219 $518,922,842 $524,715,242 $527,291,339 $527,207,246 $535,795,823 $553,501,209 $575,331,825 $596,201,554 $619,164,572 Alabama 6,832,439 6,683,843 6,670,517 6,592,925 6,386,517 6,532,358 6,742,829 6,806,467 6,885,677 7,097,472 Alaska 1,918,375 2,007,319 2,084,019 2,201,270 2,292,205 2,395,354 2,418,000 2,648,552 2,319,662 2,367,707 Arizona 8,403,221 8,726,755 8,482,552 8,340,211 7,976,089 8,164,529 8,187,607 8,370,884 8,551,673 8,966,684 Arkansas 4,156,368 4,240,839 4,459,910 4,578,136 4,606,995 4,637,169 4,778,074 4,813,321 4,872,214 4,936,465 California 61,570,555 60,080,929 58,248,662 57,526,835 57,975,189 58,323,458 61,050,894 65,953,946 72,003,129 76,663,731 Colorado 7,338,766 7,187,267 7,429,302 7,409,462 7,341,585 7,506,978 7,924,319 8,260,461 8,648,369 8,913,931 Connecticut 8,336,789 8,708,294 8,853,337 9,094,036 9,344,999 9,543,010 10,050,439 10,321,511 10,551,327 10,664,567 Delaware 1,489,594 1,518,786 1,549,812 1,613,304 1,751,143 1,761,559 1,816,383 1,860,732 1,941,408 2,029,229 Florida 24,224,114 23,328,028 23,349,314 23,870,090 22,732,752 23,214,634 24,363,817 25,123,548 25,621,239 26,404,135 Georgia 16,030,039 15,976,945 15,730,409 15,527,907 15,623,633 15,536,733 15,921,673 16,530,506 17,283,295 18,126,272 Hawaii 2,122,779 2,225,438 2,136,144 2,141,561 2,187,480 2,178,284 2,316,586 2,344,496 2,502,117 2,600,074 Idaho 1,891,505 1,957,740 1,961,857 1,881,746 1,854,556 1,925,676 1,949,963 2,015,654 2,107,693 2,245,167 Illinois 21,874,484 23,495,271 24,695,773 24,554,467 25,012,915 25,783,911 27,289,963 28,545,089 29,253,457 31,449,028 Indiana 9,281,709 9,680,895 9,921,243 9,687,949 9,978,491 9,811,166 9,841,337 9,970,350 10,140,639 10,309,827 Iowa 4,499,236 4,731,463 4,794,308 4,855,871 4,971,944 5,143,771 5,354,843 5,526,877 5,663,444 5,840,808 Kansas 4,633,517 4,806,603 4,731,676 4,741,372 4,871,381 4,895,863 5,083,374 5,136,532 5,065,968 5,154,894 Kentucky 5,822,550 5,886,890 6,091,814 6,211,453 6,360,799 6,354,306 6,375,119 6,583,287 6,750,052 6,897,155 Louisiana 6,814,455 7,276,651 7,393,452 7,522,098 7,544,782 7,492,539 7,721,469 7,960,448 8,027,058 8,150,463 Maine 2,308,071 2,350,447 2,370,085 2,377,878 2,330,842 2,357,739 2,441,064 2,538,313 2,579,299 2,641,420 Maryland 11,211,176 11,591,965 11,883,677 11,885,333 11,850,634 12,108,546 12,314,446 12,620,036 12,774,063 13,233,589 Massachusetts 13,182,987 13,937,097 13,356,373 13,962,366 14,151,659 14,627,898 15,183,018 15,723,617 16,374,676 17,089,142 Michigan 17,053,521 17,217,584 17,227,515 16,786,444 16,485,178 16,354,807 16,493,575 16,849,135 16,977,163 17,206,122 Minnesota 8,426,264 9,182,281 8,927,288 8,944,867 9,053,021 9,354,376 9,723,759 10,222,017 10,687,048 11,056,128 Mississippi 3,898,401 3,967,232 3,990,876 3,887,981 3,972,787 4,006,798 4,071,006 4,145,632 4,234,977 4,229,767 Missouri 8,526,641 8,827,224 8,923,448 8,691,887 8,719,925 8,905,756 9,125,949 9,390,061 9,545,816 9,776,478 Montana 1,392,449 1,436,062 1,498,252 1,518,818 1,504,531 1,523,696 1,576,937 1,601,097 1,652,848 1,688,944 Nebraska 2,970,323 3,053,575 3,213,646 3,345,530 3,462,575 3,563,939 3,654,376 3,805,871 3,911,805 4,041,479 Nevada 3,515,004 3,606,035 3,592,994 3,676,997 3,574,233 3,577,346 3,738,777 3,880,472 4,092,457 4,320,504 New Hampshire 2,399,330 2,490,623 2,576,956 2,637,911 2,643,256 2,655,077 2,720,225 2,764,233 2,833,893 2,886,649 New Jersey 24,357,079 23,446,911 24,261,392 23,639,281 24,391,278 25,417,320 25,733,921 25,993,208 26,825,114 27,622,861 New Mexico 3,057,061 3,186,252 3,217,328 3,127,463 3,039,461 3,099,308 3,189,842 3,309,622 3,343,152 3,345,338 New York 46,443,426 48,635,363 50,251,461 51,574,134 52,460,494 52,938,586 55,080,662 56,862,010 59,161,439 60,905,055 North Carolina 11,482,912 12,598,382 12,200,362 12,322,555 12,303,426 12,666,607 12,685,461 13,210,839 13,466,942 13,943,070 North Dakota 886,317 928,528 1,000,095 1,049,772 1,098,090 1,174,364 1,287,133 1,373,266 1,451,309 1,510,292 19,988,921 19,701,810 19,506,123 19,714,149 20,231,423 20,484,182 21,494,254 Ohio 18,892,374 19,387,318 19,801,670 Oklahoma 4,932,913 5,082,062 5,192,124 5,036,031 5,170,978 5,329,897 5,451,048 5,560,047 5,606,044 5,496,402 Oregon 5,409,630 5,529,831 5,401,667 5,430,888 5,389,273 5,395,742 5,647,470 5,969,321 6,238,574 6,514,334 Pennsylvania 21,157,430 21,831,816 22,733,518 23,485,203 23,190,198 23,712,931 24,264,551 25,109,991 26,045,127 27,263,106 Rhode Island 2,134,609 2,139,317 2,136,582 2,149,366 2,167,450 2,121,403 2,182,976 2,242,486 2,283,927 2,362,463 South Carolina 6,453,817 6,626,763 6,566,165 6,465,486 6,619,072 6,950,410 7,163,995 7,437,182 7,727,135 8,035,426 South Dakota 1,037,875 1,080,054 1,115,861 1,126,503 1,100,100 1,125,929 1,182,721 1,211,080 1,253,268 1,379,026 Tennessee 7,540,306 7,768,063 7,894,661 8,225,374 8,345,584 8,531,675 8,606,624 8,736,367 8,886,994 9,260,615 Texas 39,033,235 40,688,181 42,621,886 42,864,291 41,067,619 42,066,035 44,330,579 47,527,971 49,577,688 51,033,537 Utah 3,444,936 3,638,775 3,635,085 3,704,133 3,779,760 3,944,736 4,094,074 4,290,876 4,539,291 4,754,714 Vermont 1,356,165 1,413,329 1,432,683 1,424,507 1,497,093 1,549,228 1,602,256 1,638,720 1,671,433 1,722,621 Virginia 13,125,666 13,505,290 13,193,633 12,968,457 13,403,576 13,868,587 13,955,249 14,384,705 14,677,698 15,296,646 Washington 9,331,539 9,940,325 9,832,913 10,040,312 10,040,607 10,216,676 10,911,929 11,470,245 12,483,668 13,188,097 West Virginia 2,841,962 2,998,657 3,328,177 3,388,294 3,275,246 3,188,181 3,194,770 3,226,918 3,169,684 3,216,323 Wisconsin 9,366,134 9,696,228 9,966,244 10,333,016 9,704,932 9,758,650 9,920,370 10,054,346 10,122,041 10,340,697 Wyoming 1,191,736 1,268,407 1,334,655 1,398,444 1,432,216 1,439,041 1,466,579 1,509,532 1,556,321 1,555,016 Dist. of Columbia 1,282,437 1,352,905 1,451,870 1,482,202 1,466,888 1,557,117 1,605,030 1,668,528 1,778,057 1,936,852 American Samoa 63,105 65,436 70,305 75,355 80,105 65,039 71,709 63,693 58,675 65,490 Guam 229,243 235,711 235,639 266,952 290,575 279,077 286,844 293,713 298,708 298,340 CNMI* 229,243 235,711 235,639 266,952 290,575 279,077 286,844 293,713 298,708 298,340 Puerto Rico 3,433,229 3,502,757 3,464,044 3,519,547 3,351,423 3,676,880 3,510,706 3,247,136 2,970,386 2,789,459 U.S. Virgin Islands. 196,533 201,326 220,234 204,932 183,333 161,955 175,022 158,652 160,559 171,521 See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 0 5

EDUCATION

TABLE 9 .9 Current Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, by State or Jurisdiction: Selected Years, 2007-08 Through 2016-17 (In thousands of current dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems, 1969-70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1979-80; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1989-90 through 2016-17. (This table was prepared August 2019.)

4 06 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Note: Current expenditures include instruction, support services, food services, and enterprise operations. Beginning in 1989-90, expenditures for state administration are excluded. Data are not adjusted for changes in the purchasing power of the dollar due to inflation. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands

E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .1 0 Expenditures for Instruction in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Subfunction and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (In thousands of current dollars)

State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Total $376,069,486 4,049,192 1,266,042 4,828,965 2,769,224 45,442,062 4,989,814 6,722,928 1,269,553 16,305,281 11,061,068 1,520,054 1,323,118 19,603,947 5,939,926 3,524,206 3,074,527 3,954,611 4,551,129 1,545,474 8,432,187 10,912,548 9,875,810 7,153,109 2,400,216 5,767,922 991,332 2,616,805 2,554,828 1,839,343 16,589,382 1,914,568 42,389,679 8,718,633 906,313 12,703,608 3,072,797 3,807,508 16,871,795 1,428,107 4,455,636 816,490 5,652,110 29,431,662 3,019,473 1,107,391 9,313,749 7,646,339 1,842,144 6,136,689 920,260 1,039,933 31,446 142,210 41,483 1,128,669 100,419

Salaries $236,792,085 2,582,189 721,744 3,260,105 1,876,614 28,385,595 3,421,045 3,963,987 758,279 9,375,840 7,297,731 955,344 902,280 10,142,329 3,687,499 2,487,050 2,173,096 2,678,619 2,786,077 993,471 5,256,375 6,823,131 5,203,188 4,835,058 1,658,005 3,973,411 660,424 1,679,453 1,648,455 1,085,209 9,803,635 1,282,898 25,538,666 5,972,552 616,846 7,852,213 2,124,218 2,239,094 9,396,615 892,529 2,922,021 552,513 3,791,470 22,537,224 1,831,170 613,350 6,256,908 5,000,463 1,104,748 3,898,231 583,957 709,164 22,500 104,755 24,861 836,793 66,997

2016–17 Employee benefits Purchased services(a) $98,321,490 $18,476,414 996,372 177,983 414,054 61,383 972,152 338,868 530,842 124,196 11,385,176 2,364,304 1,004,243 135,159 1,899,984 217,458 419,882 17,908 2,907,840 3,366,298 2,824,024 258,060 420,171 53,923 316,921 50,903 7,673,293 1,007,196 1,911,384 113,159 812,850 81,752 633,067 94,200 1,061,769 63,738 1,331,231 152,312 386,470 42,733 2,387,876 299,548 2,863,534 99,994 3,414,023 976,162 1,613,811 378,176 549,816 70,947 1,213,296 185,357 201,945 59,733 660,061 134,212 669,525 48,597 510,293 50,275 4,888,507 660,988 450,510 74,019 13,445,451 1,947,701 2,014,735 295,971 231,438 22,323 2,868,220 934,872 695,511 58,739 1,186,291 139,382 5,724,229 833,924 433,087 14,093 1,075,491 192,972 162,846 32,537 1,258,410 126,009 3,794,495 1,058,061 846,311 105,540 317,302 58,196 2,499,818 206,591 1,826,380 471,563 558,286 38,753 1,631,245 100,318 259,585 31,325 167,435 48,003 4,691 1,230 36,469 479 6,288 3,828 225,101 53,047 28,139 2,249

Supplies $14,900,908 270,097 57,179 221,550 201,653 2,359,697 298,385 103,922 51,864 529,449 620,321 80,064 51,567 423,696 218,550 106,932 147,246 136,607 215,036 35,655 198,799 273,503 261,915 224,881 100,228 365,050 63,835 119,991 182,143 35,204 443,100 106,860 752,814 435,369 29,926 475,638 182,005 202,781 541,482 23,157 240,425 54,046 461,240 1,687,197 217,834 20,116 342,165 283,814 132,865 248,504 42,383 22,171 1,193 507 4,502 13,402 3,034

Tuition and other $7,578,589 22,552 11,682 36,290 35,919 947,290 130,982 537,577 21,620 125,854 60,934 10,552 1,448 357,434 9,334 35,622 26,919 13,878 66,472 87,145 289,589 852,386 20,522 101,184 21,220 30,808 5,395 23,089 6,108 158,362 793,153 280 705,047 6 5,780 572,665 12,324 39,959 375,546 65,241 24,728 14,549 14,980 354,685 18,617 98,428 8,266 64,118 7,492 258,391 3,010 93,159 1,831 0 2,004 326 0

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 0 7

EDUCATION

TABLE 9 .1 0 Expenditures for Instruction in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Subfunction and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (In thousands of current dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 2015-16 and 2016-17. (This table was prepared November 2019.) Note: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

4 08 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

*Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: (a) Includes purchased professional services of teachers or others who provide instruction for students.

E D U CATI O N

$712 599 1,383 618 541 729 555 1,280 665 412 534 1,348 422 1,093 512 669 664 492 692 1,003 672 1,317 890 370 464 482 791 484 500 1,228 2,026 1,005 732 489 554 851 539 854 891 1,750 803 563 416 469 281 1,506 602 879 610 598 995 1,002 N/A 911 N/A 870 1,125

$577 401 1,481 390 841 774 567 627 273 590 534 483 439 560 395 716 431 562 567 827 689 818 570 646 407 489 409 407 504 525 613 272 589 309 473 501 320 454 565 637 646 359 546 489 289 807 787 776 464 631 914 1,133 N/A 538 N/A 456 320

$244 245 255 156 253 119 160 447 234 86 131 72 190 583 203 292 280 227 295 498 145 286 253 474 294 396 366 371 148 575 399 237 370 156 594 394 237 157 476 249 101 339 192 140 81 410 193 205 201 346 348 1,649 N/A 156 N/A 217 621

$684 594 1,091 452 525 806 751 1,166 944 522 648 1,029 434 808 640 648 606 587 731 772 1,008 759 628 508 533 627 643 599 669 890 971 590 876 533 712 695 441 718 703 794 675 492 560 546 474 1,228 697 726 630 603 881 1,572 N/A 593 N/A 332 717

$1,137 886 2,138 986 1,014 1,200 900 1,711 1,590 905 772 1,593 714 1,204 1,107 950 1,019 898 1,149 1,472 1,260 1,490 988 853 898 1,068 1,159 1,081 844 1,279 1,905 1,039 2,102 740 1,181 1,076 831 892 1,445 1,290 1,023 1,053 767 1,003 656 1,455 1,061 1,016 1,267 1,109 1,599 2,222 N/A 1,252 N/A 1,116 519

$502 492 608 334 368 266 293 1,004 738 361 480 348 330 659 594 402 424 575 650 719 781 805 471 714 418 553 542 374 357 704 808 309 1,154 367 548 597 250 495 751 720 394 360 347 277 213 642 612 448 872 507 828 1,366 N/A 258 N/A 255 571

$455 224 683 360 306 569 720 520 633 242 321 355 202 554 238 346 292 272 341 192 438 433 579 306 235 267 325 289 349 206 467 323 673 301 422 613 271 711 602 679 438 385 260 574 259 398 236 505 218 631 684 687 N/A 717 N/A 212 651

$477 651 579 420 533 456 338 438 497 467 554 721 368 383 474 508 494 660 600 588 425 496 415 534 536 499 514 527 355 384 438 475 455 475 640 413 524 388 515 452 534 524 516 531 362 489 458 364 756 439 485 809 N/A 652 N/A 1,092 852

$25 0 83 1 11 30 53 172 0 0 30 0 4 0 0 13 0 27 0 2 0 0 0 54 0 0 18 330 0 0 196 7 0 0 381 1 80 5 67 4 27 51 0 0 16 22 3 111 0 0 7 9 N/A 0 N/A 0 12

Capital outlay (e)

Enterprise operations (d)

Food services

Other support services

Student transportation

Operation and maintenance

School administration

General administration

$4,311 3,441 7,638 3,295 3,847 4,463 3,945 6,755 5,078 3,118 3,421 5,228 2,731 5,461 3,690 4,023 3,715 3,614 4,425 5,482 4,992 5,908 4,380 3,872 3,250 3,882 4,234 3,606 3,372 5,406 7,190 3,774 6,495 2,895 4,484 4,727 2,888 4,282 5,433 6,118 4,080 3,552 3,087 3,499 2,252 6,447 4,188 4,555 4,261 4,424 6,249 9,629 N/A 4,424 N/A 3,456 4,525

Instructional staff (c)

$7,445 5,436 9,538 4,337 5,612 7,203 5,513 12,563 9,317 5,789 6,269 8,373 4,452 9,673 5,660 6,912 6,219 5,781 6,354 8,562 9,515 11,314 6,460 8,175 4,968 6,303 6,773 8,198 5,393 10,168 11,762 5,694 15,911 5,625 8,261 7,428 4,428 6,577 9,767 10,046 5,777 5,990 5,643 5,490 4,576 12,523 7,237 6,940 6,727 7,099 9,772 12,113 N/A 4,624 N/A 3,091 7,611

Student support (b)

Total

State or jurisdiction United States $13,834 $12,258 Alabama 10,615 9,528 Alaska 19,396 17,838 Arizona 9,374 8,053 Arkansas 11,332 10,004 California 13,796 12,151 Colorado 11,662 9,849 Connecticut 21,354 19,929 Delaware 16,096 14,892 Florida 10,405 9,374 Georgia 11,512 10,274 Hawaii 15,210 14,322 Idaho 8,599 7,554 Illinois 16,985 15,517 Indiana 11,145 9,823 Iowa 13,282 11,456 Kansas 12,694 10,428 Kentucky 11,404 10,083 Louisiana 12,502 11,379 Maine 15,568 14,633 Maryland 16,508 14,933 Massachusetts 18,490 17,718 Michigan 12,639 11,256 Minnesota 15,554 12,635 Mississippi 9,611 8,755 Missouri 11,943 10,684 Montana 12,964 11,538 Nebraska 15,169 12,662 Nevada 10,475 9,120 New Hampshire 17,006 15,958 New Jersey 20,980 19,585 New Mexico 11,596 9,949 New York 24,377 22,861 North Carolina 9,886 8,995 North Dakota 16,526 13,767 Ohio 14,028 12,569 Oklahoma 8,935 7,921 Oregon 13,298 11,252 Pennsylvania 17,479 15,782 Rhode Island 17,345 16,620 South Carolina 12,525 10,419 South Dakota 11,478 10,117 Tennessee 10,318 9,246 Texas 11,985 9,520 Utah 8,794 7,206 Vermont 20,207 19,480 Virginia 12,992 11,885 Washington 14,483 11,971 West Virginia 12,566 11,745 Wisconsin 13,315 11,962 Wyoming 20,264 16,513 Dist. of Columbia 30,115 22,561 American Samoa N/A N/A Guam 11,753 9,700 CNMI* N/A N/A Puerto Rico 7,731 7,639 U.S. Virgin Islands 13,009 13,000

Instruction

Total

Total (a)

Current expenditures, capital expenditures, and interest on school debt per pupil Current expenditures Support services

$1,213 856 1,277 1,095 1,072 1,184 1,306 1,197 1,042 813 1,111 889 847 995 1,042 1,595 1,775 1,054 964 682 1,396 526 910 2,465 746 917 1,265 2,206 1,009 796 923 1,647 967 877 2,462 1,097 918 1,429 1,152 449 1,668 1,118 847 1,833 1,408 623 1,032 2,114 768 1,167 3,727 5,934 N/A 1,652 N/A 93 9

Interest on school debt

TA BLE 9 .1 1 Total and Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Fall Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2016â&#x20AC;&#x201C;17

$363 232 281 226 256 461 506 227 162 218 127 0 197 473 280 231 491 267 160 253 179 246 473 454 111 341 160 301 346 252 472 0 550 14 298 362 96 617 545 277 438 243 225 632 180 104 75 399 53 185 25 1,621 N/A 402 N/A 0 0

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 0 9

EDUCATION

TABLE 9 .1 1 Total and Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Fall Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 2016-17. (This table was prepared August 2019.) Note: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. “0” indicates none or less than $0.50. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N/A — Not available (a) Excludes “Other current expenditures,” such as community services, private school programs, adult education, and other programs not allocable to expenditures per pupil in public schools.

4 10 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(b) Includes expenditures for guidance, health, attendance, and speech pathology services. (c) Includes expenditures for curriculum development, staff training, libraries, and media and computer centers. (d) Includes expenditures for operations funded by sales of products or services (e.g., school bookstore or computer time). (e) Includes expenditures for property and for buildings and alterations completed by school district staff or contractors.

HI G HE R E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .1 2 Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Charged for Full-Time Students in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, By Control and Level Of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2016-17 and 2017-18 (In current dollars) Public 4-year In-state, 2016–17 State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Total

Tuition and required fees

$19,488 19,052 17,370 21,491 16,871 21,356 20,943 24,174 21,698 14,806 17,353 21,016 14,457 24,541 19,001 17,604 17,560 19,673 18,319 19,073 20,670 24,473 21,832 19,727 16,843 17,639 15,241 17,379 17,145 26,968 26,070 15,528 21,750 16,635 15,388 20,961 15,755 21,324 25,331 23,135 21,508 16,054 18,340 17,800 13,709 26,786 22,567 18,053 17,096 16,246 14,354 N.A

$8,804 9,466 7,210 10,057 7,924 7,896 9,352 11,726 9,578 4,435 7,010 9,712 7,005 13,636 8,876 8,361 8,489 10,014 8,813 9,219 9,094 12,331 11,890 10,883 7,472 8,176 6,503 7,732 5,520 15,491 13,297 6,825 7,709 7,218 7,376 9,827 7,219 9,739 14,068 11,386 12,153 8,301 9,287 8,376 6,334 15,537 12,126 6,903 7,241 8,419 4,311 5,612

In-state, 2017–18 Total

Tuition and required fees

Room

Board

Out-of-state tuition and required fees, 2017–18

$20,050 19,673 18,373 22,629 17,479 22,081 21,514 25,182 22,371 14,896 17,705 21,201 15,455 25,089 19,297 18,426 17,963 20,745 18,835 19,500 21,177 25,229 22,665 20,420 17,718 18,106 15,800 18,449 16,810 27,570 26,542 15,803 22,343 17,343 15,998 21,674 16,263 22,710 25,795 24,280 22,132 16,421 18,951 18,271 14,174 27,782 23,427 18,323 17,803 16,544 14,486 N.A

$9,037 9,827 7,221 10,557 8,187 8,020 9,540 12,355 9,999 4,455 7,206 9,709 7,247 13,971 9,038 8,766 8,737 10,365 9,165 9,664 9,289 12,778 12,435 11,226 7,980 8,387 6,783 8,188 5,920 15,949 13,633 6,718 7,938 7,354 7,687 10,026 7,623 10,363 14,534 12,239 12,579 8,540 9,574 8,645 6,557 16,103 12,637 6,830 7,619 8,475 4,443 5,756

$6,227 5,534 6,209 7,081 5,139 7,896 5,858 7,032 7,382 5,856 6,255 5,767 3,911 6,035 5,476 5,394 4,813 5,889 5,664 5,028 6,821 7,771 5,127 4,983 5,688 6,016 4,184 5,517 5,757 7,047 7,966 4,567 9,260 5,633 3,479 6,632 4,589 7,262 6,743 7,538 5,888 3,801 4,988 5,175 3,435 7,381 6,089 6,146 5,465 4,864 4,493 N.A

$4,786 4,311 4,943 4,992 4,153 6,166 6,116 5,795 4,990 4,585 4,244 5,725 4,297 5,084 4,783 4,266 4,414 4,490 4,007 4,808 5,067 4,680 5,103 4,210 4,051 3,703 4,834 4,744 5,133 4,574 4,943 4,518 5,145 4,355 4,832 5,017 4,052 5,085 4,518 4,502 3,665 4,080 4,388 4,451 4,182 4,297 4,701 5,347 4,718 3,205 5,550 N.A

$25,657 24,939 21,284 26,067 20,061 29,173 29,846 33,741 29,356 18,241 21,957 31,019 22,601 28,618 28,805 26,214 22,615 24,632 21,632 26,939 24,353 29,774 37,600 20,736 19,691 19,519 23,678 20,555 21,176 28,130 28,649 17,533 21,662 24,274 19,021 24,098 20,200 30,487 27,129 29,013 30,919 12,060 25,378 24,937 20,168 38,968 33,428 28,263 21,032 23,500 13,731 12,092

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 1 1

HIGH E R E DUCATIO N

TABLE 9 .1 2 Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Charged for Full-Time Students in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, By Control and Level Of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2016-17 and 2017-18 (In current dollars) (continued) Private 4-year State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

2016–17 Tuition and Total required fees $41,465 $29,476 24,710 15,422 26,297 19,052 22,559 13,140 29,804 21,710 44,710 31,484 34,337 22,627 53,198 38,975 25,996 14,383 35,876 24,360 39,110 27,213 28,370 15,937 13,010 5,925 43,382 31,298 41,852 30,928 35,780 26,742 28,653 20,198 34,895 25,846 47,557 35,190 48,107 35,547 53,775 40,209 57,363 42,655 33,498 24,058 40,939 30,925 24,698 16,949 33,433 23,702 32,375 23,657 32,201 23,110 35,053 21,423 46,533 33,235 48,439 35,224 32,373 22,535 51,791 37,581 42,312 30,701 20,964 14,290 40,975 30,291 33,883 24,776 48,658 37,053 52,134 39,187 52,874 38,855 33,748 24,523 30,924 23,146 35,928 25,984 41,980 31,010 15,208 7,441 54,015 41,068 32,614 22,284 46,667 35,213 20,898 12,206 41,503 31,662 N.A. 18,021 55,669 40,618

Total $43,139 26,164 26,887 22,939 30,828 47,410 35,152 54,819 26,928 37,336 40,414 28,858 13,488 45,046 43,764 37,380 30,240 35,948 49,452 49,994 55,685 59,559 36,664 42,716 25,774 34,623 33,739 34,598 36,163 47,030 50,321 33,620 53,659 44,050 22,511 42,254 35,542 50,617 53,239 54,877 34,421 32,157 37,162 43,866 15,389 56,172 33,658 48,518 21,300 43,332 N.A. 57,611

See footnotes at end of table

4 12 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

2017–18 Tuition and required fees Room $30,731 $6,967 16,321 4,818 19,360 3,598 13,487 5,125 22,610 4,175 33,483 7,813 22,873 7,188 40,410 8,227 15,096 5,911 25,531 6,720 27,813 6,869 16,447 5,693 5,833 3,275 32,491 7,264 32,338 6,029 27,991 4,584 21,316 4,319 26,719 4,673 36,715 7,031 37,043 6,533 41,859 8,036 44,384 8,835 26,964 4,949 32,416 5,377 17,625 4,255 24,615 5,700 24,953 4,161 23,659 4,716 23,261 6,345 33,322 8,620 36,589 8,064 23,865 5,655 39,007 8,865 32,140 6,162 15,256 3,077 31,242 5,742 26,240 4,596 38,674 6,266 40,068 7,271 40,361 8,776 24,931 4,804 24,219 3,943 26,939 5,772 32,482 6,368 7,548 3,946 42,637 7,431 23,014 5,664 36,807 6,208 12,341 4,316 33,156 5,869 N.A. N.A. 41,775 10,288

Board $5,441 5,025 3,929 4,327 4,043 6,113 5,092 6,182 5,920 5,084 5,731 6,718 4,380 5,290 5,397 4,805 4,604 4,556 5,706 6,418 5,790 6,340 4,751 4,923 3,895 4,308 4,625 6,223 6,557 5,089 5,668 4,100 5,788 5,747 4,178 5,270 4,706 5,677 5,900 5,740 4,686 3,995 4,451 5,016 3,894 6,105 4,980 5,503 4,643 4,307 N.A. 5,547

Public 2-year, tuition and required fees In-state, In-state, Out-of-state, 2016–17 2017–18 2017–18 $3,156 $3,243 $7,971 4,362 4,403 9,133 3,820 N.A. N.A. 2,129 2,152 8,067 3,195 3,291 4,762 1,262 1,268 7,504 3,565 3,638 10,354 4,189 4,312 12,879 N.A. N.A. N.A. 2,552 2,506 9,111 2,895 2,901 8,090 3,080 3,080 8,216 3,227 3,282 7,732 3,749 3,891 10,989 4,175 4,255 8,211 4,791 4,923 6,581 3,221 3,382 4,611 3,962 4,106 13,825 4,031 4,093 7,057 3,673 3,698 6,498 3,983 4,090 9,467 4,785 4,991 10,006 3,423 3,469 6,552 5,310 5,381 6,113 2,831 3,182 5,626 3,028 3,273 6,157 3,381 3,631 8,482 2,991 3,212 4,101 2,910 3,075 9,853 7,002 7,337 15,907 4,366 4,536 8,049 1,590 1,666 5,318 5,122 5,229 9,151 2,471 2,499 8,496 4,562 4,700 9,429 3,654 3,672 7,456 3,627 3,876 9,059 8,503 4,262 4,487 5,048 5,173 13,679 4,266 4,564 12,156 4,418 4,502 9,480 5,803 6,026 5,853 4,048 4,148 16,140 2,100 2,209 6,418 3,690 3,781 12,020 6,222 6,414 12,678 4,962 5,118 11,275 3,848 4,078 5,976 4,009 4,077 9,410 4,292 4,337 6,257 2,987 3,142 7,678 N.A. N.A. N.A.

HI G HE R E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .1 2 Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Charged for Full-Time Students in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, By Control and Level Of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2016-17 and 2017-18 (In current dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2016 and Fall 2017, Institutional Characteristics component; and Spring 2017 and Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared November 2018.) Note: Data are for the entire academic year and are average charges for full-time students. In-state tuition and fees were weighted by the number of full-time-equivalent undergraduates, but were not adjusted to reflect the number of students who were state residents. Out-of-state tuition and fees were weighted by the number

of first-time freshmen attending the institution in fall 2016 from out of state. Institutional room and board rates are weighted by the number of full-time students. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Key: N.A. — Not applicable

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 1 3

HIGH E R E DUCATIO N

TA BLE 9 .1 3 Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, By Control and Classification of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2017–18

State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U.S. Service Academies Other jurisdictions total American Samoa Fed. States of Micronesia Guam Marshall Islands CNMI* Palau Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Total all degree granting institutions 4,313 72 8 78 53 441 79 43 8 201 123 20 17 171 80 62 69 67 60 31 56 116 94 95 38 115 23 41 24 25 75 42 301 144 20 185 59 57 239 13 73 23 100 261 32 23 122 80 44 76 10 19 5 89 1 1 3 1 1 1 80 1

All public institutions 1,626 40 4 30 33 151 28 22 3 43 52 10 8 60 15 19 33 24 32 15 29 31 46 43 23 27 17 16 7 13 32 28 79 75 14 60 30 26 62 3 33 12 23 108 8 6 40 43 22 33 8 2 5 17 1 1 2 1 1 1 9 1

Total 750 14 4 10 11 49 17 10 3 42 29 4 4 12 14 3 8 8 17 8 13 15 21 12 8 13 7 7 6 6 13 9 43 16 9 35 17 9 45 2 13 7 10 47 7 5 16 35 13 16 1 2 5 9 1 0 1 0 1 0 5 1

See footnotes at end of table

4 14 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Research university, very high (a) 81 1 0 2 1 8 2 1 1 5 3 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 4 2 0 2 1 2 3 0 2 0 1 7 1 0 4 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

All public institutions Public 4-year institutions Research Doctoral/ university, research high (b) university (c) Master’s (d) 74 38 271 4 0 8 1 0 2 1 2 2 0 1 6 2 3 18 3 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 1 2 1 4 1 4 9 0 0 1 1 2 0 3 0 7 2 1 7 0 0 1 1 0 4 0 0 5 2 2 8 1 0 1 1 2 7 3 0 7 3 2 6 0 0 8 3 0 4 3 0 6 2 0 1 0 1 4 2 0 0 1 0 2 2 2 8 1 0 4 1 1 23 4 0 8 2 0 1 7 1 1 1 0 8 1 0 4 0 1 16 1 0 1 0 0 6 2 0 3 1 4 3 4 8 16 1 0 3 1 0 1 2 0 7 0 0 6 0 0 3 0 0 9 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Baccalaureate (e) 234 1 0 1 2 16 6 5 1 30 11 2 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 6 1 1 7 2 0 3 3 0 4 2 0 1 10 1 4 21 5 1 23 0 4 0 0 4 2 3 2 26 8 5 0 0 5 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 0

Special focus (f) 52 0 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 4 1 2 3 2 1 2 0 1 2 1 8 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Public 2-year 876 26 0 20 22 102 11 12 0 1 23 6 4 48 1 16 25 16 15 7 16 16 25 31 15 14 10 9 1 7 19 19 36 59 5 25 13 17 17 1 20 5 13 61 1 1 24 8 9 17 7 0 0 8 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 0

HI G HE R E D U CATI O N

TABLE 9 .1 3 Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, By Control and Classification of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2017–18 (continued)

State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U.S. Service Academies Other jurisdictions total American Samoa Fed. States of Micronesia Guam Marshall Islands CNMI* Palau Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

All Research nonprofit university, institutions Total (4-year) very high (a) 1,689 1,590 34 21 21 0 3 2 0 11 11 0 17 13 0 149 143 3 15 12 0 18 18 1 4 3 0 70 62 1 40 36 1 6 6 0 6 6 0 83 80 2 41 40 1 34 34 0 24 24 0 25 25 0 14 12 1 13 11 0 19 19 1 79 77 7 40 40 0 36 35 0 9 9 0 53 51 1 5 4 0 19 17 0 0 5 4 12 11 0 31 31 1 3 3 0 186 173 5 50 49 1 5 5 0 74 69 1 14 13 0 25 24 0 118 105 2 10 10 1 22 21 0 7 7 0 47 44 1 71 64 1 11 10 0 16 16 0 45 42 0 25 21 0 10 10 0 34 34 0 2 1 0 12 12 2 N.A. N.A. N.A. 51 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 45 0 0 0 0

All nonprofit institutions Nonprofit 4-year institutions Research Doctoral/ university, research Master’s Baccalaureate high (b) university (c) (d) (e) 30 54 413 462 0 0 4 12 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 9 1 9 31 23 1 0 3 3 0 1 8 4 0 1 0 1 2 1 14 21 1 1 5 19 0 0 2 3 0 0 1 3 2 4 19 16 0 1 11 16 0 0 9 15 0 0 6 13 0 2 7 9 0 0 3 4 0 0 4 6 0 0 6 4 1 4 18 18 0 1 10 13 0 2 8 11 0 0 3 4 1 2 13 10 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 6 0 0 1 0 1 0 5 4 1 1 10 2 0 0 2 1 5 7 37 26 1 1 10 24 0 0 1 1 1 2 20 22 1 0 6 3 0 0 7 5 3 4 33 33 0 0 5 1 0 0 7 13 0 0 2 2 0 3 13 11 3 1 18 18 1 0 3 3 0 0 6 8 0 3 6 16 0 1 10 4 0 0 3 4 1 2 10 12 0 0 0 1 3 0 2 0 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 0 3 13 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 13 12 0 0 0 0

For-profit institutions Special focus (f) 597 5 1 7 2 76 5 4 1 23 9 1 2 37 11 10 5 7 4 1 8 29 16 14 2 24 1 5 3 1 16 0 93 12 3 23 3 12 30 3 1 3 16 23 3 2 17 6 3 9 0 5 N.A. 18 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 0

Nonprofit 2-year 99 0 1 0 4 6 3 0 1 8 4 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 13 1 0 5 1 1 13 0 1 0 3 7 1 0 3 4 0 0 1 0 N.A. 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0

Total forprofit 4-year 2-year 998 488 510 11 7 4 1 0 1 37 21 16 3 2 1 141 77 64 36 19 17 3 3 0 1 1 0 88 37 51 31 12 19 4 3 1 3 2 1 28 16 12 24 13 11 9 7 2 12 7 5 18 10 8 14 1 13 3 2 1 8 3 5 6 3 3 8 4 4 16 14 2 6 1 5 35 16 19 1 0 1 6 4 2 12 5 7 0 0 0 12 9 3 11 8 3 36 22 14 19 10 9 1 1 0 51 16 35 15 6 9 6 4 2 59 9 50 0 0 0 18 8 10 4 4 0 30 12 18 82 33 49 13 12 1 1 1 0 37 20 17 12 9 3 12 3 9 9 7 2 0 0 0 5 4 1 N.A. N.A. N.A. 21 11 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 11 10 0 0 0

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 1 5

HIGH E R E DUCATIO N

TA BLE 9 .1 3 Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, By Control and Classification of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2017–18 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2017, Institutional Characteristics component. (This table was prepared October 2018.) * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note:Branch campuses are counted as separate institutions. Relative levels of research activity for research universities were determined by an analysis of research and development expenditures, science and engineering research staffing, and doctoral degrees conferred, by field. Further information on the research index ranking may be obtained from http://carnegieclassifications. iu.edu/. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.

4 16 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Key: N.A. — Not applicable (a) Research universities with a very high level of research activity. (b) Research universities with a high level of research activity. (c) Institutions that award at least 20 research/scholarship doctor’s degrees per year, but did not have a high level of research activity. (d) Institutions that award at least 50 master’s degrees and fewer than 20 doctor’s degrees per year. (e) Institutions that primarily emphasize undergraduate education. In addition to institutions that primarily award bachelor’s degrees, also includes institutions classified as 4-year in the IPEDS system, but classified as 2-year baccalaureate/associate’s colleges in the Carnegie Classification system because they primarily award associate’s degrees. (f) Four-year institutions that award degrees primarily in single fields of study, such as medicine, business, fine arts, theology, and engineering.

HI G HE R E D U CATI O N

Public master’s (b)

Nonprofit doctoral (a)

Professor

Associate professor

Assistant professor

Professor

Associate professor

Assistant professor

Professor

Associate professor

Assistant professor

Professor

Associate professor

Assistant professor

United States $131,773 Alabama 127,963 Alaska 106,345 Arizona 130,847 Arkansas 107,859 California 157,398 Colorado 115,388 Connecticut 151,296 Delaware 147,967 Florida 131,375 Georgia 119,699 Hawaii 128,644 Idaho 94,465 Illinois 125,265 Indiana 133,168 Iowa 135,139 Kansas 115,684 Kentucky 110,730 Louisiana 110,756 Maine 107,197 Maryland 134,805 Massachusetts 147,087 Michigan 138,423 Minnesota 145,639 Mississippi 100,816 Missouri 110,036 Montana 95,841 Nebraska 120,381 Nevada 130,632 New Hampshire 133,295 New Jersey 160,011 New Mexico 104,166 New York 136,296 North Carolina 126,889 North Dakota 106,453 Ohio 123,955 Oklahoma 109,542 Oregon 125,660 Pennsylvania 144,186 Rhode Island 124,230 South Carolina 133,119 South Dakota 95,456 Tennessee 109,870 Texas 133,214 Utah 124,297 Vermont 119,777 Virginia 134,731 Washington 132,222 West Virginia 97,879 Wisconsin 120,857 Wyoming 118,002 Dist. of Columbia 155,545 U.S. Service Academies N.A. Other jurisdictions total N.A. American Samoa N.A. Fed. States of Micronesia N.A. Guam N.A. Marshall Islands N.A. CNMI* N.A. Palau N.A. Puerto Rico N.A. U.S. Virgin Islands N.A.

$91,724 90,856 88,890 94,930 80,126 107,063 89,432 102,494 103,107 92,378 85,441 97,622 77,181 88,026 91,958 96,032 82,458 79,024 77,970 82,956 96,312 108,171 96,272 97,959 76,706 77,445 74,738 87,614 95,142 103,394 110,435 75,615 97,611 86,784 83,595 89,065 80,060 92,971 100,818 90,450 93,900 78,771 80,751 92,012 87,970 90,970 93,926 99,693 75,870 82,647 82,290 104,516 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

$79,860 75,108 73,501 81,729 70,406 91,776 76,717 83,685 89,469 82,227 74,284 85,128 69,354 83,950 82,484 83,677 72,060 70,024 72,734 65,380 80,993 89,875 83,290 88,853 67,330 69,587 69,213 84,981 74,618 83,522 88,365 70,507 83,120 78,502 71,641 78,875 73,369 80,833 82,896 84,447 87,330 69,939 70,847 78,114 79,559 76,024 78,577 91,672 67,924 78,930 79,942 97,513 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

$96,084 82,673 104,446 131,474 72,821 106,717 81,100 104,568 N.A. 109,385 78,536 N.A. N.A. 96,061 89,351 92,063 75,885 78,394 75,294 77,668 94,669 101,968 97,251 93,801 69,918 79,598 76,954 81,613 N.A. 96,382 126,826 77,832 110,336 94,385 80,945 77,729 81,130 79,862 111,553 82,779 89,755 91,645 83,192 93,992 89,441 73,468 91,869 106,057 65,943 74,621 N.A. 104,665 N.A. 84,828 N.A. N.A. 94,653 N.A. N.A. N.A. 83,765 87,266

$78,316 68,604 87,974 97,006 63,958 90,993 66,664 87,063 N.A. 85,990 66,423 N.A. N.A. 77,937 72,386 74,385 65,820 66,073 62,221 63,024 76,275 81,056 83,582 78,599 61,569 64,923 68,105 67,494 N.A. 79,452 100,460 70,460 85,039 75,736 63,356 65,037 65,528 67,892 90,748 73,051 72,439 70,306 67,464 76,894 72,923 56,466 75,410 90,523 58,848 63,929 N.A. 75,418 N.A. 72,306 N.A. N.A. 74,108 N.A. N.A. N.A. 72,036 69,755

$67,291 61,421 69,597 71,886 55,849 81,007 57,438 69,382 N.A. 68,717 59,495 N.A. N.A. 67,823 64,648 65,659 59,130 56,327 56,855 52,310 69,760 69,212 72,314 67,629 52,390 56,816 57,828 57,686 N.A. 66,440 82,485 62,013 72,010 68,976 55,741 61,901 57,161 54,421 72,485 62,218 63,724 66,612 58,894 67,683 65,367 49,459 65,869 78,855 50,837 62,503 N.A. 62,592 N.A. 60,962 N.A. N.A. 57,834 N.A. N.A. N.A. 63,110 59,146

$160,220 100,337 N.A. N.A. 80,637 171,805 132,631 181,457 N.A. 134,981 145,659 N.A. N.A. 179,415 142,812 90,865 65,640 80,053 130,762 94,402 139,776 187,894 110,994 98,667 82,978 147,955 N.A. 117,998 N.A. 190,058 194,639 N.A. 168,067 162,917 71,134 111,762 105,174 102,534 159,612 181,167 69,828 N.A. 148,018 146,520 151,842 N.A. 116,475 115,080 66,654 105,740 N.A. 173,091 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

$99,182 72,443 N.A. N.A. 67,795 108,564 94,973 97,588 N.A. 94,032 95,690 N.A. N.A. 102,779 90,094 73,290 53,748 64,439 83,586 76,102 100,333 112,953 88,732 78,709 67,743 91,239 N.A. 84,867 N.A. 120,522 104,405 N.A. 106,382 98,133 64,383 79,992 79,730 79,796 100,108 120,354 66,204 N.A. 92,959 97,766 108,014 N.A. 85,452 86,756 56,344 82,221 N.A. 111,491 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

$84,079 40,898 N.A. N.A. 61,052 92,503 83,105 86,608 N.A. 78,552 85,360 N.A. N.A. 88,936 73,813 61,825 50,240 55,239 83,056 63,547 100,010 99,508 77,298 65,050 60,965 78,982 N.A. 70,194 ‡ 96,399 95,071 N.A. 88,621 75,308 55,754 72,858 76,703 65,343 87,310 98,358 58,204 N.A. 77,979 86,205 75,936 N.A. 67,866 71,398 49,806 71,965 N.A. 91,435 N.A. 49,789 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 49,789 N.A.

$92,541 63,483 64,878 102,855 71,905 102,760 114,440 138,079 100,360 97,164 78,808 88,534 65,028 85,279 82,727 69,674 65,025 62,905 58,577 67,458 89,574 125,028 80,136 81,113 75,074 83,260 63,367 66,278 ‡ 91,889 102,656 ‡ 100,633 72,081 N.A. 80,057 70,498 64,651 94,625 118,595 81,361 68,849 81,797 89,628 86,851 104,727 72,986 80,141 59,998 75,641 N.A. 87,320 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

$74,409 56,626 49,771 70,699 60,683 81,946 86,141 99,941 81,706 79,770 62,834 80,218 53,955 71,370 66,339 59,679 59,224 55,209 58,435 57,908 72,223 91,110 68,350 67,740 60,668 66,082 52,573 57,492 ‡ 74,796 90,177 ‡ 80,507 62,291 N.A. 66,151 61,836 58,340 77,057 89,048 65,849 61,866 66,043 73,246 76,225 78,247 60,238 67,044 57,205 63,648 N.A. 69,942 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

$63,318 49,023 46,676 68,672 57,892 71,902 66,741 82,461 74,641 67,048 54,896 72,564 50,839 61,549 56,538 53,855 52,881 49,231 55,342 49,334 62,298 75,986 61,349 61,630 57,678 57,684 48,494 52,192 ‡ 65,767 69,710 38,486 69,956 56,331 N.A. 57,953 54,522 51,981 65,536 75,400 57,267 54,836 58,151 62,593 53,748 71,211 54,085 62,885 47,373 56,714 N.A. 68,769 N.A. 48,321 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 48,321 N.A.

State or jurisdiction

Nonprofit master’s (b)

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 1 7

HIGH E R E DUCATIO N

TABLE 9 .1 4 Average Salary of Full-Time Instructional Faculty on 9-Month Contracts in 4-Year Degree-Granting Postsecondary, Institutions, By Control and Classification of Institution, Academic Rank of Faculty, and State or Jurisdiction: 2017–18 (In current dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Human Resources component, Salaries section. (This table was prepared November 2018.) * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Data exclude instructional faculty at medical schools. Degreegranting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Data include imputations for nonrespondent institutions.

4 18 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Key: N.A.—Not applicable ‡—Reporting standards not met (too few cases). (a) Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor’s degrees during the previous academic year. (b) Institutions that awarded 20 or more master’s degrees, but less than 20 doctor’s degrees, during the previous academic year.

HI G HE R E D U CATI O N

TA BLE 9 .1 5 Total Expenditures of Public Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Level of Institution, Purpose of Expenditure, and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17

State or other jurisdiction Unites States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U.S. Service Academies Other jurisdiction totals American Samoa Fed. States of Micronesia Guam Marshall Islands CNMI* Palau Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

All institutions Total (a) Instruction $371,647,743 $111,991,558 7,785,726 1,923,520 839,381 255,595 6,507,273 2,074,702 4,106,519 932,632 58,144,991 15,971,067 7,781,063 2,301,843 3,798,052 1,165,155 1,264,208 562,040 12,415,119 4,188,647 8,496,265 2,579,557 1,847,752 601,583 1,306,760 471,599 12,961,076 4,452,819 6,805,880 2,804,268 5,789,532 1,255,477 3,498,812 1,251,225 6,113,027 1,380,733 4,108,399 1,373,504 869,566 279,479 6,725,079 2,074,529 5,246,452 1,775,928 16,259,165 4,377,216 5,927,210 1,745,469 4,623,103 1,166,969 5,175,185 1,565,895 1,101,301 328,862 2,574,085 858,240 1,701,829 724,989 989,727 332,062 7,979,452 2,641,775 3,786,755 787,624 18,075,297 6,707,552 11,144,591 3,724,035 1,194,445 477,978 14,314,104 4,162,418 4,364,905 1,397,292 6,949,056 1,639,944 14,340,017 3,937,336 792,218 267,875 4,658,792 1,759,817 841,747 298,998 4,503,298 1,841,308 35,450,170 10,298,201 6,189,020 1,104,524 896,401 277,382 10,253,120 3,165,805 9,892,889 3,025,334 1,889,691 612,504 6,594,678 2,238,402 877,311 270,211 141,861 41,290 1,755,387 538,347 981,678 256,366 14,337 4,548 20,331 7,089 127,294 30,927 15,022 2,439 17,443 2,776 9,621 3,663 701,403 189,732 76,227 15,193

2016–17 4-year institutions Total (a) Instruction $317,538,661 $89,514,596 7,028,015 1,604,931 839,381 255,595 5,130,163 1,545,990 3,647,177 751,511 45,842,517 11,526,790 7,265,477 2,085,437 3,277,990 955,315 1,264,208 562,040 12,232,102 4,121,108 7,570,386 2,174,679 1,575,966 458,619 1,092,965 386,010 9,604,390 3,142,088 6,263,480 2,564,925 4,842,637 840,859 2,748,778 965,265 5,541,058 1,148,243 3,624,253 1,177,457 738,682 216,058 5,287,563 1,470,866 4,334,984 1,397,202 14,803,153 3,725,153 4,738,233 1,233,452 3,675,243 790,117 4,420,785 1,233,316 987,966 287,111 2,146,023 666,148 1,633,648 696,477 842,941 282,053 6,680,061 2,123,485 3,176,827 536,456 14,594,521 4,987,013 8,942,833 2,757,537 1,090,829 435,270 12,875,624 3,530,941 3,884,702 1,205,208 5,723,589 1,149,606 13,147,338 3,423,120 667,893 204,799 3,839,914 1,383,878 754,648 256,928 3,836,474 1,544,052 30,299,084 8,128,711 5,971,621 1,003,765 862,132 266,738 9,125,778 2,615,792 9,472,192 2,857,194 1,752,931 557,667 5,362,831 1,531,830 579,425 170,152 141,861 41,290 1,755,387 538,347 885,289 225,040 14,337 4,548 0 0 88,902 19,391 0 0 17,443 2,776 0 0 688,381 183,132 76,227 15,193

2-year institutions Total (a) Instruction $54,109,083 $22,476,963 757,711 318,589 0 0 1,377,110 528,712 459,342 181,121 12,302,474 4,444,277 515,585 216,406 520,062 209,840 0 0 183,017 67,538 925,880 404,878 271,786 142,964 213,794 85,589 3,356,686 1,310,731 542,399 239,343 946,894 414,618 750,035 285,960 571,969 232,491 484,147 196,047 130,885 63,421 1,437,516 603,663 911,468 378,727 1,456,011 652,063 1,188,977 512,017 947,861 376,852 754,400 332,578 113,334 41,750 428,062 192,092 68,181 28,512 146,786 50,009 1,299,391 518,289 609,928 251,168 3,480,775 1,720,540 2,201,758 966,498 103,616 42,708 1,438,480 631,477 480,203 192,084 1,225,467 490,338 1,192,679 514,216 124,325 63,076 818,877 375,940 87,099 42,070 666,824 297,256 5,151,087 2,169,490 217,399 100,759 34,270 10,644 1,127,342 550,013 420,697 168,140 136,760 54,837 1,231,846 706,573 297,886 100,060 0 0 0 0 96,389 31,326 0 0 20,331 7,089 38,392 11,536 15,022 2,439 0 0 9,621 3,663 13,022 6,600 0 0

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 1 9

HIGH E R E DUCATIO N

TABLE 9 .1 5 Total Expenditures of Public Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Level of Institution, Purpose of Expenditure, and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Table 334.20, Spring 2018, Finance component. (This table was prepared December 2018.) * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Includes data for public institutions reporting data according to either the

4 20 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) or the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) questionnaire. Data in this table pertain to institutions’ fiscal years that end in the academic year noted. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Key: (a) Includes other categories not separately shown.

HE A LTH CA R E

TA BLE 9 .1 6 Number and Percent of Children under 19 by Health Insurance Coverage and State: 2018 (In thousands) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Total 1,163 193 1,746 747 9,514 1,345 789 215 4,488 2,671 319 471 3,028 1,660 781 747 1,066 1,160 264 1,420 1,471 2,295 1,376 756 1,453 244 501 722 280 2,059 511 4,306 2,446 186 2,748 1,011 924 2,821 219 1,177 225 1,599 7,825 983 125 1,993 1,755 388 1,350 142 137

Children under 19 Insured (any coverage) Number Percent 1,122 96.5 174 90.6 1,599 91.6 713 95.5 9,216 96.9 1,283 95.4 769 97.4 207 96.4 4,149 92.4 2,453 91.9 311 97.4 442 93.9 2,925 96.6 1,551 93.4 760 97.3 709 94.9 1,026 96.2 1,121 96.6 250 94.5 1,373 96.7 1,453 98.8 2,217 96.6 1,331 96.7 721 95.3 1,371 94.3 229 93.9 475 94.8 664 92 273 97.4 1,979 96.1 484 94.7 4,199 97.5 2,316 94.7 175 94 2,616 95.2 928 91.8 891 96.4 2,697 95.6 215 97.8 1,122 95.3 212 94.1 1,516 94.8 6,953 88.8 911 92.6 122 98 1,891 94.9 1,708 97.3 375 96.6 1,299 96.2 132 92.9 135 98.2

Uninsured Number 41 18 146 34 299 62 20 8 339 217 8 29 102 109 21 38 40 39 15 47 18 78 45 35 83 15 26 58 7 80 27 107 130 11 133 83 33 124 5 56 13 83 873 72 2 102 47 13 51 10 2

Percent 3.5 9.4 8.4 4.5 3.1 4.6 2.6 3.6 7.6 8.1 2.6 6.1 3.4 6.6 2.7 5.1 3.8 3.4 5.5 3.3 1.2 3.4 3.3 4.7 5.7 6.1 5.2 8 2.6 3.9 5.3 2.5 5.3 6 4.8 8.2 3.6 4.4 2.2 4.7 5.9 5.2 11.2 7.4 2 5.1 2.7 3.4 3.8 7.1 1.8

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2018, Issued November 2019. U.S. Census Bureau, 1-Year American Community Survey.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 2 1

HEA LTH CA RE

TA BLE 9 .1 7 Number and Percent of Persons Under 65, by Health Insurance Coverage and State: 2018 (In thousands) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine* Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Insured Total 3,998 627 5,818 2,470 33,490 4,810 2,932 775 16,705 8,909 1,111 1,459 10,638 5,577 2,597 2,411 3,679 3,857 1,056 5,035 5,727 8,208 4,695 2,459 5,017 852 1,608 2,528 1,103 7,403 1,697 16,186 8,535 634 9,588 3,261 2,423 10,350 866 4,109 725 5,591 24,729 2,789 500 7,009 6,284 1,425 4,779 473 609

Number 3,519 537 5,077 2,229 30,723 4,395 2,749 722 14,027 7,510 1,057 1,267 9,781 5,038 2,451 2,163 3,433 3,498 950 4,686 5,542 7,679 4,454 2,106 4,455 766 1,451 2,198 1,026 6,763 1,505 15,168 7,452 580 8,854 2,717 3,134 9,659 824 3,588 541 4,921 19,794 2,497 475 6,291 5,813 1,312 4,469 414 588

Uninsured Percent 88 85.7 87.3 90.2 91.7 91.4 93.8 93.2 84 84.3 95.1 86.8 91.9 90.3 94.4 89.7 93.3 90.7 90 93.1 96.8 93.6 94.9 85.6 88.8 90 90.3 87 93.1 91.3 88.6 93.7 87.3 91.6 92.3 83.3 91.6 93.3 95.2 87.3 88.4 88 80 89.5 95.1 89.8 92.5 92.1 93.5 87.5 96.5

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2018, Issued November 2019. U.S. Census Bureau, 1-Year American Community Survey. *Gov. Mills signed an executive order on Jan. 3, 2019 directing the Department of Health & Human Services to begin expansion implementation and provide coverage to those eligible retroactive to July 2, 2018. CMS approved the state’s plan on April 3, 2019.

4 22 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Number 479 89 740 241 2,767 415 183 53 2,678 1,399 55 192 857 539 146 248 245 359 106 349 185 529 242 353 561 85 157 330 76 641 193 1,018 1,083 53 735 544 289 691 42 520 84 670 4,935 292 24 717 471 113 311 59 21

Percent 12 14.3 12.7 9.8 9.3 8.6 6.2 6.8 16 15.7 4.9 13.2 8.1 9.7 5.6 10.3 6.7 9.3 10 6.9 3.2 6.4 5.1 14.4 11.2 10 9.7 13 6.9 8.7 11.4 6.3 12.7 8.4 7.7 16.7 8.4 6.7 4.8 12.7 11.6 12 20 10.5 4.9 10.2 7.5 7.9 6.5 12.5 3.5

Medicaid expansion no 9/1/2015 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 no no 1/1/14 1/1/2020 1/1/14 2/1/2015 1/1/14 no 1/1/14 7/1/2016 1/10/2019* 1/1/14 1/1/14 4/1/2014 1/1/14 no no 1/1/2016 10/1/2020** 1/1/14 8/15/2014 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 no 1/1/14 1/1/14 no 1/1/14 1/1/2015 1/1/14 no no no no no 1/1/14 1/1/2019 1/1/14 1/1/14 no no 1/1/14

Difference in Uninsured: 2018 less 2014 Number Percentage pts. (96) (2.2) (32) (4.5) (150) (3.3) (101) (4.1) (1,924) (5.7) (121) (3.0) (58) (1.8) (18) (2.4) (513) (4.1) (158) (2.2) (15) (1.2) (25) (2.5) (362) (3.0) (233) (4.1) (42) (1.6) (41) (1.5) (119) (3.1) (308) (7.7) (27) (2.3) (105) (2.0) (30) (0.5) (303) (3.6) (72) (1.7) (69) (2.4) (130) (2.5) (58) (6.9) (22) (1.5) (90) (4.4) (44) (3.9) (308) (3.9) (99) (5.4) (651) (3.7) (184) (2.5) (4) (0.6) (210) (2.1) (37) (1.1) (91) (3.1) (364) (3.3) (34) (3.9) (118) (3.3) 3 0.2 (102) (2.1) (54) (1.3) (72) (3.3) (7) (1.0) (154) (2.3) (164) (3.1) (43) (2.5) (104) (2.1) (9) (1.2) (12) (2.3)

**Voters approved a Medicaid expansion ballot measure in Nov. 2018. Due to delays in approval from CMS, the Nebraska Department of Health & Human Services won’t be able to implement expansion until Oct. 1, 2020. Key: ( ) — Parentheses denote a negative number.

HE A LTH CA R E

Table 9.17 | Adult Health Insurance Coverage, 2018 Highest Rates of Insured Adults, 18–64 MA 96.8%

RI 95.2%

HI 95.1%

VT 95.1%

MN 94.9%

IA 94.4%

CT 93.8%

NY 93.7%

MI 93.6%

WI 93.5%

MS 14.4%

Highest Rates of Uninsured Adults, 18–64 TX 20%

OK 16.7%

FL 16%

GA 15.7%

AK 14.3%

ID 13.2%

NV 13%

AZ, NC, SC 12.7%

Highest Percent Change from 2014–2018 LA -7.7%

MT -6.9%

NV -4.4%

FL, AR, IN -4.1%

In the 13 states that had not expanded Medicaid as of January 2020,

2.3 MILLION POOR ADULTS FALL INTO A “COVERAGE GAP.”

CA -5.7%

NM -5.4%

AK -4.5%

NJ, NH, RI -3.9%

These adults have incomes above Medicaid eligibility limits in their state but below the lower limit for marketplace premium tax credits, which begin at 100% of poverty. In non-expansion states, the median income eligibility level for parents is 40% of poverty and 0% for childless adults. People in the coverage gap are concentrated in Southern states, with the largest number of people in the coverage gap in Texas (759,000 people, or 31%) followed by Florida (445,000, or 17%), Georgia (267,000, or 11%), and North Carolina (215,000, or 8%). Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 2 3

HIGH WAYS

TA BLE 9 .1 8 Revenues Used by States for State-Administered Highways: 2018* (In thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (e) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Beginning balance total (a) $117,567,900 360,940 0 1,287,434 1,000,857 51,211,523 2,150,394 1,234,419 3,206,134 3,128,365 3,674,320 350,537 385,232 3,524,755 0 270,685 839,891 679,648 354,066 151,444 1,442,734 372,282 1,247,842 1,817,657 268,846 797,119 (20,828 13,637 643,183 248,948 5,899,449 279,231 (1,561,351 2,547,846 249,134 1,660,042 1,561,420 3,925,228 4,471,557 116,721 885,507 119,136 1,647,396 8,701,114 816,376 12,957 2,602,424 1,696,638 114,411 1,075,687 46,303 58,610

Motor-fuel taxes $35,739,157 576,560 30,876 590,489 434,727 5,083,182 604,043 290,223 113,374 1,996,332 1,529,504 76,562 303,035 888,307 1,328,812 612,730 154,285 656,401 532,057 199,275 351,731 171,024 1,297,190 152,584 368,562 696,623 124,491 360,714 303,432 159,996 337,027 219,753 1,008,453 1,799,801 174,533 1,744,508 142,129 476,974 2,624,367 79,546 601,472 157,708 869,921 1,260,045 476,316 73,661 682,499 1,599,299 418,170 913,791 81,185 10,878

Highway-user revenues (b) Motor-vehicle and Road and motor-carrier taxes crossing tolls $28,101,396 $14,562,091 161,258 0 35,217 48,397 290,363 0 179,878 0 6,201,927 379,902 1,127,747 14,778 129,230 222 165,984 328,780 1,466,221 1,714,332 82,122 13,571 169,628 0 206,418 0 931,106 1,421,780 302,635 0 1,015,569 0 72,341 118,620 649,529 0 136,500 23,789 88,849 169,459 432,874 1,232,886 133,350 893,312 1,202,990 40,106 139,200 0 163,866 0 314,468 0 122,978 0 110,230 0 251,160 811 74,165 129,448 776,986 1,713,268 280,389 0 1,081,201 2,607,797 877,771 17,766 102,175 0 521,239 259,894 228,584 325,903 498,401 0 730,505 1,108,495 49,119 20,548 521,479 15,413 3,346 0 364,314 43 2,436,431 1,189,048 218,745 2,304 129,839 0 1,011,036 67,867 812,780 608,440 383,341 95,112 610,278 0 63,353 0 42,281 0

See footnotes at end of table

4 24â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Total $78,402,644 737,818 114,490 880,852 614,605 11,665,011 1,746,568 419,675 608,138 5,176,885 1,625,197 246,190 509,453 3,241,193 1,631,447 1,628,299 345,246 1,305,930 692,346 457,583 2,017,491 1,197,686 2,540,286 291,784 532,428 1,011,091 247,469 470,944 555,403 363,609 2,827,281 500,142 4,697,451 2,695,338 276,708 2,525,641 696,616 975,375 4,463,367 149,213 1,138,364 161,054 1,234,278 4,885,524 697,365 203,500 1,761,402 3,020,519 896,623 1,524,069 144,538 53,159

Appropriations from general funds (c) $8,079,823 74,233 283,435 11,695 92,106 0 582,012 39,684 99,778 0 474,032 0 0 791,298 97,951 61,423 0 15,909 0 0 347,054 0 283,084 538,091 0 4,168 0 51,183 0 30,000 0 49,827 1,250,429 0 10,066 468,101 0 61,867 1,000,771 54,101 50,057 0 0 642,476 37,399 52,914 207,023 0 19,868 124,702 49,382 123,704

Other state imposts (d) $12,675,407 0 0 837,010 295,356 731,385 0 413,365 0 449,461 38,797 0 43,911 179 22,383 15,432 555,852 0 2,846 0 181,382 287,403 42,457 15,725 51,729 421,528 11,944 357,407 76,728 0 1,166,989 15,294 477,876 826,648 0 0 966,416 12,769 19,131 0 2,889 117,842 32,589 1,716,177 591,082 1,844 1,778,257 884 2,704 89,136 4,600 0

Miscellaneous $12,882,618 404,316 195,610 183,986 163,934 378,439 53,581 63,478 652,325 1,794,044 242,360 2,454 27,750 137,304 186,260 7,937 22,663 256,833 37,374 79,153 29,220 124,079 178,368 61,670 6,688 19,448 49,811 9,540 86,095 27,451 326,995 46,806 1,931,878 212,787 1,397 216,221 92,491 38,348 376,757 59,475 99,647 41,561 37,409 2,075,064 31,853 23,266 786,006 868,394 42,028 66,806 25,241 17

HI G HWAY S

TA BLE 9 .1 8 Revenues Used by States for State-Administered Highways: 2018* (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Payments from other governments State or other jurisdiction Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (e) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Issue of bonds For debt service For capital outlay including refunding $14,649,732 $9,188,954 0 0 0 0 75,306 0 0 0 428,628 273,011 193,920 0 574,887 0 330,568 0 695,897 706,068 188,410 376,949 0 0 7,876 101,145 349,535 341,342 212,514 210,650 0 0 200,888 0 23,983 151,365 376,309 377,225 172,546 0 648,965 0 1,359,830 803,739 0 0 125,985 102,665 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 135,730 0 13,012 0 76,439 0 69,325 420,000 1,946,010 0 35,385 374,855 0 0 1,259,293 142,950 415,838 0 441,601 361,485 890,205 2,563,222 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25,777 24,090 341,692 109,500 0 0 1,452,088 975,255 285,409 32,090 975,120 44,865 170,514 696,483 0 0 149,247 0

Federal funds Federal Hwy. Administration $40,418,236 896,439 525,056 737,806 730,830 3,701,418 695,886 501,344 174,203 2,360,805 1,480,182 132,486 319,612 1,208,323 956,042 446,148 394,581 730,798 717,440 210,572 520,621 569,767 737,822 598,563 509,734 943,244 418,024 298,241 360,434 175,368 877,225 379,495 1,561,925 1,125,014 238,714 1,360,476 641,229 486,715 1,809,918 199,639 943,781 248,994 842,171 3,627,092 384,492 246,406 1,013,659 763,524 391,299 730,541 253,850 240,288

Other agencies $1,567,440 13,658 3,448 18,983 39,869 195,593 14,089 28,067 5,256 34,912 96,623 6,193 14,722 26,290 12,585 95,803 9,247 8,311 11,400 6,192 9,605 58,646 16,137 16,875 12,161 19,134 7,334 10,617 5,410 35,032 76,388 10,609 46,800 69,420 4,494 18,427 13,260 11,912 52,870 8,232 37,192 5,674 36,635 124,178 60,235 13,516 20,429 28,217 5,838 55,394 31,326 4,202

From local government $4,729,903 55,189 0 0 12,002 720,993 0 6,446 0 231,765 25,691 0 3,778 1,522 75,930 0 22,379 0 34,951 393,365 0 0 15,510 1,059,187 56,969 27,141 1,364 608,306 22,761 3,802 0 0 23,460 19,093 30,051 81,595 33,377 453,342 25,458 0 26,849 6,375 36,873 171,494 13,999 1,632 279,593 16,056 1,403 130,202 0 0

Total receipts $182,594,757 2,181,653 1,122,039 2,745,638 1,948,702 18,094,478 3,286,056 2,046,946 1,870,268 11,449,837 4,548,241 387,323 1,028,247 6,096,986 3,405,762 2,255,042 1,550,856 2,493,129 2,249,891 1,319,411 3,754,338 4,401,150 3,813,664 2,810,545 1,169,709 2,445,754 735,946 1,806,238 1,242,561 648,274 5,351,317 1,491,498 11,935,829 5,358,540 561,430 6,072,704 2,859,227 2,843,414 11,201,699 471,660 2,298,779 581,500 2,219,955 13,291,872 2,267,617 543,078 8,273,712 5,015,093 2,379,748 3,587,847 508,937 570,617

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 2 5

HIGH WAYS

TABLE 9 .1 8 Revenues Used by States for State-Administered Highways: 2018* (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2018,Table SF-1 (January 2020). Note: This table is compiled from reports of state authorities. Key: (a) Any differences between beginning balances and the closing balances on last year’s table are the result of accounting adjustments, inclusion of funds not previously reported, etc. (b) Amounts shown represent only those highway-user revenues that were expended on State or local roads.

4 26 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(c) Amounts shown represent gross general fund appropriations for highways reduced by the amount of highway-user revenues placed in the State General Fund. (d) Amounts shown represent data reported for 2017.

HI G HWAY S

TABLE 9 .1 9 State Disbursements for Highways: 2018* (In thousands of dollars) State or other State administered jurisdiction highways (a) Total $71,556,904 Alabama 792,071 Alaska 899,986 Arizona 996,308 Arkansas 1,225,591 California 1,865,537 Colorado 959,208 Connecticut 938,453 Delaware 508,042 Florida 5,677,789 Georgia 1,629,104 Hawaii 293,475 Idaho 307,131 Illinois 3,544,877 Indiana 1,304,272 Iowa 1,034,361 Kansas 448,251 Kentucky 1,370,672 Louisiana 1,151,091 Maine 509,858 Maryland 1,451,730 Massachusetts (b) 1,756,843 Michigan 1,235,729 Minnesota 1,056,937 Mississippi 860,884 Missouri 758,828 Montana 401,266 Nebraska 545,976 Nevada 732,140 New Hampshire 260,665 New Jersey 2,301,582 New Mexico 381,462 New York 4,018,762 North Carolina 3,069,561 North Dakota 613,462 Ohio 2,406,441 Oklahoma 1,593,750 Oregon 924,356 Pennsylvania 3,356,765 Rhode Island 187,377 South Carolina 1,071,722 South Dakota 263,593 Tennessee 989,681 Texas 8,716,364 Utah 563,953 Vermont 180,091 Virginia 1,887,760 Washington 2,095,538 West Virginia 817,454 Wisconsin 1,279,547 Wyoming 320,608 Dist. of Columbia 0

Capital outlay Local roads and streets $6,504,700 71,389 0 92,333 0 136,685 150,580 0 0 179,115 205,914 0 44,997 96,400 0 0 106,257 270,014 5,259 16,989 85,298 219,660 1,347,738 0 127,081 147,789 0 312,458 0 0 7,092 0 806,913 0 33,702 393,060 163,319 97,812 214,739 5,741 0 94,815 81,390 280,484 0 73,272 0 172,585 0 124,784 0 339,036

Total $78,061,604 863,460 899,986 1,088,641 1,225,591 2,002,222 1,109,788 938,453 508,042 5,856,904 1,835,018 293,475 352,128 3,641,277 1,304,272 1,034,361 554,508 1,640,686 1,156,350 526,847 1,537,028 1,976,503 2,583,467 1,056,937 987,965 906,617 401,266 858,434 732,140 260,665 2,308,674 381,462 4,825,675 3,069,561 647,164 2,799,501 1,757,069 1,022,168 3,571,504 193,118 1,071,722 358,408 1,071,071 8,996,848 563,953 253,363 1,887,760 2,268,123 817,454 1,404,331 320,608 339,036

Maintenance and service total State administered Local roads Administration, highways (a) and streets Total research and planning $24,320,544 $996,647 $25,317,191 $9,565,495 15,040 169,452 184,492 222,386 221,032 0 221,032 100,529 155,632 0 155,632 239,668 207,277 92,362 299,639 174,448 1,511,149 128,392 1,639,541 658,407 427,225 0 427,225 173,377 235,590 0 235,590 84,961 467,828 0 467,828 307,948 1,156,733 0 1,156,733 358,307 592,434 9,187 601,621 768,008 65,024 0 65,024 18,784 125,471 0 125,471 32,306 794,463 11,940 806,403 254,738 734,500 73,940 808,440 107,030 213,488 0 213,488 58,935 137,327 0 137,327 41,127 406,144 56,280 462,424 35,539 417,038 4,041 421,079 48,351 255,905 213,589 469,494 68,040 405,612 0 405,612 113,189 325,635 1,056 326,691 281,549 328,873 0 328,873 146,389 484,409 0 484,409 146,065 80,804 0 80,804 63,310 494,387 0 494,387 73,815 123,349 0 123,349 59,945 199,848 134,384 334,232 111,138 150,277 0 150,277 182,989 164,293 0 164,293 63,021 736,431 0 736,431 180,258 99,036 0 99,036 274,027 1,623,208 0 1,623,208 492,213 1,113,309 0 1,113,309 315,593 28,805 0 28,805 25,736 464,757 0 464,757 94,689 520,937 0 520,937 269,888 291,763 13,609 305,372 161,290 1,730,214 0 1,730,214 551,539 114,471 0 114,471 61,498 305,668 77,782 383,450 132,998 79,204 0 79,204 64,837 284,867 0 284,867 249,090 2,080,156 0 2,080,156 435,356 476,509 0 476,509 85,631 116,821 77 116,898 74,526 1,691,858 0 1,691,858 438,033 946,354 0 946,354 302,445 320,752 0 320,752 70,028 261,666 0 261,666 219,234 99,851 0 99,851 43,955 37,120 10,556 47,676 28,332

Highway law enforcement and safety $10,103,854 232,987 44,633 157,887 114,359 2,177,007 10,463 30,410 103,950 401,934 294,257 8,160 38,849 108,945 23,809 127,942 95,532 98,052 22,235 33,992 535,607 172,361 336,698 165,986 37,290 257,624 70,138 78,778 104,675 12,214 416,631 15,765 515,001 179,924 27,158 352,648 208,060 77,880 812,385 40,436 7,023 38,689 40,343 696,322 87,873 74,168 214,226 240,879 46,189 73,729 41,751 0

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 2 7

HIGH WAYS

TABLE 9 .1 9 State Disbursements for Highways: 2018* (In thousands of dollars) (continued) State or other jurisdiction Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (b) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Interest $8,716,268 6,370 4,769 183,843 41,380 457,342 28,741 244,753 96,208 568,886 130,349 111,590 27,659 311,652 45,644 0 132,186 156,606 140,587 19,841 231,422 266,701 81,672 108,061 47,494 103,928 3,016 0 31,349 31,257 1,466,708 64,898 804,453 136,374 942 105,617 70,300 107,845 628,442 20,251 11,034 0 0 1,241,771 69,313 2,501 176,757 510 9,911 185,335 0 0

Bond retirement Current revenues or Refunding sinking funds bonds $8,745,104 $11,606,835 53,198 171,438 5,346 0 154,120 425,095 45,730 0 65,258 0 4,741 0 270,550 75,565 151,564 81,518 575,523 1,037,328 601,773 324,875 54,085 111,590 30,320 0 379,363 355,541 61,675 589,660 0 0 84,585 0 131,675 0 114,478 200,000 40,845 0 421,545 253,040 193,733 803,739 148,525 0 167,207 0 44,657 0 308,595 0 12,400 0 0 0 48,595 0 48,000 2,564 768,430 2,525,615 93,655 0 1,033,247 0 131,351 240,600 4,375 0 241,940 137,208 191,815 0 77,840 361,485 216,651 2,173,214 21,559 19,685 49,800 0 0 0 0 0 463,468 984,005 256,150 0 3,096 0 263,895 54,915 386,248 323,405 24,611 0 259,823 202,305 0 0 39,064 152,445

Grants-in-aid to local governments $16,549,324 229,038 778 752,707 0 4,001,215 327,003 95,076 0 434,190 240,346 39,167 183,180 492,172 419,584 906,157 154,501 0 74,152 0 175,102 342,985 33,000 942,399 103,201 277,104 27,680 338,764 0 59,802 142,116 26,682 441,582 147,181 103,694 1,146,398 0 457,206 406,824 1,504 53,425 0 313,537 473,996 32,013 27,453 963,946 691,000 6,394 465,070 0 0

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2018,Table SF-2 (January 2020). Notes: This table is compiled from reports of State authorities.

4 28â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Total disbursements $168,665,675 1,963,369 1,277,073 3,157,593 1,901,147 11,000,992 2,081,338 1,975,358 1,717,058 10,389,805 4,796,247 701,875 789,913 6,350,091 3,360,114 2,340,883 1,199,766 2,524,982 2,177,232 1,159,059 3,672,545 4,364,262 3,658,624 3,071,064 1,364,721 2,422,070 697,794 1,721,346 1,250,025 641,816 8,544,863 955,525 9,735,379 5,333,893 837,874 5,342,758 3,018,069 2,571,086 10,090,773 472,522 1,709,452 541,138 1,958,908 15,371,922 1,571,442 552,005 5,691,390 5,158,964 1,295,339 3,071,493 506,165 606,553

Reserves for current highway work $118,373,123 360,940 0 1,183,994 1,005,456 50,589,895 1,870,781 1,036,899 3,126,004 2,930,664 3,450,989 410,893 384,839 3,083,616 30,821 270,685 814,166 679,648 331,655 142,939 1,497,523 409,170 1,247,842 1,815,786 268,846 760,672 4,112 70,723 617,790 240,914 5,465,593 259,821 1,447,893 2,547,846 249,134 1,557,047 1,561,420 4,197,556 4,384,793 116,721 885,507 119,136 1,647,396 8,671,165 824,750 (12,913 2,602,424 1,912,282 116,690 1,075,687 46,303 58,610

Balances end of year Reserves for debt service $858,275 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80,130 199,831 145,355 0 0 314,147 0 0 25,725 0 0 0 5,769 0 0 0 0 0 0 554 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86,764 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total $119,231,398 360,940 0 1,183,994 1,005,456 50,589,895 1,870,781 1,036,899 3,206,134 3,130,495 3,596,344 410,893 384,839 3,397,763 30,821 270,685 839,891 679,648 331,655 142,939 1,503,292 409,170 1,247,842 1,815,786 268,846 760,672 4,112 71,277 617,790 240,914 5,465,593 259,821 1,447,893 2,547,846 249,134 1,557,047 1,561,420 4,197,556 4,471,557 116,721 885,507 119,136 1,647,396 8,671,165 824,750 (12,913 2,602,424 1,912,282 116,690 1,075,687 46,303 58,610

Key: (a) Includes expenditures for local roads and streets under State control. Most local roads are under State control in Delaware, North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. (b) Amounts shown represent data reported for 2017.

HI G HWAY S

TABLE 9 .2 0 Public Road Length Miles by Ownership: 2018 State or other jurisdiction Grand Total U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico (d)

State highway agency 612,315 611,531 8,328 4,949 5,529 14,113 10,259 7,532 1,170 2,671 5,647 12,620 483 4,582 10,418 8,758 7,836 9,480 24,544 12,961 7,332 2,664 567 6,853 10,173 9,521 30,753 10,508 9,457 4,650 3,186 357 10,959 9,630 59,464 7,151 13,571 10,844 6,386 28,137 374 29,770 7,494 10,043 64,843 4,698 2,370 46,121 5,512 30,426 9,587 6,252 0 784

County 1,551,117 1,551,117 55,249 3,504 13,577 50,465 52,264 51,215 0 0 26,383 58,163 1,002 18,970 13,841 54,230 88,122 112,027 37,303 27,967 376 9,641 0 72,800 43,413 50,832 69,970 42,500 60,423 23,969 0 1,592 24,846 15,535 0 15,467 25,060 77,341 28,984 28 0 22,976 34,782 49,041 127,977 23,239 0 62 32,827 0 19,082 14,074 0 0

Rural Town, township, municipal (a) 564,085 561,695 7,441 1,373 2,453 5,406 999 2,181 4,234 51 2,733 4,198 0 1,507 71,321 2,837 5,506 5,233 1,885 2,209 11,510 393 5,353 2,842 59,867 3,189 5,569 1,181 17,077 315 7,753 3,066 7,553 37,706 2,379 60,873 35,734 7,872 1,283 41,981 939 711 32,821 3,617 10,772 2,213 10,225 446 1,401 606 62,184 694 0 2,391

Other jurisdiction (b) 68,524 68,524 150 2,347 4,067 12,342 783 837 266 41 81 87 47 12,464 423 298 441 173 487 15 224 107 250 2 1,884 79 119 4,244 123 220 18 255 7,406 638 1,071 70 989 1,045 1,416 1,434 17 82 1,523 411 14 394 0 20 8,387 240 0 491 0 0

Federal agency (c) 158,631 158,614 755 1,563 14,775 3,040 6,971 6,394 21 72 1,736 1,081 113 12,435 216 513 113 903 807 649 156 755 21 1,672 1,929 792 1,186 10,890 160 9,017 148 176 15,663 378 2,958 1,590 166 141 25,986 741 28 1,589 2,469 1,185 2,063 6,998 156 2,105 8,268 919 848 5,303 0 17

Total 2,954,672 2,951,481 71,923 13,735 40,400 85,367 71,275 68,160 5,691 2,835 36,580 76,149 1,645 49,959 96,219 66,636 102,018 127,815 65,027 43,801 19,599 13,561 6,190 84,169 117,266 64,413 107,598 69,322 87,239 38,170 11,105 5,447 66,428 63,886 65,872 85,152 75,519 97,243 64,055 72,320 1,359 55,129 79,089 64,298 205,668 37,543 12,751 48,754 56,394 32,191 91,701 26,814 0 3,191

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 2 9

HIGH WAYS

TABLE 9 .2 0 Public Road Length Miles by Ownership: 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Grand Total U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico (d)

State highway agency 172,678 170,055 2,607 684 1,255 2,354 4,833 1,502 2,549 2,759 6,457 5,326 463 400 5,482 2,377 1,056 808 3,127 3,721 1,018 2,500 2,439 2,823 1,560 1,401 3,085 515 487 755 717 1,977 995 5,450 20,548 242 5,679 1,405 1,222 11,593 727 11,526 259 3,877 15,613 1,186 259 12,899 1,539 3,982 2,155 493 1,374 2,623

County 250,586 250,586 4,723 1,725 4,318 2,896 19,387 4,768 0 0 43,989 28,192 2,328 368 2,635 10,848 1,601 2,197 2,881 4,753 0 11,941 0 16,797 2,904 2,804 3,580 0 818 4,745 0 5,114 1,670 4,645 0 82 4,054 2,875 3,843 381 0 7,315 275 8,503 19,840 445 0 1,684 6,406 0 1,684 573 0 0

Urban Town, township, municipal (a) 801,152 788,614 21,165 346 20,166 10,902 79,163 14,473 13,185 780 35,606 16,960 0 4,939 41,195 16,958 9,857 11,311 8,898 9,124 2,130 3,974 27,649 18,360 17,814 8,786 17,737 3,736 6,638 4,694 4,259 25,688 7,904 38,427 20,730 2,574 37,530 14,424 10,011 35,731 3,781 4,020 2,621 19,397 72,535 9,713 1,237 11,306 15,779 2,635 19,990 1,775 0 12,537

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2018,Table HM-10 (August 30, 2019). Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. This table was compiled from reports of state authorities. (a) Prior to 1999, municipal was included with other jurisdictions.

4 30â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Other jurisdiction (b) 8,348 8,348 1 473 381 995 122 20 74 37 8 27 22 663 416 74 186 65 87 10 65 183 403 16 45 14 34 0 8 39 89 560 577 817 22 0 147 118 102 489 83 0 248 21 392 0 0 28 101 42 0 5 38 0

Federal agency (c) 7,837 7,830 543 87 260 108 810 53 57 50 460 1,743 17 18 28 70 26 3 160 7 4 110 82 0 2 60 59 0 71 54 0 134 32 308 177 0 86 0 33 75 63 3 11 21 599 26 7 697 433 0 78 5 102 7

Total 1,240,601 1,225,433 29,039 3,315 26,381 17,255 104,315 20,815 15,865 3,626 86,519 52,248 2,831 6,388 49,756 30,326 12,727 14,385 15,153 17,615 3,216 18,708 30,573 37,996 22,325 13,064 24,496 4,251 8,022 10,288 5,065 33,473 11,177 49,646 41,477 2,898 47,495 18,822 15,211 48,270 4,654 22,863 3,413 31,818 108,979 11,370 1,502 26,614 24,258 6,659 23,907 2,851 1,514 15,168

Total rural and urban 4,195,274 4,176,915 100,962 17,050 66,782 102,622 175,589 88,975 21,556 6,461 123,099 128,397 4,475 56,347 145,976 96,962 114,745 142,200 80,180 61,416 22,815 32,269 36,763 122,164 139,591 77,477 132,094 73,573 95,262 48,458 16,171 38,919 77,605 113,533 107,348 88,050 123,014 116,065 79,266 120,590 6,013 77,992 82,501 96,116 314,648 48,913 14,253 75,369 80,653 38,850 115,609 29,666 1,514 18,359

(b) Includes State park, State toll, other State agency, other local agency and other roadways not identified by ownership. (c) Roadways in Federal parks, forests, and reservations that are not part of the State and local highway systems. (d) Excludes 788 miles of Federal agency owned roads.

HI G HWAY S

TABLE 9 .2 1 Federal-Aid Highway Travel: 2018* Annual Vehicle Miles (In millions of miles) National highway system Other

Interstate State or other jurisdiction Grand Total U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (a) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (a) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico

Rural 257,690 257,240 6,556 827 6,751 4,265 16,224 4,846 487 10,981 7,734 2,774 9,504 7,839 5,167 3,761 8,409 6,436 2,143 2,190 864 5,765 4,029 4,638 7,059 2,629 2,978 2,457 1,087 1,225 4,566 6,109 6,845 1,674 8,996 5,443 4,069 10,929 319 8,367 2,094 8,436 19,407 3,437 1,246 9,347 4,974 2,496 6,223 2,637 0 450

Urban 576,113 571,415 9,278 753 7,888 5,521 75,786 9,812 9,902 1,490 30,592 24,292 2,080 1,705 25,199 10,941 3,150 4,189 6,788 10,148 1,258 15,738 17,402 17,885 9,120 4,227 14,342 635 1,673 4,662 2,025 15,444 2,793 21,425 20,295 558 25,497 5,734 5,774 16,140 1,914 7,797 777 15,578 51,843 8,286 579 17,110 12,453 3,591 8,296 546 502 4,698

Total 833,803 828,655 15,835 1,580 14,638 9,786 92,010 14,658 10,390 1,490 41,573 32,025 2,080 4,480 34,703 18,779 8,318 7,950 15,198 16,584 3,401 17,928 18,266 23,650 13,149 8,864 21,402 3,264 4,651 7,119 3,112 16,669 7,359 27,533 27,140 2,231 34,492 11,177 9,843 27,070 2,233 16,164 2,872 24,013 71,251 11,723 1,825 26,457 17,427 6,087 14,519 3,183 502 5,148

Rural 230,865 230,669 5,539 350 3,644 4,027 15,317 4,644 739 1,059 10,673 7,063 351 2,455 4,027 5,462 6,211 4,528 5,057 3,406 1,879 2,481 865 7,038 7,283 5,379 8,269 2,590 3,418 1,718 1,426 1,160 3,107 4,724 9,646 2,170 6,553 5,508 4,274 6,093 289 4,759 1,973 4,797 22,606 2,046 705 7,074 4,267 2,207 8,198 1,613 0 197

Urban 714,007 710,045 9,755 982 14,460 4,286 116,003 15,041 8,014 3,103 60,391 21,199 2,595 2,108 21,838 5,164 4,103 3,250 5,553 8,975 899 17,320 20,259 24,501 9,077 5,681 11,043 1,112 3,312 5,152 2,855 29,485 2,327 37,433 20,180 890 15,987 5,513 7,083 23,895 3,132 9,425 587 15,906 73,484 5,999 405 18,249 15,951 2,372 11,609 669 1,432 3,962

Total 944,873 940,714 15,294 1,332 18,103 8,314 131,320 19,685 8,753 4,161 71,064 28,262 2,946 4,563 25,865 10,626 10,314 7,777 10,609 12,381 2,778 19,801 21,124 31,538 16,360 11,060 19,312 3,702 6,731 6,870 4,281 30,645 5,434 42,158 29,827 3,060 22,541 11,021 11,357 29,988 3,422 14,185 2,560 20,702 96,091 8,046 1,110 25,323 20,218 4,579 19,807 2,282 1,432 4,159

Total Rural 488,555 487,909 12,095 1,177 10,395 8,293 31,542 9,489 1,226 1,059 21,654 14,797 351 5,229 13,531 13,301 11,379 8,289 13,466 9,842 4,022 4,671 1,729 12,802 11,312 10,017 15,328 5,219 6,396 4,175 2,513 2,385 7,673 10,833 16,492 3,844 15,549 10,951 8,343 17,023 608 13,127 4,067 13,233 42,014 5,483 1,951 16,421 9,241 4,703 14,421 4,250 0 647

Urban 1,290,121 1,281,460 19,034 1,735 22,347 9,807 191,788 24,854 17,916 4,592 90,983 45,491 4,675 3,813 47,037 16,105 7,253 7,439 12,341 19,123 2,157 33,058 37,661 42,386 18,197 9,908 25,386 1,748 4,985 9,814 4,881 44,929 5,120 58,858 40,475 1,447 41,484 11,247 12,857 40,035 5,047 17,222 1,364 31,483 125,328 14,285 984 35,359 28,404 5,963 19,905 1,215 1,934 8,660

Total 1,778,676 1,769,369 31,129 2,912 32,742 18,100 223,330 34,343 19,142 5,651 112,637 60,287 5,026 9,043 60,568 29,405 18,632 15,727 25,807 28,965 6,179 37,729 39,390 55,188 29,509 19,925 40,714 6,966 11,381 13,990 7,393 47,314 12,793 69,691 56,967 5,291 57,033 22,199 21,199 57,058 5,655 30,349 5,432 44,716 167,341 19,769 2,935 51,781 37,645 10,666 34,326 5,465 1,934 9,307

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 3 1

HIGH WAYS

TABLE 9 .2 1 Federal-Aid Highway Travel: 2018* Annual Vehicle Miles (In millions of miles) (continued) Other federal-aid highways State or other jurisdiction Grand Total U.S. Totals Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Col. Puerto Rico

Rural 313,857 313,427 8,966 394 4,035 6,528 18,087 4,021 1,229 817 7,927 13,095 719 2,545 8,322 9,189 6,096 5,005 7,798 6,388 3,918 3,406 679 15,227 9,270 7,474 8,817 1,955 3,791 802 2,073 1,473 3,627 7,244 12,753 1,911 12,064 8,535 3,725 10,150 259 9,203 2,110 7,356 27,674 1,864 2,138 8,949 5,880 3,867 12,844 1,227 0 430

Urban 679,228 673,959 12,122 838 20,931 6,991 75,402 9,400 8,007 2,080 54,608 29,046 2,141 2,747 23,735 21,112 4,439 6,834 8,157 9,778 1,989 12,848 17,985 21,209 12,906 4,332 10,272 1,245 3,103 7,146 2,584 16,235 5,049 24,638 24,060 994 28,255 9,973 7,434 19,961 1,660 11,453 1,287 14,210 66,721 5,175 844 15,724 11,596 2,899 9,633 1,188 982 5,269

Total 993,085 987,386 21,089 1,232 24,966 13,519 93,489 13,421 9,236 2,896 62,536 42,141 2,859 5,293 32,057 30,302 10,536 11,839 15,955 16,166 5,907 16,254 18,664 36,436 22,176 11,806 19,089 3,200 6,894 7,948 4,657 17,708 8,677 31,882 36,813 2,905 40,319 18,508 11,160 30,111 1,919 20,656 3,396 21,566 94,395 7,039 2,982 24,672 17,477 6,765 22,477 2,415 982 5,699

All federal-aid highways Rural 802,412 801,336 21,062 1,571 14,430 14,820 49,628 13,510 2,455 1,875 29,581 27,892 1,069 7,774 21,853 22,490 17,475 13,294 21,264 16,230 7,940 8,077 2,408 28,030 20,582 17,491 24,145 7,174 10,187 4,977 4,585 3,858 11,301 18,077 29,245 5,755 27,613 19,486 12,068 27,173 867 22,330 6,177 20,589 69,688 7,347 4,089 25,370 15,121 8,570 27,265 5,477 0 1,077

Urban 1,969,349 1,955,420 31,156 2,573 43,278 16,798 267,190 34,254 25,924 6,672 145,591 74,536 6,816 6,561 70,771 37,217 11,693 14,273 20,497 28,901 4,146 45,906 55,646 63,595 31,103 14,240 35,658 2,993 8,088 16,961 7,464 61,164 10,170 83,496 64,535 2,441 69,739 21,221 20,291 59,996 6,707 28,675 2,651 45,693 192,049 19,460 1,828 51,083 40,000 8,862 29,538 2,403 2,916 13,929

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2018,Table VM-3 (August 2019). Notes: Travel for the rural minor collector and rural/urban local functional systems is estimated by the States based on a model 4 32â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Total 2,771,761 2,756,755 52,218 4,144 57,708 31,618 316,819 47,764 28,378 8,548 175,172 102,428 7,885 14,335 92,624 59,707 29,168 27,566 41,762 45,131 12,086 53,983 58,054 91,624 51,685 31,730 59,803 10,166 18,276 21,938 12,050 65,022 21,470 101,573 93,780 8,196 97,352 40,707 32,359 87,169 7,574 51,005 8,828 66,282 261,737 26,807 5,918 76,453 55,121 17,432 56,803 7,879 2,916 15,006

All non-federal highways Rural 177,466 177,466 7,727 705 1,913 2,967 8,804 2,384 704 594 7,161 4,957 776 2,406 3,799 7,201 2,242 2,051 5,351 3,304 2,239 2,571 661 3,174 4,090 6,342 9,021 1,581 1,429 724 899 1,010 4,879 7,226 11,921 1,127 7,024 2,610 2,521 7,145 47 3,266 609 5,303 7,059 1,569 1,128 3,639 2,305 1,298 6,092 1,910 0 0

Urban 306,119 306,105 11,223 638 6,523 2,090 23,173 3,805 2,513 1,038 39,482 24,071 2,226 968 11,531 14,620 1,873 2,573 2,431 1,610 459 3,221 8,057 7,599 4,663 2,658 7,771 953 1,270 5,657 828 11,507 939 14,711 15,427 532 10,098 2,116 1,968 7,795 388 2,530 283 9,736 13,242 3,693 301 5,244 4,940 717 2,990 649 774 14

Total 483,586 483,571 18,949 1,343 8,437 5,057 31,977 6,190 3,217 1,632 46,643 29,027 3,001 3,374 15,330 21,821 4,114 4,624 7,782 4,914 2,698 5,792 8,718 10,773 8,753 9,000 16,792 2,533 2,699 6,381 1,727 12,517 5,818 21,937 27,348 1,659 17,123 4,726 4,489 14,940 435 5,795 892 15,040 20,301 5,262 1,429 8,883 7,245 2,015 9,083 2,559 774 14

Total 3,255,347 3,240,327 71,167 5,487 66,145 36,675 348,796 53,954 31,596 10,179 221,816 131,456 10,887 17,709 107,954 81,529 33,282 32,190 49,544 50,045 14,784 59,775 66,772 102,398 60,438 40,730 76,595 12,700 20,975 28,319 13,776 77,539 27,288 123,510 121,127 9,856 114,474 45,433 36,848 102,109 8,009 56,801 9,719 81,321 282,037 32,069 7,346 85,336 62,367 19,447 65,885 10,438 3,691 15,020

or other means and provided to the FHWA on a summary basis. Travel for all other systems are estimated from State-provided data in the Highway Performance Monitoring System. Key: (a) The State updated their travel procedures in 2018.

HI G HWAY S

TABLE 9 .2 2 Licensed Drivers, By State, 2010-2018* State or other jurisdiction U.S. Totals Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Col.

2010 209,729,999 3,805,751 515,239 4,443,647 2,077,806 23,753,441 3,779,273 2,934,576 695,036 13,949,726 6,507,888 909,407 1,069,542 8,373,969 5,550,469 2,166,759 2,033,092 2,950,191 3,133,631 1,019,738 3,918,305 4,592,500 7,083,107 3,281,463 1,928,487 4,246,249 743,611 1,351,516 1,691,318 1,037,083 5,952,583 1,405,926 11,285,830 6,536,601 483,097 7,963,372 2,348,718 2,769,734 8,737,162 747,875 3,337,247 602,275 4,418,210 15,157,650 1,659,835 513,481 5,402,347 5,106,367 1,206,026 4,133,377 419,466 384,940

2011 211,479,207 3,798,552 521,280 4,592,398 1,956,091 23,856,600 3,669,816 2,986,267 716,109 13,882,423 6,505,690 911,660 1,083,992 8,373,969 6,569,665 2,191,715 2,025,581 2,959,881 3,186,227 1,014,826 3,856,604 4,683,323 7,059,509 3,306,139 1,926,603 4,277,037 752,483 1,356,377 1,700,829 1,056,889 5,977,458 1,418,641 11,210,783 6,569,341 490,146 7,982,149 2,370,643 2,773,956 8,796,774 749,706 3,408,318 603,258 4,543,759 15,122,518 1,747,487 521,666 5,467,045 5,178,789 1,198,837 4,147,470 421,928 395,442

2012 211,413,837 3,827,522 526,371 4,697,579 2,199,164 24,200,997 3,807,673 2,485,708 720,290 13,896,581 6,581,534 915,033 1,092,977 8,235,745 5,375,973 2,217,304 2,018,029 2,985,234 2,923,744 1,008,190 4,102,154 4,733,936 7,018,713 3,321,760 1,957,980 4,288,488 757,812 1,363,596 1,728,060 1,064,604 6,039,623 1,430,475 11,248,617 6,677,693 502,807 8,006,183 2,400,358 2,769,757 8,842,587 749,706 3,455,931 606,779 4,573,871 15,252,192 1,788,822 529,501 5,538,480 5,227,889 1,241,586 4,056,649 421,580 400,993

2013 211,754,173 3,859,403 528,873 4,791,450 2,097,201 24,390,236 3,837,488 2,534,090 723,657 13,670,441 6,607,016 915,033 1,111,485 8,261,582 4,500,403 2,143,665 2,017,759 3,019,283 3,278,143 1,011,385 4,140,105 4,765,586 6,986,587 3,330,725 1,968,907 4,280,438 766,716 1,374,529 1,756,095 1,061,433 6,081,386 1,456,500 11,210,783 6,822,902 513,838 8,030,421 2,418,307 2,773,373 8,896,590 749,232 3,536,404 603,643 4,605,100 15,447,273 1,661,219 543,057 5,602,765 5,301,630 1,177,136 4,171,427 421,473 405,555

2014 213,672,576 3,881,542 531,744 4,881,801 2,111,873 24,813,346 3,883,362 2,542,588 732,349 13,898,347 6,650,434 902,639 1,128,497 8,373,565 4,448,099 2,227,950 2,021,271 3,004,919 3,312,630 1,018,918 4,142,997 4,765,586 7,046,433 3,357,468 1,977,679 4,295,224 768,703 1,383,693 1,796,443 1,071,963 6,152,634 1,444,857 11,318,198 7,025,333 527,541 7,915,907 2,451,972 2,785,446 8,915,641 748,337 3,617,535 609,908 4,613,166 15,648,733 1,425,703 545,312 5,769,063 5,401,139 1,171,907 4,188,194 423,987 419,896

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 3 3

HIGH WAYS

TABLE 9 .2 2 Licensed Drivers, By State, 2010-2018* (continued) State or other jurisdiction U.S. Totals Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Col.

2015 217,628,863 3,907,038 533,227 4,978,762 2,119,578 25,532,920 3,974,521 2,566,673 742,524 14,262,715 6,906,191 909,797 1,135,009 8,462,193 4,467,848 2,224,130 2,028,657 3,021,266 3,357,091 1,019,879 4,185,752 5,040,662 7,104,484 3,351,430 1,988,396 4,213,302 781,427 1,394,301 1,835,511 1,074,766 6,179,318 1,467,782 11,689,839 7,160,621 545,027 7,923,439 2,621,733 2,808,548 8,942,967 745,470 3,683,824 655,707 4,621,401 15,879,876 1,913,564 548,799 5,820,209 5,516,134 1,167,346 4,194,759 422,450 455,602

2016 221,222,087 3,943,082 534,585 5,082,305 2,391,103 26,199,436 4,066,580 2,611,007 756,328 14,675,160 6,975,900 931,703 1,160,922 8,514,644 4,553,259 2,245,640 2,030,025 3,031,447 3,395,095 1,021,332 4,264,875 5,040,662 7,074,674 3,377,910 2,018,862 4,249,579 797,145 1,404,479 1,872,376 1,096,234 6,238,436 1,521,785 11,947,568 7,267,042 555,935 7,974,951 2,498,178 2,855,746 8,996,815 753,143 3,746,681 622,663 5,197,904 15,879,876 1,960,366 553,670 5,912,048 5,635,715 1,159,348 4,206,770 421,098 489,831

Source: Highway Statistics, various years. Note: The data in this table were obtained chiefly from State authorities. Where data are not available, estimates were made by the Federal Highway Administration. Total licensed drivers represents the total of male and female drivers.

4 34â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

2017 224,825,201 3,954,378 534,585 5,164,966 2,417,464 26,777,132 4,156,138 2,586,994 770,512 15,076,358 7,060,344 951,008 1,190,367 8,529,404 4,553,584 2,246,829 2,029,869 3,019,008 3,425,656 1,032,703 4,329,503 4,935,176 7,095,778 3,394,815 2,053,924 4,274,784 807,259 1,404,479 1,918,305 1,103,624 6,301,363 1,473,262 12,185,313 7,389,467 561,667 8,011,705 2,505,989 2,910,592 8,964,855 753,202 3,810,962 628,506 5,377,653 17,099,340 1,995,377 560,247 5,926,430 5,768,281 1,148,786 4,234,793 422,465 521,056

2018 227,021,164 3,999,057 536,033 5,284,970 2,145,334 27,039,400 4,244,713 2,605,612 786,504 15,368,695 7,168,733 948,417 1,252,535 8,714,788 4,589,405 2,260,271 2,149,430 3,032,530 3,425,435 1,040,582 4,407,973 4,935,176 7,153,645 3,391,057 2,058,036 4,272,960 806,204 1,420,317 1,983,453 1,161,665 6,342,876 1,458,433 12,194,360 7,509,231 561,333 8,032,665 2,504,253 2,930,702 8,991,370 756,966 3,846,069 638,428 5,422,429 17,370,383 2,030,644 564,892 5,929,031 5,909,967 1,136,775 4,288,171 419,256 527,731

HI G HWAY S

TABLE 9 .2 3 Motor-Fuel Use: 2018* (In thousands of gallons)

State Total % of total use Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (b) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (b) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (c) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Private and Federal commercial civilian 130,411,325 221,686 69.5 0.1 2,481,773 3,132 231,455 1,668 2,744,653 7,212 1,358,775 1,717 14,179,346 26,329 2,173,455 4,741 1,440,184 1,948 483,008 532 8,366,541 11,919 4,704,939 6,581 416,669 2,371 681,852 2,154 4,514,075 6,668 2,954,965 3,201 1,460,855 1,574 1,196,993 1,868 2,079,461 2,747 1,985,402 3,197 584,683 823 2,541,824 6,029 2,677,907 3,662 4,366,878 5,136 2,372,208 2,883 1,585,909 2,210 2,973,587 4,078 478,140 2,163 831,237 1,332 1,141,596 2,615 664,649 761 3,729,061 5,082 938,561 4,693 5,407,771 9,810 4,405,417 5,221 394,719 1,201 4,741,276 5,742 1,809,539 2,806 1,483,588 3,378 4,553,211 6,641 360,917 765 2,524,801 3,046 433,084 1,066 3,115,949 4,460 13,864,341 17,265 1,123,352 2,689 260,593 432 3,834,187 9,740 2,646,023 6,524 769,547 1,535 2,442,052 2,605 287,338 1,247 94,752 4,487

Combined gasoline and gasohol Highway use Non-highway use Public use State, State, Private and county and county and Total use commercial municipal Total municipal Total Total 2,131,361 2,353,047 135,246,145 9,880,357 108,670 9,989,027 145,235,172 1.1 1.3 72.1 5.3 0.1 5.3 77.4 55,997 59,129 2,540,902 193,981 2,973 196,954 2,737,856 11,266 12,934 244,389 41,154 586 41,740 286,129 31,352 38,564 2,783,217 230,006 1,636 231,642 3,014,859 18,923 20,640 1,379,415 126,407 993 127,400 1,506,815 330,426 356,755 14,536,101 974,780 17,245 992,025 15,528,126 32,781 37,522 2,210,977 178,521 1,721 180,242 2,391,219 557 2,505 1,442,689 78,030 29 78,059 1,520,748 2,334 2,866 485,874 35,743 102 35,845 521,719 160,929 172,848 8,539,389 840,429 7,643 848,072 9,387,461 87,110 93,691 4,798,630 264,091 4,545 268,636 5,067,266 12,069 14,440 431,109 33,432 632 34,064 465,173 4,301 6,455 688,307 126,844 225 127,069 815,376 43,834 50,502 4,564,577 301,351 2,288 303,639 4,868,216 13,363 16,564 2,971,529 194,108 700 194,808 3,166,337 20,623 22,197 1,483,052 200,297 1,081 201,378 1,684,430 6,797 8,665 1,205,658 102,675 357 103,032 1,308,690 48,228 50,975 2,130,436 120,316 2,518 122,834 2,253,270 48,651 51,848 2,037,250 161,898 2,756 164,654 2,201,904 7,747 8,570 593,253 64,799 405 65,204 658,457 39,270 45,299 2,587,123 141,803 2,048 143,851 2,730,974 3,650 7,312 2,685,219 135,346 191 135,537 2,820,756 40,106 45,242 4,412,120 453,638 2,090 455,728 4,867,848 26,754 29,637 2,401,845 274,101 1,401 275,502 2,677,347 7,203 9,413 1,595,322 86,311 378 86,689 1,682,011 23,298 27,376 3,000,963 210,932 1,222 212,154 3,213,117 466 2,629 480,769 70,063 24 70,087 550,856 19,934 21,266 852,503 69,390 1,041 70,431 922,934 11,384 13,999 1,155,595 93,776 594 94,370 1,249,965 6,266 7,027 671,676 62,861 327 63,188 734,864 28,439 33,521 3,762,582 203,382 1,484 204,866 3,967,448 8,548 13,241 951,802 70,326 446 70,772 1,022,574 26,695 36,505 5,444,276 398,795 1,393 400,188 5,844,464 81,491 86,712 4,492,129 375,965 3,491 379,456 4,871,585 8,131 9,332 404,051 41,844 425 42,269 446,320 57,241 62,983 4,804,259 352,502 3,001 355,503 5,159,762 9,550 12,356 1,821,895 168,237 499 168,736 1,990,631 41,696 45,074 1,528,662 118,197 2,181 120,378 1,649,040 59,771 66,412 4,619,623 290,103 2,901 293,004 4,912,627 8,452 9,217 370,134 22,229 413 22,642 392,776 119,100 122,146 2,646,947 202,454 6,407 208,861 2,855,808 11,663 12,729 445,813 37,649 614 38,263 484,076 90,296 94,756 3,210,705 205,990 4,445 210,435 3,421,140 163,539 180,804 14,045,145 654,542 8,547 663,089 14,708,234 15,607 18,296 1,141,648 76,105 818 76,923 1,218,571 6,994 7,426 268,019 20,780 366 21,146 289,165 75,513 85,253 3,919,440 213,616 3,939 217,555 4,136,995 113,311 119,835 2,765,858 183,521 4,976 188,497 2,954,355 20,590 22,125 791,672 54,952 1,075 56,027 847,699 46,577 49,182 2,491,234 243,630 2,442 246,072 2,737,306 6,146 7,393 294,731 73,599 326 73,925 368,656 16,392 20,879 115,631 4,856 730 5,586 121,217

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2018,Table MF-21 (December 2019). Note: This table is one of a series giving an analysis of motor-fuel consumption,

Losses allowed for evaporation, handling, etc. (a) 43,613 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 8,704 435 (a) (a) (a) (a) 2,542 (a) (a) 23 (a) (a) (a) 15,018 (a) (a) (a) (a) 2,675 (a) (a) (a) 8 (a) (a) (3,788) (a) (a) (a) 8 (a) (a) 16,265 (a) (a) (a) (a) 961 108 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) 654

Total consumption 145,278,785 77.5 2,737,856 286,129 3,014,859 1,506,815 15,528,126 2,391,219 1,529,452 522,154 9,387,461 5,067,266 465,173 815,376 4,870,758 3,166,337 1,684,430 1,308,713 2,253,270 2,201,904 658,457 2,745,992 2,820,756 4,867,848 2,677,347 1,682,011 3,215,792 550,856 922,934 1,249,965 734,872 3,967,448 1,022,574 5,840,676 4,871,585 446,320 5,159,762 1,990,639 1,649,040 4,912,627 409,041 2,855,808 484,076 3,421,140 14,708,234 1,219,532 289,273 4,136,995 2,954,355 847,699 2,737,306 368,656 121,871

based on reports from State motor-fuel tax agencies. Gasohol is included with gasoline. In order to make the data uniform and complete, public use and nonhighway use were estimated by the Federal Highway Administration.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 3 5

HIGH WAYS

TABLE 9 .2 3 Motor-Fuel Use: 2018* (In thousands of gallons) (continued) Special Fuel State Total % of total use Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (b) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (b) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (c) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Private and commercial highway use 42,884,194 22.9 859,500 93,604 894,569 681,891 3,282,512 672,871 284,610 80,315 1,781,546 1,322,853 51,074 314,805 1,589,933 1,239,956 710,927 479,360 825,713 668,177 180,116 522,623 438,727 1,037,517 848,394 707,874 1,066,093 272,327 466,843 353,072 104,819 810,218 579,381 1,325,256 1,173,039 324,171 1,681,933 945,059 597,908 1,500,326 64,881 837,517 237,857 1,032,616 5,854,781 491,761 72,796 1,043,447 739,029 508,187 868,636 355,785 6,989

Amount 178,130,339 95.0 3,400,402 337,993 3,677,786 2,061,306 17,818,613 2,883,848 1,727,299 566,189 10,320,935 6,121,483 482,183 1,003,112 6,154,510 4,211,485 2,193,979 1,685,018 2,956,149 2,705,427 773,369 3,109,746 3,123,946 5,449,637 3,250,239 2,303,196 4,067,056 753,096 1,319,346 1,508,667 776,495 4,572,800 1,531,183 6,769,532 5,665,168 728,222 6,486,192 2,766,954 2,126,570 6,119,949 435,015 3,484,464 683,670 4,243,321 19,899,926 1,633,409 340,815 4,962,887 3,504,887 1,299,859 3,359,870 650,516 122,620

These estimates may not be comparable to data for prior years due to revised estimation procedures. For some States, data are not comparable to prior years due to changes in data analysis and/or improvements in reporting procedures. All data are subject to review and revision. Key: (a) Some States make a flat percentage allowance for losses in storage and handling, and others allow for actual losses not to exceed a specified

4 36â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Summary of total use Highway % change from prior year 0.1 (1) (11.5) 2.2 (0.6) (0.5) 0.8 1.1 4.1 2.3 (3.7) (2.1) (3.5) (1.1) (2.1) (0.2) 1.8 0.8 (1.2) (7.5) (0.7) 0.6 2.3 (0.5) (1.1) (0.5) (1.1) 0.3 0.1 1.2 (2.1) (0.4) (2.6) 0.5 1.8 (0.4) 0.5 0.7 (2.9) 4.4 (1.8) (0.4) (0.6) 2.6 (0.7) (6.4) (0.1) 3.6 12.5 5.2 1.3 12.4

Non-highway (gasoline only) 9,989,027 5.0 196,954 41,740 231,642 127,400 992,025 180,242 78,059 35,845 848,072 268,636 34,064 127,069 303,639 194,808 201,378 103,032 122,834 164,654 65,204 143,851 135,537 455,728 275,502 86,689 212,154 70,087 70,431 94,370 63,188 204,866 70,772 400,188 379,456 42,269 355,503 168,736 120,378 293,004 22,642 208,861 38,263 210,435 663,089 76,923 21,146 217,555 188,497 56,027 246,072 73,925 5,586

Total 187,521,458 100.0 3,597,356 379,733 3,909,428 2,188,706 18,810,638 3,064,090 1,805,358 602,034 11,169,007 6,390,119 516,247 1,130,181 6,458,149 4,406,293 2,395,357 1,788,050 3,078,983 2,870,081 838,573 3,253,597 3,259,483 5,905,365 3,525,741 2,389,885 4,279,210 823,183 1,389,777 1,603,037 839,683 4,777,666 1,601,955 7,169,720 6,044,624 770,491 6,841,695 2,935,690 1,649,040 6,412,953 457,657 3,693,325 721,933 4,453,756 20,563,015 1,710,332 361,961 5,180,442 3,693,384 1,355,886 3,605,942 724,441 128,206

percentage. Still others permit distributors to claim stock losses in reconciliations of inventories, thus exempting the lost volume from taxation. Losses by destruction, where reported separately, are also included in this column. The maximum allowance used in the analysis to cover losses in storage and handling was one percent. Because of accounting methods, losses can be reported as a net gain.

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TABLE 9 .2 4 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Jurisdiction and Sex, 2017 and 2018 State or other jurisdiction U.S. total (a)(b) Federal (a) State (b) Alabama Alaska (c) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (c) Delaware (c) Florida Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas (d) Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (e) Nebraska Nevada (d) New Hampshire (f) New Jersey New Mexico (g) New York North Carolina North Dakota (g) Ohio Oklahoma (h) Oregon (f) Pennsylvania Rhode Island (c) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah (d)(i) Vermont (c) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

December 31, 2017 popluation Total Male Female 1,489,189 1,377,815 111,374 183,058 170,525 12,533 1,306,131 1,207,290 98,841 27,608 25,135 2,473 4,399 4,011 388 42,030 37,971 4,059 18,070 16,651 1,419 131,039 125,180 5,859 19,946 18,044 1,902 14,040 13,069 971 6,443 5,931 512 98,504 91,779 6,725 53,667 49,839 3,828 5,630 5,006 624 8,579 7,534 1,045 41,427 39,148 2,279 26,024 23,608 2,416 9,024 8,218 806 10,015 9,112 903 23,543 20,522 3,021 33,739 31,782 1,957 2,404 2,177 227 19,367 18,519 848 9,133 8,602 531 39,666 37,515 2,151 10,708 9,974 734 19,103 17,688 1,415 32,601 29,205 3,396 3,698 3,282 416 5,313 4,884 429 13,721 12,441 1,280 2,750 2,524 226 19,585 18,811 774 7,276 6,492 784 49,461 47,184 2,277 36,394 33,553 2,841 1,723 1,524 199 51,478 47,052 4,426 28,143 24,952 3,191 15,218 13,891 1,327 48,333 45,482 2,851 2,861 2,690 171 19,906 18,514 1,392 3,970 3,430 540 28,980 25,969 3,011 162,523 148,565 13,958 6,219 5,726 493 1,546 1,406 140 37,158 34,004 3,154 19,656 17,914 1,742 7,092 6,274 818 23,945 22,325 1,620 2,473 2,181 292

December 31, 2018 population Total Male Female 1,465,158 1,354,313 110,845 179,898 167,372 12,526 1,285,260 1,186,941 98,319 26,841 24,439 2,402 4,380 4,001 379 42,005 37,820 4,185 17,799 16,396 1,403 128,625 122,847 5,778 20,372 18,347 2,025 13,681 12,679 1,002 6,067 5,646 421 97,538 90,812 6,726 53,647 49,708 3,939 5,375 4,716 659 8,664 7,524 1,140 39,965 37,627 2,338 26,877 24,310 2,567 9,419 8,582 837 10,218 9,289 929 23,431 20,380 3,051 32,397 30,649 1,748 2,425 2,188 237 18,856 18,033 823 8,692 8,168 524 38,761 36,680 2,081 10,101 9,402 699 19,275 17,886 1,389 30,369 27,255 3,114 3,765 3,318 447 5,491 5,061 430 13,641 12,349 1,292 2,745 2,519 226 19,362 18,592 770 7,030 6,256 774 46,636 44,544 2,092 34,899 32,171 2,728 1,695 1,499 196 50,431 46,153 4,278 27,709 24,553 3,156 15,268 14,022 1,246 47,239 44,305 2,934 2,767 2,613 154 19,033 17,706 1,327 3,948 3,377 571 26,321 23,642 2,679 163,628 149,193 14,435 6,648 6,073 575 1,659 1,519 140 36,660 33,620 3,040 19,523 17,803 1,720 6,775 5,989 786 24,064 22,473 1,591 2,543 2,207 336

Total (1.6) (1.7) (1.6) (2.8) (0.4) (0.1) (1.5) (1.8) 2.1 (2.6) (5.8) (1.0) 0.0 (4.5) 1.0 (3.5) 3.3 4.4 2.0 (0.5) (4.0) 0.9 (2.6) (4.8) (2.3) (5.7) 0.9 (6.8) N.C. 3.4 (0.6) N.C. (1.1) N.C. (5.7) (4.1) N.C. (2.0) (1.5) N.C. (2.3) (3.3) (4.4) (0.6) (9.2) 0.7 N.C. 7.3 (1.3) (0.7) (4.5) 0.5 2.8

Percent change, 2017â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2018 Male Female (1.7) (0.5) (1.8) (0.1) (1.7) (0.5) (2.8) (2.9) (0.2) (2.3) (0.4) 3.1 (1.5) (1.1) (1.9) (1.4) 1.7 6.5 (3.0) 3.2 (4.8) (17.8) (1.1) 0.0 (0.3) 2.9 (5.8) 5.6 (0.1) 9.1 (3.9) 2.6 3.0 6.3 4.4 3.8 1.9 2.9 (0.7) 1.0 (3.6) (10.7) 0.5 4.4 (2.6) (2.9) (5.0) (1.3) (2.2) (3.3) (5.7) (4.8) 1.1 (1.8) (6.7) (8.3) N.C. N.C. 3.6 0.2 (0.7) 0.9 N.C. N.C. (1.2) (0.5) N.C. N.C. (5.6) (8.1) (4.1) (4.0) N.C. N.C. (1.9) (3.3) (1.6) (1.1) N.C. N.C. (2.6) 2.9 (2.9) (9.9) (4.4) (4.7) (1.5) 5.7 (9.0) (11.0) 0.4 3.4 N.C. N.C. 8.0 0.0 (1.1) (3.6) (0.6) (1.3) (4.5) (3.9) 0.7 (1.8) 1.2 15.1

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 3 7

C R IMIN A L JUSTICE / CO R R E CT IO N S

TABLE 9 .2 4 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Jurisdiction and Sex, 2017 and 2018 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2017 and 2018; Prisoners in 2018 NCJ 253516; Date of version: 4/30/2020. Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. For jurisdiction-level information, see Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. Counts are for December 31 of each year. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia were the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Key: N.C. — Not calculated. Counts and rates for 2017 and 2018 are not comparable. (a) Includes adult prisoners held in non-secure community-corrections facilities and adults and persons age 17 or younger held in privately operated facilities. (b) Total and state estimates for 2018 include imputed counts for New Hampshire and Oregon, which did not submit 2018 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data. See Methodology. Total and state estimates for 2017 include imputed data for New Mexico and

4 38 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

North Dakota, which did not submit 2017 NPS data. See Methodology in Prisoners in 2017 (NCJ 252156, BJS, April 2019). (c) Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. Data for these states are not reported in BJS’s annual Jail Inmates bulletins. (d) State submitted updated 2017 population counts. (e) State converted offender data to a new system in 2018. Data from 2018 are not comparable to data for previous years. (f) State did not submit 2018 NPS data. Counts were imputed for 2018 and should not be compared to 2017 counts. (g) State did not submit 2017 NPS data. Counts were imputed for 2017 and should not be compared to 2018 counts. (h) Includes persons who were waiting in county jails to be moved to state prison. (i) Data for 2018 are not comparable to data for previous years. Total counts of the prisoner population from 2018 include an undetermined number of offenders excluded from counts in 2017 due to a change in legal-status requirements for a program for parole violators that was instituted in 2018.

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TA BLE 9 .2 5 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Jurisdiction and Race or Ethnicity, December 31, 2018 Jurisdiction Federal (b)(c) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (d) Massachusetts Michigan (d) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire (e) New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon (e) Pennsylvania Rhode Island (c) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia/c Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Total 179,898 26,841 4,380 42,005 17,799 128,625 20,372 13,681 6,067 97,538 53,647 5,375 8,664 39,965 26,877 9,419 10,218 23,431 32,397 2,425 18,856 8,692 38,761 10,101 19,275 30,369 3,765 5,491 13,641 2,745 19,362 7,030 46,636 34,899 1,695 50,431 27,709 15,268 47,239 2,767 19,033 3,948 26,321 163,628 6,648 1,659 36,660 19,523 6,775 24,064 2,543

White (a) 50,946 12,566 1,877 16,379 9,802 26,921 9,339 4,153 2,144 39,167 19,123 1,294 6,318 12,367 16,670 6,164 5,851 17,844 10,547 1,911 4,587 3,766 17,061 4,654 7,012 19,442 2,772 2,877 5,873 2,300 4,125 1,786 11,248 13,801 1,054 25,887 14,537 11,329 20,389 1,195 7,057 2,128 14,514 54,983 4,217 1,418 15,121 11,547 5,827 10,899 1,917

Black (a) 66,714 14,080 447 6,119 7,277 36,491 3,517 5,770 3,618 45,735 32,133 240 237 22,085 8,850 2,398 2,773 4,929 21,700 234 13,215 2,377 20,718 3,620 12,008 10,125 97 1,523 4,234 179 11,847 496 22,513 18,009 188 22,662 6,981 1,393 21,882 803 11,335 305 11,125 53,424 448 174 20,326 3,440 861 10,065 127

Hispanic 56,056 N.R. 125 16,274 569 56,731 6,411 3,649 293 12,239 2,120 247 1,326 5,147 1,075 601 1,266 320 34 126 700 2,291 373 601 177 551 74 767 2,845 173 3,031 4,193 11,322 1,894 104 1,420 2,064 1,871 4,574 663 455 146 559 54,325 1,327 4 1,006 2,542 26 1,887 327

Asian (a) 2,416 2 139 210 69 1,423 255 65 6 20 184 979 48 145 66 82 97 37 38 14 48 120 101 277 37 72 N.A. 44 402 11 124 17 282 110 5 66 97 228 127 43 20 16 84 573 74 7 159 771 5 271 11

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 3 9

C R IMIN A L JUSTICE / CO R R E CT IO N S

TA BLE 9 .2 5 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Jurisdiction and Race or Ethnicity, December 31, 2018 (continued) Jurisdiction Federal (b)(c) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (d) Massachusetts Michigan (d) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire (e) New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon (e) Pennsylvania Rhode Island (c) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia/c Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander (a) N.R. 0 85 0 6 381 N.R. 0 0 10 1 2,365 1 0 11 0 0 0 53 2 15 0 5 N.R. 0 N.R. N.A. 6 0 N.A. N.A. 21 N.R. 21 3 N.R. 27 7 N.A. N.R. 1 1 N.R. 0 135 0 0 N.R. 1 N.A. 9

American Indian/Alaska Native 3,765 1 1,679 2,249 53 1,463 729 42 2 87 21 22 310 66 50 174 230 16 24 71 98 46 360 944 30 110 805 225 235 11 13 474 394 929 336 86 3,175 434 42 25 33 1,345 39 94 330 15 27 998 6 928 148

See footnotes at end of table

4 40â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Two or more races (a) N.A. N.R. N.A. 0 0 0 N.R. 0 0 N.R. N.R. 197 N.A. 62 98 0 0 266 0 27 N.R. 0 0 N.R. 0 N.R. N.A. N.R. N.A. N.A. N.R. 0 N.R. N.R. 5 N.R. N.A. N.A. 0 N.R. N.R. N.A. N.R. 0 0 N.R. 0 N.R. 0 N.R. 0

Other (a) 0 0 0 679 17 5,215 N.R. 0 N.A. 275 52 N.A. N.A. N.A. 0 0 1 N.A. 1 0 165 92 0 N.R. 0 N.R. 17 45 0 33 N.R. 0 613 N.A. N.A. 310 75 N.A. 0 38 132 7 N.R. 229 0 0 0 87 49 N.R. 3

Unknown 0 192 28 27 6 0 3 2 4 5 13 31 424 43 57 0 0 15 N.A. 40 28 0 143 5 11 69 0 4 52 38 222 43 264 135 N.A. N.R. N.A. 6 225 0 0 0 0 0 117 41 21 138 0 14 1

Did not report 0 0 0 68 0 0 118 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 753 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TA BLE 9 .2 5 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Jurisdiction and Race or Ethnicity, December 31, 2018 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Federal Justice Statistics Program, 2018 (preliminary); and National Prisoner Statistics, 2018; Prisoners in 2018 NCJ 253516; Date 4/30/2020. Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. For jurisdiction-level information, see Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. Estimates were provided by state and federal departments of corrections’ administrative record systems and may not reflect prisoners’ self-identification of race or ethnicity. State, federal, and national totals by race or ethnicity differ from other tables in this report due to adjustments that BJS made in other tables to correct for differences between administrative records and prisoner self-reported data on race or ethnicity. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia were the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP). Key: N.A.—Not applicable. State does not track this race or ethnicity. N.R.—Not reported. (a) Excludes persons of Hispanic origin (e.g., “white” refers to non-

Hispanic whites and “black” refers to non-Hispanic blacks). (b) The BOP does not separate persons of Hispanic origin from the individual race categories when reporting to the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS). To do so, BJS used data from the 2018 Federal Justice Statistics Program (preliminary). (c) Asians, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders were combined into a single category and reported as Asian. (d) Persons of Hispanic origin may be undercounted due to ongoing changes in information systems. (e) State did not submit 2018 NPS data on race or ethnicity. Counts were imputed.

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TA BLE 9 .2 6 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities and Held in the Custody of Private Prisons or Local Jails, by Jurisdiction, 2017 and 2018 Prisoners held in private prisons (a)

Jurisdicition U.S. total Federal (b) State total Alabama Alaska (c) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (c) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho (d) Illinois Indiana (e) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (f) Nebraska Nevada (g) New Hampshire (h) New Jersey New Mexico (h)(i) New York North Carolina North Dakota (h) Ohio Oklahoma Oregon (h) Pennsylvania Rhode Island (c) South Carolina (d) South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah (f) Vermont (c)(e) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2017 121,044 27,569 93,475 264 248 8,283 0 6,359 3,760 515 N.A. 11,676 7,880 1,602 432 362 4,061 0 0 N.A. 0 0 32 N.A. 0 0 3,121 0 1,409 0 199 N.R. 2,659 N.R. 0 30 N.R. 7,224 7,353 N.R. 407 N.A. 24 34 7,608 12,728 0 0 1,553 0 0 N.A. 237

2018 118,444 27,747 90,697 369 209 8,231 0 3,952 3,909 507 N.A. 10,524 7,801 1,483 1,126 523 4,034 0 0 839 0 0 29 N.A. 0 0 3,217 0 2,011 0 200 N.R. 2,652 2,051 0 30 337 6,567 7,277 N.R. 431 N.A. 73 38 7,615 12,491 0 221 1,559 0 0 N.A. 391

Percent change, 2017-2018 (2.1) 0.6 (3.0) 39.8 (15.7) (0.6) N.C (37.9) 4.0 (1.6) N.C (9.9) (1.0) (7.4) 160.6 44.5 (0.7) N.C N.C N.C N.C N.C (9.4) N.C N.C N.C 3.1 N.C N.C N.C 0.5 N.C (0.3) N.C N.C 0.0 N.C (9.1) (1.0) N.C 5.9 N.C 204.2 11.8 0.1 (1.9) N.C N.C 0.4 N.C N.C N.C 65.0

See footnotes at end of table

4 42â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Percent of total jurisdiction population, 2018 8.1 15.4 7.1 1.4 4.8 19.6 0.0 3.1 19.2 3.7 0.0 10.8 14.5 27.6 13.0 1.3 15.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 0.0 53.4 0.0 1.5 0.0 13.7 29.2 N.C 0.1 19.9 13.0 26.3 N.C 0.9 0.0 0.4 1.0 28.9 7.6 0.0 13.3 4.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.4

Prisoners held in local jails

2017 80,762 869 79,893 2,021 39 0 1,837 1,762 164 0 0 1,119 4,752 0 680 0 251 0 97 11,531 18,587 17 58 261 0 1,007 5,133 0 503 151 19 N.R. 87 0 2 0 0 0 13 N.R. 382 0 341 0 7,038 11,549 1,404 0 7,370 42 1,170 412 21

2018 80,513 649 79,864 2,061 35 0 1,866 1,667 259 0 0 1,123 4,689 0 595 0 315 0 91 11,137 17,517 15 107 226 0 804 5,545 0 33 146 15 N.R. 211 0 2 0 0 0 13 N.R. 359 0 314 0 6,828 13,504 1,383 0 7,206 194 946 507 87

Percent change, 2017-2018 (0.3) (25.3) 0.0 2.0 (10.3) N.C 1.6 (5.4) 57.9 N.C N.C 0.4 (1.3) N.C (12.5) N.C 25.5 N.C (6.2) (3.4) (5.8) (11.8) 84.5 (13.4) N.C (20.2) 8.0 N.C (93.4) (3.3) (21.1) N.C 142.5 N.C 0.0 N.C N.C N.C 0.0 N.C (6.0) N.C (7.9) N.C (3.0) 16.9 (1.5) N.C (2.2) 361.9 (19.1) 23.1 314.3

Percent of total jurisdiction population, 2018 5.5 0.4 6.2 7.7 0.8 0.0 10.5 1.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.2 8.7 0.0 6.9 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.9 47.5 54.1 0.6 0.6 2.6 0.0 8.0 28.8 0.0 0.9 2.7 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N.C 0.8 0.0 1.6 0.0 25.9 8.3 20.8 0.0 19.7 1.0 14.0 2.1 3.4

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TA BLE 9 .2 6 Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities and Held in the Custody of Private Prisons or Local Jails, by Jurisdiction, 2017 and 2018 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2017 and 2018; Prisoners in 2018; NCJ 253516; Date 4/30/2020 Note: For jurisdiction-level information, see Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. Counts are for December 31 of each year. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia were the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Key: N.A.—Not applicable. N.C—Not calculated. Counts and rates for 2017 and 2018 are not comparable. N.R.—Not reported. (a) Includes prisoners held in private facilities in the jurisdiction of another state. (b) Includes federal prisoners held in facilities that are non-secure and privately operated (9,597) and prisoners on home confinement (1,832). Excludes persons held in immigration-detention facilities pending adjudication. (c) Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.

(d) Prisoners held in private prisons outside the state account for the increases in private prison populations in Idaho and South Carolina. (e) Includes prisoners in facilities owned by the state but staffed by employees of a private correctional company. (f) Due to changes in reporting methods, 2017 and 2018 counts are not comparable. (g) State submitted updated 2017 population counts for private prisons and local jails. (h) Totals for 2017 include imputed counts for New Mexico and North Dakota, which did not submit 2017 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data. Totals for 2018 include imputed counts for New Hampshire and Oregon, which did not submit 2018 NPS data. BJS estimated counts of prisoners held in local jails and private facilities and included these estimates in the state and U.S. totals. See Methodology in this report and in Prisoners in 2017 (NCJ 252156, BJS, April 2019). (i) In 2018, New Mexico moved all female prisoners who had been housed in private facilities to state-run correctional facilities.

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TA BLE 9 .2 7 Prisoners Age 17 or Younger in the Custody of Publicly or Privately Operated Federal or State Prisons, by Jurisdiction and Sex, December 31, 2018 Jurisdiction U.S. total Federal (a) State total Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (b) Delaware (b) Florida Georgia Hawaii (b) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire (c) New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon (c) Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont (b) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming See footnotes at end of table

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Total 735 36 699 9 2 51 8 N.R. 9 46 11 91 33 0 0 0 28 3 0 0 14 0 16 0 35 5 14 3 0 3 21 N.R. 0 0 64 60 0 40 14 N.R. 14 1 26 0 13 22 1 0 11 10 0 21 0

Male 708 33 675 9 2 48 8 N.R. 9 44 11 90 30 0 0 0 28 3 0 0 14 0 16 0 34 5 14 3 0 2 20 N.R. 0 0 64 55 0 40 14 N.R. 13 1 25 0 13 18 1 0 11 10 0 20 0

Female 27 3 24 0 0 3 0 N.R. 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 N.R. 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 N.R. 1 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TA BLE 9 .2 7 Prisoners Age 17 or Younger in the Custody of Publicly or Privately Operated Federal or State Prisons, by Jurisdiction and Sex, December 31, 2018 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2018; Prisoners in 2018 NCJ 253516; Date 4/30/2020. Note: In 2017, BJS began requesting that National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) respondents include all persons age 17 or younger held in the physical custody of state and federal correctional authorities and in private prisons, excluding prisoners held in local jails and in the custody of other jurisdictions. For jurisdiction-level information, see Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. Data collected after 2016 should not be compared to data for previous years. See Methodology. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia were the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP).

Key: N.R.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Not reported (a) The BOP holds prisoners age 17 or younger in privately operated facilities. (b) Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. (c) State did not provide any 2018 NPS data. Counts of prisoners age 17 or younger were imputed based on data for previous years and included in the state and U.S. totals.

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TABLE 9 .2 8 Admissions and Releases of Sentenced Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities: 2017 and 2018 Admissions (a)

State or other jurisdiction U.S. total (g) Federal (i)(f) State (g) Alabama Alaska (h) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (h) Delaware (h)(i) Florida (j) Georgia Hawaii (h) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (k) Maryland (l) Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada (m) New Hampshire (n) New Jersey New Mexico (o)(p) New York North Carolina North Dakota (q) Ohio (p) Oklahoma Oregon (n) Pennsylvania Rhode Island (h) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont (h)(r) Virginia (s) Washington (p) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

2017 Total 606,596 44,708 561,888 12,170 1,580 13,423 8,971 37,091 9,638 4,401 2,897 28,189 16,699 1,528 5,747 24,468 12,249 5,619 6,453 21,239 16,337 960 8,243 2,141 12,013 8,195 7,553 18,551 2,644 2,436 5,873 1,338 8,611 3,848 20,421 18,242 1,570 21,602 10,228 5,566 19,297 572 6,017 3,896 11,541 76,877 4,047 1,737 12,163 25,483 3,590 6,865 1,069

2018 Total 596,389 44,514 551,875 13,160 1,765 13,753 9,572 35,330 10,155 4,162 2,505 28,495 17,736 1,784 5,003 22,835 12,005 5,342 6,506 20,152 15,646 892 7,661 1,983 11,307 7,317 7,439 17,299 2,772 2,385 6,334 1,309 7,808 3,585 18,954 17,251 1,527 20,727 9,318 5,580 17,954 613 5,769 4,116 12,726 78,741 3,733 2,469 11,657 24,829 3,831 7,021 1,062

Percent change, 2017–2018 (1.7) 0.0 (2.0) 8.1 11.7 2.5 6.7 (4.7) 5.4 (5.4) (13.5) 1.1 6.2 16.8 (12.9) (6.7) (2.0) (4.9) 0.8 (5.1) (4.2) N.C. (7.1) (7.4) (5.9) (10.7) (1.5) (6.7) 4.8 (2.1) 7.8 N.C. (9.3) N.C. (7.2) (5.4) N.C. (4.1) (8.9) N.C. (7.0) 7.2 (4.1) 5.6 10.3 2.4 (7.8) 42.1 (4.2) (2.6) 6.7 2.3 (0.7)

See footnotes at end of table

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2018 Conditional 2018 New court supervision commitments violations (c) 410,867 169,663 39,943 4,571 370,924 165,092 8,141 1,839 1,561 204 11,339 2,340 5,209 4,363 30,957 4,373 6,349 3,806 3,441 577 1,832 655 27,687 77 15,574 2,155 1,081 703 1,746 3,257 14,459 8,373 9,250 2,640 3,685 1,635 3,934 1,390 12,379 7,605 10,345 5,301 466 426 5,727 1,925 1,775 205 6,608 2,581 4,345 2,972 5,267 2,172 9,078 8,219 1,870 902 1,924 440 4,829 1,094 626 683 5,595 2,213 2,133 1,207 11,429 7,452 12,614 4,636 N.R. N.R. 15,456 4,701 7,176 2,092 3,716 1,722 8,526 8,551 486 127 4,662 1,099 1,481 631 7,775 4,951 48,695 26,640 1,777 1,956 876 1,593 11,616 41 6,224 18,602 2,316 1,281 4,555 2,428 805 257

Releases (b)

2017 Total 623,069 49,461 573,608 13,624 1,941 14,075 8,443 36,894 9,669 5,169 2,736 30,467 15,210 1,834 5,395 26,850 11,708 5,632 6,406 20,555 17,868 684 8,850 2,309 13,470 8,092 7,748 18,431 2,770 2,387 6,549 1,409 8,959 3,631 21,667 17,244 1,627 22,299 9,682 5,428 19,673 875 6,847 3,859 13,307 77,196 3,781 1,795 12,698 25,658 3,652 5,592 963

2018 Total 614,844 47,208 567,636 14,015 1,735 13,683 9,805 34,461 9,774 4,843 2,504 30,132 16,348 1,816 5,444 24,415 11,075 5,434 6,411 20,014 16,759 757 8,141 2,316 12,212 7,838 7,502 19,493 2,841 2,239 6,434 1,335 8,159 3,598 21,691 18,111 1,555 21,774 9,111 5,529 18,550 768 6,598 4,298 13,718 77,714 3,514 2,476 12,862 26,861 4,148 5,836 989

2018 Percent change, Unconditional 2017–2018 (d) (1.3) 157,000 (5.0) 46,440 (1.0) 110,560 2.9 2,973 (10.6) 312 (2.8) 2,132 16.1 792 (6.6) 57 1.1 1,106 (6.3) 2,263 (8.5) 248 (1.1) 18,423 7.5 7,649 (1.0) 345 0.9 445 (9.1) 4,129 (5.4) 1,001 (3.5) 1,151 0.1 1,587 (2.6) 4,600 (6.2) 1,482 N.C. 362 (8.0) 2,512 0.3 1,663 (9.3) 510 (3.1) 810 (3.2) 450 5.8 1,366 2.6 567 (6.2) 471 (1.8) 2,049 N.C. 128 (8.9) 4,681 N.C. 938 0.1 2,072 5.0 2,556 N.C. N.R. (2.4) 8,221 (5.9) 2,137 N.C. 34 (5.7) 3,159 (12.2) 512 (3.6) 1,780 11.4 286 3.1 5,249 0.7 10,008 (7.1) 614 37.9 396 1.3 1,070 4.7 2,335 13.6 910 4.4 270 2.7 194

2018 Conditional (e) 443,342 270 443,072 9,192 1,418 11,422 8,933 33,854 8,512 2,559 2,112 11,245 8,520 713 4,977 20,197 10,007 4,232 4,791 15,032 15,145 395 5,561 613 9,699 6,997 6,712 17,997 2,259 1,756 4,339 1,207 3,284 2,397 19,270 15,442 N.R. 13,398 6,862 5,285 15,199 252 4,714 2,787 8,348 65,069 2,882 2,070 11,669 24,480 2,977 5,502 789

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TABLE 9 .2 8 Admissions and Releases of Sentenced Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities: 2017 and 2018 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2017 and 2018; Prisoners in 2018 NCJ 253516; Date: 4/30/2020 Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. For jurisdiction-level information, see Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. Counts cover January 1 through December 31 for each year and are based on prisoners admitted to or released from state or federal correctional authorities with a sentence of more than one year. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia were the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Key: N.C. — Not calculated. Counts and rates for 2017 and 2018 are not comparable. N.R. — Not reported (a) Excludes transfers, escapes, and absences without leave. Includes other conditional-release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. In 2018, 15,859 (2.7%) of total admissions were due to other conditional-release violations, returns from appeal or bond, and other types of admissions not included among new court commitments or conditional-supervision violations. See Methodology. (b)Excludes transfers, escapes, and absences without leave. Includes deaths, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. In 2018, 14,502 (2.4%) of total releases were due to death, releases to appeal or bond, releases to treatment facilities, and other types of releases not included among unconditional or conditional releases. See Methodology. (c) Includes all conditional-release violators returned to prison from post-custody community supervision, including parole and probation, either for violations of conditions of release or for new crimes. (d) Includes expirations of sentence, commutations, and other unconditional releases. (e) Includes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases. (f) Includes adult prisoners held in non-secure community-corrections facilities and adults and persons age 17 or younger held in privately operated facilities. The 270 conditional releases from federal correctional facilities are persons who were sentenced before the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act, which eliminated federal parole. (g) U.S. total and state estimates for 2017 include imputed counts for New Mexico, North Dakota, and Vermont, which did not submit 2017 National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) data on admissions and releases. U.S. total and state estimates for 2018 include imputed counts for New Hampshire, Oregon, and Vermont, which did not submit 2018 NPS data on admissions or releases. See Methodology in this report and in Prisoners in 2017 (NCJ 252156, BJS, April 2019).

(h) Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. (i) Releases include offenders who received a combined sentence of prison and probation of more than one year. (j) Florida does not report prison admissions for technical violations. All admissions represent new sentences. The 77 admissions due to supervision violations represent persons who committed new crimes while on post-custody community supervision. (k) Due to errors in an undetermined number of admission and release records, Maine’s counts of admissions and releases for 2018 should be regarded as preliminary. (l) Due to implementation concerns with a new information system, Maryland’s counts of admissions and releases for 2017 and 2018 are estimates. (m) Admissions include local jail inmates admitted to the Nevada Department of Corrections due to medical, behavioral, protective, or local staffing issues and persons ordered by judges to serve 6 months or less in prison prior to actual sentencing for felonies. (n) State did not submit 2018 NPS data on admissions or releases. Total and detailed types of admissions and releases were imputed. Estimates of admissions and releases in 2018 are not comparable to data for previous years. See Methodology and Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. (o) State did not submit 2017 NPS data on admissions and releases. Total and detailed types of admissions and releases were imputed and included in U.S. and state totals. See Methodology and Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. (p) Includes all admissions and releases from state prison, regardless of sentence length. See Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. (q) State did not report 2017 NPS data on admissions or releases and reported only the total number of admissions and releases in 2018 without detail. (r) State did not submit 2017 or 2018 NPS data on admissions or releases. Total and detailed types of admissions and releases were imputed and included in U.S. and state totals. See Methodology in this report and in Prisoners in 2017 (NCJ 252156, BJS, April 2019), as well as 2017 and 2018 Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. (s) Admission and release data are based on fiscal year and are preliminary.

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TABLE 9 .2 9 Prison Facility Capacity, Custody Population, and Percent of Capacity: December 31, 2018 State or other jurisdiction Federal (a) Alabama (b) Alaska (c) Arizona (d) Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware (b) Florida Georgia (d) Hawaii Idaho (d) Illinois (e) Indiana (f) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (g) Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (b) Montana Nebraska (b) Nevada New Hampshire (h) New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon (h) Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota (b)(d) Tennessee Texas (b) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Rated capacity 135,424 N/A 4,838 39,714 16,081 N.R. N/A N.R. 5,514 N/A 59,935 N/A N/A 51,329 N/A 6,934 9,974 12,784 17,956 2,365 N.R. N/A 40,454 N/A N.R. N/A 1,236 N.R. 13,803 2,760 16,424 N.R. 50,955 N/A 1,403 N.R. 17,549 14,712 54,531 3,989 N/A N/A 16,009 157,375 N.R. 1,461 N/A N.R. 5,829 N/A 2,427

Type of capacity measure Operational capacity N.R. 22,176 N.R. 41,447 16,120 122,302 14,738 N.R. 5,566 87,103 54,358 3,527 7,288 51,329 29,140 6,934 9,916 12,784 16,344 2,591 21,072 10,208 39,702 9,504 11,839 31,320 1,818 4,094 12,328 2,760 17,753 3,986 51,149 35,138 1,403 N.R. 19,614 15,612 48,961 3,774 21,312 4,406 15,585 151,284 6,771 1,561 29,197 16,775 6,108 23,386 2,116

See footnotes at end of table

4 48â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Design capacity N.R. 12,412 4,664 39,714 15,297 89,763 13,115 N.R. 4,092 N/A N.R. 3,527 N/A N/A N/A 6,934 9,164 12,764 16,764 3,481 N.R. 7,492 N/A N/A N.R. N.R. 1,916 3,375 9,567 1,810 23,072 3,986 50,417 40,237 1,403 N.R. 17,549 14,712 N/A 3,975 N/A N/A N.R. 157,375 7,127 1,561 N/A N.R. 5,829 17,031 2,437

Custody population 151,865 20,875 4,235 41,937 15,578 117,937 16,086 13,228 5,582 85,169 53,268 3,527 8,069 39,392 26,562 8,559 9,938 12,290 14,880 2,384 19,180 8,454 38,761 9,314 10,061 30,335 1,837 5,340 13,182 2,561 16,393 4,572 46,778 35,157 1,336 43,870 19,968 14,707 45,941 2,580 18,559 3,847 11,937 137,286 5,202 1,492 29,577 17,415 5,829 23,576 2,053

Custody population as a percent of: Lowest capacity Highest capacity 112.1 112.1 168.2 94.1 90.8 87.5 105.6 101.2 101.8 96.6 131.4 96.4 122.7 109.1 N.R. N.R. 136.4 100.3 97.8 97.8 98 88.9 100 100 110.7 110.7 76.7 76.7 91.2 91.2 123.4 123.4 108.4 99.6 96.3 96.1 91 82.9 100.8 68.5 91 91 112.8 82.8 97.6 95.8 98 98 85 85 96.9 96.9 148.6 95.9 158.2 130.4 137.8 95.5 141.5 92.8 99.8 71.1 114.7 114.7 92.8 91.5 100.1 87.4 95.2 95.2 N.R. N.R. 113.8 101.8 100 94.2 93.8 84.2 68.4 64.7 87.1 87.1 87.3 87.3 76.6 74.6 90.7 87.2 76.8 73 102.1 95.6 101.3 101.3 103.8 103.8 100 95.4 138.4 100.8 97 84.2

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TABLE 9 .2 9 Prison Facility Capacity, Custody Population, and Percent of Capacity: December 31, 2018 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics, 2018; Prisoners in 2018 NCJ 253516; Date 4/30/2020 Note: Excludes prisoners held in local jails, other states, or private facilities, unless otherwise noted. Rated capacity is the number of prisoners or beds that a facility can hold as set by a rating official. Operational capacity is the number of prisoners that a facility can hold based on staffing and services. Design capacity is the number of prisoners that a facility can hold as set by the architect or planner. Lowest capacity represents the minimum estimate of capacity submitted by the jurisdiction, while highest capacity represents the maximum estimate of capacity. When a jurisdiction could provide only a single estimate of capacity, it was used as both the lowest and highest capacity. For jurisdiction-level information, see Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. As of December 31, 2001, sentenced felons from the District of Columbia were the responsibility of the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Key: N/A — Not available. State does not measure this type of capacity. N.R. — Not reported.

(a) Due to differences in the dates when data were extracted, the federal custody count reported for the calculation of capacity differs slightly from the year-end custody count reported in the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS). The count includes all federal prisoners, regardless of conviction status or sentence length. (b) State defines capacity differently than BJS does. See Jurisdiction notes on the BJS website. (c) Alaska’s capacity excludes non-traditional confinement such as halfway houses and electronic monitoring. (d) Private facilities are included in capacity and custody counts. (e) Illinois’ rated capacity is under revision, and these numbers are the ceiling operational capacity. Numbers are not comparable to prior reports. (f) Indiana’s capacity includes state-owned facilities that are staffed with employees of a private correctional company. (g) Maryland’s operational capacity may include some pre-trial detainee beds excluded from the custody count. (h) Assumed to have not changed from the most recent year the state submitted NPS data.

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C R IMIN A L JUSTICE / CO R R E CT IO N S

TABLE 9 .3 0 Adults on Probation, 2016 Probation population State or other jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California (b) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia (c) Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin (d) Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

2016 1/1/2016 (a) 3,725,638 18,320 3,707,318 51,694 6,513 76,005 29,003 238,911 78,810 42,064 15,646 221,446 410,964 20,912 32,898 122,125 111,709 29,819 16,588 52,266 40,959 6,702 76,505 64,934 175,189 98,165 36,333 44,762 8,818 12,626 13,724 3,861 136,137 13,778 101,789 85,634 6,343 236,375 31,281 35,938 183,868 23,920 33,652 6,959 62,829 378,514 12,164 5,164 55,472 93,953 7,008 46,183 5,113 5,546

Entries 1,574,587 8,240 1,566,347 14,477 6,942 24,136 11,328 138,876 55,501 21,483 12,463 128,167 NK 4,400 12,480 42,970 77,640 15,502 21,493 17,125 12,875 3,290 33,494 65,772 NK 47,266 9,753 25,127 4,444 9,951 5,724 2,508 32,456 6,288 26,494 48,995 4,591 122,295 13,004 28,028 94,091 NK 13,483 3,311 23,703 144,055 5,616 NK 33,897 37,969 NK NK 2,564 4,576

See footnotes at end of table

4 50 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Change during 2016 Exits 1,928,687 9,155 1,919,532 13,994 6,834 22,768 9,450 136,166 53,701 20,920 12,714 136,484 NK 4,796 12,969 51,106 81,047 16,067 21,427 17,834 13,660 3,307 37,470 68,917 NK 48,579 17,019 26,090 4,143 12,425 5,414 2,430 28,004 13,615 30,355 52,163 4,593 123,450 10,723 27,308 97,467 NK 14,501 3,660 23,431 148,284 5,551 NK 37,532 37,108 1,539 6,351 2,758 4,284

12/31/2016 (a) 3,673,120 17,284 3,655,836 52,177 6,621 77,373 30,881 239,735 80,740 41,311 15,395 214,066 NK 20,516 32,409 113,989 108,302 29,254 16,654 48,457 40,174 6,817 72,529 61,789 NK 96,852 29,067 43,799 9,132 13,489 13,724 3,939 140,589 12,714 97,928 82,466 6,341 236,754 33,562 36,658 180,492 22,781 32,634 6,610 62,609 374,285 12,229 4,904 60,821 89,317 6,523 44,489 4,666 5,838

Number (52,518) (1,036) (51,482) 483 108 1,368 1,878 824 1,930 (753) (251) (7,380) NK (396) (489) (8,136) (3,407) (565) 66 (3,809) (785) 115 (3,976) (3,145) NK (1,313) (7,266) (963) 314 863 0 78 4,452 (1,064) (3,861) (3,168) (2) 379 2,281 720 (3,376) (1,139) (1,018) (349) (220) (4,229) 65 (260) 5,349 (4,636) (485) (1,694) (194) 292

Percent (1.4) (5.7) (1.4) 0.9 1.7 1.8 6.5 1.0 2.4 (1.8) (1.6) (3.3) NK (1.9) (1.5) (6.7) (3.0) (1.9) 0.4 (7.3) (1.9) 1.7 (5.2) (4.8) NK (1.3) (20.0) (2.2) 3.6 6.8 ≤ 2.0 3.3 (7.7) (3.8) (3.7) ≤ 0.2 7.3 2.0 (1.8) (4.8) (3.0) (5.0) (0.4) (1.1) 0.5 (5.0) 9.6 (4.9) (6.9) (3.7) (4.0) 5.3

Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/2016 (a) 1,466 7 1,459 1,382 1,193 1,447 1,347 791 1,870 1,461 2,049 1,288 NK 1,828 2,578 1,154 2,135 1,213 758 1,411 1,124 632 1,550 1,133 NK 2,280 1,280 928 1,115 937 601 366 2,015 798 628 1,044 1,090 2,624 1,129 1,127 1,783 2,680 839 1,009 1,209 1,805 568 969 927 1,565 448 988 1,046 1,034

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TABLE 9 .3 0 Adults on Probation, 2016 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2016. Note: Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December, 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. Counts may not be actual as reporting agencies may provide estimates on some or all detailed data. January 1, 2015, plus entries, minus exits. Counts may not be actual as reporting agencies may provide estimates on some or all detailed data.

Key: ≤—Less than 0.05% NK—Not known (a) Rates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. (b) January 1, 2016, reflects a reporting change resulting in a decrease of 24,650 from the population reported for December 31, 2015. (c) January 1, 2016, reflects a reporting change resulting in a decrease of 21,271 from the population reported for December 31, 2015.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 5 1

C R IMIN A L JUSTICE / CO R R E CT IO N S

TABLE 9 .3 1 Adults on Parole, 2016 Parole population State or other jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California (b) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin (c) Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

2016 1/1/2016 870,657 114,746 755,911 8,150 2,100 7,379 22,910 86,053 9,953 2,939 425 4,611 24,413 1,479 4,875 29,629 9,420 5,901 4,331 16,536 31,187 21 10,887 1,995 .. 6,810 8,424 17,657 1,092 1,050 5,507 2,451 15,180 2,763 44,562 11,744 634 18,284 2,116 24,077 112,351 441 4,963 2,673 13,063 111,892 3,502 1,083 1,576 11,131 3,123 20,241 783 4,548

Entries (a) 422,975 45,469 377,506 2,515 717 11,481 10,868 26,007 7,657 2,591 129 6,110 9,434 629 3,055 23,889 7,056 3,810 4,465 10,757 15,888 1 4,295 2,111 .. 7,129 6,597 13,255 533 1,537 3,635 1,461 5,539 2,384 20,443 13,647 1,545 8,085 383 9,561 61,179 239 2,460 1,788 3,353 35,398 2,640 .. 711 5,782 2,113 .. 691 1,330

Exits (a) 428,022 48,108 379,914 2,103 1,005 11,360 9,902 23,212 7,424 2,151 167 6,155 11,461 822 2,876 25,083 8,091 3,660 3,966 11,910 16,168 1 4,877 2,255 .. 6,864 6,376 13,120 551 1,499 3,881 1,476 5,591 2,367 20,579 12,388 1,375 6,735 604 8,927 62,443 220 3,076 1,774 4,324 36,003 2,435 .. 601 5,591 1,686 1,450 632 1,853

See footnotes at end of table

4 52â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

12/31/2016 874,777 114,385 760,392 8,562 1,812 7,500 23,792 93,598 10,186 3,379 387 4,566 22,386 1,367 5,054 29,428 8,385 6,051 4,830 15,383 30,907 21 10,305 1,851 .. 7,075 8,645 17,792 1,074 1,088 5,261 2,436 15,128 2,780 44,426 12,726 804 19,634 1,895 24,711 111,087 460 4,347 2,687 12,092 111,287 3,707 935 1,650 11,322 3,550 20,401 842 4,025

Change during 2016 Number Percent 4,120 0.5 (361) (0.3) 4,481 0.6 412 5.1 (288) (13.7) 121 1.6 882 3.8 7,545 8.8 233 2.3 440 15 (38) (8.9) (45) (1) (2,027) (8.3) (112) (7.6) 179 3.7 (201) (0.7) (1,035) (11) 150 2.5 499 11.5 (1,153) (7) (280) (0.9) 0 -(582) (5.3) (144) (7.2) .. .. 265 3.9 221 2.6 135 0.8 (18) (1.6) 38 3.6 (246) (4.5) (15) (0.6) (52) (0.3) 17 0.6 (136) (0.3) 982 8.4 170 26.8 1,350 7.4 (221) (10.4) 634 2.6 (1,264) (1.1) 19 4.3 (616) (12.4) 14 0.5 (971) (7.4) (605) (0.5) 205 5.9 (148) (13.7) 74 4.7 191 1.7 427 13.7 160 0.8 59 7.5 (523) (11.5)

Number on parole on 12/31/16 per100,000 adult residents (a) 349 46 303 227 326 140 1,038 309 236 119 52 27 285 122 402 298 165 251 220 448 864 2 220 34 216 167 381 377 131 76 230 226 217 175 285 161 138 218 64 760 1,097 54 112 410 234 537 172 185 25 198 244 453 189 713

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TABLE 9 .3 1 Adults on Parole, 2016 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Parole Survey, 2016. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2016 NCJ 250230, December 2016. Note: Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December, 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. Counts may not be actual as reporting agencies may provide estimates on some or all detailed data. Key: -- Less than 0.05%. .. Not known.

(a) Rates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. (b) Includes Post-Release Community Supervision and Mandatory Supervision parolees: 44,687 parolees on January 1, 2016; and 27,093 entries, 22,343 exits, and 49,437 parolees on December 31, 2016. (c) Exits reported were deaths and absconders.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 5 3

C R IMIN A L JUSTICE / CO R R E CT IO N S

TABLE 9 .3 2 Adults Under Community Supervision, 2016 State or jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin (c) Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Community supervision population, January 1, 2015 (a) 4,723,100 128,400 4,594,700 60,900 .. 80,700 49,200 372,800 89,100 45,600 16,300 232,100 502,200 22,500 37,700 151,800 126,100 35,400 20,400 70,700 70,600 6,600 91,100 70,200 192,700 103,700 44,300 65,600 9,800 13,700 18,000 6,300 152,000 17,600 150,300 99,300 6,200 258,400 31,100 .. 281,400 24,000 39,600 9,300 77,800 496,900 15,100 6,300 56,700 105,000 9,900 65,900 5,700 11,100

Entries 2,244,000 58,600 2,185,400 20,500 .. 38,100 20,800 182,500 62,000 25,000 12,800 155,100 267,700 5,700 15,600 .. 83,600 18,000 25,200 37,800 29,800 3,300 42,900 68,800 104,500 55,200 17,800 37,800 4,400 10,500 9,700 4,100 33,200 8,200 45,800 63,700 5,600 131,200 13,000 .. 177,700 300 16,100 5,200 26,400 182,600 7,900 .. 29,900 44,900 2,000 .. 3,000 5,700

Exits 2,307,800 55,600 2,252,300 16,900 .. 35,500 18,800 192,700 62,900 23,700 13,100 161,600 324,100 6,000 15,500 .. 87,200 17,700 24,700 37,800 28,400 3,200 46,600 72,100 104,600 53,800 17,300 40,800 4,600 10,500 8,400 4,100 33,900 7,900 50,600 64,400 4,900 129,700 10,700 .. 162,800 200 17,200 4,700 28,800 191,300 7,300 .. 29,600 38,900 2,600 200 2,800 7,100

See footnotes at end of table

4 54â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Community super( vision population, 12/31/2015/(a) 4,650,900 132,800 4,518,100 64,600 .. 83,300 51,500 349,600 89,200 45,300 16,100 225,400 451,800 22,500 37,800 151,300 122,500 35,600 20,900 70,600 71,900 6,700 87,400 66,900 193,900 105,100 44,800 62,600 9,700 13,700 19,200 6,300 151,300 16,800 145,600 97,400 6,900 262,000 33,400 .. 296,200 24,400 38,500 9,800 75,400 488,800 15,700 6,300 57,000 104,700 10,100 65,600 5,900 9,900

Change, 2015 Number (72,200) 4,400 (76,600) 3,700 .. 2,600 2,200 (23,200) 100 (400) (300) (6,700) (50,300) 0 100 (600) (3,600) 200 500 0 1,300 100 (3,700) (3,300) 1,200 1,400 500 (3,000) (100) 0 1,300 0 (700) (900) (4,800) (1,900) 700 3,600 2,300 .. 14,900 400 (1,000) 500 (2,400) (8,000) 600 0 400 (300) 200 (300) 200 (1,100)

Percent (1.5) 3.4 (1.7) 6 .. 3.2 4.5 (6.2) 0.1 (0.8) (1.7) (2.9) (10) (0.1) 0.2 (0.4) (2.8) 0.7 2.6 (0.1) 1.8 2.2 (4) (4.7) 0.6 1.3 1.1 (4.6) (0.6) (0.1 7.1 0.1 (0.5) (4.9) (3.2) (1.9) 11.8 1.4 7.3 .. 5.3 1.6 (2.6) 5.6 (3.1) (1.6) 3.8 -0.6 (0.2) 2.1 (0.5) 4 (10.3)

Number under community supervision per 100,000 adult residents, December 31, 2015 (b) 1,868 53 1,814 1,714 .. 1,589 2,256 1,158 2,102 1,598 2,155 1,381 5,823 1,996 3,071 1,526 2,423 1,481 951 2,063 2,014 626 1,870 1,232 2,507 2,489 1,972 1,329 1,198 955 858 590 2,167 1,054 931 1,249 1,179 2,908 1,126 .. 2,923 2,873 1,006 1,505 1,470 2,390 746 1,236 873 1,870 692 1,462 1,323 1,776

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TABLE 9 .3 2 Adults Under Community Supervision, 2016 (continued) Source:Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2016. Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. Key: -- Less than 0.05%. .. Not known.

(a) The January 1, 2016, population excludes 9,375 offenders and the December 31, 2016, population excludes 10,822 offenders under community supervision who were on both probation and parole. (b) Rates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. (c) Exits reported were deaths and absconders.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 5 5

C R IMIN A L JUSTICE / CO R R E CT IO N S

TA BLE 9 .3 3 Capital Punishment State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (e) Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (e) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (e) Nebraska (s) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma (e) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina (e) South Dakota Tennessee Texas (e)

Capital offenses by state Intentional murder (Ala. Stat. Ann. 13A-5-40(a)(1)-(18)) with 10 aggravating factors (Ala. Stat. Ann. 13A-5-49). … First-degree murder, including pre-meditated murder and felony murder, accompanied by at least 1 of 14 aggravating factors (A.R.S. § 13-703(F)). Capital murder (Ark. Code Ann. § 5-10-101) with a finding of at least 1 of 10 aggravating circumstances; treason (Ark. Code Ann. § 5-51-201) . First-degree murder with special circumstances; military sabotage; death in the course of train wrecking; treason; perjury causing execution of an innocent person; fatal assault by a prisoner serving a life sentence. First-degree murder with at least 1 of 17 aggravating factors; first-degree kidnapping resulting in death; treason. … (c) …(d) First-degree murder with aggravating factors; felony murder. Murder with aggravating circumstances; rape, armed robbery, or kidnapping with bodily injury or ransom when the victim dies; aircraft hijacking; treason (O.C.G.A. § 17-10-30). … First-degree murder with aggravating factors; first-degree kidnapping; perjury resulting in the execution of an innocent person. … (f) Murder with 18 aggravating circumstances (IC 35-50-2-9). … Intentional and premeditated killing of a person in one or more of seven different circumstances (K.S.A. 21-5401). Capital murder with presence of at least one statutory aggravating circumstance; capital kidnapping (KRS 532.025). First-degree murder with aggravating circumstances (La. R.S. 14:30); treason (La. R.S. 14:113). … … (h) … … … Capital murder with aggravating circumstances (Miss Code Ann. § 97-3-19(2)); aircraft piracy (Miss Code Ann. § 97-25-55(1)). First-degree murder with at least 1 statutory aggravating circumstances (565.020 RSMO 2000). Capital murder with 1 of 9 aggravating circumstances (Mont. Code Ann. § 46-18303); aggravated kidnapping; felony murder; capital sexual intercourse without consent (Mont. Code Ann. § 45-5-503). First-degree murder with a finding of one or more statutory aggravating circumstances First-degree murder with at least 1 of 15 aggravating circumstances (NRS 200.030, 200.033, 200.035). … (i) … (j) … (k) First-degree murder with 1 of 13 aggravating factors (NY Penal Law §125.27). (l) First-degree murder (NCGS §14-17) with the finding of at least 1 of 11 statutory aggravating circumstances.(N.C.G.S. §15A-2000). … Aggravated murder with at least 1 of 10 aggravating circumstances (O.R.C. secs. 2903.01, 2929.02, and 2929.04). First-degree murder in conjunction with a finding of at least 1 of 8 statutorilydefined aggravating circumstances. (n) Aggravated murder (ORS 163.095). First-degree murder with 18 aggravating circumstances. … Murder with 1 of 12 aggravating circumstances (§ 16-3-20(C)(a)). First-degree murder with 1 of 10 aggravating circumstances (S.D.C.L. 23A-27A-1). First-degree murder (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202) with 1 of 15 aggravating circumstances (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204). Criminal homicide with 1 of 9 aggravating circumstances (TX Penal Code § 19.03).

See footnotes at end of table

4 56 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Prisoners under sentence of death

Capital punishment abolished

175 …

1957

Method of execution Lethal injection, electrocution, lethal gas (u) …

119

Lethal gas or lethal injection (a)

Lethal injection or electrocution (b)

725

Lethal injection or lethal gas

3 … (d)

Lethal injection 2012 2016

347 48 …

Lethal injection 1957

8 … 8 …

… … Lethal injection or electrocution (v)

… Lethal injection

2011 1965

… Lethal injection …

Lethal injection

Electrocution or lethal injection (g)

69 … … … … …

Lethal injection 1887 2013 1984 1846 1911

… (h) … … … Lethal injection, lethal gas, electrocution (w)

Lethal injection or lethal gas

Lethal injection

74 1 … 0 0

Lethal injection 2019 2007 2009 2007

145 …

Lethal injection 1973

141

52 218

… Lethal injection

46 31 147 … 40 1

(i) … (k) (l)

1984

Electrocution, lethal injection or firing squad (m) Lethal injection Lethal injection … Electrocution or lethal injection Lethal injection Lethal injection or electrocution (o) Lethal injection

C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S

TA BLE 9 .3 3 Capital Punishment (continued) State or other jurisdiction Utah

Prisoners under sentence of death

Capital offenses by state Aggravated murder (Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-202).

Vermont

…

Virginia

… Pre-meditated murder with 1 of 15 aggravating circumstances (VA Code § 18.2-31 (1-15)). Washington (t) West Virginia … Wisconsin … First-degree murder; murder during the commission of sexual assault, sexual abuse Wyoming of a minor, arson, robbery, burglary, escape, resisting arrest, kidnapping, or abuse of a minor under 16 (W.S.A. § 6-2-101 (a)). Dist. of Columbia … American Samoa First-degree murder (ASC §46.3513). (p) Guam … CNMI* … Puerto Rico … U.S. Virgin Islands …

Sources: The U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment, 2016 - Statistical Tables, April 2018; The Death Penalty Information Center, 2020. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Notes: 1. The United States Supreme Court ruling in Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005) declared unconstitutional the imposition of the death penalty on persons under the age of 18. 2. The United States Supreme Court ruling in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002) declared unconstitutional the imposition of the death penalty on mentally handicapped persons. 3. The method of execution of Federal prisoners is lethal injection, pursuant to 28 CFR, Part 26. For offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the execution method is that of the State in which the conviction took place (18 U.S.C. 3596). Key: … — No capital punishment statute. (a) Arizona authorizes lethal injection for persons sentenced after November 15, 1992; inmates sentenced before that date may select lethal injection or gas. (b) Lethal injection is the method unless it is “invalidated by a finald and unappealable court order” and then the execution shall be electrocution.” (c) On April 25, 2012, Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy signed into law a bill (SB 280) repealing the state’s death penalty. The repeal law did not affect the status of the 11 prisoners then on death row. The Connecticut Supreme Court subsequently ruled in August 2015 that the death penalty violated the state constitution. The Court reaffirmed that holding in May 2016 and reiterated that the state’s remaining death row prisoners must be resentenced to life without possibility of parole. (d) The Delaware Supreme Court declared the state’s death-penalty statute unconstutitional in 2016. The state’s 13 former death-row prisoners have been resentenced to life without parole. (e) The United States Supreme Court struck a portion of the Louisiana capital statute on June 25, 2008 (Kennedy v. Louisiana, U.S. 128 S.Ct. 2641). The statute (La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14:42(D)(2))

Capital punishment abolished

… … …

1964

Electrocution or lethal injection 2018 1965 1853

1 … 0 … … … …

Method of execution Lethal injection or firing squad (p) …

(t) … … Lethal injection or lethal gas (q)

1981

… Hanging (r) … … … …

allowing execution as a punishment for the rape of a minor when no murder had been committed had been ruled constitutionally permissible by the Louisiana Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court found that since no national consensus existed for application of the death penalty in cases of rape where no murder had been committed, such laws constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The ruling affects laws passed in Florida, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, and Montana. (f) Governor Pat Quinn signed a bill (SB 3539) on March 9, 2011 that abolishes the death penalty effective July 1, 2011. He commuted all death sentences to life without parole. (g) Kentucky authorizes lethal injection for persons sentenced on or after March 31, 1998; inmates sentenced before that date may select lethal injection or electrocution. (h) On May 2, 2013, Governor Martin O’Malley signed into law a bill (SB 276) that abolishes the death penalty for future crimes. Gov. O’Malley announced on December 31, 2014, that he would commute the sentences of the four remaining death-row inmates to life in prison without the possibility of parole. (i) The N.H. Legislature abolished the death penalty when they voted to override Gov. Sununu’s veto of the legislation on May 30, 2019. The state has only one person on death row and last carried out an execution in 1939. The abolishment of the death penalty does not apply to the one person on death row. (j) New Jersey repealed its death penalty statute in 2007. (k) Gov. Bill Richardson signed a bill in March of 2009 abolishing the death penalty. The law is not retroactive and leaves two inmates on death row. (l) The New York Court of Appeals has held that a portion of New York’s death penalty sentencing statute (C.P.L. 400.27) was unconstitutional (People v. Taylor, 9 N.Y.3d 129 (2007)). No legislative action has been taken to amend the statute. As a result, capital cases are no longer pursued in New York. (m) Oklahoma authorizes electrocution if lethal injection is held to be unconstitutional, and firing squad if both lethal injection and electrocution are held to be unconstitutional.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 5 7

C R IMIN A L JUSTICE / CO R R E CT IO N S

TA BLE 9 .3 3 Capital Punishment (continued) (n) In November 2011, Governor John Kitzhaber placed a moratorium on all executions in Oregon. An amended bill to narrow the circumstances in which the death penalty may be imposed in Oregon has passed the state senate. On May 21, 2019 the Oregon Senate passed SB 1013, which would limit the state’s use of capital punishment to three aggravating circumstances. The bill would allow prosecutors to pursue the death penalty for only three crimes: acts of terrorism in which at least two people are killed, the murder of a child younger than age 14, and murder committed in prison by a person already incarcerated for a previous murder conviction. Under Oregon’s current law, 12 aggravating factors can make a murder death-eligible. (o) Tennessee authorizes lethal injection for those whose capital offense occurred after December 31, 1998; those who committed the offense before that date may select electrocution by written waiver. (p) Authorizes firing squad if lethal injection is held unconstitutional. Inmates who selected execution by firing squad prior to May 3, 2004, may still be entitled to execution by that method. (q) Wyoming authorizes lethal gas if lethal injection is ever held to be unconstitutional.

4 58 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(r) The last execution was in the 1920s. (s) In a referendum on the November 8, 2016 ballot 60 percent of Nebraska voters elect to keep the death penalty and lethal injection as state law after it had been repealed by the legislature. On January 26, 2017 Gov. Ricketts signed a flexible execution protocol, allowing acquisition of necessary drugs to resume. (t) On October 11, 2018, the Washington Supreme Court declared the state’s death penalty statute unconstitutional, saying that it was applied in an arbitrary and racially discriminatory manner. (u) Effective July 1, 2018, lethal injection will be administered unless the prisoner affirmatively chooses lethal gas or electrocution “in writing and delivered to the warden within 30 days after the certficate of judgement.” (v) Lethal injection will be administered unless the prisoner affiramtely chooses electrocution. (w) Authorizes the use of lethal gas if either lethal injection is held unconstitutional or “otherwise unavailable;” then authorizes electrocution if both of those are held unconstitutionl or “otherwise unavailable.”

E M E R G E N CY M A N AG E M E N T

TA BLE 9 .3 4 State Emergency Management Agency Structures and Staffing State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia

Position appointed ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★

Appointed/ selected by G G ADJ G G GHSA PSS G G G G ADJ G G G G G G G G G G PSS G G ADJ ADJ PSS G G G G G ADJ PSS G ADJ G G ADJ PSS G G PSS PSS G ADJ G G G M

Organizational structure Governor's Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Adjutant General/Military Affairs Public Safety Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security Public Safety Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security Public Safety Governor's Office Governor's Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor's Office Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security Adjutant General/Military Affairs Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor's Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Adjutant General/Military Affairs Public Safety State Police Public Safety Public Safety Public Safety Adjutant General/Military Affairs Adjutant General/Military Affairs Public Safety Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security State Police Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security Public Safety Adjutant General/Military Affairs Public Safety Governor's Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor's Office Governor's Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Public Safety Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor's Office/TX A&M University System Public Safety Public Safety Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security Adjutant General/Military Affairs Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor's Office Combined Emergency Management/Homeland Security

Source: National Emergency Management Association, June 2020. Key: ★ Yes … - No G-Governor ADJ-Adjutant General

Agency operating budget for FY 2019 (excluding federal funds) $5,212,341 2,491,000 2,969,789 9,457,514 278,882,000 37,859,887 6,160,819 2,242,899 62,379,027 3,779,786 2,584,000 2,129,900 38,000,000 33,028,314 3,796,470 1,080,190 6,276,815 4,120,341 1,941,123 2,323,471 1,030,226 6,549,700 8,348,061 4,298,000 5,771,441 1,167,940 1,763,658 636,000 3,723,258 1,800,000 2,555,000 9,900,000 12,190,214 4,083,617 6,924,000 496,122 4,269,519 19,004,000 3,023,309 3,023,807 768,293 7,806,400 5,210,826 1,447,700 421,265 11,591,218 4,142,000 3,642,326 3,446,996 1,639,108 5,135,000

FTEs 94 61 (a) 50 108 (a) 1251 (a) 139 (a) 57 (a) 39 175 140 (a) 101 34 163 (a) 247 (a) 61 (a) 49 93 56 (a) 29 (a) 67 80 79 (a) 65 (a) 152 94 23 (a) 41 (a) 34 (a) 43 (a) 250 65 (a) 574 (a) 197 (a) 41 (a) 94 41 48 (a) 173 32 67 20 110 330 58 (a) 24 160 (a) 113 (a) 84 (a) 65 (a) 22 (a) 141 (a)

GHSA-Governor’s Homeland Security Advisor M-Mayor PSS-Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner (a) Combined EM/HS staff.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 5 9

EME RGE NCY MA N AG E ME N T

TA BLE 9 .3 5 State Homeland Security Structures and Staffing State homeland security advisor

Homeland security organizations

Designated homeland security advisor Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Adjutant General Homeland Security Director Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Adjutant General Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Adjutant General Homeland Security Director Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Adjutant General Homeland Security Director Homeland Security Director State Police Superintendent/Director/Commissioner Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Homeland Security Director Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Adjutant General Lieutenant Governor Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Homeland Security Director

New Mexico

Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director

Homeland Security (stand-alone office)

65 (a)

Homeland Security Director Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Homeland Security Director Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Homeland Security Director Adjutant General Homeland Security Director Adjutant General State Police Superintendent/Director/Commissioner Homeland Security Director Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner State Police Superintendent/Director/Commissioner Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Public Safety Secretary/Commissioner Adjutant General Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt/Homeland Security Director Adjutant General Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director Dual Title-Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Director

Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Public Safety Adjutant General/Military Affairs Public Safety Homeland Security (stand-alone office) Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor’s Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs State Police Public Safety Public Safety Public Safety Public Safety State Police Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor’s Office Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office

574 (a) 197 (a) 41 (a) 43 17 48 (a) 8 3 15 3 25 5 58 (a) 4 160 (a) 113 (a) 84 (a) 65 (a) 22 (a) 141 (a)

Source: National Emergency Management Association’s 2020 NEMA Biennial Survey. Key: (a) Includes homeland security and emergency management positions.

4 60 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Day-to-Day operations under Public Safety Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Homeland Security (stand-alone office) Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Public Safety Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Public Safety Public Safety Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Adjutant General/Military Affairs Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor’s Office Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Adjutant General/Military Affairs Governor’s Office Public Safety State Police Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Governor’s Office Public Safety Adjutant General/Military Affairs Combined Emerg. Mgt./Homeland Security Office Public Safety Public Safety Homeland Security (stand-alone office)

Full-time employee positions 5 61 (a) 15 108 (a) 1251 (a) 139 (a) 57 (a) 1 27 140 (a) 9 5 163 (a) 247 (a) 61 (a) 5 16 56 (a) 29 (a) 1 12 79 (a) 65 (a) 18 7 23 (a) 41 (a) 34 (a) 43 (a) 130

HE A LTH CA R E

TA BLE 9 .3 6 Statewide Mutual Aid Agreements and Authorities State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Opt in … … « … …

Opt out … « … … «

Legisalation … « « « «

Policy … « … … «

MOA « « « … «

Executive order … … … … …

… … …

« … …

« « …

… … …

… … «

… … …

… « … … … … « … … « « « « … …

… … « « « … … « … … … … … … «

… « « « « « « « « « « « « … «

… … … … … … … … … … « « « … …

« « … … … … « « « « « « « …

… … … … … … … … … … … « « … …

… …

« …

… …

… «

… …

… … … « … …

« … … … « «

« … … « « «

« … … … … …

« « « … … …

… … … … … …

… … … … …

… … « … «

… « « « «

… … … … «

« … « … «

… … … … …

« … … « …

… « … … …

« « … « …

… … … … …

… … « « «

… … … … …

Source: National Emergency Management Association, June 2020. Key: « — Yes … — No

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 6 1

CHAPTER TEN

S TAT E PA G E S

STATE PAG E S

TABLE 1 0 .1 Official Names of States and Jurisdictions, Capitals, Zip Codes and Central Switchboards State or other jurisdiction Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arizona, State of Arkansas, State of California, State of Colorado, State of Connecticut, State of Delaware, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Hawaii, State of Idaho, State of Illinois, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, Commonwealth of Louisiana, State of Maine, State of Maryland, State of Massachusetts, Commonwealth of Michigan, State of Minnesota, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of Nevada, State of New Hampshire, State of New Jersey, State of New Mexico, State of New York, State of North Carolina, State of North Dakota, State of Ohio, State of Oklahoma, State of Oregon, State of Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Texas, State of Utah, State of Vermont, State of Virginia, Commonwealth of Washington, State of West Virginia, State of Wisconsin, State of Wyoming, State of District of Columbia American Samoa, Territory of Guam, Territory of No. Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of U.S. Virgin Islands, Territory of

Name of state capitol (a) State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Hall The Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House Statehouse State Capitol The Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Statehouse State Capitol State Capitol The Capitol State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State Capitol Legislative Building State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol John A. Wilson Building Maota Fono Complex Congress Building Capital Hill The Capitol Legislature Building

Capital Montgomery Juneau Phoenix Little Rock Sacramento Denver Hartford Dover Tallahassee Atlanta Honolulu Boise Springfield Indianapolis Des Moines Topeka Frankfort Baton Rouge Augusta Annapolis Boston Lansing St. Paul Jackson Jefferson City Helena Lincoln Carson City Concord Trenton Santa Fe Albany Raleigh Bismarck Columbus Oklahoma City Salem Harrisburg Providence Columbia Pierre Nashville Austin Salt Lake City Montpelier Richmond Olympia Charleston Madison Cheyenne ... Pago Pago Hagatna Saipan San Juan Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas

Zip code 36130 99801 85007 72201 95814 80203 06106 19901 32399 30334 96813 83720 62706 46204 50319 66612 40601 70804 04333 21401 02133 48909 55155 39215 65101 59620 68509 89701 03301 08625 87501 12224 27601 58505 43215 73105 97301 17120 02903 29201 57501 37243 78711 84114 05609 23219 98504 25305 53702 82002 20004 96799 96910 96950 00902 00802

Area code 334 907 602 501 916 303 860 302 850 404 808 208 217 317 515 785 502 225 207 410 617 517 651 601 573 406 402 775 603 609 505 518 919 701 614 405 503 717 401 803 605 615 512 801 802 804 360 304 608 307 202 684 671 670 787 340

Central switchboard (b) 242-7100 465-2111 542-4331 682-2345 445-2841 866-2471 566-4840 744-4101 717-9337 656-1776 586-2211 334-2100 782-0244 232-4567 281-5211 296-3232 564-2611 342-7015 287-3531 974-3901 725-4005 373-3400 201-3400 359-3150 751-0290 444-3111 471-2244 684-5670 271-2121 292-6000 476-2200 474-8390 733-5811 328-2200 466-3555 521-2342 378-4582 787-2500 222-2080 734-2100 773-3212 741-2001 463-2000 538-1000 828-3333 786-2211 902-4111 558-2000 266-1212 777-7434 727-6300 633-4116 472-8931 664-2280 721-7000 774-0001

Key: (a) In some instances the name is not official. (b) Numbers generally come from an executive branch office, such as the office of the governor.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 6 5

STATE PAGE S

TABLE 1 0 .2 Historical Data on the States and Territories State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands

Date organized Date admitted Chronological order of Source of state or territorial lands as territory to Union admission to Union Mississippi Territory, 1798 (a) March 3, 1817 Dec. 14, 1819 22 Purchased from Russia, 1867 Aug. 24, 1912 Jan. 3, 1959 49 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 (b) Feb. 24, 1863 Feb. 14, 1912 48 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 March 2, 1819 June 15, 1836 25 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 (c) Sept. 9, 1850 31 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d) Feb. 28, 1861 Aug. 1, 1876 38 Fundamental Orders, Jan. 14, 1638; Royal charter, April 23, 1662 (e) Jan. 9, 1788 (f) 5 Swedish charter, 1638; English charter, 1638 (e) Dec. 7, 1787 (f) 1 Ceded by Spain, 1819 March 30, 1822 March 3, 1845 27 Charter, 1732, from George II to Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia (e) Jan. 2, 1788 (f) 4 Annexed, 1898 June 14, 1900 Aug. 21, 1959 50 Treaty with Britain, 1846 March 4, 1863 July 3, 1890 43 Northwest Territory, 1787 Feb. 3, 1809 Dec. 3, 1818 21 Northwest Territory, 1787 May 7, 1800 Dec. 11, 1816 19 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 June 12, 1838 Dec. 28, 1846 29 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d) May 30, 1854 Jan. 29, 1861 34 Part of Virginia until admitted as state (c) June 1, 1792 15 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (g) March 26, 1804 April 30, 1812 18 Part of Massachusetts until admitted as state (c) March 15, 1820 23 Charter, 1632, from Charles I to Calvert (e) April 28, 1788 (f) 7 Charter to Massachusetts Bay Company, 1629 (e) Feb. 6, 1788 (f) 6 Northwest Territory, 1787 Jan. 11, 1805 Jan. 26, 1837 26 Northwest Territory, 1787 (h) March 3, 1849 May 11, 1858 32 Mississippi Territory (i) April 7, 1798 Dec. 10, 1817 20 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 June 4, 1812 Aug. 10, 1821 24 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (j) May 26, 1864 Nov. 8, 1889 41 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 May 30, 1854 March 1, 1867 37 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 March 2, 1861 Oct. 31, 1864 36 Grants from Council for New England, 1622 and 1629; made Royal province, 1679 (e) June 21, 1788 (f) 9 Dutch settlement, 1618; English charter, 1664 (e) Dec. 18, 1787 (f) 3 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 (b) Sept. 9, 1850 Jan. 6, 1912 47 Dutch settlement, 1623; English control, 1664 (e) July 26, 1788 (f) 11 Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e) Nov. 21, 1789 (f) 12 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (k) March 2, 1861 Nov. 2, 1889 39 Northwest Territory, 1787 May 7, 1800 March 1, 1803 17 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 May 2, 1890 Nov. 16, 1907 46 Settlement and treaty with Britain, 1846 Aug. 14, 1848 Feb. 14, 1859 33 Grant from Charles II to William Penn, 1681 (e) Dec. 12, 1787 (f) 2 Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e) May 29, 1790 (f) 13 Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e) May 23, 1788 (f) 8 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 March 2, 1861 Nov. 2, 1889 40 Part of North Carolina until land ceded to U.S. in 1789 June 8, 1790 (l) June 1, 1796 16 Republic of Texas, 1845 (c) Dec. 29, 1845 28 Ceded by Mexico, 1848 Sept. 9, 1850 Jan. 4, 1896 45 From lands of New Hampshire and New York (c) March 4, 1791 14 Charter, 1609, from James I to London Company (e) June 25, 1788 (f) 10 Oregon Territory, 1848 March 2, 1853 Nov. 11, 1889 42 Part of Virginia until admitted as state (c) June 20, 1863 35 Northwest Territory, 1787 April 20, 1836 May 29, 1848 30 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d)(j) July 25, 1868 July 10, 1890 44 Maryland (m) ... ... ... ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Became a territory, 1900 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ceded by Spain, 1898 Aug. 1, 1950 ... ... (o) March 24, 1976 ... ... Ceded by Spain, 1898 ... July 25, 1952 (n) ... ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Purchased from Denmark, March 31, 1917 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

See footnotes at end of table

4 66â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

STATE PAG E S

TABLE 1 0 .2 Historical Data on the States and Territories (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments Key: * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (a) By the Treaty of Paris, 1783, England gave up claim to the 13 original Colonies, and to all land within an area extending along the present Canadian to the Lake of the Woods, down the Mississippi River to the 31st parallel, east to the Chattahoochee, down that river to the mouth of the Flint, border east to the source of the St. Mary’s down that river to the ocean. The major part of Alabama was acquired by the Treaty of Paris, and the lower portion from Spain in 1813. (b) Portion of land obtained by Gadsden Purchase, 1853. (c) No territorial status before admission to Union. (d) Portion of land ceded by Mexico, 1848. (e) One of the original 13 Colonies. (f) Date of ratification of U.S. Constitution. (g) West Feliciana District (Baton Rouge) acquired from Spain, 1810; added to Louisiana, 1812.

(h) Portion of land obtained by Louisiana Purchase, 1803. (i) See footnote (a). The lower portion of Mississippi also was acquired from Spain in 1813. (j) Portion of land obtained from Oregon Territory, 1848. (k) The northern portion of the Red River Valley was acquired by treaty with Great Britain in 1818. (l) Date Southwest Territory (identical boundary as Tennessee’s) was created. (m) Area was originally 100 square miles, taken from Virginia and Maryland. Virginia’s portion south of the Potomac was given back to that state in 1846. Site chosen in 1790, city incorporated 1802. (n) On this date, Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth by compact approved by the U.S. Congress and the voters of Puerto Rico as provided in U.S. Public Law 600 of 1950. (o) The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) emerged from the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) which the United States administered on behalf of the United Nations from 1947 until 1994.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 6 7

STATE PAGE S

TABLE 1 0 .3 State Statistics Land area State or other jurisdiction In square miles (2010) Rank in nation Alabama 50,645 28 Alaska 570,641 1 Arizona 113,594 6 Arkansas 52,035 27 California 155,779 3 Colorado 103,642 8 Connecticut 4,842 48 Delaware 1,949 49 Florida 53,625 26 Georgia 57,513 21 Hawaii 6,423 47 Idaho 82,643 11 Illinois 55,519 24 Indiana 35,826 38 Iowa 55,857 23 Kansas 81,759 13 Kentucky 39,486 37 Louisiana 43,204 33 Maine 30,843 39 Maryland 9,707 42 Massachusetts 7,800 45 Michigan 56,539 22 Minnesota 79,627 14 Mississippi 46,923 31 Missouri 68,742 18 Montana 145,546 4 Nebraska 76,824 15 Nevada 109,781 7 New Hampshire 8,953 44 New Jersey 7,354 46 New Mexico 121,298 5 New York 47,126 30 North Carolina 48,618 29 North Dakota 69,001 17 Ohio 40,861 35 Oklahoma 68,595 19 Oregon 95,988 10 Pennsylvania 44,743 32 Rhode Island 1,034 50 South Carolina 30,061 40 South Dakota 75,811 16 Tennessee 41,235 34 Texas 261,232 2 Utah 82,170 12 Vermont 9,217 43 Virginia 39,490 36 Washington 66,456 20 West Virginia 24,038 41 25 Wisconsin 54,158 Wyoming 97,093 9 Dist. of Columbia 61 N.A. American Samoa (b) 76 N.A. Guam (b) 210 N.A. CNMI*(b) 182 N.A. Puerto Rico 3,424 N.A. U.S. Virgin Islands (b) 134 N.A. See footnotes at end of table

4 68â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Population (a) Size Rank in nation 4,903,185 24 731,545 48 7,278,717 14 3,017,804 33 39,512,223 1 5,758,736 21 3,565,287 29 973,764 45 21,477,737 3 10,617,423 8 1,415,872 40 1,787,065 39 12,671,821 6 6,732,219 17 3,155,070 31 2,913,314 35 4,467,673 26 4,648,794 25 1,344,212 42 6,045,680 19 6,892,503 15 9,986,857 10 5,639,632 22 2,976,149 34 6,137,428 18 1,068,778 43 1,934,408 37 3,080,156 32 1,359,711 41 8,882,190 11 2,096,829 36 19,453,561 4 10,488,084 9 762,062 47 11,689,100 7 3,956,971 28 4,217,737 27 12,801,989 5 1,059,361 44 5,148,714 23 884,659 46 6,829,174 16 28,995,881 2 3,205,958 30 623,989 49 8,535,519 12 7,614,893 13 1,792,147 38 5,822,434 20 578,759 50 705,749 N.A. 55,519 N.A. 159,358 N.A. 53,833 N.A. 3,193,694 N.A. 106,405 N.A.

Percentage change 2018 to 2019 0.3 (0.5) 1.7 0.3 0.1 1.2 (0.2) 0.9 1.1 1.0 (0.3) 2.1 (0.4) 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 (0.2) 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.6 (0.2) 0.3 0.8 0.5 1.7 0.5 0.0 0.2 (0.4) 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.1 1.3 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.7 (0.1) 0.4 1.2 (0.7) 0.3 0.2 0.6 (3.1) (c) 2.9 (c) (22.2) (c) 0.0 (2.0) (c)

Density per square mile 96.8 1.3 64.1 58.0 253.6 55.6 736.3 499.7 400.5 184.6 220.5 21.6 228.2 187.9 56.5 35.6 113.1 107.6 43.6 622.8 883.6 176.6 70.8 63.4 89.3 7.3 25.2 28.1 151.9 1,207.8 17.3 412.8 215.7 11.0 286.1 57.7 43.9 286.1 1,024.7 171.3 11.7 165.6 111.0 39.0 67.7 216.1 114.6 74.6 107.5 6.0 11,569.7 730.5 758.8 295.8 932.7 794.1

Rank in nation 27 50 32 34 11 37 4 6 8 17 13 44 12 16 36 41 23 25 39 5 3 18 30 33 28 48 43 42 21 1 45 7 15 47 10 35 38 9 2 19 46 20 24 40 31 14 22 29 26 49 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.

STATE PAG E S

TABLE 1 0 .3 State Statistics (continued) State or other Number of Representatives jurisdiction in Congress Alabama 7 Alaska 1 Arizona 9 Arkansas 4 California 53 Colorado 7 Connecticut 5 Delaware 1 Florida 27 Georgia 14 Hawaii 2 Idaho 2 Illinois 18 Indiana 9 Iowa 4 Kansas 4 Kentucky 6 Louisiana 6 Maine 2 Maryland 8 Massachusetts 9 Michigan 14 Minnesota 8 Mississippi 4 Missouri 8 Montana 1 Nebraska 3 Nevada 4 New Hampshire 2 New Jersey 12 New Mexico 3 New York 27 North Carolina 13 North Dakota 1 Ohio 16 Oklahoma 5 Oregon 5 Pennsylvania 18 Rhode Island 2 South Carolina 7 South Dakota 1 Tennessee 9 Texas 36 Utah 4 Vermont 1 Virginia 11 Washington 10 West Virginia 3 Wisconsin 8 Wyoming 1 Dist. of Columbia 1 (h) American Samoa (b) 1 (h) Guam (b) 1 (h) CNMI*(b) 1 (h) Puerto Rico 1 (i) U.S. Virgin Islands (b) 1 (h)

Capital Montgomery Juneau Phoenix Little Rock Sacramento Denver Hartford Dover Tallahassee Atlanta Honolulu Boise Springfield Indianapolis Des Moines Topeka Frankfort Baton Rouge Augusta Annapolis Boston Lansing St. Paul Jackson Jefferson City Helena Lincoln Carson City Concord Trenton Santa Fe Albany Raleigh Bismarck Columbus Oklahoma City Salem Harrisburg Providence Columbia Pierre Nashville (g) Austin Salt Lake City Montpelier Richmond Olympia Charleston Madison Cheyenne N.A. Pago Pago Hagatna (d) Saipan (d) San Juan Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas

Population (j) 198,218 32,113 1,660,272 197,881 508,529 716,492 122,587 38,079 193,551 498,044 347,397 228,790 114,694 867,125 216,853 125,904 27,679 221,599 18,681 39,174 694,853 118,427 307,695 164,422 42,838 32,315 287,401 55,414 43,412 83,974 84,612 97,279 469,298 73,112 892,533 649,021 173,442 49,229 179,335 133,451 13,980 669,053 964,254 200,591 7,436 228,783 52,555 47,215 258,054 63,957 N.A. 3,656 (b) 1,051 (b) 48,220 (b) 337,288 18,481 (b)

Rank in state 2 2 1 1 6 1 4 2 8 1 1 1 6 1 1 5 15 2 10 7 1 6 2 1 15 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 2 2 1 1 2 9 1 2 8 1 4 1 6 4 23 1 2 1 N.A. 3 13 1 1 1

Largest city Birmingham Anchorage Phoenix Little Rock Los Angeles Denver Bridgeport Wilmington Jacksonville Atlanta Honolulu Boise Chicago Indianapolis Des Moines Wichita Louisville (e) New Orleans Portland Baltimore Boston Detroit Minneapolis Jackson Kansas City Billings Omaha Las Vegas Manchester Newark Albuquerque New York City Charlotte Fargo Columbus Oklahoma City Portland Philadelphia (f) Providence Charleston Sioux Falls Nashville (g) Houston Salt Lake City Burlington Virginia Beach Seattle Charleston Milwaukee Cheyenne N.A. Tafuna Dededo (d) Saipan (d) San Juan Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas

Population (j) 209,880 291,538 1,660,272 197,881 3,990,456 716,492 144,900 70,635 903,889 498,044 347,397 228,790 2,705,994 867,125 216,853 389,255 620,118 391,006 66,417 602,495 694,583 672,662 425,403 164,422 491,918 109,550 468,262 644,644 112,525 282,090 560,218 8,398,748 872,498 124,844 892,533 649,021 653,115 1,584,138 179,335 136,208 181,883 669,053 2,325,502 200,591 42,899 450,189 744,955 47,215 592,025 63,957 N.A. 9,756 (b) 44943 (b) 48,220 (b) 337,288 18,481 (b)

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 6 9

STATE PAGE S

TABLE 1 0 .3 State Statistics (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, information available as of April 2020. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N.A.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Not applicable (a) July 1, 2019 Census Bureau estimates. (b) 2010 Census Bureau counts. (c) Population change calculations are from 2000-2010. (d) Municipality. (e) This city is part of a consolidated city-county government and is coextensive with Jefferson County.

4 70â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

(f) Philadelphia County and Philadelphia city are coextensive. (g) This city is part of a consolidated city-county government and is coextensive with Davidson County. (h) Represented by one non-voting House Delegate. (i) Represented by one non-voting House Resident Commissioner. (j) July 1, 2018 Census Bureau estimates (released May 2019).

STATE PAG E S

TABLE 1 0 .4 Personal Income, Population, and Per Capita Personal Income, by State, 2018–2019 Personal income (millions of dollars) State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

2018 17,813,035 206,455 43,818 317,913 130,297 2,514,129 332,943 273,152 50,783 1,066,447 488,964 78,721 77,012 724,189 315,516 158,197 149,859 189,717 215,489 65,454 382,829 494,765 484,030 322,728 112,992 292,513 50,500 102,759 149,219 83,143 607,884 87,189 1,341,932 478,862 42,148 569,727 182,302 213,070 720,073 57,994 222,189 46,066 317,515 1,445,270 146,423 33,929 492,313 467,399 73,809 299,933 34,873 57,605

2019 (p) 18,599,062 215,149 45,430 336,514 135,334 2,633,925 353,287 281,967 52,840 1,116,597 511,745 81,343 81,565 746,820 327,570 166,070 155,724 196,656 223,179 68,487 397,100 516,714 502,540 336,590 117,165 304,347 52,449 106,143 156,727 86,859 630,449 92,227 1,389,760 501,362 43,819 590,838 189,740 223,276 752,431 59,899 233,308 47,705 332,999 1,522,411 155,153 35,374 513,121 494,189 75,873 311,984 36,645 59,663

Percent change 2018–19 4.4 4.2 3.7 5.9 3.9 4.8 6.1 3.2 4.1 4.7 4.7 3.3 5.9 3.1 3.8 5.0 3.9 3.7 3.6 4.6 3.7 4.4 3.8 4.3 3.7 4.0 3.9 3.3 5.0 4.5 3.7 5.8 3.6 4.7 4.0 3.7 4.1 4.8 4.5 3.3 5.0 3.6 4.9 5.3 6.0 4.3 4.2 5.7 2.8 4.0 5.1 3.6

Rank of percent change 2018–19 N.A 25 40 4 32 14 1 48 27 15 17 45 3 49 35 11 31 41 42 18 36 21 34 22 39 28 33 46 9 20 37 5 43 16 30 38 26 13 19 47 10 44 12 7 2 23 24 6 50 29 8 N.A.

Population (thousands of persons) 2019 (a) 328,240 4,903 732 7,279 3,018 39,512 5,759 3,565 974 21,478 10,617 1,416 1,787 12,672 6,732 3,155 2,913 4,468 4,649 1,344 6,046 6,893 9,987 5,640 2,976 6,137 1,069 1,934 3,080 1,360 8,882 2,097 19,454 10,488 762 11,689 3,957 4,218 12,802 1,059 5,149 885 6,829 28,996 3,206 624 8,536 7,615 1,792 5,822 579 706

Per capita personal income (dollars) Rank in U.S. Percent of U.S. 2019 (p) 2019 (p) 2019 (p) 56,663 N.A 100 43,880 48 77 62,102 10 110 46,233 42 82 44,845 45 79 66,661 5 118 61,348 11 108 79,087 1 140 54,264 21 96 51,989 28 92 48,199 38 85 57,450 17 101 45,642 43 81 58,935 14 104 48,657 36 86 52,636 26 93 53,453 24 94 44,017 46 78 48,008 39 85 50,950 29 90 65,683 6 116 74,967 2 132 50,320 32 89 59,683 13 105 39,368 50 69 49,589 33 88 49,074 34 87 54,871 20 97 50,883 30 90 63,880 8 113 70,979 4 125 43,984 47 78 71,440 3 126 47,803 41 84 57,501 16 101 50,546 31 89 47,951 40 85 52,937 25 93 58,775 15 104 56,542 19 100 45,314 44 80 53,925 22 95 48,761 35 86 52,504 27 93 48,395 37 85 56,691 18 100 60,116 12 106 64,898 7 115 42,336 49 75 53,583 23 95 63,316 9 112 84,538 N.A. 149

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, data released March 2020. Key: N.A.—Not applicable (p)—Preliminary (a) Census Bureau midyear population estimates available as of December 2019.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7 1

STATE PAGE S

Table 10.4 | Personal Income 2019 Personal Income Per Capita by State

$30,000 – $49,999

$50,000 – $69,999

$70,000 – $90,000

Percentage Change

Rank of Percent Change 1. COLORADO 2. UTAH 3. IDAHO 4. ARIZONA 5. NEW MEXICO 6. WASHINGTON 7. TEXAS 8. WYOMING 9. NEVADA 10. SOUTH CAROLINA 11. IOWA 12. TENNESSEE 13. OREGON 14. CALIFORNIA 15. FLORIDA 16. NORTH CAROLINA 17. GEORGIA

18. MAINE 19. PENNSYLVANIA 20. NEW HAMPSHIRE 21. MASSACHUSETTS 22. MINNESOTA 23. VERMONT 24. VIRGINIA 25. ALABAMA 26. OKLAHOMA 27. DELAWARE 28. MISSOURI 29. WISCONSIN 30. NORTH DAKOTA 31. KANSAS 32. ARKANSAS 33. MONTANA 34. MICHIGAN

4 72 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

35. INDIANA 36. MARYLAND 37. NEW JERSEY 38. OHIO 39. MISSISSIPPI 40. ALASKA 41. KENTUCKY 42. LOUISIANA 43. NEW YORK 44. SOUTH DAKOTA 45. HAWAII 46. NEBRASKA 47. RHODE ISLAND 48. CONNECTICUT 49. ILLINOIS 50. WEST VIRGINIA

H I G H E S T ighest #1 Colorado #2 Utah #3 Idaho #4 Arizona #5 New Mexico L O W E S T est #1 West Virginia #2 Illinois #3 Connecticut #4 Rhode Island #5 Nebraska

STATE PAG E S

TABLE 1 0 .5 Personal Income by State, 2018: Q3-2019:Q4 2018 United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

3rd Quarter 17,918,889 207,199 44,155 320,206 130,648 2,528,020 335,702 275,620 51,109 1,074,087 493,469 79,044 77,240 727,933 316,541 158,249 150,316 190,293 216,206 65,919 385,096 497,289 486,479 324,796 113,203 293,277 50,632 102,474 150,069 83,698 612,041 87,924 1,350,653 480,916 42,245 573,252 183,035 214,599 725,567 57,847 223,358 45,932 320,445 1,454,680 147,288 34,108 495,352 471,677 74,712 301,100 35,123 58,068

Personal income (millions of dollars, seasonally adjusted at annual rate) 2019 4th quarter 1rst Quarter(r) 2nd Quarter(r) 3rd Quarter(r) 18,077,710 18,351,263 18,550,204 18,677,189 209,434 212,367 214,201 216,246 44,416 44,895 45,319 45,639 323,426 330,002 334,659 339,324 132,567 133,107 135,088 136,122 2,558,708 2,597,167 2,639,073 2,639,790 339,473 347,156 351,539 356,589 276,573 280,872 282,032 281,865 51,313 52,169 52,666 53,009 1,083,427 1,101,149 1,114,323 1,121,145 496,476 504,015 510,057 514,437 79,702 80,692 81,015 81,479 78,609 79,773 81,182 82,386 732,729 739,840 741,776 749,778 320,078 323,347 325,924 329,524 162,261 163,452 164,063 167,832 152,286 153,411 154,552 156,902 191,855 194,288 195,630 197,348 219,063 221,805 222,491 223,549 66,193 67,605 68,251 68,780 387,297 392,402 396,407 398,105 501,330 512,810 516,775 516,641 489,637 495,036 500,458 504,433 328,791 331,023 334,296 339,365 114,577 115,931 116,334 117,847 296,564 300,257 302,536 306,126 51,406 51,536 51,961 52,945 104,737 104,351 105,027 107,214 152,543 154,285 156,084 157,466 83,899 86,448 86,688 86,834 614,546 624,111 629,276 632,803 88,736 90,408 91,659 93,047 1,347,977 1,373,084 1,391,782 1,393,416 487,483 493,938 500,011 503,806 43,355 43,152 43,233 44,384 577,736 584,705 588,203 592,950 185,150 188,698 188,946 190,253 217,004 220,279 222,662 224,148 731,921 743,171 751,865 754,614 58,792 59,607 60,134 59,663 226,042 230,255 232,103 234,507 47,567 46,852 46,921 48,391 322,221 328,144 331,805 334,361 1,468,007 1,496,949 1,513,993 1,532,110 148,963 152,173 154,175 156,309 34,390 35,127 35,241 35,448 499,671 506,099 511,161 515,517 475,449 484,708 492,676 497,247 75,136 75,426 75,796 75,959 304,379 308,010 312,250 312,744 35,520 36,217 36,464 36,879 58,297 58,957 59,441 59,910

4th Quarter (p) 18,817,591 217,784 45,868 342,069 137,020 2,659,672 357,864 283,097 53,516 1,129,771 518,473 82,184 82,920 755,885 331,486 168,934 158,032 199,356 224,871 69,314 401,485 520,627 510,232 341,675 118,549 308,467 53,354 107,981 159,071 87,464 635,608 93,795 1,400,760 507,694 44,508 597,491 191,061 226,015 760,073 60,191 236,368 48,656 337,687 1,546,590 157,956 35,681 519,709 502,124 76,311 314,931 37,018 60,342

See footnotes at end of table

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STATE PAGE S

TABLE 1 0 .5 Personal Income by State, 2018: Q3-2019:Q4 (continued)

United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

2018 4th quarter 3.6 4.4 2.4 4.1 6.0 4.9 4.6 1.4 1.6 3.5 2.5 3.4 7.3 2.7 4.5 10.5 5.3 3.3 5.4 1.7 2.3 3.3 2.6 5.0 4.9 4.6 6.3 9.1 6.8 1.0 1.6 3.7 -0.8 5.6 10.9 3.2 4.7 4.6 3.5 6.7 4.9 15.0 2.2 3.7 4.6 3.3 3.5 3.2 2.3 4.4 4.6 1.6

Personal income (seasonally adjusted at annual rate) Percent change from preceding quarter (a) 2019 1rst quarter 2019 2nd quarter 2019 3rd quarter 6.2 4.4 2.8 5.7 3.5 3.9 4.4 3.8 2.8 8.4 5.8 5.7 1.6 6.1 3.1 6.1 6.6 0.1 9.4 5.1 5.9 6.4 1.7 -0.2 6.8 3.9 2.6 6.7 4.9 2.5 6.2 4.9 3.5 5.1 1.6 2.3 6.1 7.3 6.1 3.9 1.1 4.4 4.1 3.2 4.5 3.0 1.5 9.5 3.0 3.0 6.2 5.2 2.8 3.6 5.1 1.2 1.9 8.8 3.9 3.1 5.4 4.1 1.7 9.5 3.1 -0.1 4.5 4.5 3.2 2.7 4.0 6.2 4.8 1.4 5.3 5.1 3.1 4.8 1.0 3.3 7.8 -1.5 2.6 8.6 4.6 4.7 3.6 12.7 1.1 0.7 6.4 3.4 2.3 7.8 5.6 6.2 7.7 5.6 0.5 5.4 5.0 3.1 -1.9 0.8 11.1 4.9 2.4 3.3 7.9 0.5 2.8 6.2 4.4 2.7 6.3 4.8 1.5 5.7 3.6 -3.1 7.7 3.2 4.2 -5.9 0.6 13.1 7.6 4.5 3.1 8.1 4.6 4.9 8.9 5.4 5.7 8.9 1.3 2.4 5.2 4.1 3.5 8.0 6.7 3.8 1.5 2.0 0.9 4.9 5.6 0.6 8.1 2.8 4.6 4.6 3.3 3.2

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, data released March 2020. Note: Estimates may not add to totals because of rounding. Key: N.A.—Not applicable (r)—Revised (p)—Preliminary (a) Percent changes are expressed at annual rates.

4 74 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

2019 4th quarter 3.0 2.9 2.0 3.3 2.7 3.0 1.4 1.8 3.9 3.1 3.2 3.5 2.6 3.3 2.4 2.7 2.9 4.1 2.4 3.1 3.4 3.1 4.7 2.8 2.4 3.1 3.1 2.9 4.1 2.9 1.8 3.3 2.1 3.1 1.1 3.1 1.7 3.4 2.9 3.6 3.2 2.2 4.0 3.8 4.3 2.7 3.3 4.0 1.9 2.8 1.5 2.9

Rank 2019:Q3–2019:Q4 N.A 31 43 15 34 26 49 46 7 23 18 10 37 13 38 36 29 4 40 19 11 22 1 33 39 25 20 30 3 27 45 16 42 21 50 24 47 12 28 9 17 41 5 8 2 35 14 6 44 32 48 N.A

STATE PAG E S

TABLE 1 0 .6 Earnings Growth by Industry and State, 2018â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2019 (In millions of dollars) Earnings by industry State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Total earnings 564,755 5,600 1,152 13,489 2,677 90,365 16,512 4,865 1,507 31,486 16,852 1,823 3,117 16,987 7,207 4,996 4,036 4,695 4,198 1,920 9,261 17,874 9,638 9,470 2,200 8,258 1,286 2,247 4,971 2,384 13,236 3,528 42,662 16,190 1,219 14,017 5,172 6,796 20,565 1,065 7,067 1,012 11,348 63,521 7,148 867 14,156 21,077 566 7,528 1,355 3,589

Farm 11,549 (439) (1) 461 (444) 2,628 483 (7) (119) 491 (210) 45 378 (437) (243) 1,782 72 (11) 85 30 (96) 6 297 1,453 292 584 (72) (288) 49 0 16 344 324 65 (243) (171) 253 101 135 2 (12) (100) 291 2,094 125 61 (38) 337 (13) 1,033 174 0

Forestry, fishing, and related activities 2,066 56 52 22 37 677 45 7 (D) 19 59 12 11 25 82 44 57 54 30 50 20 61 36 31 39 45 12 21 (2) 13 23 4 25 23 18 61 (32) 10 60 (D) 16 13 18 38 3 7 2 69 18 65 6 0

Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 7,776 24 159 36 10 113 752 7 (D) (1) 39 4 23 92 36 9 63 5 402 0 6 8 16 6 24 15 52 1 68 2 54 327 135 22 143 65 (378) (3) 324 (D) 49 5 18 4,843 51 2 18 4 47 (34) 108 3

Utilities 1,620 98 5 14 20 (56) 89 42 12 (133) 182 (15) 0 134 51 (4) (11) 17 21 (7) 47 264 142 40 (20) 87 13 45 10 (18) (104) 8 71 (5) (18) (9) 179 38 (191) (2) 54 4 21 485 54 (13) (35) 63 19 (33) (1) (30)

Construction 34,877 572 67 1,485 182 5,574 947 341 135 2,204 1,136 115 363 436 653 182 383 330 (907) 84 613 713 424 950 6 712 118 208 919 179 441 391 1,300 1,457 339 408 362 607 777 89 580 77 895 5,116 615 19 1,007 1,428 (655) 211 338 (51)

Manufacturing Nondurable goods 13,354 204 55 152 175 1,315 245 343 66 599 (1,171) (17) 108 548 456 329 (22) 177 281 92 139 (227) 285 212 118 353 35 99 82 10 1,175 78 191 372 32 1,107 171 171 951 9 411 68 314 1,780 137 17 239 277 34 769 14 (3)

Durable goods 22,228 435 4 800 161 385 696 503 51 1,314 342 5 (77) 622 (91) 254 208 676 262 97 248 587 875 485 163 756 33 49 337 265 208 111 495 629 49 1,015 248 179 967 39 747 41 639 3,811 360 71 476 1,095 25 541 41 (5)

See footnotes at end of table

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 7 5

STATE PAGE S

TABLE 1 0 .6 Earnings Growth by Industry and State, 2018â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2019 (In millions of dollars) (continued)

Wholesale trade 20,940 196 31 376 161 3,070 714 23 48 1,468 1,147 94 188 1,163 280 114 71 254 192 30 290 550 380 (10) 91 126 52 155 65 107 552 114 864 1,030 98 740 113 336 673 64 358 59 542 2,899 260 7 405 291 35 (74) 34 114

Retail trade 20,200 307 46 514 93 2,396 486 108 40 815 620 63 117 737 332 53 49 181 136 128 205 891 436 183 72 196 82 97 285 143 815 5 1,658 865 20 514 180 253 630 61 351 36 258 2,172 349 28 449 1,515 25 157 27 19

Transportation and warehousing 30,594 294 114 474 182 8,349 792 284 92 2,501 (912) 119 105 1,027 425 137 341 475 351 42 185 418 770 416 214 309 58 156 342 60 914 78 1,275 672 133 821 565 299 1,278 34 314 33 790 3,233 309 27 519 765 39 274 110 (13)

Information 22,704 97 0 237 82 5,324 1,046 319 11 1,075 1,006 (68) 36 748 38 3 111 61 44 2 342 608 153 41 (12) 87 10 13 88 68 (90) 24 1,992 (230) (1) 58 55 109 1,586 7 73 14 128 1,371 396 21 554 4,567 (8) 274 1 230

See footnotes at end of table

4 76â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

Earnings by industry Real estate Finance and and rental and insurance leasing 38,520 16,018 192 131 24 33 1,685 391 217 62 4,144 3,300 809 372 16 131 147 42 2,344 962 903 464 128 88 151 61 2,371 607 589 430 384 55 227 173 160 139 (49) 148 116 25 226 386 1,396 401 974 341 708 183 52 40 655 261 116 40 268 59 325 105 162 56 483 368 118 55 5,581 1,123 1,913 346 67 46 699 366 188 84 285 266 1,240 336 77 37 265 170 83 33 707 355 4,632 1,614 455 205 38 12 690 333 804 485 36 21 597 146 61 28 81 82

Professional, scientific, and technical services 77,373 596 76 1,144 153 16,285 3,138 806 216 4,233 1,930 99 373 1,848 616 168 247 350 495 198 2,312 4,763 694 345 72 892 147 219 466 282 1,622 400 6,930 1,646 91 1,601 414 669 3,166 131 494 89 1,200 8,063 1,020 123 2,941 1,588 (10) 788 102 1,146

Management of companies and enterprises 17,308 117 21 398 395 350 724 166 43 1,665 3,662 65 98 (745) 156 219 391 104 8 123 196 401 336 1,301 (1) (46) 8 18 (231) 60 761 21 1,052 524 (115) 1,060 331 284 350 (255) 428 31 708 968 104 41 828 213 24 (98) (6) 54

Administrative and waste management services 28,299 355 33 812 73 4,499 617 161 67 1,234 1,054 (307) 87 1,193 314 80 45 184 176 8 425 1,031 130 384 55 229 33 149 286 104 790 180 4,432 987 (12) 731 165 293 958 53 195 38 740 2,715 347 45 840 833 80 229 23 126

STATE PAG E S

TABLE 1 0 .6 Earnings Growth by Industry and State, 2018–2019 (In millions of dollars) (continued)

Educational services 8,722 55 11 87 31 1,369 149 227 9 476 304 36 64 355 148 13 29 44 95 41 61 541 88 78 19 81 7 44 21 70 236 29 719 390 12 272 56 82 457 64 48 (7) 257 830 193 9 136 163 21 114 8 80

Health care and social assistance 69,452 732 159 1,799 448 10,449 1,048 762 258 3,724 2,543 335 445 1,863 1,341 391 511 635 1,397 379 1,090 2,138 1,100 952 328 1,285 238 413 488 365 2,211 291 6,941 1,748 336 1,959 533 959 3,502 293 564 282 1,299 5,116 485 144 1,340 1,979 304 1,287 60 207

Arts, entertainment, and recreation 8,079 50 7 181 21 1,859 242 52 25 664 251 51 46 239 82 29 14 53 51 19 (107) 233 38 113 7 65 9 30 131 43 300 39 911 184 5 147 7 70 381 55 81 6 236 756 79 1 134 105 12 61 3 8

Earnings by industry Other services (except government and Accommodation government and food services enterprises) 24,287 22,084 235 250 60 26 437 474 156 141 5,021 3,170 645 507 137 191 82 63 1,610 1,475 653 774 339 111 116 96 916 720 291 383 84 251 122 245 249 196 139 249 102 53 442 359 855 582 384 423 284 420 84 114 317 328 77 62 79 127 421 131 96 133 147 632 129 81 1,773 1,180 722 882 38 47 532 549 166 170 333 308 548 779 71 64 392 340 39 63 517 453 2,506 2,410 266 320 46 34 442 296 646 752 44 61 242 317 46 27 211 267

Government

Federal, civilian 13,734 252 61 324 79 1,144 238 63 18 731 632 152 43 268 218 65 122 61 148 103 816 210 211 134 110 339 43 88 115 56 176 151 569 393 (3) 297 198 131 606 18 221 11 287 1,060 291 44 845 415 151 94 34 900

Military 5,303 85 14 149 38 304 215 28 23 246 394 183 24 96 48 25 91 132 60 15 158 44 27 38 87 120 18 29 75 (13) 59 54 109 111 24 89 135 13 65 14 178 20 34 747 63 4 478 225 8 37 13 71

State and local 47,670 705 94 1,038 203 8,696 1,513 156 180 1,769 1,052 187 261 2,158 572 328 499 167 385 189 900 1,401 1,080 724 246 465 95 167 396 141 1,447 493 3,010 1,446 111 1,105 1,010 1,002 988 132 751 73 641 4,261 659 79 1,258 2,457 248 532 104 95

Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, data released March 2020. Key: N.A.—Not applicable. (D) Data are suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information.

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7 7

INDEX

—A— absentee ballots, 232-234 accounting principles, 173-174 administrative agencies, attorneys general, 166-167 administrative offices (courts), 201-202 administrative officials methods of selection, 125-132 salaries, 133-140 administrative regulations, 95-98 advisory duties, attorneys general, 161-162 aid, federal, 15-23 alcoholic beverages, beer, 320-321 distilled spirits, 320-321 excise tax rates, 320-321 general sales tax, 320-321 wine, 320-321 amendments to state constitutions, 3, 4 amendments, number of, 5-7 number of, 5-7 Dinan, John, 3-12 general information, 5-7 adoption dates, 5-7 amendments, number of, 5-7 length of, estimated, 5-7 number of, 5-6, 7 legislative proposal, 3 referendums, 254-255, 260-261 amnesty, state tax, 312-315 antitrust duties (attorneys general), 164-165 appellate courts, 203-205 judges, 196-197, 203-205 compensation, 200 qualifications, 198-199 retention, 203-205 selection, 193-194, 195, 203-205 terms, 196-197, 203-205 appointments to standing committees (legislatures), 86-87 appropriations process (legislatures) bills, 72-74 budget documents, 72-74 attorneys general, 157-158, 164-165 advisory duties, 161-162 antitrust, 164-165 authority, 161–163 consumer protection, 164-165 method of selection, 125-132, 157-158 party affiliation, 157-158

prosecutorial duties, 161-163 qualifications, 159-160 roles and responsibilities, 161–163 salaries, 133-140 subpoena powers, 157-158 term of office, 123-124, 157-158 auditors, 173-182 accounting and financial reporting, 173-182 agency authority, 173-182 audits, types of, 179-182 investigations, 173-182 method of selection, 125-132, 173-174 National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, 173-189 salaries, 133-140 terms of office, 173-174

—B— ballots, absentee, 228-229 ballot propositions, 242-245 bills appropriations process (legislatures), 72-74 carryover, 62-64 enactments, 77-80 introductions, 65-67, 77-80 exceptions, 65-67 time limits, 65-67 pre–filing, 62-64 reference, 62-64 budgets, state, 271-288 documents, appropriations process (legislatures), 72-73 gubernatorial authority, 113-114 National Association of State Budget Officers, 271-311

—C— cabinets, governors, 117-118 candidates for state offices, nominating, 221-222 cannabis, agencies, 322-325 ballot initiatives, 322-325 CBD, 322-325 hemp, 322-325 legality, 322-325

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 8 1

I NDE X

medical, 322-325 recreational, 322-325 revenues, 322-325 taxes, 322-325 capital punishment, 456-458 capitals (states) central switchboard, 465 zip codes, 465 carryover (legislative bills), 62-64 cash flow management, 171-172 Census Bureau, 15-23, 339â&#x20AC;&#x201C;364, 367-375 Center for American Women and Politics, 380-384 chief financial officers, 168-189 National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, 173-189 chief justices, 193-194, 195 children health insurance, 421 cigarettes, 312-315 college, 414-416 tuition and fees, 411-413 room and board rates, 411-413 number of, 414-416 faculty salaries, 417-418 commissions, judicial conduct, 211-213 compensation administrative officials, 133-140 attorneys general, 133-140 auditors, 133-140 chief financial officers, 133-140 comptrollers, 133-140 court, administrators, 201-202 faculty, 417-418 governors, 110-112, 133-140 house/assembly leaders, 55-56 judges, 200 legislative bodies benefits, 50-52 expenses, 48-49 insurance, 50-52 interim payments, 50-52 office, 50-52 regular sessions, 48-49 retirement, 57-61 salaries, 48-56 legislators, methods of setting, 47 lieutenant governor, 133-140 retirement benefits legislatures, 57-61 state employees, 359-361, 364

4 82â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

treasurers, 133-140 teachers, 394-396 secretary of state, 133-140 senate leaders, 53-54 comptrollers, 183-184 agency authority, 187-189 audits, types of, 179-182 duties, 187-189 financial reporting, 187-189 method of selection, 125-132, 183-184 National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, 173-189 constitution, state, 3-12 amendments, 3, 4 elections, 4 policies, 4 rightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s citizens, 4 commission proposal, 3 commission referral, 3 constitutional initiative, 3 conventions, 11-12 Dinan, John, 3-12 general information, 5-6, 7 adoption dates, 5-6, 7 amendments, number of, 5-6, 7 length of, estimated, 5-6, 7 number of, 5-6, 7 legislative proposal, 3 procedures, 8-9 legislature, by the, 8-9 initiative, by, 10, 11-12 revisions, 11-12 provisions, 11-12 conventions, 11-12 periodic review, 11-12 consumer protection, 164-165 content, fiscal notes (legislatures), 75-76 convening places for legislative bodies, 27 conventions, constitutional, 11-12 corporate income taxes, 332-333 corporate income tax revenue, 346-348 corrections capital punishment, 456-458 method of execution, 456-458 offenses, 456-458 community supervision, 454-455 parole, 452-453 prisons, capacity, 448-449 facilities, 448-449

INDEX

prisoners, admissions, 446-447 ethnicity, 439-441 jurisdictions, 437-438 local jails, 442-443 private prisons, 442-443 race, 439-441 releases, 446-447 sex, 437-438 under-age, 444-445 by sex, 444-445 prisoners admitted, 446-447 prisoners released, 446-447 probation, 450-451 courts, administrative offices, 201-202 appellate judges, number of, 196-197 judges, qualifications, 198-199 retention, 206-210 selection, 193-194, 195, 203-205 terms, 193-194, 195, 203-205 elections, 193-194, 195, 203-205 chief justices, 193-194, 195 general trial, 196-197 judges, number of, 196-197 judges, qualifications, 198-199 terms, 196-197 judicial compensation, 193-194, 200 judicial discipline, 211-213 judicial reprimands, 211-213 judicial selection, 203-210 last resort, 193-194, 195 chief justices, 193-194, 195 terms, 193-194, 195 mandatory judicial retirement age, 193-194, 195 National Center for State Courts, 193-213 selection of judges, 203-205 criminal justice capital punishment, 456-458 method of execution, 456-458 offenses, 456-458 community supervision, 454-455 parole, 452-453 prisons, capacity, 448-449 facilities, 448-449 prisoners, admissions, 446-447

ethnicity, 439-441 jurisdictions, 437-438 local jails, 442-443 private prisons, 442-443 race, 439-441 releases, 446-447 sex, 437-438 under-age, 444-445 by sex, 444-445 prisoners admitted, 446-447 prisoners released, 446-447 probation, 450-451 custodial duties (secretaries of state), 155-156

—D— dates (elections), 223-226, 227 death penalty, 456-458 demographics, women in government, 380–384 Dinan, John, 3-12 distribution, fiscal notes (legislatures), 75-76 drivers, licensed, 433-434 duties attorneys general, 157-158, 166-167 auditors, 173-182 comptrollers, 187-189 lieutenant governors, 143-147 secretaries of state, 151-152, 155-156 treasurers, 171-172

—E— earnings growth, by industry, 475-477 by state, 475-477 education, 294-297, 387-420 elementary, grades, 387-389 students, number of, 387-389 teachers, 390-391, 392-393 expenditures, 409-410 bonds, 294-297 capital outlay, 409-410 elementary, 294-297 federal funds, 294-297 general funds, 294-297 general funds, 294-297

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 8 3

I NDE X

interest on debt, 409-410 secondary, 294-297 expenditures, for instruction, elementary, 294-297, 405-408 employee benefits, 407-408 instructional, 407-408, 409-410 administration, 409-410 food services, 409-410 instructional staff, 409-410 maintenance, 409-410 operation, 409-410 student support, 409-410 transportation, 409-410 public, 405-408 purchased services, 407-408 salaries, 407-408 secondary, 405-408 supplies, 407-408 tuition, 407-408 revenues, 402-404 federal, 402-404 local, 402-402 per pupil, 402-402 property taxes, 402-402 state, 402-402 secondary, dropouts, 397-398 rate, 397-398 state, 397-398 race/ethnicity, 397-398 completion, rates, 399-401 grades, 387-389 graduates, 399-401 students, number of, 387-389 teachers, 390-393 teachers, 390-391 charter, 390-391 distribution, 390-391 elementary, 392-393 experience, 390-391 number, 390-393 public, 390-391 salaries, 394-395 average annual, 396 secondary, 392-393 higher education, 301-302, 405-407 bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree, 399-401 rate, 399-401 state, 399-401 race/ethnicity, 399-401

4 84â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

expenditures, 419-420 tuition and fees, 411-413 room and board rates, 411-413 number of, 414-416 faculty salaries, 417-418 emergency management, agency structures, 459 budgets, 459 full-time employees, 459-460 homeland security advisor, 460 methods of selection, 459 mutual aid, 461 agreements, 461 authorities, 461 operations, 460 staffing, 459, 460 employees, state, 372, 374-375 average earnings, 369 employment, 367-380 full time employees, 373 holidays, 376-379 payrolls, 367-369, 374-375 salaries, average, 367-369 enacting bills (legislatures), 68-71 resolutions (legislatures), 68-71 enacting legislation effective date, 68-71 veto overrides, 68-71 vetoes, 68-71, 113-114 executive branch attorneys general, 157-167 auditors, 173-182 comptrollers, 183-189 elections, 217-218 governors, 107-108 impeachment provisions, 121-122 lieutenant governors, 141-148 methods of selection, 125-132 salaries, 133-140 secretaries of state, 149-153 succession, 107-108, 148 term limits, 123-124 treasurers, 168-172 executive orders (governors), 115-116 exemptions (sales tax), 326-328 expenditures, state, 289-293 bonds, 289-293 capital inclusive, 289-293 federal funds, 289-293 general funds, 289-293

INDEX

state funds, other, 289-293 expenditures, state intergovernmental, 15-18 education, 15-16, 18, 21, 22 districts, 20 elementary, 294-297 secondary, 294-297 health, 15-16, 18, 22, 298-300 highways, 15-16, 18, 21, 22, 427-428 intergovernmental, 15-23 local government, 15-16, 20 Medicaid, 298-300 public welfare, 15-16, 18, 21, 22 state general funds, 286-288, 293

—F— federal aid, intergovernmental expenditures, 15-23 finances, state, 271-364 corporate income tax rates, 332-333 brackets, 332-333 financial institution rates, 332-333 net income, 349-351 debt outstanding long–term, 358 short–term, 358 direct expenditures, 352-354 assistance and subsidies, 352-354 capital outlay, 352-354 construction, 352-354 insurance benefits and repayments, 352-354 interest on debt, 352-354 intergovernmental, 352-354 excise taxes alcoholic beverages, beer, 320-321 distilled spirits, 320-321 excise tax rates, 320-321 general sales tax, 320-321 wine, 320-321 gasoline, 318-319 diesel fuel, 318-319 gasohol, 318-319 tobacco chewing tobacco, 312-315 cigarettes, 312-315 cigars, 312-315

e-cigarettes, 312-315 cartridges, 312-315 vaping, 312-315 snuff, 312-315 expenditures, corrections actual, 305-306 bonds, 305-306 estimated, 305-306 federal funds, 305-306 general funds, 305-306 expenditures, education bonds, 294-297 elementary, 294-297 federal funds, 294-297 general funds, 294-297 secondary, 294-297 expenditures, higher education actual, 301-302 estimated, 301-302 federal funds, 301-302 general funds, 301-302 expenditures, Medicaid actual, 298-300 estimated, 298-300 federal funds, 298-300 general funds, 298-300 expenditures, public assistance actual, 303-304 estimated, 303-304 federal funds, 303-304 general funds, 303-304 expenditures, total state, actual, 289-293 bonds, 289-293 estimated, 289-293 federal funds, 289-293 general funds, 289-293 expenditures, transportation actual, 307-308 bonds, 307-308 estimated, 307-308 federal funds, 307-308 general funds, 307-308 financial aggregates cash and security holdings, 343-345 debt outstanding at end of FY, 343-345 expenditures, 343-345 corrections, 346-348 education, 346-348 financial administration, 346-348

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 8 5

I NDE X

general, 343-345, 346-348 highways, 346-348 health and hospitals, 346-348 interest on general debt, 346-348 natural resources, 346-348 police protection, 346-348 public welfare, 346-348 retirement, 346-348 utilities and liquor store, 343-345 unemployment, 346-348 pension systems, public, 364 contributions, 364 earnings on investments, 364 payments, 364 total holdings, 364 revenue, 364 general expenditures corrections, 355-357 education, 355-357 employment security administration, 355-357 financial administration, 355-357 health, 355-357 highways, 355-357 hospitals, 355-357 natural resources, 355-357 police, 355-357 public welfare, 355-357 general fund, 271-276, 293 actual, 2018, 271-276 appropriated, 2019, 281-284 budget stabilization fund, 271-276 ending balance, 271-276 preliminary actual, 2019, 277-280 Rainy Day fund, 281-284 revenues, 271-276 total resources, 271-276 general revenue, 349-351 individual income tax, 329-330 federal starting points, 331 income brackets, 329-330 personal exemptions, 329-330 rate range, 329-330 intergovernmental revenue, 349-351 other expenditures actual, 301-311 bonds, 301-311 direct expenditures, 352-354 estimated, 301-311 federal funds, 301-311

4 86â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

general funds, 301-311 pension plans, public employee, beneficiaries, 359-361 benefit payments, 359-361 contributions, 362-363, 364 earnings on investments, 362-363, 364 membership, 359-361 payments, 362-363, 364 receipts, 362-363 total holdings, 364 sales tax drug exemptions, 326 food exemptions, 326 ranking, state, 327-328 rates, 326, 327-328 vendor discount, 327-328 severance taxes rate, 334-338 revenue, 339 titles, 334-338 tax amnesty programs, 312-315 tax collections budgets, fiscal 2019, 285, 286-288 corporate income tax, 285, 286-288 personal income tax, 285, 286-288 projections, 286-288 general fund revenue. 286-288 sales tax, 285, 286-288 tax revenue corporation income, 339, 349-351 death and gift, 339 documentary, 339 individual income, 339, 349-351 license revenue, 339 alcoholic beverage, 341-342 amusement. 341-342 corporation, 341-342, 349-351 hunting and fishing license, 341-342 motor vehicle license, 341-342, 349-351 motor vehicle operators, 341-342 occupation and business, 341-342 public utility, 341-342 property tax, 339 sales and gross receipts, 339, 340, 349-351 alcoholic beverages, 340 amusements, 340 insurance premiums, 340 motor fuels, 340, 349-351 pariâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;mutuels, 340 public utilities, 340

INDEX

tobacco products, 340 severance, 339 stock transfer, 339 wages and salaries, 352-354

—G— general election polling hours, 228-229 general fund, state, 271-293 general trial courts judges, 196-197, 198-199, 206-210 compensation, 200 qualifications, 198-199 retention, 206-210 selection, 206-210 terms, 196-197, 206-210 governments, state–local, 21-23 governors authority, 113-114 budgets, authority, 113-114 compensation, 110-112, 133-140 elections, 235-237 executive branch officials, 217-218 executive orders, 115-116 impeachment provisions, 121-122 joint election, 107-108 length of term, 107-108 party control, 107-108 politics, 113-114 powers, 113-114 qualifications for office, 109 salaries, 110-112, 133-140 service, 107-108 staff, 110-112 gubernatorial authority, 113-114 powers, 113-114 succession, 107-108, 143-144, 148 term limits, 107-108, 123-124 gubernatorial elections, 221-222, 238 gubernatorial succession, 145-147, 148

—H— health insurance, 421- 423 adults, 422-423 children, 421

higher education, 414-416 expenditures, 419-420 faculty salaries, 417-418 number of, 414-416 room and board rates, 411-413 tuition and fees, 411-413 highway, disbursements, 427-428 licensed drivers, 433-434 Federal Highway Administration, 424-436 revenues used, 424-426 historical data (states), 466-467

—I— impeachment provisions governors, 121-122 income taxes corporate, 332-333 individual, 329-331 individual income taxes, 329–331 industry, growth, 475-477 initiatives, 240-241 ballot propositions in 2019, 242-245 changes to constitution, 10-12, 240-241 circulating a petition, 246-247, 248-249 requesting permission, 246-247 preparing the initiative for the ballot, 250-251 voting on, 252-253 insurance, health adults, 422-423 children, 421 coverage status, 421-423 intergovernmental expenditures, education, 15-16, 18, 21, 22 districts, 20 elementary, 294-297 secondary, 294-297 health, 15-16, 18, 22, 298-300 highways, 15-16, 18, 21, 22, 427-428 intergovernmental, 15-23 local government, 15-16, 20 Medicaid, 298-300 public welfare, 15-16, 18, 21, 22 state general funds, 286-288 intergovernmental revenue, 21-22 intergovernmental payments, 15-16, 17 introducing bills

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 8 7

I NDE X

legislatures, 65-67 limits, 65-67 resolutions (legislatures), 77-8 time limits, 65-67 item veto, 113-114

—J— judges appellate courts, 203-205 chief justices, 193-194, 195 compensation, 200 conduct, 211-213 general trial courts, 196-197 judges, number of, 196-197, 206-210 judges, qualifications, 198-199 retention, 203-205 selection, 203-205 geographical basis, 203-205 terms, 196-197, 206-210 judges, number of, 196-197 judicial compensation, 193-194, 200 judicial discipline, 211-213 last resort, 193-194, 195 qualifications, 198-199 retention, 203-205 selection, 193-194, 195, 203-205 terms, 196-197, 203-205 judicial administration offices, 201-202 judicial discipline, 211-213 justices on courts of last resort, chief justices, 193-194, 195

—K— —L— last resort (courts), 193-194, 195 leaders house/assembly compensation, 55-56 methods of selecting, 43-46 senate compensation, 53-54

4 88 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

methods of selecting, 39-42 legal provisions (legislative sessions), 28-31 legislative bodies, 27 legislative duties (secretaries of state), 153-154, 155-156 legislative leaders, 39-46 legislative sessions, 28-31 legislators compensation, 48-49 method of setting, 47 leaders, 53-56 election of, 219-220 leadership, 39-46 number of, 32-33 parties, 32-33 qualifications, 36-38 retirement, 57-61 staff, 81-83 terms, 32-33 term limits, 32-33 turnover, 35 women, 381-382 legislatures administrative regulations, powers, 95-98 procedures, 92-94 review of, 95-98 rules reviewed, 92-94 structure, 92-94 time limits, 92-94 appropriations process bills, 72-74 budgets, 72-74 budget documents, 72-74 bills carryover, 62-64 enactments, 77-80 introductions, 76-77 limits on introducing, 65-67 pre–filing, 62-64 reference, 62-64 time limits, 65-67 veto, 68-71 chamber control, 35 changes in, 35 elections, 219-220 enacting legislation effective date, 68-71 veto, 68-71 veto override, 68-71

INDEX

fiscal notes content, 75-76 distribution, 75-76 legislation, sunset, 99-103 legislative bodies, 27 legislative leaders, 39-46 legislative powers, 95-98 legislative review, 95-98 legislative seats, 32-35, 219-220 legislative staff, 81-83 membership turnover, 35 official name of, 27 partisan control, 32-33, 34 party control, 32-33, 34 procedures, 95-98 resolutions, 77-78 enactments, regular session, 77-78 enactments, special session, 79-80 introductions, regular session, 77-78 introductions, special session, 79-80 retirement benefits, 57-61 sessions, 27, 28-31 convening of, 28-31 convening places, 27 length of, 28-31 limitation on length, 28-31 special, 28-31, 79-80 subject matter, 28-31 staff, 81-83, 84-85 standing committees appointments, 84-85 number, 84-85 rule adoption, 88-91 staff, 84-85 sunset legislation, 99-103 time limits, on bills, 65-67 turnover, 35 length of terms, 123-124 attorneys general, 123-124, 157-158 governors, 107-108, 123-124 legislators, 32-33, 35 lieutenant governors, 123-124, 138-144 secretaries of state, 123-124, 149-150 licensed, drivers, 433-434 lieutenant governor compensation, 133-140 duties, statutory, 143-144 joint election, 141-142 method of selection, 141-142 powers, 143-144

qualifications, 143-144 salaries, 121-122 terms, 123-124, 141-142 limits on introducing bills (legislatures), 65-67

—M— Medicaid, 298-300 methods of selection attorneys general, 125-132, 157-158 auditors, 125-132, 173-174 chief financial officers, 125-132, 168-169, 173-174 comptrollers, 125-132, 183-184 judges, 193-194, 203-205 treasurers, 125-132, 168-169 motor fuel, tax rates, diesel, 318-319 excise taxes, 318-319 fees, 318-319 gas, 318-319 gasohol, 318-319 use, 435-436

—N— National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, 173-189 National Association of State Budget Officers, 271-311 National Center for State Courts, 193-213 National Conference of State Legislatures, 47–61 nominating candidates for state offices, 221-222

—O— —P— parole, adults (corrections), 452-453 parties, political, 32-33,107-108 party control, 32-33,107-108 payrolls (state and local government), 372, 374-375

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 8 9

I NDE X

pension plans, public employee beneficiaries, 359-361 benefits (legislatures), 57-61 benefit payments, 359-361 contributions, 362-363, 364 earnings on investments, 362-363, 364 membership, 359-361 payments, 362-363, 364 receipts, 362-363 total holdings, 364 per capita income, 471-472 personal income, 471-474 personnel, 367-368, 376-379 paid holidays, 376-379 state employees, 367-368, 376-379 political parties, 32-33, 107-108 polling hours (general elections), 228-229 population, 468-470 population, prison prisons, capacity, 448-449 facilities, 448-449 prisoners, admissions, 446-447 ethnicity, 439-441 jurisdictions, 437-438 local jails, 442-443 private prisons, 442-443 race, 439-441 releases, 446-447 sex, 437-438 under-age, 444-445 by sex, 444-445 prisoners admitted, 446-447 prisoners released, 446-447 probation, 450-451 population changes, 468-470 powers governors, 113-114 lieutenant governors, 141-142, 145-147 preâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;filing bills (legislatures), 62-64 presidential elections voter turnout, 239 primary, elections, 223-226, 227 prisons, capacity, 448-449 facilities, 448-449 prisoners, admissions, 446-447 ethnicity, 439-441

4 90â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

jurisdictions, 437-438 local jails, 442-443 private prisons, 442-443 race, 439-441 releases, 446-447 sex, 437-438 under-age, 444-445 by sex, 444-445 probation, adults (corrections), 450-451 prosecutorial duties (attorneys general), 161-163 public employment employment summary, 367-368 earnings, 369, 372 employees administration, 373 financial, 373 judicial, 373 legal, 373 corrections, 373 education, 373 full time, 370-371 highways, 373 hospitals, 373 natural resources, 373 part time, 370-371 police protection, 373 public welfare, 373 state, 370-371 local 370-371 employment summary, 367-368 full time equivalent, 367-368 payrolls, 372, 374-375 administration, 374-375 financial, 374-375 judicial, 374-375 legal, 374-375 average, 372 corrections, 374-375 education, 372, 374-375 highways, 374-375 hospitals, 374-375 local, 369, 372 natural resources, 374-375 percentage, 372 police protection, 374-375 public welfare, 374-375 state, 369, 372, 374-375 state employees, compensation, 372, 374-375 salaries, 374-375

INDEX

public roads, 429-430 publications (secretaries of state), 155-156

qualifications attorneys general, 159-160 auditors, 173-174 comptrollers, 185-186 governors, 109 judges appellate courts, 198-199 general trial courts, 198-199 legislators, 36-38 lieutenant governors, 143-147 secretaries of state, 151-152 treasurers, 171-172

corporation, 341-342, 349-351 hunting and fishing license, 341-342 motor vehicle license, 341-342, 349-351 motor vehicle operators, 341-342 occupation and business, 341-342 public utility, 341-342 property tax, 339 sales and gross receipts, 339, 340, 349-351 alcoholic beverages, 340 amusements, 340 insurance premiums, 340 motor fuels, 340, 349-351 pari–mutuels, 340 public utilities, 340 tobacco products, 340 severance, 339 stock transfer, 339 roads, public, 429-430 rule adoption (standing committees), 88-91

—R—

—S—

recall, of state officials, 252-268 referendums, 10, 11-12, 240-241, 254-255 citizen petitions, 256-259 voting on, 260-261 registration duties (secretaries of state), 153-154 resolutions (legislatures) enactments, 77-78, 79-80 introductions, 77-78, 79-80 retention (judges), 203-210 retirement systems, public beneficiaries, 359-360 benefits (legislatures), 57-61 benefit payments, 359-361 contributions, 362-363, 364 earnings on investments, 362-363, 364 membership, 359-361 payments, 362-363, 364 receipts, 362-363 total holdings, 364 revenues, tax corporation income, 339, 349-351 death and gift, 339 documentary, 339 individual income, 339, 349-351 license revenue, 339 alcoholic beverage, 341-342 amusement. 341-342

salaries administrative officials, 133-140 attorneys general, 133-140 auditors, 133-140 comptrollers, 133-140 governors, 110-112, 133-140 judges, 196-197, 200–202 legislators, 48-49 house/assembly leaders, 55-56 methods of setting compensation, 47 mileage, 48-49 per diem, 48-49 senate leaders, 53-54 lieutenant governors, 133-140 payrolls, state, 367-368, 374-375 secretaries of state, 133-140 total, state, 352-354 treasurers, 133-140 sales and gross receipts, 339, 340, 349-351 alcoholic beverages, 340 amusements, 340 insurance premiums, 340 motor fuels, 340, 349-351 pari–mutuels, 340 public utilities, 340 tobacco products, 340

—Q—

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 9 1

I NDE X

sales tax exemptions, 326 schools, public elementary, grades, 387-389 students, number of, 387-389 teachers, 390-391, 392-393 secondary, dropouts, 397-398 rate, 397-398 state, 397-398 race/ethnicity, 397-398 completion, rates, 399-401 grades, 387-389 graduates, 399-401 students, number of, 387-389 teachers, 390-393 teachers, 390-391 charter, 390-391 distribution, 390-391 elementary, 392-393 experience, 390-391 number, 390-393 public, 390-391 salaries, 394-395 average annual, 396 secondary, 392-393 secretaries of state custodial duties, 155-156 elections, 153-154 voter registration, 230-231 legislative duties, 155-156 method of selection, 125-132, 149-150 party, 149-150 publication duties, 155-156 qualifications, 151-152 registration duties, 153-154 business related, 153-154 salaries, 133-140 selecting, 125-132, 149-150 term limits, 123-124, 107-108 selecting administrative officials, 125-132 house/assembly leaders, 43-46 judges, 193-194, 203-205 senate leaders, 39-42 senate composition, 32-33 leaders (compensation), 53-54 leadership positions, 39-42 methods of selecting, 39-42

4 92 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

partisanship, 32-33 sessions, legislative, 28-31 convening of, 27, 28-31 dates of, 28-31, 77-78, 79-80 legal provisions, 28-31 length of, 28-31 limitation on length, 28-31 special, 28-31, 79-80 subject matter, 28-31 severance taxes, 334-338 special sessions (legislative), 28-31, 79-80 staff governors, 110-112 legislators, 81-83 legislatures (standing committees), 84-85 standing committees administrative regulations, 92-94, 95-98 appointments, 86-87 number, 86-87 rules adoption, 88-91 staff, 84-85 state budgets, 72-74,113-114, 271-285 state cabinet systems, 117-118 state constitutions, 3-12 state courts, 193-213 state finances, 271-276–364 all other expenditures actual, 301-311 bonds, 301-311 direct expenditures, 352-354 estimated, 301-311 federal funds, 301-311 general funds, 301-311 corporate income tax rates, 332-333 brackets, 332-333 financial institution rates, 332-333 net income, 349-351 debt outstanding long–term, 358 short–term, 358 direct expenditures, 352-354 assistance and subsidies, 352-354 capital outlay, 352-354 construction, 352-354 insurance benefits and repayments, 352-354 interest on debt, 352-354 intergovernmental, 352-354 excise taxes alcoholic beverages,

INDEX

beer, 320-321 distilled spirits, 320-321 excise tax rates, 320-321 general sales tax, 320-321 wine, 320-321 gasoline, 318-319 diesel fuel, 318-319 gasohol, 318-319 tobacco, taxes chewing tobacco, 312-315 cigarettes, 312-315 cigars, 312-315 e-cigarettes, 312-315 cartridges, 312-315 vaping, 312-315 snuff, 312-315 expenditures, corrections actual, 305-306 bonds, 305-306 estimated, 305-306 federal funds, 305-306 general funds, 305-306 expenditures, education bonds, 294-297 elementary, 294-297, 405-410 federal funds, 294-297 general funds, 294-297 secondary, 294-297, 405-410 expenditures, higher education actual, 301-302 estimated, 301-302 federal funds, 301-302 general funds, 301-302 expenditures, Medicaid actual, 298-300 estimated, 298-300 federal funds, 298-300 general funds, 298-300 expenditures, public assistance actual, 303-304 estimated, 303-304 federal funds, 303-304 general funds, 303-304 expenditures, total state actual, 289-293 bonds, 289-293 estimated, 289-293 federal funds, 289-293 general funds, 289-293 expenditures, transportation

actual, 307-308 bonds, 307-308 estimated, 307-308 federal funds, 307-308 general funds, 307-308 financial aggregates cash and security holdings, 343-345 debt outstanding at end of FY, 343-345 expenditures, 343-345 corrections, 346-348 education, 346-348 financial administration, 346-348 general, 343-348 highways, 346-348 health and hospitals, 346-348 insurance trust, 343-345, 346-348 interest on general debt, 346-348 natural resources, 346-348 police protection, 346-348 public welfare, 346-348 retirement, 346-348 utilities and liquor store, 343-345 unemployment, 346-348 pension systems, public, 364 contributions, 364 earnings on investments, 364 payments, 364 total holdings, 364 revenue, 343-345 federal government, from, 346-348 general, 349-351 insurance trust, 343-345, 346-348 utilities and liquor store, 343-345, 346-348 general expenditure corrections, 355-357 education, 355-357 employment security administration, 355-357 financial administration, 355-357 health, 355-357 highways, 355-357 hospitals, 355-357 natural resources, 355-357 police, 355-357 public welfare, 355-357 general fund, 271-284 actual, 2018, 271-276 appropriated, 2019, 277-280 budget stabilization fund, 271-276, 281-284 ending balance, 271-284 preliminary actual, 2020, 281-284

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 9 3

I NDE X

Rainy Day fund, 281-284 revenues, 271-284 total resources, 271-284 general revenue, 349-351 individual income tax, 329-330 federal starting points, 331 income brackets, 329-330 personal exemptions, 329-330 rate range, 329-330 intergovernmental revenue, 349-351 pension plans, public employee, beneficiaries, 359-361 benefit payments, 359-361 contributions, 362-363, 364 earnings on investments, 362-363, 364 membership, 359-361 payments, 362-363, 364 receipts, 362-363 total holdings, 364 sales tax drug exemptions, 326 food exemptions, 326 ranking, state, 327-328 rates, 326-328 vendor discount, 327-328 severance taxes rate, 334-338 revenue, 339 titles, 334-338 tax amnesty programs, 312-315 tax collections budgets, fiscal 2019, 285, 286-288 corporate income tax, 285, 286-288 personal income tax, 285, 286-288 projections, 286-288 general fund revenue. 286-288 sales tax, 285, 286-288 tax revenue corporation income, 339, 349-351 death and gift, 339 documentary, 339 individual income, 339, 349-351 license revenue, 339 alcoholic beverage, 341-342 amusement. 341-342 corporation, 341-342, 349-351 hunting and fishing license, 341-342 motor vehicle license, 341-342, 349-351 motor vehicle operators, 341-342 occupation and business, 341-342

4 94 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0

public utility, 341-342 property tax, 339 sales and gross receipts, 339-340, 349-351 alcoholic beverages, 340 amusements, 340 insurance premiums, 340 motor fuels, 340, 349-351 pari–mutuels, 340 public utilities, 340 tobacco products, 340 severance, 339 stock transfer, 339 wages and salaries, 352-354 state information capital city, 465, 468-470 central switchboard, 465 historical data, 466-467 land area, 468-470 largest city, 468-470 number of population, 468-470 density, 468-470 rank, 468-470 zip codes, 465 statistics, 468-470 state–local governments education, 15-16, 18-19 health, 15-16, 18-19 highways, 15-16 public welfare, 15-16, 21-23 subpoena powers (attorneys general), 164-165 succession, gubernatorial, 107-108, 145 sunset legislation, 99-103 sunset reviews, 99-103 switchboards (capitals), 465

—T— tax revenue corporation income, 339, 349-351 death and gift, 339 documentary, 339 individual income, 339, 349-351 license revenue, 339 alcoholic beverage, 341-342 amusement. 341-342 corporation, 341-342, 349-351 hunting and fishing license, 341-342

INDEX

motor vehicle license, 341-342, 349-351 motor vehicle operators, 341-342 occupation and business, 341-342 public utility, 341-342 property tax, 339 sales and gross receipts, 339, 340, 349-351 alcoholic beverages, 340 amusements, 340 insurance premiums, 340 motor fuels, 340, 349-351 pari–mutuels, 340 public utilities, 340 tobacco products, 340 severance, 339 stock transfer, 339 teachers, 390-391 charter, 390-391 distribution, 390-391 elementary, 392-393 experience, 390-391 number, 390-391, 392-393 public, 390-391 salaries, 394-395 average annual, 396 secondary, 392-393 term limits auditors, 173-174 attorney generals, 123-124, 157-158 gubernatorial, 107-108, 123-124 legislative turnover, 35 secretaries of state, 123-124 treasurers, 123-124, 168-169 terms of office appellate courts, 193-194, 196-197, 203-205 attorneys general, 123-124, 157-158 auditors, 173-174 chief justices, 193-194, 195 general trial courts, 196-197 governors length, 107-108 number of, 123-124 legislators, 32-33 lieutenant governors, 123-124, 141-142 term limits, gubernatorial, 107-108, 123-124 treasurers, 123-124 tobacco, taxes chewing tobacco, 312-315 cigarettes, 312-315 cigars, 312-315

e-cigarettes, 312-315 cartridges, 312-315 vaping, 312-315 snuff, 312-315 transition procedures (governors), 119-120 transportation, 424-436 treasurers cash management, 171-172 duties, 171-172 methods of selection, 125-132, 168-169 party, 168-169 qualifications, 170 responsibilities, 171-172 cash management, 171-172 salaries, 133-140 term of office, 109, 168-169 turnover in legislature membership, 35

—U— universities, 414-416 tuition and fees, 411-413 room and board rates, 411-413 number of, 414-416 faculty salaries, 417-418

—V— vaping, 312-315 cartridges, 312-315 e-cigarettes, 312-315 vetoes, 77-80, 113-114 enacting legislation, 68-71 line item, 68-71, 77-80, 113-114 overrides, 68-71, 77-80 voter information, 228-229, 232-234 polling hours, 228-229 registration, 230-231 turnout (Presidential elections), 239 race, of, 211-213 turnout, 206-210 voting statistics (Gubernatorial elections), 235-237, 238 statistics (Presidential elections), 239 voter registration, 230-231

Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 9 5

I NDE X

—W— wages, state, 352-354 women in state government, 380–384 governors, 380 legislators, 381-382 statewide elected and appointed officials, 383-384

—X–Y–Z— zip codes (capitals), 465

4 96 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 2 0