Rosalie Arcala-Hall

With emergency powers, President Rodrigo Duterte mobilized and deployed military and police to enforce lockdown measures in Metro Manila and Cebu City. For several months in 2020, the deployed forces ran quarantine control points in borders and city wards, and enforced curfew and liquor bans. This article examines how said deployment affected civilian control by the President and local civil-military dynamics. The heightened visibility of uniformed personnel in these urban spaces, and subsequent arrests and detention of quarantine violators came under heavy criticism. Against the backdrop of ex-military dominated national Inter Agency Task Force for Infectious Diseases (IATF), the militarized lockdown failed to stem the virus’ spread and expanded the military’s reach into civilian domain. Its involvement in law enforcement operations alongside the police poses dangers to local civil-military balance and to democracy. President Duterte’s reliance on the state’s coercive apparatus to ...

Mount Banahaw, an active volcano and a watershed tn the municipality of Dolores, Quezon province, Philippines, is also a considered a sacred place. This study discussed the community outcomes arising from the conceptual dichotomy of perceptions of multi-use of water by formal organizations such as water districts for domestic use and by informal organizations such as the religious groups for the sacred or religious use of water from the sacred mountain; and the negotiations among these different actors and agents for water access. Results distilled lessons around the interlocking themes of water use and institutions in the access and allocation of water resources as water transits from non-consumptive use to use value. Polycentric water governance is necessary in the context of Mount Banahaw’s cultural, social and economic realities.

... View all notes. Forty-five personnel of the Air SDF (ASDF) and two C130 (Hercules) cargo planes were also present at an early stage ... In Medan, the Australian Defence Forces (ADF) and TNI led the briefings and coordinated responses with the point person from UNOCHA.31 31. ...

The responses of the Philippine Coast Guard (PCG), Petron, government line agencies, local government authorities and non-government organizations to the 2006 Solar I oil spill were moderated by their relative positions within overlapping and competing disaster-specific frameworks at the agency (PCG), local and regional levels. The regional Task Force Solar I Oil Spill (RTFSOS), once convened, overshadowed the other frameworks owing largely to national calamity funds channeled through its member line agencies. While the task force design allowed for better job delineation and horizontal coordination between a limited number of stakeholders, the framework nevertheless marginalized the PCG, local government authorities and NGOs while endowing Petron a legitimate basis for its involvement in response operations. The absence of a widely-accepted protocol for ameliorating the spill’s environmental and human health impact created tension between line government agencies and academic/research communities. Unlike other disasters, the prospect of financial largesse from the International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund, either as reimbursements for response activities and compensation for livelihood losses, animated stakeholder and local reactions.

... ACTORS by Rosalie Arcala Hall For additional information, please contact: Author's nameRosalie Arcala Hall Designation Professor Affiliation University of the Philippines Visayas Address Miagao, Iloilo Tel. no. E-mail Page 2. MODERN ...

This paper examines the conflicts arising from the layered legal treatment, fragmentation and multiplicity of institutions involved in Philippine water governance. Using a thematic analysis of national legislation, a survey of 299 water managers in 10 provinces, and five cases illustrating local contestations, the paper tracks the diversification of formal institutional stakeholders which have been found to lack coherence and inter-agency connectivity. Water managers are not grounded in policy shifts, have little understanding of formal water rights and settle local conflicts with little reliance on formal mechanisms. The select cases reveal that water rights provide weak currency in local contestations.

The chapter reviews and examines water-related program interventions–social, economic, institutional–that have directly and indirectly influenced water demand management in the Philippines since 2000. Demand focuses on water users and the human dimensions of water use, including degradation of water quality, excessive drawing from aquifers, non-consumptive uses of water, and the organizations that have evolved to represent the various stakeholders. The chapter then examines the feasibility of the emergent emphasis on policies that stress making better use of existing supplies in combination with decentralization and participation of water users, even as new sources are explored. Initiatives by the Department of Interior and Local Government toward expanding water access in areas not served by municipal water districts, participatory management schemes for irrigation associations by the National Irrigation Administration, and intersectoral formation for surface water/river quality management by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources are probed. The chapter describes initiatives such as intermunicipal water transfers, independent community-based collective arrangements for domestic and irrigation provisioning (through cooperatives) and riparian upstream-downstream coalitions for water quality in select locality cases. Such policies and interventions aim to influence demand along principles of efficiency, equity, and sustainability. This chapter explores the application of water-demand programs by select national government agencies to their respective client-groups. The institutional arrangements thus created by these program applications are “grey area” because they are not as yet grounded on water rights or adequately covered in the existing Philippine Water Code. But they portend to better/improved ways by which water can be more equitably accessed.

The southern part of the Philippines, also known as the Bangsamoro area, is beset by complex security challenges from Islamic separatist and terrorist groups. This lecture looks at informal practices of security provisioning by co-located forces (state and nonstate armed groups) in this conflict zone. It is explored how alternative security governance between the military, police, insurgents, private armies of warlords, and clans leads to tenuous and highly volatile security bargains. Findings from an Asia Foundation-funded research project, which entailed key informant interviews of military and rebel commanders and local government executives as well as focus group discussion among civil society representatives in four areas, are presented.

The chapter maps the array of formal arrangements between water apex bodies, national government agencies, local government units and water organizations with mandates on water supply and demand management. Institutional arrangements are complex, multilayered and fragmented, with duplication of tasks such as planning and monitoring, whilst few are involved in operations and financing. Local government units directly operate facilities and replicate the work of water apex bodies, which have no local presence. The role of the state is central as owner of property rights to water, regulator and subsidy provider. Despite increasing private sector participation in water provisioning mainly in urban centers, many rural and village-level waterworks continue to rely on grants from the government for crucial infrastructure, operations and management funds. The government uses water permits, subsidy, legal requirements for inter-sector transfer, and penalties for pollution as policy instrumen...

This final chapter discusses key findings of the book; one significant finding, among others, is that the Philippines will suffer from an impending water crisis if institutions were not strengthened. Sectoral issues are also summarized. Challenges and ways forward are discussed.

This chapter provides the context, setting and framework of water policy analysis for this volume. It gives an introduction to the state of water resources in the Philippines, supply and demand situation and the extent of pollution of water bodies. It presents the framework of analysis that guided the discussion in the book. The framework showcases the water supply sustainability issues vis a vis the growing demand and the needed policy support to make this happen. Factors identified to drive water scarcity are the increasing population and urbanization, weak institutional arrangements in the water sector, lack of policy instruments and weak implementation of environmental policies and laws. The last part outlines the organization of the book.

The legal framework on domestic household water use and sanitation specifically mandates the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System to engage in capital infrastructure and water distribution in Metro Manila. On the other hand, the water districts and municipal-government-administered water works play a key role in the supply, distribution, and management at the local level. Historically, these water institutions have paid less attention to sanitation and have focused more on water provisioning. Insufficient public investments and mismanagement have led to serious gaps in performance. The patterns of water use in the domestic household sector follow the country’s demographic distribution where urban and town centers are favored infrastructure-wise over rural and urbanizing areas. This chapter identifies the inefficiencies, the gaps in access by the poor, and the poor participation by consumers in water district schemes in urban areas. It also describes the challenges of rural vi...

Using Saleth and Dinar’s water governance framework, the studycharacterized . irrigators’ associations and examined how they operate and how they are managed. A total of 128 association presidents were surveyed in ten provinces in the Philippines and were asked about their knowledge and perception on the organization, natural resource policies, and water status in the locality. The National Irrigation Systems (NIS) still has a formal structure as influenced by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA), but it is assuming the characteristics of the Communal Irrigation Systems (CIS) management because of the paradigm shift to participatory irrigation management. The CIS, on the other hand, may remain to be an informal organization that is mimicking the character of the NIS, or it may become more formal in operation. The irrigators’ associations were guided by institutional processes in water pricing. They differed on the basis and the average amount charged, and on modes of collect...

This article examines the interaction of local army units and town/village leaders in several communist frontline communities in Southern Iloilo, in the light of changes in the national government’s policy response after 1986. Civil-military engagement in the frontline is asymmetrical and premised on different understandings of the nature and assessment of the communist threat. For soldiers, the communists are embedded in the community, and pose a serious threat. Local leaders downplay the rebel threat and view the communists as outsiders, but express a nuanced view of the different roles locals play in the communist movement and factional affiliation of rebels in their area. Except for paramilitary formation, the military devises all counterinsurgency programs while civilian leaders and the police are confined to implementation. The Municipal Peace and Order Councils do not serve as institutional means for local civilian leaders to oversee military operations, but rather as venues for local commands to obtain logistical support. Civil-military interface on human rights concerns has become less confrontational and oriented towards soldiers carrying firearms in public, abuse of local generosity particularly in quartering and food provision, and complaints procedure for minor infractions.

The Philippine military performs on array of traditional (internal security and external defense) and non-traditional (development, disaster relief and rehabilitation, and environmental protection) functions. Historically, it was preoccupied with counterinsurgency operations, which included civic action and development component. After 7 986, the military's role in internal security operations has been streamlined and circumscribed by statutes which criminalize human rights violations. Plans for the military to shift to on external defense mode in 7 995 was scuttled after renewed insurgency threat. There was also a parallel expansion in the military's non-traditional functions after the transition owing to pragmatic considerations by civilian authorities to put the military's resources to use.

... and social reforms and harmonize these with military efforts; fear of further strengthening military power vis ... US-Philippine military relations itself has evolved in several stages after 1947. ... The domestic and regional dimensions of this military alliance affected to a great extent the ...

... Maliao, Leon. The Maliao detachment, located on a mountain ridge overlooking the barangay proper, river valley, and Mount Agua Oxinada, lies in the border between Iloilo and Antique provinces. The barangay's strategic significance is evident in its location. ...

... and social reforms and harmonize these with military efforts; fear of further strengthening military power vis ... US-Philippine military relations itself has evolved in several stages after 1947. ... The domestic and regional dimensions of this military alliance affected to a great extent the ...

... Given the regularity of such typical disasters, it has also been a trend for the calamity fund to be spent entirely on procuring ... NGO involvement in the Philippine disaster-management scene has been mostly in community preparedness but less in terms of relief provision (Lupig ...

... Given the regularity of such typical disasters, it has also been a trend for the calamity fund to be spent entirely on procuring ... NGO involvement in the Philippine disaster-management scene has been mostly in community preparedness but less in terms of relief provision (Lupig ...