- Thin Films and Coatings, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, and 8 moreInternational Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), Heat Transfer, Renewable Energy, English, Environmental Engineering, Synthesis of nanoparticles, Nanomaterials Characterization, and Catalysis(International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), Heat Transfer, Renewable Energy, English, Environmental Engineering, Synthesis of nanoparticles, Nanomaterials Characterization, and Catalysis)edit
- Khalid A. Sukkar is currently a Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Iraq. ... moreKhalid A. Sukkar is currently a Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Iraq. Khalid does research in areas of transport processes, multi-phase reactors, nanotechnology, catalysts, biochemical processes, nanotechnology applications in the petroleum(Khalid A. Sukkar is currently a Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology, Iraq. Khalid does research in areas of transport processes, multi-phase reactors, nanotechnology, catalysts, biochemical processes, nanotechnology applications in the petroleum)edit
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In the ozonation process, the phenol degradation in wastewater undergoes a low mass transfer mechanism. In this study, ozonized packed bubble column reactor was designed and constructed to remove phenol. The reactor’s inner diameter and... more
In the ozonation process, the phenol degradation in wastewater undergoes a low mass transfer mechanism. In this study, ozonized packed bubble column reactor was designed and constructed to remove phenol. The reactor’s inner diameter and height were 150 and 8 cm, respectively. The packing height was kept constant at 1 m in accordance with the reactor hydrodynamics. The gas distributor was designed with 55 holes of 0.5 mm. The phenol removal efficiency was evaluated at ozone concentrations of 10, 15, and 20 mg/L, contact times of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 min, and phenol concentrations of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mg/L. The results indicated that the highest phenol removal efficiency of 100% was achieved at 30 min in presence of packing. Moreover, the use of packing improved the contact between the gas and liquid, which significantly enhanced the phenol degradation. Actually, a thin film over a packing surface enhances the mass transfer. Also, it was found that the phenol is degr...
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A homemade N doped-TiO2 nanoparticle were used to degrade dibenzothiophene (DBT) in a model fuel flowing on a bench-scale glass-made falling film reactor irradiated by a xenon lamp that emitted visible light. The photocatalyst was... more
A homemade N doped-TiO2 nanoparticle were used to degrade dibenzothiophene (DBT) in a model fuel flowing on a bench-scale glass-made falling film reactor irradiated by a xenon lamp that emitted visible light. The photocatalyst was immobilized on the glass sheet. EDS, SEM, and FT-IR techniques were utilized to identify the morphology of the N doped-TiO2 nanoparticles. Different operating parameters (e.g., N loading (0, 4, 5, and 6 wt%), light intensity (20, 40, and 60 W/m2), and pH (4, 7, and 10)) were investigated for their effect on the DBT degradation. The effect of the N loading on the wettability of the nano-TiO2 particles was also investigated. Experimental results revealed that the N loading did not affect the wettability characteristics of the nano TiO2 particles. Moreover, results showed that DBT conversion positively depends on N loading, light intensity (hv), and pH increase. The estimated optimal operating parameters were 5 wt% N loading, pH = 10, and hv = 40 W/m2 to ens...
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The operation of reforming catalysts in a fixed bed reactor undergoes a high level of interaction between the operating parameters and the reaction mechanism. Understanding such an interaction reduces the catalyst deactivation rate. In... more
The operation of reforming catalysts in a fixed bed reactor undergoes a high level of interaction between the operating parameters and the reaction mechanism. Understanding such an interaction reduces the catalyst deactivation rate. In the present work, three kinds of nanocatalysts (i.e., Pt/HY, Pt-Zn/HY, and Pt-Rh/HY) were synthesized. The catalysts’ performances were evaluated for n-heptane reactions in the fixed bed reactor. The operating conditions applied were the following: 1 bar pressure, WHSV of 4, hydrogen/n-heptane ratio of 4, and the reaction temperatures of 425, 450, 475, 500, and 525 °C. The optimal reaction temperature for all three types of nanocatalysts to produce high-quality isomers and aromatic hydrocarbons was 500 °C. Accordingly, the nanocatalyst Pt-Zn/HY provided the highest catalytic selectivity for the desired hydrocarbons. Moreover, the Pt-Zn/HY-nanocatalyst showed more resistance against catalyst deactivation in comparison with the other two types of nanoca...
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The ethyl acetate synthesis via heterogeneous reactive distillation is studied experimentally using ethanol and acetic acid. Three types of cation exchanging resins were used as catalysts: Zerolit 225, Zerolit 226 and Ambylite 400.... more
The ethyl acetate synthesis via heterogeneous reactive distillation is studied experimentally using ethanol and acetic acid. Three types of cation exchanging resins were used as catalysts: Zerolit 225, Zerolit 226 and Ambylite 400. Experiments were carried out in two units of the same dimensions. Each unit consisted of three sections: rectifying, reactive and stripping sections of heights (60+25+20) cm respectively and 2.5cm column diameter. The first unit (column-A-) was a fractionation type and the second unit (column-B-) was packed column. The packing type was hollow glass cylinders with 10 mm height, and 4, 5 mm inner and outer diameter respectively. The experiments were carried out by using two operation modes. The semi-batch and continuous operation mode. In the first part of present investigation, the semi-batch mode was used to evaluate the catalyst type and to evaluate the performance of reactive distillation unit configuration (Fractionation and packed column). Results sho...
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Soil pollution from waste crude oil in emergency pits is a major problem at petroleum industry sites. In this work, extra-heavy waste crude oil was recovered from emergency pits and underwent many pre-purification processes to remove... more
Soil pollution from waste crude oil in emergency pits is a major problem at petroleum industry sites. In this work, extra-heavy waste crude oil was recovered from emergency pits and underwent many pre-purification processes to remove water and impurities. This type of oil was subjected to thermal cracking reactions in a semi-batch reactor constructed from stainless steel, with a volume of 500 mL. The cracking reactions were tested at operating temperatures of 400, 425, and 450 °C, with operating pressures of 1, 3, 5, and 7 bar. The results indicated that during thermal cracking, the reaction mechanism was highly dependent on the heat and mass transfer processes that occurred in the reactor. It was noted that the interaction between the optimal reaction temperature and operating pressure enhanced the product distribution and formation of high-quality liquid fuel with low gaseous and coke formations. The highest API of 30.5 was achieved for the liquid product at an operating temperatu...
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Concrete is the most common material used for construction purposes as well as in the lining of oil wells. In this work, the concrete specifications are improved through the preparation of Nano silica particles (SiO2) by laboratory from... more
Concrete is the most common material used for construction purposes as well as in the lining of oil wells. In this work, the concrete specifications are improved through the preparation of Nano silica particles (SiO2) by laboratory from Iraqi sand and added to the concrete, which gives results with a large gap in the test of compressive strength after the addition of silica nanoparticles prepared to the concrete mixtures compared to the same mixtures without the addition of silica, to give high hardness and great capacity for bearing of compressive strength as well as increase the resistance to water penetration during the concrete structure and especially the padded cement for the oil well. In this research, Nano silica particles are prepared from the Iraqi sands available in large quantities in the cities of Iraq. The two types of sand are used: the first one is the sand of the Akheider area in Karbala province and the second is the sand of the western region in Anbar province. T...
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In this work, the effect of the addition of bright nickel plating and silver carried out by the electroplating method has been studied, on the coating of copper nanoparticles on the copper base metal via the process of thermal... more
In this work, the effect of the addition of bright nickel plating and silver carried out by the electroplating method has been studied, on the coating of copper nanoparticles on the copper base metal via the process of thermal evaporation. The improvement of the solar absorber using CuNP in combination with the bright nickel and silver was obtained to be better than copper nanoparticles individually. A bright nickel enhanced the absorbed thermal stability. Also, other optical properties, absorptions, and emissivity slightly decreased from (93% to 87%), while the existence of silver had a slight impact on absorption of about (86.50%). On the other hand, thermal conductivity was evaluated using hot disk analyzer. The results showed a good improvement obtained by copper nanoparticles of about (89%) deposited on the copper substrate, while it decreased with 18.8% in the presence of bright nickel combined with copper nanoparticles. The other characteristics, like structure and phases of ...
The reaction kinetics of the n-butanol esterificati on and acetic acid on acidic solid catalyst named Dowex 50 under atmospheric pressure was investagated in this work. Reaction experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor at... more
The reaction kinetics of the n-butanol esterificati on and acetic acid on acidic solid catalyst named Dowex 50 under atmospheric pressure was investagated in this work. Reaction experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor at temperature range of 343 to 363 K, under various catalyst loads and various starting reactants feed ratios. The experimental data were fitted to estimate the kinetic parameters for reaction mechanisms by using MATLAB 7 software. The chemical equilibrium composition was measured and kinetic information was obtained at the same temperature range . The results show that the activation energy of n-b utanol esterification reaction was found to be 39.975 kJ/m ol. Finally the results of produced reaction mechanisms were compared with experimental results to validate the reaction mecha nism. Then it was conclud that the model results with the regressed kinetic parameters are in excellent agreement with the experimental results .
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In present study experimental and mathematical model have been carried out to describe the reaction kinetics of catalytic reforming process using Iraqi heavy naphtha as a feedstock for the process. Two types of catalysts were prepared... more
In present study experimental and mathematical model have been carried out to describe the reaction kinetics of catalytic reforming process using Iraqi heavy naphtha as a feedstock for the process. Two types of catalysts were prepared (Pt-Ir-Sn/AL2O3 and Pt-Ir/AL2O3) supported on γ-AL2O3. The main three described reforming reactions were investigated (dehydrogenation, hydrocracking, and dehydrocyclization) to characterize catalysts performance in term of activity and selectivity. The performance of catalysts were investigated under the following operating condition: reaction temperature range of 480-510 ˚C, weight hour space velocity range of 1-2hr -1 , pressure at 6 atm, and hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio of 4:1. The results show higher conversion of Iraqi heavy naphtha components (i.e., Paraffins and Naphthenes) with higher temperatures whereas; weight hourly space velocity has shown negative impact on conversion (i.e., higher WHSV shows lower conversion). In general, it was noted ...
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In the present work, amorphous silica (SiO2) is prepared from agricultural waste (rice husks) as a sustainable source by acid leaching process followed with the calcination process. RH treated with 3N HCl, then burned at (500, 600, 700,... more
In the present work, amorphous silica (SiO2) is prepared from agricultural waste (rice husks) as a sustainable source by acid leaching process followed with the calcination process. RH treated with 3N HCl, then burned at (500, 600, 700, and 800°C) for 4 hrs. The final product of silica was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results by XRD and XRF indicate that the obtained white powder was amorphous silica at calcination temperature less than 700°C with a purity of 96.976% but at 800°C the purity was 96.983%. SEM and visual inspection analyses show that RHA morphologies with acid pre-treatment at 700°C and 800°C surfaces of un-leached rice husk have a greater degree of roughness than those that have been leached with dilute acids.
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The catalyst cost regards one of the most important obstacles in petroleum industry. Therefore, the regeneration of catalysts could be more economic process to get high performance and low cost. In this work, three types of catalysts were... more
The catalyst cost regards one of the most important obstacles in petroleum industry. Therefore, the regeneration of catalysts could be more economic process to get high performance and low cost. In this work, three types of catalysts were investigated: Pt/A2lO3 (spent catalyst from reforming unit/Al-Doura Refinery), prepared Pt/A2lO3(Doura) and Pt/HY. The performances of catalysts (activity, selectivity and catalyst stablity) were studied using n-heptane as feedstock under reforming conditions. The operating pressure kept constant at atmospheric pressure, and the operating temperature 500 o C. The liquid flow was 0.4 l/h. The amount of catalyst was 50 gm, H2/H.C ratio used was 2 for all experimental runs. The catalyst of reforming process has been successfully regenerated using laser technique. This technique regards as a new approach for catalyst regeneration in petroleum industry to remove carbon deposits. On the other hand, this regeneration technique shows a great potential for ...
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The copper nanoparticles (CuNP) films have been deposited on Aluminum-4015 substrate by PVD technique. Structural of thin film layer achieved have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). While the chemical composition percentage of the... more
The copper nanoparticles (CuNP) films have been deposited on Aluminum-4015 substrate by PVD technique. Structural of thin film layer achieved have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). While the chemical composition percentage of the multilayers (Zn-Ni) combined with thin layer and substrate evaluated via ED-XRF, other characterization likes surface morphology have been investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FESM and AFM. Optical properties especially thermal absorption was measured in the UV/Vis range. The effect of coating parameter like time coating resulting different thickness thin film (50,100 and 150) nm deposited on Aluminum substrate have been studied and the influence on optical properties. SEM analysis and AFM results show that prepared films were denser with nanosize grains between (26-54) nm. Also, XRD results show nano copper was the main chemical component in the films. The films prepared by this technique have better optical properties like goo...
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In present work experimental and theoretical studies (A comprehensive mathematical model and simulation was developed to describe the reaction kinetics in catalytic reforming process) have been carried out on tri-metal supported on Al 2 O... more
In present work experimental and theoretical studies (A comprehensive mathematical model and simulation was developed to describe the reaction kinetics in catalytic reforming process) have been carried out on tri-metal supported on Al 2 O 3 catalysts using catalytic reforming process. The Iraqi heavy naphtha is used as a feedstock for the process. The dehydrogenation, dehydrocyclization, and hydrocracking reaction were investigated to characterize the catalysts performance toward higher activity and selectivity to desired products. The performance of catalysts was studied under the following operating condition: weight hour space velocity in the range of (1-2 hr-1), reaction temperature in the range of (480-510 °C). The results showed that the conversion of heavy naphtha components (Paraffin's and Naphthenes) increases with increasing of reaction temperature and decreases with increasing of weight hour space velocity. Also, it was noted that the yield of aromatics and light comp...
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Abstract: Problem statement: Hydrogen is a clean energy source. Bio-conversion of biomass to generate hydrogen has been achieved using anaerobic fermentation of some well-defined materials, in wastewater. No data available on hydrogen... more
Abstract: Problem statement: Hydrogen is a clean energy source. Bio-conversion of biomass to generate hydrogen has been achieved using anaerobic fermentation of some well-defined materials, in wastewater. No data available on hydrogen yielded from wastewater using inoculum extracted from Iraqi municipal wastewater treatment plant. Approach: This study investigated the effects of substrate concentration, initial pH and process temperature on biohydrogen production from surgery wastewater using anaerobic batch reactor. Batch tests are carried out in a 2.0 L batch reactor under different temperatures of 34, 36, 38and 40°C, various initial pH of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 and substrate concentrations of 5, 10 and 15%. The raw seed was compost sludge obtained from municipal wastewater treatment plant in Baghdad (Al-Restomia plant). The volume of evolved gas was measured at room temperature by the water displacement method. Results: The maximum hydrogen production 160 mL L−1 is obtained at an optim...
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In present study experimental and mathematical model have been carried out to describe the reaction kinetics of catalytic reforming process using Iraqi heavy naphtha as a feedstock for the process. Two types of catalysts were prepared... more
In present study experimental and mathematical model have been carried out to describe the reaction kinetics of catalytic reforming process using Iraqi heavy naphtha as a feedstock for the process. Two types of catalysts were prepared (Pt-Ir-Sn/AL 2 O 3 and Pt-Ir/AL 2 O 3) supported on γ-AL 2 O 3. The main three described reforming reactions were investigated (dehydrogenation, hydrocracking, and dehydrocyclization) to characterize catalysts performance in term of activity and selectivity. The performance of catalysts were investigated under the following operating condition: reaction temperature range of 480-510˚C510˚C, weight hour space velocity range of 1-2hr-1 , pressure at 6 atm, and hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio of 4:1. The results show higher conversion of Iraqi heavy naphtha components (i.e., Paraffins and Naphthenes) with higher temperatures whereas; weight hourly space velocity has shown negative impact on conversion (i.e., higher WHSV shows lower conversion). In general, i...
The reaction kinetics of the n-butanol esterification and acetic acid on acidic solid catalyst named Dowex 50 under atmospheric pressure was investagated in this work. Reaction experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor at... more
The reaction kinetics of the n-butanol esterification and acetic acid on acidic solid catalyst named Dowex 50 under atmospheric pressure was investagated in this work. Reaction experiments were carried out in a stirred batch reactor at temperature range of 343 to 363 K, under various catalyst loads and various starting reactants feed ratios. The experimental data were fitted to estimate the kinetic parameters for reaction mechanisms by using MATLAB 7 software. The chemical equilibrium composition was measured and kinetic information was obtained at the same temperature range. The results show that the activation energy of n-butanol esterification reaction was found to be 39.975 kJ/mol. Finally the results of produced reaction mechanisms were compared with experimental results to validate the reaction mechanism. Then it was conclud that the model results with the regressed kinetic parameters are in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
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In present study experimental and mathematical model have been carried out to describe the reaction kinetics of catalytic reforming process using Iraqi heavy naphtha as a feedstock for the process. Two types of catalysts were prepared... more
In present study experimental and mathematical model have been carried out to describe the reaction kinetics of catalytic reforming process using Iraqi heavy naphtha as a feedstock for the process. Two types of catalysts were prepared (Pt-Ir-Sn/AL 2 O 3 and Pt-Ir/AL 2 O 3) supported on γ-AL 2 O 3. The main three described reforming reactions were investigated (dehydrogenation, hydrocracking, and dehydrocyclization) to characterize catalysts performance in term of activity and selectivity. The performance of catalysts were investigated under the following operating condition: reaction temperature range of 480-510˚C, weight hour space velocity range of 1-2hr-1 , pressure at 6 atm, and hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio of 4:1. The results show higher conversion of Iraqi heavy naphtha components (i.e., Paraffins and Naphthenes) with higher temperatures whereas; weight hourly space velocity has shown negative impact on conversion (i.e., higher WHSV shows lower conversion). In general, it was...
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The catalyst cost regards one of the most important obstacles in petroleum industry. Therefore, the regeneration of catalysts could be more economic process to get high performance and low cost. In this work, three types of catalysts were... more
The catalyst cost regards one of the most important obstacles in petroleum industry. Therefore, the regeneration of catalysts could be more economic process to get high performance and low cost. In this work, three types of catalysts were investigated: Pt/A 2 lO 3 (spent catalyst from reforming unit/Al-Doura Refinery), prepared Pt/A 2 lO 3(Doura) and Pt/HY. The performances of catalysts (activity, selectivity and catalyst stablity) were studied using n-heptane as feedstock under reforming conditions. The operating pressure kept constant at atmospheric pressure, and the operating temperature 500 o C. The liquid flow was 0.4 l/h. The amount of catalyst was 50 gm, H 2 /H.C ratio used was 2 for all experimental runs. The catalyst of reforming process has been successfully regenerated using laser technique. This technique regards as a new approach for catalyst regeneration in petroleum industry to remove carbon deposits. On the other hand, this regeneration technique shows a great potent...
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In this study the isomerization of desulfuerized light lraqi petroleum naphtha (Al-Dura Refinery) with boiling point range of 37 to 124 oC , 80.5 API specific gravity and 68.2 octane number has been irwestigated. Two types of catolysts... more
In this study the isomerization of desulfuerized light lraqi petroleum naphtha (Al-Dura Refinery) with boiling point range of 37 to 124 oC , 80.5 API specific gravity and 68.2 octane number has been irwestigated. Two types of catolysts were prepared (P1/HX and Pt/SrX) by impregnation of 0.8 wt%o Pt on l3X-zeolite. The catalyst activity and selectivity toward isomerization, and catalyt deactivation were investigated. The isomerization unit consisled of a vertical tubular stainless steel reactor of 2 cm internal diameter, 3 cm external diameter and 68 cm height. The operating pressure was atmospheric for all experimental runs. The liquid flow of lightnaphtha was A.4 IJh, and the catalyst weight was 50 gm, H/H.C ratio used was 4 for all experimental runs. The isomerizationprocess was studied at dfurent tenperatures of 250, 270, 275, 300, 325, and 350oC , Itwasfound that, the optimum isomerization temperature is 270"C The isomerization activities snd selectivities os afunction of t...
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Catalytic reforming reactors are the most important multiphase reactors in petroleum refineries producing high octane gasoline. The reforming process usually generates an unstable operation combined with catalyst activity loss due to the... more
Catalytic reforming reactors are the most important multiphase reactors in petroleum refineries producing high octane gasoline. The reforming process usually generates an unstable operation combined with catalyst activity loss due to the high levels of interaction between the heat transfer and mass transfer processes in the reactor and the specifications of the catalyst. In this investigation, n-heptane reforming reactions were investigated by preparing three types of nanocatalysts (Pt/HY, Pt-Ge/HY, and Pt-Re/HY). The reforming reactions were investigated at 440, 460, 480, 500, and 520 °C under atmospheric pressure in a reactor of dimensions 2 cm (inner diameter) by 30 cm (height) manufactured from stainless steel. The H2/n-heptane was selected to operate at a value of 2 with WHSV=2, and the effects of heat and mass transfer processes on the catalyst and reactor performance were thus evaluated. The results indicated that the Pt-Gr/HY catalyst showed the highest activity, selectivity...
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The conversion of methane gas to synthesis gas (CO and H2) and then into clean liquid fuels via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is investigated in the present work. The effects of the catalyst type, pretreatment conditions, and process... more
The conversion of methane gas to synthesis gas (CO and H2) and then into clean liquid fuels via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is investigated in the present work. The effects of the catalyst type, pretreatment conditions, and process temperature on the catalysts activity and selectivity are investigated. The syngas production and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis were carried out in two catalytic units connected in series. The first one contains a fixed bed reactor of 128 cm3, while the second fixed bed reactor is of 68 cm 3 . The results of syngas production over the prepared (Pt/HY) catalyst showed excellent resistance to carbon deposition and stable performance during 20 h-on-stream at 700 o C. The Fischer–Tropsch synthesis was carried out under different temperatures of 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, and 270 o C and constant atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the catalytic synthesis leads to a wide variety of products such as gasoline, diesel and waxes. It was concluded that the best o...
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The design of a new air filter for air-conditioning systems needs to properly manage antimicrobial activity and heat transfer performance. In this work, a hybrid nanofilter of polypropylene coated with silver nanoparticles and multiwall... more
The design of a new air filter for air-conditioning systems needs to properly manage antimicrobial activity and heat transfer performance. In this work, a hybrid nanofilter of polypropylene coated with silver nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes (Ag-MWCNTs/PP) was prepared using a modified impregnation technique under vacuum. The results demonstrated a high dispersion of AgNPs (∼18 nm) and MWCNTs on the polymer fibers. The antimicrobial activity of the nanofilters was evaluated against Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. A dramatic ability to kill all types of bacteria by 100 % was observed after adding 2 mg/mL of Ag-MWCNTs. Moreover, the pressure drop and convective heat transfer across the nanofilter were evaluated by building a special testing apparatus. The pressure drop rose with increases in the air velocity. Additionally, a high heat transfer coefficient with increases in the air velocity was achieved, with values of 52.5 a...
In this paper the detailed mathematical dynamic model of semi-batch reactive distillation is formulated for ethyl acetate synthesis (estrefication reaction). The model is composed of material balance, heat balance, and equilibrium... more
In this paper the detailed mathematical dynamic model of semi-batch reactive distillation is formulated for ethyl acetate synthesis (estrefication reaction). The model is composed of material balance, heat balance, and equilibrium equations. The set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations governing the unsteady state composition profile in a semi-batch reactive distillation column were solved by using fourth order Runge-Kutta integration method with the aid of the powerful MATLAB 6.5 program which used to simulate and optimize the semi-batch reactive distillation column. The simulation provides compositions, temperatures and holdups profiles along the column as a function of time. Also the reactant conversion and ethyl acetate purity in distillate are calculated. Finally, the simulation results are analyzed to find the optimum operating policy of reflux ratio, Ethanol/Acetic acid and catalyst weight.
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Nanotechnology: It is one of the modern scientific achievements where nanotechnology is available, namely the engineering and art of nano scale material treatment (100 nanometers. The ability to manufacture new Nano materials used to... more
Nanotechnology: It is one of the modern scientific achievements where nanotechnology is available, namely the engineering and art of nano scale material treatment (100 nanometers. The ability to manufacture new Nano materials used to treat surface water, groundwater and industrial wastewater contaminated with toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic substances as well as microorganisms. In this research, we discussed the use of Nano materials, or nearby, to remove the dissolved oil pollutants from the industrial wastewater of the South Refinery Company, where we used multitubes of carbon nanotubes. The function of the tubes can be described as a particle filter, Hold large particles of contaminants that are difficult to pass through the tube tunnel). We also used activated carbon powder and carbon filters near pore nanoparticles Keyword activated carbon, carbon Nano tubes multi, industrial waste water
Corn cob considers the agricultural waste in Iraq. High purity SiO2NPs were extracted from corn cob by enhanced precipitation and developed leaching processes. In this study, pre-treatment with 3N HCl has achieved then calcination of the... more
Corn cob considers the agricultural waste in Iraq. High purity SiO2NPs were extracted from corn cob by enhanced precipitation and developed leaching processes. In this study, pre-treatment with 3N HCl has achieved then calcination of the corn cob at 700°C, then follows with the leaching process with (2, 2.5, 3)N NaOH. The characterizations of the prepared SiO2NPs were analyzed with atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results were found that the prepared SiO2NPs have an amorphous structure with a high purity of 97.13 %. Also, the AFM results indicated that the average diameter of the SiO2NPs was 85 nm. It was noted that the leaching processes and pretreatment methods determine the structure, particle size, and quality of the synthesized SiO2NPs.
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In this work, the effect of the addition of bright nickel plating and silver carried out by the electroplating method has been studied, on the coating of copper nanoparticles on the copper base metal via the process of thermal... more
In this work, the effect of the addition of bright nickel plating and silver carried out by the electroplating method has been studied, on the coating of copper nanoparticles on the copper base metal via the process of thermal evaporation. The improvement of the solar absorber using CuNP in combination with the bright nickel and silver was obtained to be better than copper nanoparticles individually. A bright nickel enhanced the absorbed thermal stability. Also, other optical properties, absorptions, and emissivity slightly decreased from (93% to 87%), while the existence of silver had a slight impact on absorption of about (86.50%). On the other hand, thermal conductivity was evaluated using hot disk analyzer. The results showed a good improvement obtained by copper nanoparticles of about (89%) deposited on the copper substrate, while it decreased with 18.8% in the presence of bright nickel combined with copper nanoparticles. The other characteristics, like structure and phases of ...
A regular phenomenon in the petroleum industry is the challenges being faced with a multiphase flow system. Recovering only the oil often results in static pressure losses which often leads to a multiphase mixture being pumped to a... more
A regular phenomenon in the petroleum industry is the challenges being faced with a multiphase flow system. Recovering only the oil often results in static pressure losses which often leads to a multiphase mixture being pumped to a separation or processing terminal. The rate of micellar aggregates breakup of surfactants is usually faster when compared to their rate of formation. Polymers of high molecular weights are capable of reducing drag even at minute concentrations degrades under shear stress and at high temperatures, this mechanical degradation could be improved upon with the combination of these duos, thereby making use of the physicochemical interactions between polymers molecules and surfactants micellar aggregates, In this study, ionic polymers such as polyacrylic acid (PAA), Tween 20 (non-ionic surfactant) and Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) particle were tested individually and the complexes examined in the pipeline at varied concentrations. A drag reduction of about 50% was obtained with 1000 ppm of polymer, 300 ppm of the surfactant and 500 ppm of the nanofluid CNT. An increase in concentration with increased Torque was also observed regardless of the sample tested. It was realized that these combinations could be a better drag reduction method as results were obtained and analyzed by comparing the individual performances of these substances, with the complexes where the complexes have a better performance, and this could be as a result of the critical role played by the complex mixtures. The effect of the various additives was simulated using computational fluid dynamics.
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In the present work, amorphous silica (SiO2) is prepared from agricultural waste (rice husks) as a sustainable source by acid leaching process followed with the calcination process. RH treated with 3N HCl, then burned at (500, 600, 700,... more
In the present work, amorphous silica (SiO2) is prepared from agricultural waste (rice husks) as a sustainable source by acid leaching process followed with the calcination process. RH treated with 3N HCl, then burned at (500, 600, 700, and 800°C) for 4 hrs. The final product of silica was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results by XRD and XRF indicate that the obtained white powder was amorphous silica at calcination temperature less than 700°C with a purity of 96.976% but at 800°C the purity was 96.983%. SEM and visual inspection analyses show that RHA morphologies with acid pre-treatment at 700°C and 800°C surfaces of un-leached rice husk have a greater degree of roughness than those that have been leached with dilute acids.