No.19 Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies
(JPR&S)
Treatment of Industrial Water by Nano Technology
Kareem T. shnaihej*, Lamya J. Basri*, Hasan N. Mohesn*
Dr. Khalid A. Sukkar**
*
Petroleum R&D center
**
Chem. Eng. dep. /university of technology
ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ
ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻭﻓﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ:ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ
ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ،( ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ1- 100) ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻱ
.ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﺄﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ
ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ
) ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔcarbon Nano tubes multi wall ﻣﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻮﺏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ
ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮﻭﺭ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺘﺠﺰ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻫﺎ،ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ
ﻭ ﻓﻼﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔActivated carbon ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻂ.(ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻔﻖ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ
.ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ، ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ، ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺑﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ
Abstract
Nanotechnology: - It is one of the modern scientific achievements where nanotechnology is
available, namely the engineering and art of nano scale material treatment (100 nanometers.
The ability to manufacture new Nano materials used to treat surface water, groundwater and
industrial wastewater contaminated with toxic metal ions, organic and inorganic substances as well
as microorganisms.
In this research, we discussed the use of Nano materials, or nearby, to remove the dissolved oil
pollutants from the industrial wastewater of the South Refinery Company, where we used multitubes of carbon nanotubes. The function of the tubes can be described as a particle filter, Hold large
particles of contaminants that are difficult to pass through the tube tunnel). We also used activated
carbon powder and carbon filters near pore nanoparticles
Keyword activated carbon, carbon Nano tubes multi, industrial waste water
1. Introduction:
With the increasing speed of human growth in the industrial and technological sectors that require
more sources of energy source the problems of environmental pollution as a result of the receipt of
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waste in all forms leading to the disaster of chemical pollution where the difficulties and
complications of the elimination of pollutants or more directly to reduce the situation where
scientists are unable to act . Optimizing the design and treatment of materials at the nanotechnology
level provides a great opportunity for scientists to develop strategies to protect the environment from
pollution, produce clean energy sources, optimize energy use, solve water pollution and other
environmental problems.
2. The theoretical part:
The concept of nanotechnology:
The concept of nanotechnology is based on the fact that particles of less than 100 nanometers
(nanometers, a thousandth of a millionth of a meter) give material in which new properties and
behaviors are introduced.
This is because these particles (which are smaller than the characteristic lengths associated with
certain phenomena) exhibit new physical and chemical concepts, leading to new behavior based on
particle size. For example, the electronic structure, conductivity, efficiency, melting point, and
mechanical properties of the material are all changed when the particle size is less than a critical
value of size (8).
Hydrocarbon Substances:
Hydrocarbons form the largest percentage of pollutants present in wastewater from petroleum
industries. Some other compounds are added: sulfonic acid, sulfuric compounds, and sodium salts.
1) Extremely high polarity compounds: organic acids are very high polarity compounds because they
contain one or more polar carboxyl groups (each carboxyl group can form two hydrogen bonds with
a carboxylic group of a nearby molecule).
2) High polarity compounds: such as alcohols Because they contain one or more polar hydroxyl
(OH) groups, each hydroxyl group can form one hydrogenate with a hydroxyl group of a
neighboring molecule
3) Polar compounds: such as esters, aldehydes, and ketones For carbon atom bonding with oxygen
atoms with high electrolysis, aldehydes can form hydrogen bonds to bind the carbonyl group to
hydrogen atoms so that the aldehyde grades are higher than those of ketones
4) weak polycarbonate compounds such as primary and secondary amines because they are
monoclonal compounds containing H that are linked to N other than thiocyclic acid, which enables
them to make hydrogen bonds between them (nitrogen is less electrolytic than oxygen) and is
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therefore followed by aldehydes and ketones in terms of elevation in boiling points .
5) Very weak polarity compounds: Ethers are weak polycrystalline compounds, so they follow the
primary and secondary amines in terms of high boiling points. The triglycerides are less polar than
the ethers because the N-C is less than the O-C.
6) Non-polarity compounds: such as alkyl halide, interferon canals and branching kernels (9).
3. Objective of the research
Disposal of hydrocarbons in industrial water to preserve the environment and try to utilize,
recycling and use treated water.
4. Materials and equipment used
Materials used:
1 - Activated carbon activated and soft activated carbon
2. Carbon Nano tube multi wall (CNTM) Sand
4. Glass granules Bromocresol green
6. Ethanol
7- Engine oil motor
Equipments:
1- Steel stile length 25 cm, inner diameter 22 mm and outer diameter 25 mm in order to contain
carbon nanotubes
2- 25 cm plastic column, 22 mm inner diameter and 25 mm outer diameter for sand filter work
3 - Regulating the flow of air at a different speed of flow in order to control the process of drilling.
4 - Plastic tubing manufactured locally for the process of drilling
5 - Different glass containers
6- An electric motor to pump air
7- Electric water pump
8- Fluid flow velocity
9 - A bottle of nitrogen with purity 99%
10 - Plastic pipes with different diameters
11- Copper pipes
12 - Rolls and blankets
13- Stainless Steel Clip
14 - Glass wool
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15- Metal and plastic connections with different measurements
16- Heaters with different capacities
machines used
1. X-Ray diffract meter (XRD)
This device is used to diagnose the solid properties of solids only and is not used to examine liquids,
wet materials and Figure (1) shows the shape of the device.
2. Particle size
This device is used to determine the size of the minutes with detection limits up to the nanometer
and Figure (2) shows the shape of the device.
Fig. (1) Shows the X-Ray diffract meter
Fig. (2) Shows Particle size
3. Total organic compound (TOC)
The device is used to check the ratio of hydrocarbons (TOC) and Figure (3) shows the shape of the
device.
4- Scanner Microscope (SEM), Figure (4) shows the shape of the device
Fig. (4) Shows the scanner electron
Fig. (3) Shows the TOC device
microscope (SEM)
5) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) As shown in Figure (5).
6) UV-VIS spectro photometer Figure (6) shows the shape of the device.
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Fig. (5) Device (FTIR)
(JPR&S)
Fig. (6) Shows the UV-VIS
spectrophotometer device
5. Experimental
The work has been done in two parts, as described below
1) Part I:
A preliminary laboratory system was developed to investigate the effectiveness of activated charcoal
on the removal of organic materials for laboratory-prepared water samples, which are a mixture of
normal water, oily, engine oil, dissolved bromo crystalline dye, and ethanol alcohol.
Where a local flow system has been brought available in the local markets and converted to a
system consisting of three filters linked to each other and linked by an electric developer to withdraw
water and the filters are manufactured as follows:
The filter contains Sand (Sand) where the sand is placed in a plastic container and sealed with a
cotton piece on both sides. The table (1) shows the results obtained from the analysis) Sieving
analysis by particle size) for sand used. Then put the filter inside the system so that the flow of fluids
and enter from the bottom of the filter and graduated from the top and shape (7)
Fig. (7) Method of working sand filter
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Table (1) Results obtained from analysis by sieving analysis Particle size for sand used
No
Particle size(mm)
Weight(gm)
1
1.18
14.6105
2
0.6
31
3
0.3
159.961
The second filter contains the coarse activated charcoal in the form of a cylinder and a series of tests
are carried out in the third chapter. It is placed in the system so that the fluid enters the outer wall to
the inner wall and the shape (8) shows the shape of the filter.The third filter contains activated
carbon packed in a plastic container and closed with a piece of cotton on both sides. A group of tests
were carried out at the Technological University of the Nanotechnology Department, as explained in
Chapter 3 and Figure (9), which explains how the filter works.
Fig. (8) Shows how the second filter (compressed activated charcoal)
Fig. (9) How the soft activated carbon filter works
The filters were connected together and connected with a pull system consisting of a glass container
and an electric pull-out model. Figure (10) shows the shape of the initial system.
The first filter works to clear the water from the clay and the other suspended materials. The
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second filter works to rid the water of the particles with the smaller molecular sizes and the
suspended fatty materials. The third filter works to filter the water from the dissolved organic matter
such as the bromochrysol and insoluble organic matter the engine).
Fig. (10) Primary Separation System
The TOC test which the ratio of hydrocarbons in the model to samples of water inside and outside,
and the results of the test.
TOC: - Total organic compound
2) Part II
The work of another local system and laboratory manufacturing This system consists of two parts:
section One: It consists of plastic tubs manufactured locally and prepared on the basis of physical
separation in order to conduct the process of airing and skimming, where it connects with an electric
motor and regulating flow to pump air and this part is used to get rid of hydrocarbons of high
molecular weights not soluble in water where the separation on the basis of physical.
Section II: It consists of a pump to pump the resulting water after the cavity process and vertical
separation. The first column is a 25 cm long plastic column with 22 mm diameter and 25 mm outer
diameter sand. Sand layers are laid after separating them into three layers. The thin layer is placed
with 0.3 mm diameters first, which is placed in the bottom of the column followed by a layer With
diameters greater than 0.6 mm and then with a diameters of 1.18 mm, sealed with a glass wool on
both sides, so that the flow of fluid from the top of the column passes first on the coarse sand layer
and exits from the bottom to go to the second column. Flow meter for regulation of water flow
velocity Figure (11) shows the shape of the column.
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Fig. (11) Shows the sand column
The second column is a 25 cm steel stile, 22 mm diameter and 25mm outer diameter. It contains
carbon activated carbon. Activated carbon has been mixed with glass granules to facilitate the flow
of water through it, placing it in the column and sealing it from top and bottom with glass wool. A
piece of stainless steel buckles and connected by plastic pipes with the first column on the one hand
and on the other hand connects with a source of hot nitrogen gas by copper pipes and three-port
valves. The column is rotated with an electric filter for the purpose of heating.
The second column was filled with active carbon and several experiments were performed on
it. It was then replaced with carbon nanotubes CNT. The tests were carried out on the water inside
and outside the system using active carbon and CNT.
The first and second sections are connected to each other respectively, where the resulting water
is taken after the skimming process and driven by a water pump to the second section to get rid of
the rest of the organic contaminants. Figure (12) shows the scheme of the system design. Figure (13).
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Fig. (12) Design scheme of the system
Fig. (13) Shows the image of the system
6. Result and discussion
Active charcoal capacity to remove organic compounds
The first steps of the work were accomplished by using the raw system and the active and
coarse active carbon material to determine the active charcoal capacity to remove the organic
pollutants. Several tests were conducted to determine the specifications of the active and coarse
active carbon used.
Particle size
Sample of the Activated Carbon Activated Particle Model was examined by Particle size the
purpose of the test to determine the size of the minutes and the figure (14) shows a diagram of the
activated carbon model in Partical size.
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Fig. (14) Shows a diagram of the model activated carbon particle size
SEM examination
The soft activated carbon was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The
purpose of this examination is to know the surface structure of the sample, figure (15) in (A, B & C)
showed a sample of carbon activated with different dimensions (10μm, 5μm, 2μm) Respectively.
Fig. (15A) Shows the activated
carbon image of the electron
microscopy microscope and
after it 10μm
Fig. (15B) Figure shows the
activated carbon image of the
electron microscopy
microscope and after it 5μm
Fig. (15C) The figure shows
the activated carbon image
of the electron microscope
and then 2μm
X-Ray Diffract meter
X-Ray Diffract meter is used to diagnose the composition properties of solids only and is not
used to examine liquids and wet materials. Figure (16) shows the XRD diagram of activated carbon
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Fig. (16) Shows a sample of activated activated carbon by X-Ray diffract meter
FTIR examination
The FTIR test was conducted to determine the active aggregates present in a model of activated
carbon and Figure (17) shows the FTIR chart for active carbon, and Table (2) shows the results of a
series of other tests conducted on soft activated carbon.
Fig. (17) FTIR scheme for active carbon
Table (2) Results of tests conducted on soft activated carbon (Bauder)
NO
TEST
Activated carbon
1
Surface area(m2/gm)
1130.4436
2
Pore Volume (cm3/gm)
0.9505
3
Pore size (OA)
35.1775
A number of tests were carried out for the active carbon-compressed material in the form of a
cylinder used in the first steps and Table (3) shows these tests.
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Table (3) Results of tests conducted on coarse activated charcoal
NO
1
2
3
TEST
Activated carbon
2
Surface area(m /gm)
Pore Volume (cm3/gm)
Pore size (OA)
765.7083
0.4712
24.6202
To find out the effectiveness of activated charcoal on the removal of organic materials for samples of water
prepared laboratory, which is a mixture of ordinary water and oily and engine oil and the dye of bromocrizol
dissolved and ethanol alcohol. TOC means the ratio of hydrocarbons in the model to samples of water inside and
outside the system. The results of the test are shown from the system. The TOC value of water inside the system
was 200 ppm. Table (4) shows the results of the TOC test The system has a different flow rate.
Table (4) Results of the TOC test for contaminated water prepared by laboratory and treated
using the initial system
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
Flow rate (ml/min)
5
10
20
30
40
TOC ( ppm)
4.68 ppm
10.05
21.09
27.92
33.62
It is noted that active carbon has the ability to remove organic compounds mixed with water,
whether soluble or insoluble. The highest removal rate was in low flow velocity due to the time
required for the absorption process.
Working on industrial water
Several modifications were made to the initial system to improve the efficiency of active carbon
to remove and study organic materials more precisely. The columns of suitable dimensions were
used to calculate the exact amount of active carbon and the method of introducing fluids into the
system from the clouds to the batch was replaced. The final system takes into consideration the steps
of re - activation and all other variables. The work on the final system includes two parts, the part of
removing the non-polar organic matter (non-soluble) by the process of drilling and skimming
depending on the difference in density between water and organic matter. This part removes a large
amount of organic matter from industrial water before it passes on the active carbon column.
The second part is the removal of polar organic compounds (dissolved in water) by passing on
activated carbon or CNT. It has brought samples of industrial water in the South Refineries
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Company so that this water comes from more than one source. It comes from heavy water, rain water
and the following water from RO units and water coming out of the ion exchanger unit. This water
was only mechanically insulated so that the contaminated water reaches (500 m3 / h) and the
proportion of salts (TDS) to 18 thousand and then go this polluted water to Khorabad Allah. Several
tests were carried out on the industrial waters of the South Refineries Company. This industrial water
was examined. Table (5) shows the results of tests of industrial water samples (final and after
skimming and normal water). Microscopic images were taken for two models (final and after
skimming), Figure (18) shows a microscopic image of the final water model and the figure (19)
microscopic image of water model after skimming
Table (5) Shows the results of industrial water tests for South Refineries Company
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Fig. (18) Microscopic image of the final
Fig. (19) Microscopic image of water model
water model
after skimming
We note from the results of water tests before the Khor Abdullah that the concentration of certain
substances has exceeded the environmental determinants permitted by such a large concentration of
organic materials, the concentration of sulfate, hydrogen sulfide, chloride, magnesium, as well as the
proportion of dissolved salts.
Treatment of industrial water using activated carbon
The use of the final system, where the column fill material carbon activated, the most important
modification or development that has been work done in order to speed up the flow through the
material active carbon has been added percentages of equal-grained glass, and in this way has been
to overcome the accumulation of material active carbon as a result of Flow pressure as well as
eliminate dead areas that can pass through the water without prejudice to active carbon, The pass the
industrial water retrieved from the South Refineries Company on the system at a constant speed (20
ml / min), and conducted several tests on extra water table (6) shows the results of the examination
TOC on the outside water from the system for different periods of time, and the table (7) shows the
results of other laboratory tests carried out on the outside water.
Table (6) Shows the results of the TOC test for water treated with activated carbon
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Time (min)
Before treatment
waste
After flotation
0
15
30
60
90
120
150
210
270
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TOC (ppm)
13.27
15.63
11.63
3.22
3.25
3.135
3.857
5.15
5.13
5.90
5.85
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From the results obtained for the TOC test, we note that the part of the system for cavitation using a
stream of air and surface skimming has reduced the proportion of organic matter from 13.27 ppm to
11.63 ppm. When water is emitted on the sand column (plankton removal), the active carbon column
has reduced the concentration of organic matter To 3.2 ppm and then increase concentration until it
reaches a constant level almost after the flow of water at constant speed for long periods of time.
Table (7) Shows the results of water tests treated with active carbon
NO
Test
Result
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
TSS (ppm)
TDS (ppm)
Na+ (ppm)
K+ (ppm)
SO4-2 (ppm)
PH
Conductivity μs/CM
Refractive Index (RI)
Density @ 15.6 CO g/cm
SP.GR @ 15.6 CO
Turbidity (NTU)
Chloride Cl- (ppm)
Mg+ (ppm)
S-2
5.6
4872.6
263.5
2.75
531
6.1
1115
1.33377
0.99371
0.9947
3.40
849.6
101.8
2
The obtained results show that the concentration of many substances has been significantly reduced
as a result of treatment with active carbon water. The concentration of chloride, sulphate, hydrogen
sulphide and magnesium has decreased, as has the value of TDS and TSS.
Treatment of industrial water using CNT
After studying the effectiveness of active carbon on the removal of organic pollutants, the
substance (MCNT).
Multi wall carbon Nano tube where the final system and the mobilization of the column was used
with CNT material, in order to accelerate the flow through the CNT material and ensure that the
material is not overcrowded due to runoff pressure and disposal of dead areas passing through the
liquid without prejudice to the material was added equal percentages of glass granules to CNT, Table
(8) shows the specifications of the CNT used. Several tests were carried out on CNT in order to
know its properties and composition.
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Table (8) shows the specifications of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MCNT)
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Test
Purity
Length
Ash
SSA
Process gas
Primary functionality
Other functionality
EC
Form Supplied
OD
Result
> 99 wt%
1-12 nm
0 wt%
> 233 m2/g
Argon
None
Atmospheric gas
>102s/cm
Dry powder
13-18 nm
X-Ray Diffract meter
The carbon nanotube model is examined by X-Ray Diffract meter and is used to diagnose the
composition properties of solids only and is not used to examine liquids and wet materials. Figure
(20) shows an XRD diagram of CNT.
Fig. (20) Shows the CNT examination with an X-Ray Diffract meter
SEM examination
The sample of the activated carbon is measured in different dimensions (10μm, 5μm, 2μm)
respectively shows in figure (21) A, B and C.
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Fig. (21A) shows the
activated carbon image of
the electron microscopy
microscope and after it
10μm
Fig. (21B) shows the
activated carbon image of
the electron microscopy
microscope and after it 5μm
(JPR&S)
Fig. (21C) shows the
activated carbon image of
the scanner electron
microscope and then 2μm
Inspection of FTIR
The FTIR test was conducted to determine the active aggregates present in a CNT model and
Figure (22) showing the FTIR diagram of CNT.
Fig. (22) Shows the FTIR diagram of CNT
The results of the TOC test on the water outside the system for different periods of time were
shown in Table (9).
Table (9) shows the results of the TOC test on the water outside the system for different periods of
time. (10) shows the results of other laboratory tests carried out on the outside water
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Table (9) Shows the results of the TOC test on water outside the system using CNT
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Time (min)
Before treatment
waste
After flotation
0
15
30
60
90
120
150
210
270
330
TOC (ppm)
13.27
15.13
11.95
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
Table (10) Shows the results of CNT treated water tests
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Test
TSS (ppm)
TDS (ppm)
Na+ (ppm)
K+ (ppm)
So4-2 (ppm)
PH
Conductivity
RI
Density @ 15.6 CO
SP.GR @ 15.6 CO
Turbidity (NTU)
Chloride Cl- (ppm)
Mg+ (ppm)
S-2
Result
4.1
219.4
221.3
0.97
387
7.5
1078
1.33357
1.00476
1.0058
NIL
790.4
91.3
Nil
CNT has been shown to have a higher efficiency in the removal of organic matter in the same
variables, so the flow velocity has been increased in order to determine the efficiency of the material
in high flow velocity and table (11).
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Tble (11) Results of the (TOC) test of treated water using CNT at different speeds
NO.
Flow rate (ml/min)
TOC ( ppm)
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
20
30
40
50
60
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Column Capacity
The CNT materials showed their high ability to remove organic matter from industrial water and for long
periods of time. In order to know the capacity of the column (the material's ability to absorb the largest amount of
material) we attended a model of ordinary water and we added (0.5 g of Bromocresol green) 1000 ml distilled
water ie 500 ppm prepared. The concentration of water recorded on the system was measured at 10 ml / min. We
examined the concentration of bromocresol green in the UV-VIS system on the water outside the system as
evidence of organic matter concentration (instead of TOC). Table (12) Water is prepared laboratory over time by
passing on the system
Table (12) Results of laboratory water treatment
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time (min)
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Concentration (ppm)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
0.48
0.83
Note from Table (12) that Bromcresol started to appear in the water exiting the system after 180
minutes, after 1,800 ml of prepared water, ie CNT absorbed 900 ppm of organic matter. The weight
of the CNT material in the column is 5 g, ie the column capacity is 900 mg / g
Reactivation of Carbon Nano tube:
Reactivation of CNT is one of the important steps to reuse it as it was reactivated in two phases
The first phase (Pack wash): Passing hot water to the system at 90 °C as the first step to extract
organic matter from CNT. The sample was examined and it was noted that it contained 92 ppm of
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organic matter, i.e., higher than the concentration of organic matter in the industrial water entering
about seven times.
Phase II (Heating) :The activation of the CNT material was completed using high temperature
heating. The column containing the CNT was wrapped with a heating coil and the column was
connected to a source of hot nitrogen gas to expel the oxygen to avoid oxidation of the material
during heating. Pass the hot nitrogen gas on the column and heat the column to 380 ° C for 20
minutes until no vapors are visible from the column. Figure (23) illustrates the second step of
reactivation using heating. In addition, a sample of CNT was taken and examined with FTIR to
detect changes. No other effective group was observed compared with the FTIR test prior to use.
Figure (24) illustrates the FTIR test pattern of CNT after reactivation. The work was done with the
material again after the reactivation where the water was prepared laboratory (dissolved
bromocrizol) where the same amount of previous organic materials on the column and the substance
was the same efficiency in the removal of organic matter and the same periods of time
Figure (23) Shows the reactivation step using heating and nitrogen gas discharge
Figure (24) Shows the FTIR test of CNT after reactivation
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Conclusions:
Waste water (contaminated water) is defined as any water contaminated with organic or bacterial
contaminants or as fine containers whether from an industrial source or sewage. Industrial
wastewater treatment includes primary treatment, secondary treatment and triple treatment: to
remove the remaining hydrocarbon from the floating organic matter (oil), followed by the process of
removing hydrocarbons dissolved in water or emulsion. The nanotubes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
and activated carbon powder were used here after modulating or developing the flow method
through the systems containing these substances. The most important conclusions can be
summarized as follows:
1. Active carbon solubility removes organic matter from industrial water and maintains its
concentration to lower levels where active coal is at low flow velocity.
2. Nano materials are characterized by very high properties such as the size of the surface area and
the height of the ionic property and the ease of modification of its surfaces chemically.
3. Carbon nanotubes have been shown to have high properties of adsorption of water-soluble
substances and hydrocarbons at high flow velocity.
4. The use of nanoparticles directly in the systems is impossible because the nanoparticles will be a
barrier to prevent the passage of water through them. In order to avoid this problem, the nanoparticle
was placed in a cylindrical bag and then the bag was made in a snail to facilitate the passage of water
through it. The water will be applied through the outer part of the bag containing the nuclear
material, so the contact area will be low and thus the effectiveness will be low. This was the most
successful solution to this problem. The development of the work was by mixing volumes of
nanoparticles into certain sizes of glass beads. Flux Direct water research through Nano materials
where the conclusion was that the effectiveness of Nano materials was very large in the removal of
total organic compounds (TOC) and by removal of up to 100%.
5. High capacitance of CNT to absorb organic matter as well as some element ions
6. The possibility of re-efficiency of Nano materials and their removal from hydrocarbons absorbed
by hot pure nitrogen and heating the outer wall of the metal container containing nanoparticles and
the pure nitrogen stream pressure to control the carbon nanotubes of oxidation in the case of oxygen.
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7. The use of sand filter is very important for the durable use of Nano materials for as long as
possible, as it prevents the passage of linings and suspended materials from industrial water to the
system containing Nano materials
8. The plucking and scraping system is necessary to remove a percentage of the suspended material
and the insoluble organic matter.
9. It is also noted that the weight of machines used and the small size and increase the surface area of
materials used in this technology, which increases the speed of interactions and increases production
and reduce costs.
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