In order to better assess the condition of existing and new bridge systems it is necessary to understand how they would behave under loadings beyond elastic ranges. With about 30% of the 600,000 bridges in the country classified as... more
In order to better assess the condition of existing and new bridge systems it is necessary to understand how they would behave under loadings beyond elastic ranges. With about 30% of the 600,000 bridges in the country classified as structurally deficient or functionally obsolete, finding an accurate predictive method becomes a must. The main objectives of this study are (1) to demonstrate how the load distribution affects the behavior of each girder as the live load is increased up to the bridge’s ultimate capacity; (2) to understand bridge systems performance in inelastic stages; and (3) to predict the bridge’s ultimate capacity. A bridge was analyzed up to its failure under various loading conditions using a 3D finite element model. It was found that the only accurate method to determine load distribution at ultimate stages is through section moments. It was also found that the current bridge rating method underestimates considerably the analyzed bridge’s strength. These findings can potentially result in saving millions of dollars annually by avoiding unnecessary weight-limiting postings, rehabilitation or decommissioning and replacement.
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ABSTRACT This paper deals with the constitutive modeling of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) in which natural coarse aggregates are partially or totally replaced by recycled concrete aggregates obtained from crushed hardened concrete.... more
ABSTRACT This paper deals with the constitutive modeling of Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) in which natural coarse aggregates are partially or totally replaced by recycled concrete aggregates obtained from crushed hardened concrete. These aggregates, presenting greater porosity than natural ones, cause the degradation in elastic and strength properties of concrete when compared with standard concrete. The proposed constitutive model for RAC constitutes an extension of the Performance Dependent Model (PDM) by Folino and Etse (2012) which is based on the flow theory of plasticity. It depends on the three stress invariants, and includes a non associative flow rule, an anisotropic hardening law, and a fracture-energy based softening law. A key aspect of the PDM is the consideration of the so-called performed parameter, based on fundamental concrete properties, which plays a relevant roll in the strength and ductility features of concrete behavior. This feature turns the PDM particularly suitable to model failure behavior of RAC by performing the appropriated reformulations. After describing the PDM’s main features, an analysis of RAC’s response behavior and failure mechanism is performed, from which some fundamental material parameters are identified. Then, a reformulation of the PDM is presented to model mechanical behavior of RACs. Some comparisons between experimental results and numerical predictions with the proposed model of uniaxial and triaxial compression tests on RAC are presented to show the capabilities of the constitutive formulation in this work. Finally, some numerical tests are performed with the aim of exploring both, RAC’s failure behavior under mixed-mode of fracture, and the differences with that of standard concrete.
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It is very challenging to capture the drag effects for the computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations of the urban canopy wind environment. This study proposed a novel canopy drag coefficient model for accurate analysis of the... more
It is very challenging to capture the drag effects for the computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations of the urban canopy wind environment. This study proposed a novel canopy drag coefficient model for accurate analysis of the urban wind environment based on a large eddy simulation, where the drag coefficients varied with quantitatively identified canopy parameters along with the height. Four computational parameters, namely the average kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, sub-grid scale turbulent kinetic energy, and sub-grid scale dissipation, were incorporated into the conventional drag coefficient. The Meixi Lake International Community in Changsha, China, was considered as a case study. The inlet boundary conditions were provided by the Weather Research and Forecasting model, and the proposed drag coefficient model was utilized to simulate the wind field characteristics. The results showed that the drag coefficient was relatively large near the ground, and it decrea...
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Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have become more popular construction materials in the last decade due to the reduction of material costs. The installation and performance evaluation of the first FRP-wrapped balsa wood bridge in Louisiana... more
Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have become more popular construction materials in the last decade due to the reduction of material costs. The installation and performance evaluation of the first FRP-wrapped balsa wood bridge in Louisiana is described in this document. A comprehensive instrumentation and loading test scheme is discussed and details are illustrated. The selected bridge structure in this demonstration project will potentially provide a new approach to enhancing the transportation infrastructure in Louisiana. The test bridge is the Pierre Part Bridge located on route LA 70 in Assumption Parish, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LADOTD) District 61. The instrumentation consisted of regular strain gauges, fiber optic strain and temperature sensors, accelerometers, and acoustic emission sensors. The measured results from each of the gauges are summarized, and comparisons are made between the finite element models of the bridge structure and the field...
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The scouring process excavates and carries away materials from the bed and banks of streams, and from around the piers and abutments of bridges. Scour undermines bridges and may cause bridge failures due to structural instability. In the... more
The scouring process excavates and carries away materials from the bed and banks of streams, and from around the piers and abutments of bridges. Scour undermines bridges and may cause bridge failures due to structural instability. In the last 30 years, more than 1,000 bridges collapsed in the U.S. and about 60% of the failures are related to the scour of bridge foundations. Due to the difficulty in inspecting bridge scour, scour-induced failures tend to occur suddenly without prior warning or signs of distress to the structures. Owing to the threat of hurricane-induced flooding and the fact that there are a significant number of coastal and river/bayou bridges in Louisiana, a more reliable inspection and monitoring procedure for bridge scour is needed. This proposed study is to develop bridge scour monitoring techniques using fiber optic sensors. Based on theoretical and numerical studies, a few mechanisms were proposed for foundation scour monitoring and verified in laboratory test...
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A discussion of a technical note with the aforementioned title by U. Starossek, published in this journal (Volume 124, Number 8, August 1998), is presented. In the discussers' opinion, when comparing real-number and complex-number... more
A discussion of a technical note with the aforementioned title by U. Starossek, published in this journal (Volume 124, Number 8, August 1998), is presented. In the discussers' opinion, when comparing real-number and complex-number expressions of aerodynamic forces for flutter analysis, the choice of using a real or complex number format should depend on whether the flutter derivatives or complex coefficients are more conveniently measured or predicted, since the discussers see no significant differences between them in terms of compactness and computation efficiency. Discussion is followed by closure from the author.
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AbstractThis study investigates the effects of inhomogeneous wind fields on the aerostatic stability of a long-span cable-stayed bridge, which straddles a typical mountain-gorge terrain. Inhomogene...
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AbstractWind tunnel tests were conducted to investigate the wind pressure characteristics of sawtooth roofs in a simulated open country wind field with relatively low turbulence intensity. Models o...
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Weigh-in-motion technology is an effective tool that has been extensively used to monitor traffic on highways. Pavement-based weigh-in-motion systems usually have poor durability and will cause traffic interruption during their... more
Weigh-in-motion technology is an effective tool that has been extensively used to monitor traffic on highways. Pavement-based weigh-in-motion systems usually have poor durability and will cause traffic interruption during their installation and maintenance process. The recently developed bridge weigh-in-motion technology provides a more convenient and cost-effective alternative to the pavement-based weigh-in-motion technology. Bridge weigh-in-motion systems can be installed without interrupting the traffic. Also, bridge weigh-in-motion systems have the potential to deliver better accuracy than pavement-based weigh-in-motion systems. Due to these significant advantages, the bridge weigh-in-motion technology has been playing an increasingly important role in bridge health monitoring and overweight truck enforcement, and many studies have been conducted to continuously improve the bridge weigh-in-motion technology. In this review, the common algorithms for bridge weigh-in-motion are di...
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AbstractIn this paper, the solitary wave forces on a typical coastal bridge deck are evaluated numerically based on a component level assessment, and the countermeasure of the air venting holes is investigated. At first, a wave model... more
AbstractIn this paper, the solitary wave forces on a typical coastal bridge deck are evaluated numerically based on a component level assessment, and the countermeasure of the air venting holes is investigated. At first, a wave model based on the second-order solitary wave theory is presented to represent the incident waves in tsunami events. The shear stress transport (SST) k-ω model is used as the turbulence closure for the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. Then, the characteristics of the wave forces (the horizontal force, the vertical force, and the moment) considering three different still-water levels (SWLs) and four wave heights for each SWL are investigated, and the effects of the SWLs and wave heights are demonstrated. In addition, a component level–based assessment of the wave loadings, especially the overturning moment, varying along the wave propagation is conducted to enhance the understanding of the force distribution on the bridge deck. Finally, the countermeasure of the air...
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AbstractBridge scour is a major cause of bridge failures and has emerged as a significant concern for bridge engineers. Most studies focus on the scour mechanism, modeling, detecting and monitoring, and countermeasures. To detect or... more
AbstractBridge scour is a major cause of bridge failures and has emerged as a significant concern for bridge engineers. Most studies focus on the scour mechanism, modeling, detecting and monitoring, and countermeasures. To detect or monitor the scour, the scour effect on the response and feature change of the bridge structure should be studied first to choose an effective measurement. Currently, very few studies have been performed on the scour consequences. Therefore, the present study investigated the scour effect on the responses of the entire bridge, including the superstructure and substructure, and even the responses of vehicles traveling on the bridge, which in turn could be used to detect or monitor the scour of foundations. A field bridge with scour history was adopted, and the bridge–vehicle–wave interaction was considered. First, the soil model, scour model, and wave loads were created. The free vibrations and dynamic analyses under wave loads were then conducted on a single pile and pile group...
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... Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting 2007 Paper #07-3492. Abstract: In order to better assess the condition of existing and new bridge systems it is necessary to understand how they would behave under loadings beyond elastic... more
... Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting 2007 Paper #07-3492. Abstract: In order to better assess the condition of existing and new bridge systems it is necessary to understand how they would behave under loadings beyond elastic ranges. ... 15p. Authors: Araujo, Marcio. ...
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Stiffness and ultimate load-carrying capacities of glass fiber-reinforced polymer honeycomb sandwich panels used in bridge applications were evaluated. Eleven full-scale panels with cross-section depths ranging from 6 to 31.5 in. (152 to... more
Stiffness and ultimate load-carrying capacities of glass fiber-reinforced polymer honeycomb sandwich panels used in bridge applications were evaluated. Eleven full-scale panels with cross-section depths ranging from 6 to 31.5 in. (152 to 800 mm) have been tested to date. The effect of width-to-depth ratio on unit stiffness was found to be insignificant for panels with a width-to-depth ratio between 1 and 5. The effect of this ratio on the ultimate flexural capacity is uncertain because of the erratic nature of core-face bond failures. A simple analytical formula for bending and shear stiffness, based on material properties and geometry of transformed sections, was found to predict service-load deflections within 15% accuracy. Although some factors influencing the ultimate load-carrying capacity were clearly identified in this study, a reliable analytical prediction of the ultimate flexural capacity was not attained. This is because failures occur in the bond material between the out...
Research Interests: Civil Engineering, Materials Science, Structural Engineering, Urban And Regional Planning, Structural Analysis, and 12 moreStiffness, Composite Material, Bending, Flexural Strength, Carrying Capacity, Fiber Reinforced Polymer, Composite Sandwich Panel, Record, Fibre Reinforced Plastic, Honeycomb, Size Effect, and Honeycomb structure
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ABSTRACT During a bridge's life cycle, the stresses from multiple dynamic loads might be superposed and progressive fatigue damage might accumulate and induce serious fatigue damage issues. This paper presents a comprehensive... more
ABSTRACT During a bridge's life cycle, the stresses from multiple dynamic loads might be superposed and progressive fatigue damage might accumulate and induce serious fatigue damage issues. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for fatigue reliability analysis of long-span bridges under combined dynamic loads from vehicles and wind. After modeling the complicated structure details with equivalent orthotropic material, dynamic stress ranges of a long-span bridge are obtained via solving the equations of motion for the vehicle-bridge-wind dynamic system with multiple random variables considered, for instance, vehicle speed, road roughness conditions, and wind velocity and direction. After counting the number of stress cycles at different stress range levels using the rain flow counting method, fatigue damage increments are obtained using the fatigue damage accumulation rule. The probability of failure for the fatigue damage at the end of each block of stress cycles and the cumulative probability of failure can be obtained. As a result, the fatigue life and reliability for the given structure details can be obtained. Based on the results from a case study, the dynamic effects from vehicles are found to be relatively small for long-span bridges and the effects from vehicle speeds and road roughness conditions can be neglected. Nevertheless, even though the stresses from either the vehicle loads or wind loads may not be able to induce serious fatigue problems alone, the superposed dynamic stress ranges cannot be ignored for fatigue reliability assessment of long-span bridges. (C) 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
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Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have become more popular construction materials in the last decade due to the reduced material cost. The installation and performance evaluation of the first FRP-wrapped balsa wood bridge in Louisiana is... more
Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) have become more popular construction materials in the last decade due to the reduced material cost. The installation and performance evaluation of the first FRP-wrapped balsa wood bridge in Louisiana is described in this document. The ...
The simplified model developed by Taby (1981) is extended to eccentrically loaded cases. Combining with a regression equation developed by Smith (1982), the model can be easily implemented in a numerical program developed for a... more
The simplified model developed by Taby (1981) is extended to eccentrically loaded cases. Combining with a regression equation developed by Smith (1982), the model can be easily implemented in a numerical program developed for a beam-column with no damaged section (Cai and Wang, 1989). From the numerical analysis, it has been found that the ultimate strength of eccentrically loaded tubular columns could be obviously affected by a small damage in the section, but if the damage is at the tensile side of bending, the ultimate strength is almost not reduced.
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Precast American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) concrete bridge girders are often supported at the ends of elastomeric bearing pads. The bearing pad-bridge girder interface defines support boundary... more
Precast American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) concrete bridge girders are often supported at the ends of elastomeric bearing pads. The bearing pad-bridge girder interface defines support boundary conditions that may affect the performance of the bridge. In this study, finite element (FE) modeling was used to validate AASHTO bearing stiffness specifications. Stiffness characteristics of the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) type bearing pads were theoretically determined under varying elastomer shear modulus values. FE models of AASHTO Type III and V girders were subjected to simulated static truck loads. Vertical and horizontal spring elements, simulating new bearing pads, were incorporated at the ends of the girder models. A full section of a bridge on U.S. Highway 27 was also modeled, and the results were compared with field tests. In general, the restraint effects of the bearing pads were beneficial to the performance of the girders and the bridge. The beneficial effect, however, was small for new bearing pads, and more pronounced under drastic increases in bearing stiffness because of aging and colder temperatures. Such dramatic increase in bearing stiffness may be considered in design. Current FDOT type bearing pads are serving the main purpose of their application, which is to provide vertical support with minimum horizontal restraint force to the girders, thus allowing horizontal movement and rotational movements.
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In the response analysis of cracked prestressed concrete beams deterministic procedure is insufficient to provide complete information. Probabilistic analysis is a holistic approach to predicting structural responses considering... more
In the response analysis of cracked prestressed concrete beams deterministic procedure is insufficient to provide complete information. Probabilistic analysis is a holistic approach to predicting structural responses considering uncertainties in structural and load parameters. This paper proposes an efficient and accurate algorithm to predict responses of cracked prestressed concrete beams with parameter uncertainties. The proposed algorithm integrates the advantages of the response surface method, section curvature method and Monte Carlo simulation. Uncertainties in the structure and load parameters can be taken into account in this algorithm. The algorithm is verified using the Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed algorithm is then used to predict the response of a simply supported prestressed beam with parameter uncertainties. The results show that neglecting the effect of uncertainty in the prestressing force results in a significant underestimation of response statistics of cra...
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A time–frequency random approach is proposed in this paper for the prediction of subway train-induced tunnel and ground vibrations. This is a development of the random approach previously proposed by the authors, which takes the discrete... more
A time–frequency random approach is proposed in this paper for the prediction of subway train-induced tunnel and ground vibrations. This is a development of the random approach previously proposed by the authors, which takes the discrete track support, singular track defects, etc., into consideration. The proposed approach is developed using a two-step method. First, the pseudo-excitation method (PEM) and the two-dimensional multibody system/finite element method model are effectively combined to derive the track–tunnel pseudo-interaction forces by employing the power spectral density of track irregularity. Second, the random vibrations of the tunnel–soil system are obtained via the PEM in the wavenumber–frequency domain. To improve the computational efficiency, a fast-computing strategy is proposed based on the multipoint synchronous algorithm. Using numerical examples, the proposed time–frequency hybrid modeling process is verified by comparing it with the fully coupled time-depen...
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AbstractThis paper presents an efficient framework for the fatigue reliability assessment of typical long-span steel-truss suspension bridges under the combined action of random traffic and wind lo...
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AbstractA comprehensive condition assessment of long-span prestressed concrete (PSC) continuous box-girder bridges in service is the foundation of bridge maintenance and management. In this paper, ...
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AbstractTo overcome the drawbacks of bond-type anchors for carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) cables, an innovative bonded anchor with steel wedges at the free end is developed in this study. T...
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AbstractA simple analytical model for calculating the vibration frequencies of anchor span strands in suspension bridges is proposed in this study. The vibration frequencies of strands are importan...
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In order to reduce the excessive longitudinal vibration of a suspension bridge induced by vehicle braking forces (as one of the possible dynamic loadings) and earthquake excitations, a mixed control methodology using magnetorheological... more
In order to reduce the excessive longitudinal vibration of a suspension bridge induced by vehicle braking forces (as one of the possible dynamic loadings) and earthquake excitations, a mixed control methodology using magnetorheological (MR) dampers is developed in this study. Firstly, the corresponding preferred controls subjected to vehicle braking forces and earthquake excitations, separately, are obtained by simulation analyses for seven control strategies. Then, a mixed control system is established to obtain the best control efficiency and reduce the energy consumption of MR dampers, based on the displacement responses and changing rate of accelerations. Finally, this system is applied to reduce the longitudinal vibration responses of the Pingsheng Bridge. The numerical results show that the passive-on control and the semi-active fuzzy control are the corresponding preferred controls subjected to vehicle braking forces and earthquake excitations, respectively. The mixed control...
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ABSTRACT Modeling an equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in an empty computational domain has routinely been performed with the k- turbulence model. However, the research objects of structural wind engineering are bluff bodies,... more
ABSTRACT Modeling an equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in an empty computational domain has routinely been performed with the k- turbulence model. However, the research objects of structural wind engineering are bluff bodies, and the SST k- turbulence model is more widely used in the numerical simulation of flow around bluff bodies than the k- turbulence model. Therefore, to simulate an equilibrium ABL based on the SST k- turbulence model, the inlet profiles of the mean wind speed U, turbulence kinetic energy k, and specific dissipation rate are proposed, and the source terms for the U, k and are derived by satisfying their corresponding transport equations. Based on the proposed inlet profiles, numerical comparative studies with and without considering the source terms are carried out in an empty computational domain, and an actual numerical simulation with a trapezoidal hill is further conducted. It shows that when the source terms are considered, the profiles of U, k and are all maintained well along the empty computational domain and the accuracy of the actual numerical simulation is greatly improved. The present study could provide a new methodology for modeling the equilibrium ABL problem and for further CFD simulations with practical value.
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... Siddiqui, FMA, and Fleming, JF (1984). Broken wire analysis of transmission line systems. Comput. Struct., 18(6), 10771085. Thomas, MB, and Peyrot, AH (1982). Dynamic response of ruptured conductors in transmission lines. IEEE... more
... Siddiqui, FMA, and Fleming, JF (1984). Broken wire analysis of transmission line systems. Comput. Struct., 18(6), 10771085. Thomas, MB, and Peyrot, AH (1982). Dynamic response of ruptured conductors in transmission lines. IEEE Trans. ...
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In the current study, the nonstationary random responses of moving wheels induced by road roughness in a time domain were obtained and treated as the nonstationary inputs to study the nonstationary vibration of a high-pier bridge under... more
In the current study, the nonstationary random responses of moving wheels induced by road roughness in a time domain were obtained and treated as the nonstationary inputs to study the nonstationary vibration of a high-pier bridge under vehicles with variable speed. A full-scale vehicle model with 12 degrees of freedom was used; vehicle wheels were considered as patch contact instead of point contact with the bridge road surface. The vehicle-bridge coupling equations were established by combining the equations of motion of both the bridge and vehicle using the displacement relationship and the interaction force relationship at the contact patches. The midspan deflections caused by the stationary and nonstationary inputs were compared with the measured responses under different parameters including vehicle acceleration and vehicle deceleration. The verified results showed that the proposed method can accurately simulate the vibration of the bridge under vehicles moving with variable speeds. Using the stationary random process to model the road surface disturbance to vehicles with variable speeds, the dynamic effects can be either underestimated or overestimated. The proposed method was then used to study the ride comfort for vehicles moving with a variable speed on high-pier bridges.
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When establishing the equations of motion of the bridge-vehicle coupling system, most researchers simplify the contact between the vehicle tire and road surface as a point contact. In reality, a vehicle tire deforms and makes contact with... more
When establishing the equations of motion of the bridge-vehicle coupling system, most researchers simplify the contact between the vehicle tire and road surface as a point contact. In reality, a vehicle tire deforms and makes contact with the road surface over a footprint area called patch contact. This paper presents a new method that allows for the effect of the patch contact on the dynamic response of the bridge-vehicle coupling system. In this method, the vehicle tire is modeled as a two-dimensional elementary spring model, and the patch contact is assumed to be a rectangle. The bridge-vehicle coupling equations are established by combining the equations of motion of both the bridge and vehicle using the displacement relationship and interaction force relationship at the patch contact. A series of simulation studies have been carried out in which the effects of various factors such as vehicle speed, tire stiffness and damping, size of the patch contact, number of vehicles, and f...
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This paper presents a systematic analysis strategy for cable-stayed-suspension bridges. A four-step approach for the determination of the reasonable finished dead load state is established, focusing on the optimization of the tension... more
This paper presents a systematic analysis strategy for cable-stayed-suspension bridges. A four-step approach for the determination of the reasonable finished dead load state is established, focusing on the optimization of the tension forces and shapes of all cables. The critical distribution of the traffic load is imposed on the bridge simultaneously with the dead load to calculate its nonlinear effect. Taking the finished dead load state as the initial state, the nonlinear effect of each load in the service state is analyzed independently. The superimposition principle is adopted to obtain the load combination. A 1400 m span cable-stayed-suspension bridge is presented as a case study. Finally, three key geometric parameters are studied from the viewpoint of the structural behavior. As a result, a suspension-to-span ratio of 0.4 to 0.6, a larger sag-to-span ratio up to 1/11.0, and two to four crossing hangers are recommended. With a higher structural rigidity and stability, this typ...
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In this paper, the weighted amplitude wave superposition (WAWS) is adopted to simulate the fluctuating wind field which satisfies the desired target wind field. The fluctuating velocity data are given to the inlet boundary of the LES by... more
In this paper, the weighted amplitude wave superposition (WAWS) is adopted to simulate the fluctuating wind field which satisfies the desired target wind field. The fluctuating velocity data are given to the inlet boundary of the LES by developing an UDF program which is implemented into the FLUENT. Then, two numerical models ─ the empty numerical wind tunnel model and the numerical wind tunnel model with spires and roughness elements are established based on the wind tunnel experiment to verify the present method. Finally, the turbulence generation method proposed in this paper is used to carry out a numerical simulation on the wind environment in an urban residential area in Lisbon. The computational results are compared with the wind tunnel experimental data, showing that the numerical results in the LES have a good agreement with the experimental results and the simulated flow field with the inlet fluctuations can generate a reasonable turbulent wind field. It also shows that th...
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Aerodynamic flutter instability has been a major concern for long-span flexible bridges, such as suspension and cable-stayed bridges, subjected to wind actions that result in the so-called self-excited forces. Though turbulence effects on... more
Aerodynamic flutter instability has been a major concern for long-span flexible bridges, such as suspension and cable-stayed bridges, subjected to wind actions that result in the so-called self-excited forces. Though turbulence effects on bridge flutter have been studied in the last few decades, its true effects remain a debate due to the limitation of previous wind tunnel facilities, such as using turbulence scales that are too small in these experiments. In this paper, the characterizations of self-excited forces are presented in both the frequency-domain and in the time-domain. Then, the flutter analysis is conducted under both smooth flow and turbulent flow in order to investigate the effect of wind turbulence on the flutter instability. The effect of wind turbulence is directly modeled in the time-domain in order to avoid the complicated random parametric excitation analysis of the equation of motion used in previous studies. By comparing the results of different turbulence int...