Eastern Min Chinese dialect
The Ningde dialect (Eastern Min: 寧德話) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in urban areas of Ningde, China, which is a prefecture-level city in the northeastern coast of Fujian province.
The Ningde dialect has 15 initials, 78 rimes and 7 tones.
p, pʰ, m, t, tʰ, n, l, ts, tsʰ, s, k, kʰ, ŋ, x, ʔ
10 monophthongs: a, ɛ, œ, ø, ɔ, o, i, u, y
18 compound vowels: ai, ei, ɔi, oi, øy, au, ɛu, eu, ou, ia, ie, iu, iɐu, ua, uo, ui, uai, uoi
15 nasal rimes: aŋ, ɛŋ, eŋ, œŋ, øŋ, ɔŋ, oŋ, iŋ, uŋ, yŋ, iaŋ, iɛŋ, uaŋ, uoŋ, yøŋ
26 checked rimes: aʔ, ɛʔ, œʔ, øʔ, ɔʔ, iʔ, iaʔ, iɛʔ, uaʔ, uoʔ, yøʔ, ak̚, ɛk̚, ek̚, œk̚, øk̚, ɔk̚, ok̚, ik̚, uk̚, yk̚, iak̚, iɛk̚, uak̚, uok̚, yøk̚
These 6 nasal rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda -ŋ, and will disappear in future: am, ɛm, em, im, iɛm, ɔn
These 5 checked rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda -k̚, and will disappear in future: ap̚, ɛp̚, ep̚, ip̚, iɛp̚
No.
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1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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Tone name
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dark level 陰平
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light level 陽平
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rising 上聲
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dark departing 陰去
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light departing 陽去
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dark entering 陰入
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light entering 陽入
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Tone contour
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˦ (44)
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˨ (22)
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˦˨ (42)
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˧˥ (35)
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˧˧˨ (332)
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˨ (2)
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˥ (5)
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Initial assimilation
[edit]
The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:
Coda of the Former Syllable
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Initial Assimilation
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Null coda
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The initial of the latter syllable may change:
- /p/, /pʰ/ change to null initial or /β/;
- /t/, /tʰ/ and /s/ change to /l/;
- /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to null initial or /ʒ/;
- /k/, /kʰ/ and /x/ change to null initial;
- /m/, /n/, /l/, /ŋ/ and null initial remain unchanged.
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Nasal coda
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The initial of the latter syllable may change:
- /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/;
- /t/, /tʰ/ and /s/ change to /n/;
- /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/ or /m/;
- /k/, /kʰ/, /x/ and null initial change to /ŋ/ or /m/;
- /m/, /n/, /l/ and /ŋ/ remain unchanged.
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checked coda
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The former syllable lost its checked coda at first; then, the initial assimilation of latter syllable follow the law above.
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checked coda /-p̚/
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The Initial of latter syllable change to /p/ while the former syllable lost its checked coda /-p̚/
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The Ningde dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the columns give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the rows give the citation tone of the second syllable):
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dark level 44
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light level 22
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rising 42
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dark departing 35
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light departing 332
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dark entering 2
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light entering 5
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dark level 44
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44
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21
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44
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21
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44
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21
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light level 22
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remain unchanged
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rising 42
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55
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dark departing 35
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55
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light departing 332
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44
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21
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44
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21
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44
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21
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dark entering 2
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55
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light entering 5
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44
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21
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44
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21
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44
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21
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- ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]
- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
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Proto-languages | |
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Rime dictionaries | |
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