壞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 44132, composition ⿰土褱)
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
- Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
- Unihan data for U+58DE
|
Old Chinese
|
瓌
|
*kuːl
|
櫰
|
*kuːl, *ɡruːl
|
褱
|
*ɡruːl, *ɡruːl
|
懷
|
*ɡruːl
|
瀤
|
*ɡruːl
|
壞
|
*ɡruːls
|
蘾
|
*ɡruːls
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɡruːls) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl).
Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to become putrid/rotten”), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, “crumbles”) (Hill, 2019).
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Pinyin): huài (huai4)
- (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄞˋ
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): huai4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуэй (huey, III)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): waai6
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): vai5
- Gan (Wiktionary): fuai5
- Hakka
- (Sixian, PFS): fái
- (Meixian, Guangdong): fai4
- Jin (Wiktionary): huai3
- Northern Min (KCR): huōi
- Eastern Min (BUC): huâi
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): hoāi / hoǎi / hāi
- (Teochew, Peng'im): huai6
- (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): huai7 / huai1
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6wa
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): fai4 / fai5
- (Loudi, Wiktionary): ghua5
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): fai5
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan
- Hakka
- Jin
- Northern Min
- Eastern Min
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- (Teochew)
- (Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: huai7 / huai1
- Sinological IPA: /huai⁵⁵/, /huai³⁵/
Note:
- huai7 - literary;
- huai1 - vernacular.
Note:
- fai4 - literary;
- fai5 - vernacular.
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
Character
|
壞
|
壞
|
壞
|
壞
|
壞
|
Reading #
|
1/5
|
2/5
|
3/5
|
4/5
|
5/5
|
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
|
huài
|
huài
|
huài
|
huài
|
huài
|
Middle Chinese
|
‹ hwɛjH ›
|
‹ hwɛjH ›
|
‹ hwojX ›
|
‹ hwojX ›
|
‹ kwɛjH ›
|
Old Chinese
|
/*N-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/
|
/*m-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/
|
/*N-[k]ˁujʔ/
|
/*m-[k]ˁujʔ/
|
/*[k]ʷˁ<r>ujʔ-s/
|
English
|
be destroyed
|
destroy
|
be destroyed
|
destroy
|
destroy
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
Zhengzhang system (2003)
|
Character
|
壞
|
Reading #
|
1/1
|
No.
|
5344
|
Phonetic component
|
褱
|
Rime group
|
微
|
Rime subdivision
|
2
|
Corresponding MC rime
|
壞
|
Old Chinese
|
/*ɡruːls/
|
壞
- bad
- 壞人/坏人 ― huàirén ― bad person
- 壞習慣/坏习惯 ― huài xíguàn ― bad habits
- rotten; spoiled
- 壞雞蛋/坏鸡蛋 ― huài jīdàn ― rotten egg
- 這蘋果壞了。/这苹果坏了。 ― Zhè píngguǒ huài le. ― This apple is rotten.
- 牛奶壞了。/牛奶坏了。 ― Niúnǎi huài le. ― The milk is spoiled.
- to spoil; to ruin
- 壞了大事/坏了大事 ― huài le dàshì ― to ruin an important thing
過期的牛奶喝了會壞肚子。 [MSC, trad.]
过期的牛奶喝了会坏肚子。 [MSC, simp.]- Guòqī de niúnǎi hē le huì huài dùzi. [Pinyin]
- Drinking expired milk will (would cause or lead to) upset stomach (gastrointestinal symptoms).
- to break; to stop working
- 鏡子摔壞了/镜子摔坏了 ― jìngzǐ shuāi huài le ― to have smashed a mirror
聽說掃地機器人很容易壞。 [MSC, trad.]
听说扫地机器人很容易坏。 [MSC, simp.]- Tīngshuō sǎodì jīqìrén hěn róngyì huài. [Pinyin]
- I've heard that robot vacuums breaks (stops working) very easily.
到而家都仲未壞,真係犀利。 [Cantonese, trad.]
到而家都仲未坏,真系犀利。 [Cantonese, simp.]- dou3 ji4 gaa1 dou1 zung6 mei6 waai6, zan1 hai6 sai1 lei6. [Jyutping]
- It's amazing, it hasn't broken.
- (Classical) to collapse
- (Classical) to demolish; to destroy
- bad idea; dirty trick
- extremely; very; highly
- 嚇壞了/吓坏了 ― xià huài le ― to be badly scared
Dialectal synonyms of
壞 (“bad; not good”)
[map]
Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
Classical Chinese
|
惡
|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
壞
|
Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
壞, 賴
|
Taiwan
|
壞
|
Malaysia
|
壞
|
Singapore
|
壞
|
Jilu Mandarin
|
Jinan
|
壞, 孬, 賴
|
Central Plains Mandarin
|
Xi'an
|
瞎, 壞
|
Southwestern Mandarin
|
Chengdu
|
壞
|
Wuhan
|
壞, 拐
|
Jianghuai Mandarin
|
Yangzhou
|
壞
|
Hefei
|
壞
|
Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
壞, 弊, 衰
|
Hong Kong
|
壞, 衰
|
Zhongshan (Shiqi)
|
衰
|
Yangjiang
|
壞
|
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)
|
衰
|
Singapore (Guangfu)
|
衰
|
Gan
|
Nanchang
|
壞
|
Hakka
|
Meixian
|
壞
|
Wuhua (Meilin)
|
衰
|
Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
賴, 壞
|
Northern Min
|
Jian'ou
|
壞, 獰
|
Eastern Min
|
Fuzhou
|
呆, 否
|
Southern Min
|
Xiamen
|
歹, 䆀
|
Xiamen (Tong'an)
|
歹
|
Quanzhou
|
歹
|
Jinjiang
|
歹
|
Nan'an
|
歹
|
Shishi
|
歹
|
Zhangzhou
|
䆀
|
Zhao'an
|
䆀, 孬
|
Tainan
|
歹
|
Penang (Hokkien)
|
䆀, 歹
|
Singapore (Hokkien)
|
歹
|
Manila (Hokkien)
|
歹
|
Datian
|
歹
|
Chaozhou
|
孬
|
Shantou
|
孬
|
Jieyang
|
孬, 歹
|
Puning
|
孬
|
Singapore (Teochew)
|
歹, 孬
|
Leizhou
|
㾀
|
Wenchang
|
㾀
|
Haikou
|
㾀
|
Singapore (Hainanese)
|
㾀
|
Wu
|
Shanghai
|
壞, 恘
|
Suzhou
|
壞, 恘
|
Ningbo
|
歪, 推扳, 嘸做
|
Wenzhou
|
毛
|
Xiang
|
Changsha
|
壞, 拐
|
Shuangfeng
|
壞, 拐
|
Dialectal synonyms of
壞 (“rotten; spoilt”)
[map]
- 朽壞/朽坏 (xiǔhuài)
- 朽弊 (xiǔbì) (literary)
- 朽敗/朽败 (xiǔbài)
- 朽爛/朽烂 (xiǔlàn) (literary)
- 朽腐 (xiǔfǔ)
- 糟 (zāo)
- 糟朽 (zāoxiǔ) (literary)
- 腐敗/腐败 (fǔbài)
- 腐朽 (fǔxiǔ)
- 腐爛/腐烂 (fǔlàn)
- 臭爛/臭烂 (Xiamen Hokkien)
- 䭞/𬲳 (Hokkien)
- 亂/乱 (luàn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
- 圮毀/圮毁 (pǐhuǐ) (literary)
- 打掉 (dǎdiào)
- 損壞/损坏 (sǔnhuài)
- 損毀/损毁 (sǔnhuǐ)
- 搗砸/捣砸 (dau2 zah5) (Jin)
- 摧殘/摧残 (cuīcán)
- 摧毀/摧毁 (cuīhuǐ)
- 毀/毁 (huǐ)
- 毀壞/毁坏 (huǐhuài)
- 毀損/毁损 (huǐsǔn)
- 決裂/决裂 (juéliè) (archaic)
- 破 (pò) (literary, or in compounds)
- 破壞/破坏 (pòhuài)
- 糟 (zāo) (literary, or in compounds)
- 糟蹋 (zāotà)
- 隳 (huī) (literary, or in compounds)
- 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
- 十分 (shífēn)
- 危險/危险 (Wu)
- 孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
- 很 (hěn)
- 極其/极其 (jíqí)
- 極度/极度 (jídù)
- 極為/极为 (jíwéi)
- 極端/极端 (jíduān)
- 滾/滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 異常/异常 (yìcháng)
- 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
- 良
- 超 (chāo)
- 非常 (fēicháng)
- 頗/颇 (pō) (literary)
- 頗為/颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)
- (antonym(s) of “bad”): 好 (hǎo)
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
壞
- (Cantonese) naughty; mischievous; rebellious; disobedient
Dialectal synonyms of
頑皮 (“naughty”)
[map]
Variety
|
Location
|
Words
|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)
|
頑皮, 調皮, 淘氣
|
Northeastern Mandarin
|
Beijing
|
皮, 淘氣, 淘, 猴, 猴兒
|
Taiwan
|
皮, 調皮, 頑皮, 淘氣
|
Langfang
|
調皮
|
Singapore
|
頑皮
|
Jilu Mandarin
|
Tianjin
|
皮, 淘, 猴兒
|
Tangshan
|
調皮
|
Cangzhou
|
調皮
|
Baoding
|
費
|
Shijiazhuang
|
調皮
|
Jinan
|
調皮, 皮, 淘
|
Central Plains Mandarin
|
Daming
|
費勁
|
Xi'an
|
匪, 淘氣, 俏皮, 皮
|
Xuzhou
|
皮臉
|
Southwestern Mandarin
|
Chengdu
|
淘氣, 費, 千方兒
|
Wuhan
|
神, 調皮, 淘氣
|
Kunming
|
淘氣
|
Guilin
|
跳皮
|
Liuzhou
|
跳皮
|
Jianghuai Mandarin
|
Yangzhou
|
調皮, 皮
|
Nantong
|
犯厭
|
Hefei
|
調皮, 皮, 頑皮
|
Cantonese
|
Guangzhou
|
跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 星君, 扭計, 扭紋, 壞, 煞氣
|
Hong Kong
|
跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 壞, 星君, 犯神
|
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)
|
百厭
|
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)
|
頑皮
|
Hong Kong (Ting Kok)
|
百厭
|
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)
|
懆
|
Macau
|
跳皮
|
Guangzhou (Panyu)
|
曳, 跳皮, 百厭
|
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)
|
韌皮
|
Guangzhou (Conghua)
|
跳皮
|
Guangzhou (Zengcheng)
|
百厭
|
Foshan
|
曳, 跳皮, 百厭
|
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)
|
曳
|
Foshan (Shunde)
|
百厭
|
Foshan (Sanshui)
|
跳皮, 百厭
|
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)
|
頑皮
|
Zhongshan (Shiqi)
|
壞, 跳皮
|
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)
|
壞
|
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)
|
百厭, 壞
|
Zhuhai (Doumen)
|
百厭
|
Jiangmen (Baisha)
|
百厭
|
Jiangmen (Xinhui)
|
百厭
|
Taishan
|
壞賞, 壞, 曳, 搞家, 譑蠻, 飛耍, 惡教, 匪類, 扭紋
|
Kaiping (Chikan)
|
壞賞, 壞
|
Enping (Niujiang)
|
壞鬼
|
Heshan (Yayao)
|
韌皮
|
Dongguan
|
曳, 百厭
|
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)
|
百厭, 跳皮
|
Yangjiang
|
跳皮, 蠻皮
|
Nanning
|
跳皮, 百厭, 牛骨, 頑皮
|
Wuzhou
|
韌皮, 百厭, 百跳
|
Yulin
|
頑, 牛骨
|
Hepu (Lianzhou)
|
跳皮, 勿乖
|
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)
|
頑皮
|
Singapore (Guangfu)
|
韌皮
|
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)
|
扭計, 曳, 百厭
|
Gan
|
Nanchang
|
調皮, 頑皮
|
Hakka
|
Meixian
|
蠻皮, 蠻, 番綻, 綻頭, 綻皮, 綻, 懆, 跳皮
|
Xingning
|
蠻, 懆
|
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)
|
頑皮
|
Huidong (Daling)
|
調皮, 綻頭, 懆
|
Dongguan (Qingxi)
|
頑皮
|
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)
|
跳皮
|
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)
|
跳皮
|
Shaoguan (Qujiang)
|
綻, 懆
|
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)
|
賤
|
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)
|
頑皮
|
Changting
|
綻, 懆
|
Wuping
|
綻, 懆
|
Wuping (Pingyu)
|
綻
|
Liancheng
|
綻, 懆
|
Ninghua
|
浪綻, 懆
|
Ruijin
|
綻, 孽
|
Shangyou (Shexi)
|
綻, 頑皮
|
Miaoli (N. Sixian)
|
番綻, 蠻皮, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
|
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)
|
殘, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 蓋牛
|
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)
|
番綻, 蠻綻, 綻, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
|
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)
|
番綻, 綻頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
|
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)
|
番綻, 綻頭, 綻剁頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
|
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)
|
狡怪, 番, 賤頭, 牛, 牛頭, 牛獗, 賤, 真牛
|
Hong Kong
|
頑皮
|
Luchuan (Daqiao)
|
跳皮
|
Senai (Huiyang)
|
跳皮
|
Jin
|
Taiyuan
|
頑皮
|
Zhangjiakou
|
調皮
|
Handan
|
費
|
Northern Min
|
Jian'ou
|
刁皮, 韌皮
|
Eastern Min
|
Fuzhou
|
刁皮, 楞蟶
|
Fuqing
|
調皮
|
Southern Min
|
Xiamen
|
孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 刁皮, 跳限, 跳塌, 賤, 歹死, 揲, 揲篤
|
Quanzhou
|
孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 賤, 歹死
|
Zhangzhou
|
孽, 孽潲, 賤, 歹, 歹死
|
Kaohsiung
|
賤
|
Yilan
|
賤
|
Changhua (Lukang)
|
狡怪
|
Taichung
|
孽潲
|
Taichung (Wuqi)
|
孽潲
|
Tainan
|
作孽, 孽, 孽潲
|
Taitung
|
孽潲
|
Hsinchu
|
孽
|
Penghu (Magong)
|
狡怪
|
Penang (Hokkien)
|
孽, 怪孽, 歹死
|
Singapore (Hokkien)
|
孽, 孽死, 孽潲, 賤, 歹死
|
Manila (Hokkien)
|
歹死, 孽, 孽潲
|
Zhangping (Yongfu)
|
調皮, 惡蠻, 蠻
|
Pingnan (Shangdu)
|
頑皮
|
Chaozhou
|
燦頭
|
Shantou
|
野, 野死, 好耍, 頑皮
|
Bangkok (Teochew)
|
跳皮
|
Johor Bahru (Teochew)
|
孬
|
Southern Pinghua
|
Nanning (Tingzi)
|
跳皮
|
Northern Pinghua
|
Guilin (Dahe)
|
頑皮, 跳皮
|
Wu
|
Shanghai
|
頑皮, 皮, 賴皮, 搨皮, 淘氣
|
Shanghai (Chongming)
|
厭, 調皮, 頑皮
|
Suzhou
|
皮, 調皮, 厭
|
Wuxi
|
厭, 皮
|
Danyang
|
調皮, 皮
|
Hangzhou
|
厭, 調皮
|
Ningbo
|
皮
|
Wenzhou
|
調皮, 皮, 皮蚩, 蠻, 惡
|
Jinhua
|
調皮, 皮, 皮面
|
Xiang
|
Changsha
|
跳皮, 跳夾
|
Shuangfeng
|
跳皮, 頑皮
|
Quanzhou
|
頑皮
|
壞
(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)
- Kyūjitai form of 壊: break
From Middle Chinese 壞 (MC kweajH).
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)/괴(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Wikisource
壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))
- hanja form? of 괴 (“to break; to collapse”)
Compounds
- 붕괴 (崩壞, bunggoe)
- 파괴 (破壞, pagoe)
- 괴고 (壞苦, goego)
- 괴결 (壞決, goegyeol)
- 괴멸 (壞滅, goemyeol)
- 괴폐 (壞廢, goepye)
- 손괴 (損壞, son'goe)
- 괴락 (壞落, goerak)
- 괴색 (壞色, goesaek)
- 부괴 (腐壞, bugoe)
- 괴란 (壞亂, goeran)
- 반괴 (半壞, ban'goe)
- 괴저 (壞疽, goejeo)
- 괴사 (壞死, goesa)
- 괴손 (壞損, goeson)
- 도괴 (倒壞, dogoe)
- 잔괴 (殘壞, jan'goe)
- 훼괴 (毁壞, hwegoe)
- 괴변 (壞變, goebyeon)
- 자괴 (自壞, jagoe)
- 전괴 (全壞, jeon'goe)
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]
壞: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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