Personal names from Kaniš: the oldest Indo-European linguistic material Alwin Kloekhorst (a.kloekhorst@hum.leidenuniv.nl) The Impact of Migration in the Ancient Near East Directed by J.G. Dercksen, Funded by NWO Farewell symposium Michiel de Vaan, 19 June 2014, Leiden - The oldest attested IE language: Hittite - The oldest attested IE language: Hittite Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) - The oldest attested IE language: Hittite Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš / Neša (1930 - 1720 BC) - The oldest attested IE language: Hittite Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš / Neša (in Old Assyrian) (1930 - 1720 BC) - The oldest attested IE language: Hittite Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš / Neša (in Old Assyrian) (1930 - 1720 BC) Aššur - The oldest attested IE language: Hittite Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš / Neša (in Old Assyrian) (1930 - 1720 BC) trading Aššur Kaniš (modern-day Kültepe): Kaniš (modern-day Kültepe): Kaniš (modern-day Kültepe): Anatolian city Kaniš (modern-day Kültepe): Anatolian city (incl. palace) Kaniš (modern-day Kültepe): Anatolian city (incl. palace) vs. Assyrian kārum kārum Kaniš: kārum Kaniš: - where all the Assyrian merchants lived kārum Kaniš: - where all the Assyrian merchants lived - where most of the 23,000 OAss. texts stem from Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives, they contain administrative texts: - sale contracts - debt notes - wedding contracts - divorce contracts - letters - testimonies Old Assyrian texts stem from private archives, they contain administrative texts: - sale contracts - debt notes - wedding contracts - divorce contracts - letters - testimonies Ca. 23,000 texts are excavated, some 4,500 of which are published, although many unpublished texts are made available for the members of the Old Assyrian Text Project. Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? difficult question: Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning? difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning? (names!) difficult question: form language Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning? (names!) difficult question: form language? Personal names in the Old Assyrian texts - thousands of names (OATP-database: 35,000) - mostly Assyrian - hundreds of non-Assyrian names → names of local, Anatolian population - my database: ca. 1900 non-Assyrian persons → what language do these belong to? meaning? (names!) difficult question: form ? language? Are some of these Hittite? Are some of these Hittite? - Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’ Are some of these Hittite? - Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’ - the oldest Hittite texts (Anitta-text, Zalpa-text) are situated in Kaniš / Neša Are some of these Hittite? - Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’ - the oldest Hittite texts (Anitta-text, Zalpa-text) are situated in Kaniš / Neša → Kaniš / Neša is the original home-town of the Hittites Are some of these Hittite? - Hittites call their language nešili, kanišumnili ‘the language of (the people of) Kaniš / Neša’ - the oldest Hittite texts (Anitta-text, Zalpa-text) are situated in Kaniš / Neša → Kaniš / Neša is the original home-town of the Hittites → some time before 1650 BC the royal house moved from Kaniš to Ḫattuša, taking along their language Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite names occur in Hittite: Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite names occur in Hittite: Kaniš ḫapuašu ilaliuman inarawa šupiuman = = = = Ḫattuša mḪappuu̯aššu mIlaliuma mInnarau̯a mŠuppiuman Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) vs. -ḫšušar (f.) Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) ḫapiaḫšu vs. -ḫšušar (f.) ḫapiaḫšušar Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) ḫapiaḫšu niwaḫšu vs. -ḫšušar (f.) ḫapiaḫšušar niwaḫšušar Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) ḫapiaḫšu niwaḫšu šupiaḫšu vs. -ḫšušar (f.) ḫapiaḫšušar niwaḫšušar šupiaḫšušar Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) ḫapiaḫšu niwaḫšu šupiaḫšu vs. -ḫšušar (f.) ḫapiaḫšušar niwaḫšušar šupiaḫšušar Hitt. ḫaššu- ‘king’ vs. ḫaššuššara- ‘queen’ Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) ḫapiaḫšu niwaḫšu šupiaḫšu vs. -ḫšušar (f.) ḫapiaḫšušar niwaḫšušar šupiaḫšušar Hitt. ḫaššu- ‘king’ vs. ḫaššuššara- ‘queen’ (ḫašš- ‘to give birth’, so maybe originally ‘child’?) Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) ḫapi-a-ḫšu niwaḫšu šupiaḫšu vs. -ḫšušar (f.) ḫapi-a-ḫšušar niwaḫšušar šupiaḫšušar ‘rich’ + Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) ḫapi-a-ḫšu niwa-ḫšu šupiaḫšu vs. -ḫšušar (f.) ḫapi-a-ḫšušar niwa-ḫšušar šupiaḫšušar ‘rich’ + ‘new’ + Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -ḫšu (m.) ḫapi-a-ḫšu niwa-ḫšu šupi-a-ḫšu vs. -ḫšušar (f.) ḫapi-a-ḫšušar niwa-ḫšušar šupi-a-ḫšušar ‘rich’ + ‘new’ + ‘pure’ + Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -nika (f.) Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-) Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -nika (f.) -uman (m.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-) Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-) -uman (m.) ~ Hitt. -umen- / -um(a)n- ‘coming from’ Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-) -uman (m.) ~ Hitt. -umen- / -um(a)n- ‘coming from’ (also in e.g. Šuppiluliuma(n)-) Are some of these Hittite? - some Kanišite onomastic elements resemble Hitite words: -nika (f.) ~ Hitt. neka- ‘sister’ (vs. Luw. nanašri-) -uman (m.) ~ Hitt. -umen- / -um(a)n- ‘coming from’ (also in e.g. Šuppiluliuma(n)-) (vs. Luw. -u̯ann(i)-) Table: Table: 181 different Hittite names in Kaniš Table: 181 different Hittite names in Kaniš (6 of which in Ḫattuša) Table: 181 different Hittite names in Kaniš → the oldest Indo-European language material! Problems in interpretation Problems in interpretation - many elements are unclear Problems in interpretation - many elements are unclear - also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script: Problems in interpretation - many elements are unclear - also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script: - syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters) Problems in interpretation - many elements are unclear - also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script: - syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters) - no geminates Problems in interpretation - many elements are unclear - also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script: - syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters) - no geminates - no difference in voice (except TA vs. DA) Problems in interpretation - many elements are unclear - also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script: - syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters) - no geminates - no difference in voice (except TA vs. DA) - no -nC-clusters Problems in interpretation - many elements are unclear - also due to the defective nature of OAss. cuneiform script: - syllabic signs (so no tricons. clusters) - no geminates - no difference in voice (except TA vs. DA) - no -nC-clusters - only a, i, u Clusters Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma /warsma/ Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma /warsma/ Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma /warsma/ [warsǝma] Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a /warsma/ [warsǝma] Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a ta-mu-ri-a /warsma/ [warsǝma] Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a ta-mu-ri-a /warsma/ [warsǝma] /tmria/ Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a ta-mu-ri-a /warsma/ [warsǝma] /tmria/ [tmǝria] Clusters king’s name: wa-ar-áš-ma wa-ar-ša-ma wa-ar-šu-ma CTMMA 1, 90: ta-am-ri-a ta-mu-ri-a /warsma/ [warsǝma] /tmria/ [tmǝria] → certain examples Clusters less certain: Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an /skrioman/ Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an /skrioman/ Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an /skrioman/ Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an /skrioman/ ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an /shisnoman/ Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an /skrioman/ ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an /shisnoman/ wa-al-ḫa-áš-na Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an /skrioman/ ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an /shisnoman/ wa-al-ḫa-áš-na wa-al-ḫi-iš-na Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an /skrioman/ ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an /shisnoman/ wa-al-ḫa-áš-na wa-al-ḫi-iš-na wa-lá-aḫ-ší-na Clusters less certain: ša-ak-ri-ú-ma-an ší-ik-ri-ú-ma-an /skrioman/ ša-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an ší-ḫi-iš-nu-ma-an /shisnoman/ wa-al-ḫa-áš-na wa-al-ḫi-iš-na wa-lá-aḫ-ší-na /walhsna/ TA vs. DA TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : ḫu-ma-da-šu always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : complementary distribution ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) always (>30x) spelled with DA TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’ TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’ → /homand-asu/ TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’ → /homand-asu/ also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’ → /homand-asu/ also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/? TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’ → /homand-asu/ also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/? TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’ → /homand-asu/ (PIE *h2ei̯u-u̯ ent-) also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/? (PIE *h2ei̯u-u̯ n̥t-) TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’ → /homand-asu/ (PIE *h2ei̯u-u̯ ent-) also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/? (PIE *h2ei̯u-u̯ n̥t-) → phonetic value of DA = /nda/ TA vs. DA ḫi-iš-ta-aḫ-šu : always (30x) spelled with TA (also ḫa-áš-ta-aḫ-šu, so /hstahsu/) ḫu-ma-da-šu : always (>30x) spelled with DA analyzed as Hitt. ḫūmant- ‘all’ + āššu- ‘good’ → /homand-asu/ (PIE *h2ei̯u-u̯ ent-) also 1x ḫu-mu-un-da-šu : /homǝnd-asu/? (PIE *h2ei̯u-u̯ n̥t-) → phonetic value of DA = /nda/ [Ass. did not have -nC-clusters: e.g. *indin > iddin ‘he will give’] TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhundasu/ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu- TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : ša-da-aḫ-šu /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sandahsu/ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu- TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’ ta-ri-ku-da TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’ ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’ ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’ ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’ ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/ < PIE *tri-ḱmt-o- ‘13th’ or ‘30’? TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’ ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/ < PIE *tri-ḱmt-o- ‘13th’ or ‘30’? cf. ša-áp-ta-ma-ni-kà (f.) /sptmanika/ TA vs. DA tár-ḫu-da-šu : /tarhund-asu/ < *trh2unt- + āššu‘storm-god’ + ‘good’ ša-da-aḫ-šu : /sanda-hsu/ < Šanda- + ḫaššu‘(a deity)’ + ‘child / king’ ta-ri-ku-da / ti-ri-ku-da : /trikunda/ = /trikǝmda/ < PIE *tri-ḱmt-o- ‘13th’ or ‘30’? cf. ša-áp-ta-ma-ni-kà (f.) /sptmanika/ < *sptmo- + neka- ‘7th sister’ TA vs. DA iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu TA vs. DA iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu TA vs. DA iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ TA vs. DA iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ TA vs. DA iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spund-a-hsu/ = /spǝnd-a-hsu/ TA vs. DA iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spund-a-hsu/ = /spǝnd-a-hsu/ < PIE *spnd- ‘to libate’ ? (Hitt. išpānt-i / išpant- ‘libate’) Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spund-a-hsu/ = /spǝnd-a-hsu/ < PIE *spnd- ‘to libate’ ? (Hitt. išpānt-i / išpant- ‘libate’) Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ ? > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /spundahsu/ = /spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : /(ɨ)spundahsu/ = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahsu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndahasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsuProblem: > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Problem: also attested in Hattuša Hittite: Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Problem: also attested in Hattuša Hittite: mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šumIš-pu-taḫ-šumIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu- Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Problem: also attested in Hattuša Hittite: mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šumIš-pu-taḫ-šumIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu- king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus) Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Problem: also attested in Hattuša Hittite: mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šumIš-pu-taḫ-šu- /ɨspudahsu-/ mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu- king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus) Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Problem: also attested in Hattuša Hittite: mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šumIš-pu-taḫ-šu- /ɨspudahsu-/ mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu- king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus) Detailed history [Assyrian perception] iš-pu-da-aḫ-šu / šu-pu-da-aḫ-šu : ← /underlying Hittite form/ [(ɨ)spundahsu] = /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ if really ‘libate’ + ‘king / child’: qPIE *spnd-ó-h2emsu- > Hitt. /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ iš-pa-an-ta-aḫ-ḫa-aš-šu- Problem: also attested in Hattuša Hittite: mIš-pu-ta-aḫ-šumIš-pu-taḫ-šu- /ɨspudahsu-/ mIš-pu-da-aḫ-šu- king of Kizzuwatna, ca. 1525 BC (seal found in Tarsus) Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) “proto-form” Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) “proto-form” Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) “proto-form” Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ “proto-form” Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) “proto-form” Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Kizzuwatnaean outcome Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsuAround 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) “proto-form” Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Kizzuwatnaean outcome Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsuAround 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) “proto-form” Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Kizzuwatnaean outcome Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsuAround 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) “proto-form” Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Kizzuwatnaean outcome Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsuAround 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš Ḫatti-Hittite (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) vs. “proto-form” Kizzuwatna-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Kizzuwatnaean outcome Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsuAround 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Ḫatti-Hittite Kaniš ? (1930 - 1720 BC) vs. [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) “proto-form” Kizzuwatna-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Kizzuwatnaean outcome Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsuAround 1500 BC First time proof of dialectal diversity within Hittite! /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Ḫatti-Hittite Kaniš ? (1930 - 1720 BC) vs. [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) “proto-form” Kizzuwatna-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Kizzuwatnaean outcome Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ “proto-form” Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ “proto-form” Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ “proto-form” Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) [(ɨ)spundahsu] (“Ass.”) from underlying /(ɨ)spǝndáhasu/ (Hitt.) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš /(ɨ)spundahsu/ (1930 - 1720 BC) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) Kaniš /(ɨ)spundahsu/ (1930 - 1720 BC) one form Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) older younger /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu- /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) older younger /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) older younger /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) older younger /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) older younger /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš North-Hittite (1930 - 1720 BC) older vs. South-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) younger /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite! /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš North-Hittite (1930 - 1720 BC) older vs. South-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) younger /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite! /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) North-Hittite ? /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) older vs. South-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) younger /ɨspudahsu-/ Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite! /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ = more archaic form Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) North-Hittite ? /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) older vs. South-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) younger /ɨspudahsu-/ = innovated form Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite! /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ = more archaic form Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) North-Hittite ? /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) older vs. South-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) younger /ɨspudahsu-/ = innovated form Outcome of *spnd-ó-h2emsu1930 - 1500 BC Very early dialectal diversity within Hittite! /ɨspǝntáHaSu-/ = more archaic form Ḫattuša (1650 - 1180 BC) North-Hittite ? /(ɨ)spundahsu/ Kaniš (1930 - 1720 BC) = “Nešite”! older vs. South-Hittite Tarsus (ca. 1525 BC) younger /ɨspudahsu-/ = innovated form Conclusions Conclusions - OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material Conclusions - OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material - good arguments for Hittite Conclusions - OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material - good arguments for Hittite - interpretation is difficult Conclusions - OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material - good arguments for Hittite - interpretation is difficult - e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-? Conclusions - OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material - good arguments for Hittite - interpretation is difficult - e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-? If so: Conclusions - OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material - good arguments for Hittite - interpretation is difficult - e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-? If so: - mIšputaḫšu- points to a Kizzuwatna dialect of Hittite Conclusions - OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material - good arguments for Hittite - interpretation is difficult - e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-? If so: - mIšputaḫšu- points to a Kizzuwatna dialect of Hittite - if Kizz. mIšputaḫšu- = Kan. išpudaḫšu, then Kizz.-Hittite already distinct from Ḫatt.-Hittite around 1900 BC Conclusions - OAss. texts contain oldest IE language material - good arguments for Hittite - interpretation is difficult - e.g. išpudaḫšu = ‘libate + child/king’ < *spnd-ó-h2emsu-? If so: - mIšputaḫšu- points to a Kizzuwatna dialect of Hittite - if Kizz. mIšputaḫšu- = Kan. išpudaḫšu, then Kizz.-Hittite already distinct from Ḫatt.-Hittite around 1900 BC → raises many new questions... Thank you for your attention!