Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.
To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser.
The Indian temple architecture depicts clearly their evolution, following the original ancient models, which were derived from religious consideration and this practice is further being followed, since many centuries. These temples are actually, the place of transcendence where man crosses over from world of illusion, to the world of truth. The main style of Hindu temple architecture in India had its modest beginning precisely from the Mauryan rule i.e 3rd century BC. The Indian Silpasastras recognize mainly three categories of the temple style, the Nagara, Dravida and Vesara, but there was also another style very prominent, known as the Kalinga style, which is very distinguished all over the world for their unique characteristics, that existed between 6th century A.D to 16th century A.D in Odisha. The aim of the paper is to describe the Kalinga style of architecture and the basic characteristics of the temples of this style, eventually concluding with interpretation of the plan forms of the temples, to be following a scientific and methodical path of evolution.
Most of the Indian religious philosophies and rituals believe in idol worshiping and from the ancient time, temple has been playing an important role in the society. It may be religious or socio-cultural point of view, construction of temples has been patronized from 3rd century BC. Illustrated by the Indian Silpa-sastras, Indian temples can be categorized in three main types, i.e. Nagara, Dravida and Vesara styles. As the non-hindus invaded India in 11th century, many Nagara style temples were looted and destroyed and today a very few specimen exists to study the styles and forms, and most of them are found prominently in the state of Odisha. Apart from the Nagara style of temples, Odishan archaeology also preserves few examples Vesara style temples. But the question arises that from where the shape of Odishan temples evolved? It has been described and illustrated that temple architecture came to Kalinga after the Mouryas and many temple styles were influenced from temples of North and Central India. But a thorough study of Odishan vernacular architecture answers it with a different notion. The styles and shapes used in construction practices of rural areas in Odisha are reflected in the temple styles. This paper focuses on the significant elements and characters; those have influenced the evolution of shapes of different temple forms in the milieu of Odishan Temple Architecture.
THE RUBRIC OF HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES: A Study of the Evolutional Diversity in Typological Idioms
Journal Paper The Rubric of Hindu Temple Architecture v.F2023 •
Local traditions govern temple architectural typologies; often, structural styles and building methods were progressively blended depending on congregation of experts and promotion of construction activity. While the texts enumerate many nuances in temple architectural styles, only about twenty-odd types dominate the landscape. Early natural caves and frescoed caverns, inspired by Buddhist prayer halls, evolved to rock-cut caves, which progressively incorporated iconographic objects and sculptures. The form evolved from simple, functional structures to imposing, magnificent buildings, which indicate progression of elaboration of and opulence in rituals― it reflects complexities in symbolism too. Local materials and influences determined regional preferences for designs, which evidence mutual inductance and overlapping of styles. This paper documents the diverse and numerous Hindu temple architecture styles based on not only the designs and traditions that are more recurrently featured in ancient texts, but also the exemplars and archetypes that are most commonly observed in ancient temple structures.
2021 •
The State of Odisha is renowned for the stunning technique of designing and building temples since times immemorial. The builders of the Odishan temples gave vent to their feelings on the basis of indigenous canonical texts like Bhuban Pradip, Shilpapothi, Shilpashastra, Vastushastra Upanishad, Silparatnakara, Silpasarini, Shilpa Prakash, Padma Kesara, Deula Mapagunagara, Bhuban Prabesh, Soudhikagama etc indicating the standard achieved by our ancestors in the field of temple architecture.The structures produced reveal much about their environment, history, ceremonies and artistic sensibility, as well as many aspects of daily life.The practice of architecture is employed to fulfil both practical and expressive requirements and thus it serves both utilitarian and aesthetic ends. The ultimate goal of a temple’s design is to bring about the descent or manifestation of the un manifest and unseen. The temple according to the Brahmanical concept is not merely a place of worship rather an ...
Early medieval Indian history spanning between eighth to thirteenth century A.D. is characterized by the formation of states and regional empires, articulation of regionalism and regional traditions, and emergence and growth of regional cultural units such as Andhra, These transformations brought about in the Regional and Pan-Indian context in regard to the cultural practices and institutions were essentially due to the material changes in the society. One of the significant development in the cultural practice was the consolidation of regional cults and building of the temples to accommodate large number of deities who have already entrenched themselves thoroughly in the social and religious fabric of the regions. Temple building activity of the early medieval India was not only associated with the practices, institutions and symbols that had emerged in the regional contexts, but also closely linked " to the formation of regional kingdoms and were used by regional dynasties for their legitimation, consolidation of their resource base and for forging linkages for social integration across communities. " 1 The concept of Temple originated centuries back most probably during the vedic period with the idea of God perceived in human forms. such a form warranted a habitation, a shelter and this need resulted in structural edifices. " 2 Thus the Temples came in to existence with the obvious purpose of providing accommodation to innumerable number of duties that emerged during the course of the evolution of Brahmanical Hinduism and also to their devotees for paying obeisance and carrying out ablutions. Indian Temples were symbolizing without doubt the very ethos and vibrations of the life style of the people across the subcontinent through the millennia. The panorama of Indian Temple architecture are visible at extremely wide chronological and geographical horizons. From a very modest beginning at sanchi in the fifth century A.D. to the magnificence of the gigantic edifices of Kanchi, Tanjavur, Madurai, Bhubaneswar, Puri and Konark, it traversed across long distances offering wider dimensions and variables both in art forms and structures. Various ancient shilpashastras dealing with the subject of temple architecture such as Mayamata, Manasara, Shilparatna, Kamikagama, Kashyapashilpa and Ishanagurudeva Paddhati provided us valuable information about geographical distribution, differentiation from the point of view of shapes presiding deities, caste associations and ornamentation of the temples etc.
The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Indian temples represent one of the great architectural traditions of the world. The first Hindu temples were built from rock cut caves which were later converted into the free standing structures at the advent of Gupta architecture around 4th & 5th century. Out of the different typology of temples found in India, Kalingan style of temple architecture can be observed in Odisha. The temples found here, shows a homogeneous characteristics with a continuity, from (6th to 16th century A D). Various studies have been carried out on Odishan temples in different areas and many literature also discuss about these temples details but method of construction of these temples is obscure. In the earlier period anthropometric dimensions were used which not relevant to the present day measurement system and the interpretation of the texts is also not possible. So in present paper, an effort has been made to find out the probable grid, of the plan form of the triratha temples existing in Odisha, in the modern system of measurement in relevance to the canons.
Journal of Northeastern University
A LIVING STRUCTURE: FUNDAMENTALS OF HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE2022 •
Hindu temple architecture is known from the earliest time in the world as per Hindu philosophy. Various ancient Hindu texts like Epics, Puranas, Vedas, Mayamata, Brihat Samhita, etc. inculcates the subject called Vastu. The key source for the Hindu temple architecture is derived from the magical geometry i.e. Vastupurusha Mandala. The structure of the temple building acts as a single human body. It is a metaphysical philosophy which deals beyond the reality. The Vastu plays a vital role during construction of temples and building structures. The formation of any ancient Indian structures is possible due to some guidance in terms of units which can be evaluated and fixed easily by the help of traditional system of measurement. The importance of traditional measurement unit is framed rigidly in the paper for understanding the geometry of the structures with better perception. The main objectives of the research paper are (1) to study the architectural geometry from its origin and its measurement unit, (2) to explore the evolution of Vastushastra and its types, (3) to analyse the interlinkages between the Vastupurusha Mandala with temple building and temple with Purusha (human being). Hence this research paper is a unique in its own way for describing the architectural design pattern of Hindu temples in a systematic manner. At last but not least the proposed findings and conclusion of the research paper based on the Vastushastra is that the evolution of the concerned ancient building structures can be easily determined on the basis of traditional measurement system. The magical diagram can be taken into account in various fields from architecture to planning level with sustainable approach. Through achieving the certain objectives help to depict the way of designing, constructing and planning any Hindu temple structures at present scenario in a confined manner.
This volume is a study of the beginning and evolution of temple architecture in India which covers sculptures and carvings as well. With over a hundred plates of temples and carvings on them including cave facades and pillar depictions it deals with temples constructed by the different ancient and medieval dynasties in Indian history particularly the early western Calukyan and later western Calukyans Pallava Pandya, Cola Hoyasala and Nayaka with illustrations that include maps plans of caves and even viharas and caityas it undertakes a study of the temples found in different states of India. The research discusses the variations in plans and elevations to examine development of temple architecture over time and new experiment actions in the building of temples by use of various materials. Reconstructing art and architectural styles from the remnants of the ruined temples in many places it explains terms and concepts in temple building and architecture and cites examples of various temple style and traditions including the best and earliest ones. The focus is on the Dravida and Nagara temple styles and a third hybrid form of sikhara that developed in the Deccan. Many Jaina temples are also covered.
Every style of building construction reflects a clearly distinctive basic principle that represents a particular culture and era. In this context, the Indian Hindu temples are not only the abode of God and place of worship, but they are also the cradle of knowledge, art, architecture and culture. A temple structure is considered to be everlasting and it should signify the art, architectural and cultural milieu of the period built. It also helps to retain and expand the social and cultural values of Hinduism among the people from one generation to another. This study intends to show that, a temple structure irrespective of its value can act as an artefact of the present generation's culture, knowledge and technological developments.
2005 •
Southeast of Now: Directions in Contemporary and Modern Art in Asia, Volume 8, Number 1, March 2024, pp. 119-125
Review: Artists and the People: Ideologies of Art in Indonesia by Elly Kent2024 •
Communication & Society
Narratives of Public Diplomacy in the post-Truth Era: The decline of Soft Power2023 •
Armenisch-Deutsche Korresondenz (ADK): Zeitschrift der Deutsch-Armenischen Gesellschaft
Raben vor Noah: Roman über die doppelte Viktimisierung der Westarmenier2023 •
Jurnal Tadris Matematika
Analisis Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa SMA Berkemampuan Matematika Tinggi dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Fungsi2018 •
Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health
Duodenal perforation due to lollypop stick2021 •
Physical Review D
Particle creation due to tachyonic instability in relativistic stars2012 •
Tạp chí Y học Việt Nam
Đặc Điểm Bệnh Lý Và Ứng Dụng Kỹ Thuật Phẫu Thuật Nội Soi Hoàn Toàn Ngoài Phúc Mạc (Tep) Đặt Lưới Nhân Tạo 3D Điều Trị Thoát Vị Bẹn Hai Bên Ở Người Lớn2021 •
"'Pinger cantando'. Arti sorelle a Milano tra Cinque e Seicento", a cura di R. FERRO - B. MORONI, Città di Castello, I Libri di Emil, 2024, pp. 129-164
«Chi l’armonia del ciel brama d’udire». Letteratura e musica nell’Accademia degli Inquieti di MilanoDyes and Pigments
Enzymatic synthesis of novel water-soluble indigoid compounds2020 •
2017 •
2021 •
ROAD SAFETY RESEARCH, …
Simulator-based evaluation of the DriveSmart novice driver CD-ROM training product2000 •