Steven Bonta (2010) has presented a semiologic approach on the Indus Valley Script and offers some insights: “What is beyond reasonable dispute is that the Harappan signary is a sophisticated system of signs that represent, possibly quite elliptically, the language or languages employed by the Harappans…Whatever the irretrievable details of their culture and history, the preliminary evidence from their inscriptions appears to suggest that their voice may have been Indo-Aryan.” https://www.academia.edu/8691466/The_Indus_Valley_Script_A_New_Interpretation This remarkable insight of Steven CD Bonta stands validated by the Indus Script hypertexts presented in 3 volumes with meanings of Meluhha expressions. A number of Indus Script hypertexts and meanings are presented in this monograph, based on evidences from Ancient Near East artifacts. Source: http://www.bibleorigins.net/AdapaAdamPicturesFishmen.html dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS ayo, ayu 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā ʻfinʼ rebus: kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. A fish-apkallu drawn by A.H. Layard from a stone relief, one of a pair flanking a doorway in the Temple of Ninurta at Kalhu. British Museum. Reproduced in Schlomo Izre'el, Adapa and the South Wind: Language Has the Power of Life and Death, Eisenbrauns, 2001. https://books.google.co.th/books?id=MbwwROVGl7UC&pg=PA3&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false Fish-garbed priest bas-relief on temple of the god Ninurta (Saturn) at Kalhu (biblical Calah), ca. 883-859 BCE Assurnasirpal II (p. 83. fig. 65.) Fish-men figurines, the so-called "seven sages" (apkallu), sun-dried clay, from the foundations of a priest's house in Asshur ca. 721-705 BCE (p. 18.) Fish-man in a sea from a bas-relief in the palace of the Assyrian king Sargon II, ca. 721-705 BCE at Dur-Sharken, modern Khorsabad. (p. 131. fig. 107. "merman and mermaid." Jeremy Black and Anthony Green. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum, in association with the University of Texas Press. Austin. 1992. The wristlets worn are safflower hieroglyphs: karaḍā 'safflower'.करडी [ karaḍī ] f (See करडई) Safflower: also its seed. Rebus: karaḍa 'hard alloy' of arka 'copper'. Rebus: fire-god: @B27990. #16671. Remo <karandi>E155 {N} ``^fire-^god''.(Munda). کرئِي kar-aʿī, s.f. (6th) A ring, an ox muzzle, or halter for a horse. Sing. and Pl. (Pashto) S. karāī f. 'wrist'; karã̄ n. pl. ʻ wristlets, bangles ʼ.(Gujarati) (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). Akkadian head made by lost-wax cassting (cire perdue) method found at Nineveh 2300-2159 BCE (from Iraq 3 pl.6 British School of Archaeology in Iraq) The pegs/rivets shown on the crown of Nihal Mishmar signify cire perdue alloy hoard of metal artifacts; kabha, 'peg' together with hieroglyphs of aquatic bird adorn the cire perdue crown found in Nahal Mishmar :

This is an addendum to: Dotted circle Indus Script -- particle + circle hypertext rebus Meluhha kāṇam + vṛtta 'wealth business' https://tinyurl.com/yytwcmbq കാണന്‍ kāṇaǹ S. (= കാണാ ?) One-eyed, blind. kāṇá ʻ one -- eyed ʼ RV. Pa. Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ blind of one eye, blind ʼ; Ash. kã̄ṛa, ˚ṛī f. ʻ blind ʼ, Kt. kãŕ, Tir. kāˊna, Kho. kāṇu NTS ii 260, kánu BelvalkarVol 91; K. kônu ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, S. kāṇo, L. P. kāṇã̄; WPah. rudh. śeu. kāṇā ʻ blind ʼ; Ku. kāṇo, gng. &rtodtilde; ʻ blind of one eye ʼ, N. kānu; A. kanā ʻ blind ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ; Or. kaṇā, f. kāṇī ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, Mth. kān, ˚nā, kanahā, Bhoj. kān, f. ˚ni, kanwā m. ʻ one -- eyed man ʼ, H. kān, ˚nā, G. kāṇũ; M. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, squint -- eyed ʼ; Si. kaṇa ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ. -- Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ full of holes ʼ, G. kāṇũ ʻ full of holes ʼ, n. ʻ hole ʼ (< ʻ empty eyehole ʼ? Cf. ã̄dhḷũ n. ʻ hole ʼ < andhala -- ).*kāṇiya -- ; *kāṇākṣa -- .Addenda: kāṇá -- : S.kcch. kāṇī f.adj. ʻ one -- eyed ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kaṇɔ ʻ blind in one eye ʼ, J. kāṇā; Md. kanu ʻ blind ʼ. (CDIAL 3019) *kāṇākṣa ʻ one -- eyed ʼ. [kāṇá -- , ákṣi -- ]Ko. kāṇso ʻ squint -- eyed ʼ.*kāṇiya ʻ blindness ʼ. [kāṇá -- ] Pk. kāṇiya -- n. ʻ eye disease ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) kām ʻ blindness ʼ.(CDIAL 3020, 3021) காணன் kāṇaṉ , n. < kāṇa. One-eyed man; ஒற்றைக்கண்ணன். கூனன் காண னிருகண்ணுமில் லான் (சைவச. ஆசாரி. 10). കാണം kāṇam T. M. C. (കാണുക) Possession, goods കാ. കൊതിക്ക, കാ.ഉള്ളവന്‍ rich. tirtta kāṇam തീര്‍ത്ത കാണം V1. the real value of some piece of workmanship.காணம்¹ kāṇam , n. 2 [M. kāṇam.] An ancient weight; நிறுத்தலளவையுள் ஒன்று. (Insc.) 3.Gold; பொன். (திவா.) 4. An ancient gold coin; பொற்காசு. ஒன்பதுகாப் பொன்னும் நூறாயிரங் காண முங் கொடுத்து (பதிற்றுப். 60, பதி.). 5. Wealth, riches; பொருள். மேற்காண மின்மையால் (நாலடி, 372) Ma. kāṇam possession, goods, mortgage (DEDR 1444) h1971 Material: Terra Cotta Dimensions: 3.91 Length, 1.5 to 1.62 cm Width Harappa, Lot 4651-01 Harappa Museum, H95-2486 kāḍ काड् 'stretched arms' rebus kāḍ ‘stone’ (WPah), khaḍ 'iron stone mine'. काना kānā a (Commonly काणा q. v.) One-eyed or squint-eyed,(Marathi) kāṇá ʻ one -- eyed ʼ RV.Pa. Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ blind of one eye, blind ʼ; Ash. kã̄ṛa, ˚ṛī f. ʻ blind ʼ, Kt. kãŕ, Tir. kāˊna, Kho. kāṇu NTS ii 260, kánu BelvalkarVol 91; K. kônu ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, S. kāṇo, L. P. kāṇã̄; WPah. rudh. śeu. kāṇā ʻ blind ʼ; Ku. kāṇo, blind of one eye ʼ, N. kānu; A. kanā ʻ blind ʼ; B. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ; Or. kaṇā, f. kāṇī ʻ one -- eyed ʼ, Mth. kān, ˚nā, kanahā, Bhoj. kān, f. ˚ni, kanwā m. ʻ one -- eyed man ʼ, H. kān, ˚nā, G. kāṇũ; M. kāṇā ʻ one -- eyed, squint -- eyed ʼ; Si. kaṇa ʻ one -- eyed, blind ʼ. -- Pk. kāṇa -- ʻ full of holes ʼ, G. kāṇũ ʻ full of holes ʼ, n. ʻ hole ʼ (< ʻ empty eyehole ʼ? Cf. ã̄dhḷũ n. ʻ hole ʼ < andhala -- ).*kāṇiya -- ; *kāṇākṣa -- .Addenda: kāṇá -- : S.kcch. kāṇī f.adj. ʻ one -- eyed ʼ; WPah.kṭg. kaṇɔ ʻ blind in one eye ʼ, J. kāṇā; Md. kanu ʻ blind ʼ. *kāṇākṣa ʻ one -- eyed ʼ. [kāṇá -- , ákṣi -- ]Ko. kāṇso ʻ squint -- eyed ʼ.*kāṇiya ʻ blindness ʼ. [kāṇá -- ]Pk. kāṇiya -- n. ʻ eye disease ʼ; Kho. (Lor.) kām ʻ blindness ʼ.(CDIAL 3019 to 3021) karibha, ibha'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' tsarkh, arka 'potter's wheel' rebus: arka 'copper, gold'. Thus, iron-stone wealth and working in iron, copper, gold metalcasting. m308 Six knots on head: baṭa 'six' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace' PLUS mũh 'face' rebus: mũh '(copper) ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes; iron smelters' (Santali) PLUS കാണന്‍ kāṇaǹ 'one-eyed' rebus കാണം kāṇam 'goods, riches' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' PLUS dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, iron metalcast riches. Text message: śrēṣṭrī 'ladder' Rebus: seṭh ʻ head of a guild, Members of the guild kunda 'lathe' rebus: kũdār 'turner' PLUS कण्ठालः kaṇṭhālaḥ 'churning vessel' rebus: कण्ठालः kaṇṭhāla 'maritime' kammatamu 'portable furnace' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' PLUS sal 'splinter' rebus; sal 'workshop' aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal' kaṇḍa 'arrow' rebus:kaṇḍa,khaṇḍa 'equipment'. Thus, maritime trade riches (of) mint.

Four clusters of wealth generation in Sarasvati Civilization evidenced by Indus Script Corpora Wealth accounting classification ledgers of Indus Script are organized in four economic clusters comparable to the four factors of production in Economics 101: land, labour, capital and organisation. This four-fold generation of super-sets may seen from the characteristic clustering of hieroglyphs and hypertexts in Indus Script Cipher. Evidenceof Indus Script Corpora now includes over 8000 inscriptions under these four clusters or supersets of wealth generation. Cluster 1. Resources (minerals, metals, alloys) Cluster 2. Organization (guild, functional metalwork categories such as blacksmith, coppersmith, furnace worker, smelter worker, worker in smithy/forge: Cluster 2a. Evidence of the guild-master presented in Guild-master’s Indus Script Inscription (m304) deciphered. Hypertext khāra, šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'squirrel’ is plaintext khār 'blacksmith' śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master' (Aitareya Brāhmaṇa) https://tinyurl.com/y9ug5h9y) After presenting a long catalogue of metalwork done, the documentation is signed off by the guild-master: hieroglyph: khāra, šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'squirrel’ rebus: śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master'. Similarly, thousands of Indus Script inscriptions are signed off by the scribe (signified by 'rim of jar' hieroglyph) at times elaborated by the addition of the 'currycomb' hieroglyph to signify: kharada खरडें daybook (wealth acounting classification ledger). This is seen on the most frequent inscription of the Corpora: See: Cluster 35 in: Indus Script Scribes kāraṇikā कारणिका document in HTTP the world's first accounting system on 8000+ inscriptions to create wealth of a nation https://tinyurl.com/y9h44pbh Sign 48 is a 'backbone, spine' hieroglyph: baraḍo = spine; backbone (Tulu) Rebus: baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) Tir. mar -- kaṇḍḗ ʻ back (of the body) ʼ; S. kaṇḍo m. ʻ back ʼ, L. kaṇḍ f., kaṇḍā m. ʻ backbone ʼ, awāṇ. kaṇḍ, °ḍī ʻ back ʼH. kã̄ṭā m. ʻ spine ʼ, G. kã̄ṭɔ m., M. kã̄ṭā m.; Pk. kaṁḍa -- m. ʻ backbone ʼ.(CDIAL 2670) Rebus: kaṇḍ ‘fire-altar’ (Santali) bharatiyo = a caster of metals; a brazier; bharatar, bharatal, bharataḷ = moulded; an article made in a mould; bharata = casting metals in moulds; bharavum = to fill in; to put in; to pour into (Gujarati) bhart = a mixed metal of copper and lead; bhartīyā = a brazier, worker in metal; bhaṭ, bhrāṣṭra = oven, furnace (Sanskrit. )baran, bharat ‘mixed alloys’ (5 copper, 4 zinc and 1 tin) (Punjabi) kanda kanka 'rim of jar' कार्णिक 'relating to the ear' rebus: kanda kanka 'fire-trench account, karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'. Note: Hieroglyph: कर्ण [p= 256,2] the handle or ear of a vessel RV. viii , 72 , 12 Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa ix (कात्यायन-श्रौत-सूत्र) Rebus: कर्ण the helm or rudder of a ship R. कर्णी f. of °ण ifc. (e.g. अयस्-क्° and पयस्-क्°) Pa1n2. 8-3 , 46" N. of कंस's mother " , in comp. Rebus: karṇī, 'Supercargo responsible for cargo of a merchant vessel'. Sign 176 khareḍo 'a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus: karaḍā खरडें 'daybook, wealth-accounting ledger'. Rebus: kharādī ' turner' (Gujarati). Cluster 2b. Evidence of pāṭroṛo m. ʻwooden troughʼ (in front of animals which signifybacis metal resources and metal equipment) rebus: pattar 'goldsmiths' cf. Indus Script hieroglyph pāṭroṛo, pattar 'feeding trough' rebus paṭṭī 'inventory'; పట్ర paṭra, patta 'village, hamlet, maritime town' pāṭan 'market' https://tinyurl.com/y6vd6bmu Cluster 3. Data mining (documentation of metalwork catalogues on Indus Script Inscriptions). Most of the Indus Script Inscriptions are signed off by the functionary signified by the hypertext: 'rim of jar' read rebus: karṇika 'scribe, account' karṇī 'supercargo',कर्णिक helmsman'. Cluster 4. Skill of artisans (including technology innovations such as cire perdue casting, alloying of metals, kundaṇa setting a precious stone in kundana fine gold, carburization to harden iron to produce poḷaḍu 'black drongo bird' rebus: poḷaḍ 'steel' from poḷa 'bos indicus, zebu' rebus: poḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore'.) These four economic clusters of the wealth of organized artisanal and seafaringmerchant guilds of a nation are exemplified by the sã̄gah, saṁgaha 'metalwork catalogue' of 67 components of clusters discussed in this monograph. Indus Script dictionary of pictorial motifs (field symbols), some typical examples include the 12 listed clusters (For detailed reading of 98 Field Symbol Codes described in 145 Field Symbol Pictorial motifs see: Animal hieroglyphs are metalwork wealth classifiers. Pasaramu 'cattle' rebus: pajhar 'smelter, smithy', pahārā ʻgoldsmith's workshop' associated hypertext clusters in Indus Script https://tinyurl.com/ybby7t6m ) These examples provide rebus readings of metalwork wealth catalogues or wealth-accounting ledgers. 1. Warrior with quiver Sign 7 is a composite of Sign 1 'body' PLUS 'quiver': bhāthɔ,bhātɔ, bhāthṛɔ m. ʻ quiver ʼ (whence bhāthī m. ʻ warrior ʼ) Rebus: M. bhātā m. ʻ leathern bag, bellows, quiver ʼ, bhātaḍ n. ʻ bellows, quiver Furnace: bhráṣṭra n. ʻ frying pan, gridiron ʼ MaitrS. [√bhrajj]Pk. bhaṭṭha -- m.n. ʻ gridiron ʼ; K. büṭhü f. ʻ level surface by kitchen fireplace on which vessels are put when taken off fire ʼ; S. baṭhu m. ʻ large pot in which grain is parched, large cooking fire ʼ, baṭhī f. ʻ distilling furnace ʼ; L. bhaṭṭh m. ʻ grain -- parcher's oven ʼ, bhaṭṭhī f. ʻ kiln, distillery ʼ, awāṇ. bhaṭh; P. bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnace ʼ, bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ; N. bhāṭi ʻ oven or vessel in which clothes are steamed for washing ʼ; A. bhaṭā ʻ brick -- or lime -- kiln ʼ; B. bhāṭi ʻ kiln ʼ; Or. bhāṭi ʻ brick -- kiln, distilling pot ʼ; Mth. bhaṭhī, bhaṭṭī ʻ brick -- kiln, furnace, still ʼ; Aw.lakh. bhāṭhā ʻ kiln ʼ; H. bhaṭṭhā m. ʻ kiln ʼ, bhaṭ f. ʻ kiln, oven, fireplace ʼ; M. bhaṭṭā m. ʻ pot of fire ʼ, bhaṭṭī f. ʻ forge ʼ. -- X bhástrā -- q.v.(CDIAL 9656) 2. buffalo: rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter' (alloy of copper, zinc, tin),. 3. markhor: miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrwālī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Munda.Ho.) 4. bull PLUS perched bird poḷa 'zebu' rebus: poḷa 'magnetite, ferrite ore' PLUS poḷaḍu 'black drongo bird' rebus: poḷaḍ 'steel' 5. lion PLUS eagle arye 'lion' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS sena 'śyena, 'falcon' rebus: sena 'thunderbolt weapon' 6, Water flowing out of vessel kaṇḍa 'water' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' 7. Raised hand eraka 'raised hand' rebus: eraka 'molten cast, copper' arka 'copper' 8. kid (young goat) karaḍū 'a kid, young antelope' Rebus: karaḍā 'hard metal alloy'. 9. boar baḍhia = a castrated boar, a hog (Santali) baḍhi 'a caste who work both in iron 10. cob of corn kolom 'cob'; kolmo 'seedling, rice (paddy) plant' (Munda.) kolma hoṛo = a variety of the paddy plant (Desi)(Santali.) kolmo 'rice plant' (Mu.) Rebus: kolami 'furnace,smithy' (Telugu) 11. goat mlekh 'goat' (Br.); mr̤eka (Te.); mēṭam (Ta.); meṣam (Skt.) Rebus: milakkhu 'copper'(Pali) 12. antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' 15. Feeding trough: Such pictorial motifs to signify wealth accounting ledgers are complemented by frequently used 'signs' or hypertexts of Indus Script. The folowing decipherment relates to 67 frequently used 'hieroglyphs/hypertexts' on Indus Script inscriptions. Indus Script dictionary sã̄gah, saṁgaha 'metalwork catalogue' for 67 most frequent 'signs' hypertexts Catalogue, list: संग्रहः saṅgrahḥ संग्रहः 1 Seizing, grasping; taking; प्रज्वाल्य तत्र चैवाग्नि- मकरोत् पाणिसंग्रहम् Rām.7.12.2. -2 Clenching the fist, grasp, grip. -3 Reception, admission. -4 Guarding, protection; तथा ग्रामशतानां च कुर्याद्राष्ट्रस्य संग्रहम् Ms.7.114. -5Favouring, propitiating, entertaining, supporting; धनैः कार्यो$स्य संग्रहः Ms.3.138;8.311. -6 Storing, accu- mulation, gathering, collecting; स्वधासंग्रहतत्पराः R.1.66; तैः कृतप्रकृतिसंग्रहैः 19.55;17.6. -7 Governing, restraining, controlling; एव वै परमो योगो मनसः संग्रहः स्मृतः Bhāg. 11.2.21. -8 Conglomeration. -9 Conjunction. -1 Agglomeration (a kind of संयोग). -11 Inclusion, com- prehension. -12 Compilation.-13 Epitome, summary, abridgment, compendium; संग्रहेण प्रवक्ष्यन्ते Bg.8.11; so तर्कसंग्रहः; मय्यावेशितया युक्त एतावान् योगसंग्रहः Bhāg.11.23.61. -14 Sum, amount, totality; करणं कर्म कर्तेति त्रिविधः कर्मसंग्रहः Bg.18.18. -13 A catalogue, list. -16 A store-room. -17An effort, exertion. -18 Mention, reference. -19 Greatness, elevation. -2 Velocity. -21 N. of Śiva. -22 A guardian, ruler, manager; ततो निक्षिप्य काकुत्स्थो लक्ष्मणं द्वारि संग्रहम् Rām.7.13.15. -23 The fetching back of discharged weapons by magical means; Mb. -24 Taking to wife, marriage. -25 Perception, notion, -Comp. -श्लोकः a verse summarizing what has been mentioned before. (Apte) sã̄gah, saṅgrahḥ संग्रहः 'catalogue, list samgraha, samgaha 'catalogue, list, arranger, manager' -- an accounting classification of ledgers for wealth accounting during the Tin-Bronze Revolution, 4th millennium BCE. saṁgraha m. ʻ collection ʼ Mn., ʻ holding together ʼ MBh. [√grah]Pa. saṅgaha -- m. ʻ collection ʼ, Pk. saṁgaha -- m.; Bi. sã̄gah ʻ building materials ʼ; Mth. sã̄gah ʻ the plough and all its appurtenances ʼ, Bhoj. har -- sã̄ga; H. sãgahā ʻ collection of materials (e.g. for building) ʼ; <-> Si. san̆gaha ʻ compilation ʼ ← Pa.*saṁgrahati ʻ collects ʼ see sáṁgr̥hṇāti.(CDIAL 12852) sáṁgr̥hṇāti ʻ seizes ʼ RV. 2. *saṁgrahati. 3. saṁgrāhayati ʻ causes to be taken hold of, causes to be comprehended ʼ BhP. [√grah]1. Pa. saṅgaṇhāti ʻ collects ʼ, Pk. saṁgiṇhaï; Or. saṅghenibā ʻ to take with, be accompanied by ʼ.2. Pa. fut. saṅgahissati, pp. saṅgahita -- ; Pk. saṁgahaï ʻ collects, chooses, agrees to ʼ; Si. han̆ginavā ʻ to think ʼ, hän̆genavā, än̆g° ʻ to be convinced, perceive ʼ, han̆gavanavā, an̆g° ʻ to make known ʼ. 3. Or. saṅgāibā ʻ to keep ʼ.(CDIAL 12850) 67 most frequent signs with their frequency in M77.(Sorted in decreasing order of frequency)

Wealth of a nation: New light on Lydia, Kyzikos (Cyzicus) coins, Indus Script wealth account mercantile ledgers, sãgaḍa,'double-canoe', koṭiya 'dhows of seafaring traders' The monograph is presentedin two sections to focus on the modes of wealth creation by uniquely structured mercantile transactions by śreṇi,'guilds', as the earliest corporate forms of Bronze Age organization for economic activities, resulting in 32% contribution by Bhāratīya artisans/merchants to World GDP in 1 CE (pace Angus Maddison) (See appended bar chart) Section: New light on hypertexts of Lydia and Kyzikos electrum coins Section: Hypertexts of जांगड [jāngaḍ] 'approval basis' mercantile transactions of seafaring traders organized as śreṇi,'guilds' in phaḍa फड 'metals manufactories' Indus Script Hieroglyphs on Lydia, Kyzikos coins provide new light on the significance and 'meanings' of 'symbols' on these coins in the context of 1. Bronze Age evidence provided for artisans and seafaring merchants forming guilds of phaḍa फड 'metals manufactories'; and 2. evidence of Indus Script metalwork hypertexts on Lydia, Kyzikos coins and over 8000 inscriptions of Indus Script Corpora. Corporate social responsibility: Building confidence and trust between sellers and buyers of products in śreṇi dharma The unique organizing principle of mercantile transactions is śreṇi dharma. Products are despatched as cargo on जांगड [jāngaḍ] 'approval basis' and the mercantile transaction is settled ONLY after approval by the recipient. This transaction governed by śreṇi dharma of the guilds is an extraordinary measure of social responsibility by a corporation. The transaction is based on trust. with the pronounced confidence by the producer and the seller on the quality of the product while trusting the client to approve the quality of the delivered product before settling the transaction in monetary terms (or, barter terms). Section: New light on hypertexts of Lydia and Kyzikos electrum coins The juxtaposition signifier on Lydian electrum coins between a young bull's prfile and a lion's profile signies a metallurgical challenge between 1.kundaṇa 'fine gold',+ goṭī 'silver', i.e., lectrum gold and 2. āra 'brass' + arka 'gold', i.e.golden brass. panja 'feline paw' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace; juxtaposes koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' kunda 'young bull' rebus: yajñakuṇḍa 'fire altar, furnace'; kũdār 'turner' The joined animal parts constituting hypertext on Kyzikos electrum coins is signify a unified guild formation, a phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers' -- of mintwork in gold, silver, copper, brass, alloy metals. 1. One-horned bull kunda 'young bull' rebus: kundaṇa 'fine gold' kũdār 'turner (artisan)' 2. Lion arye 'lion' rebus: āra 'brass' (epithets of आदित्य अर्य, sun, lord) 3. Sun with multiple rays arka 'sun' rebus: arka 'gold', eraka 'moltencast copper' 4. Global protuberance above nose गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) 'round stone, pebble' rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver'; goṭi = silver; koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati). 5. Round stones, pebbles, गोटी [ gōṭī ] f (Dim. of गोटा) 'round stone, pebble' rebus: goṭī f. ʻlump of silver'; goṭi = silver; koḍ ‘workshop’ (Gujarati). 6. Fish ayo, aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'alloyed metal'(R̥gveda) khambhaṛā 'fish fin' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' 7. Goat Brahui. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] Ka. mēke she-goat; mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mekā, (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxnā (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mr̤ēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat.(DEDR 5087) Rebus: meluhha (milakkhu, mleccha, 'copper' (Pali.Saskrtam) (merchant). 8. Cobra hood phaṭā फटा (Samskrtam), phaḍā फडा (Marathi), paṭam (Tamil. Malayalam), paḍaga (Telugu) 'cobra hood' rebus: bhaṭṭh m., °ṭhī f. ʻ furnaceʼ, paṭṭaṭai, paṭṭaṟai 'anvil, smithy, forge', paṭṭaḍe, paṭṭaḍi 'anvil, workshop', Te. paṭṭika, paṭṭeḍa anvil; paṭṭaḍa workshop. Cf. 86 Ta. aṭai. (DEDR 3865) phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers'.

I submit that any claim of decipherment should include decipherment of pictographs presented in this monograph. Cuneiform text related to the four sides of Shalamaneser II Black obelisk reads in translation from Akkadian: The hieroglyphs are rendered in cuneiform script as: camels, river-ox (buffalo), sakea (unicorn), susu (antelope), elephants, monkeys. Hieroglyph: रत्नी ratnī f (रत्न) In monkey-sports. A term given to the female monkey habited as a woman; Rebus: रत्निन् mfn. possessing or receiving gifts Indus Script hieroglyphs rebus kuṭhāru कुठारु 'armourer' carry ratna 'gifts'; hence, shown as tributes to Shalamaneser by Meluhha artisans and merchants रत्निन्mfn. possessing or receiving gifts RV. (Monier-Williams) Hieroglyph: रत्न n. ( √1. रा) a gift , present , goods , wealth , riches RV. AV. S3Br.; a jewel , gem , treasure , precious stone (the nine jewel are pearl , ruby , topaz , diamond , emerald , lapis lazuli , coral , sapphire , गोमेद ; hence रत्न is a N. for the number 9 ; but accord. to some 14) Mn. MBh. &c (Monier-Williams) राति rāti राति a. Ved. 1 Liberal, favourable, generous. -2 Ready. -तिः A friend (opp. to अरातिः). -f. 1 Giving, bestowing, presentation. -2 Wealth; विज्ञानमानन्दं ब्रह्म रातिर्दातुः परायणम् Bṛi. Up.3.9.28; Bhāg.5.5.3. -3 A favour. -4 A gift, present. -Comp. -साच् a. (-षाच्) bestowing gifts, liberal, bountiful.(Apte) Rebus: रत्निन् m. pl. N. of certain persons in whose dwelling the रत्न-हविस् (q.v.) is offered by a king (viz. the ब्राह्मण , राजन्य , महिषी , परिवृक्ती , सेना-नी , सूत , ग्राम-णी , क्षत्तृ , संग्रहीतृ , भाग-दुघ , and अक्षावाप) TBr. S3Br. ( °नि-त्व n. तैत्तिरीय-ब्राह्मण ) రత్నము ratnamu. [Skt.] n. A jewel, precious stone, gem. మణి. A masterpiece of fine thing, the best of its kind of species స్వజాతి శ్రేష్ఠము, నవరత్నములు the nine precious stones, viz., మౌక్తికము a pearl, పద్మరాగము an emerald, వజ్రము a diamond. ప్రవాళము a coral, మరకతము. an emerald నీలము a sapphire, గోమేధికము an agate. పుష్యరాగము a ruby, వైడూర్యము a cat's eye. అశ్వరత్నము a jewel of a horse, i.e., a noble stead. స్త్రీరత్నము an unrivalled woman. గగనరత్నము the sun, as the gem of heaven. అప్సరోరత్నములు the most lovely of nymphs. రత్నకంబళము ratna-kamba-lamu. n. A carpet. తివాసీ. రత్నగర్భ .ratna-garbha n. The earth; as producing gems. భూమి. "వైశ్యకన్యకల్ గీరనగింజలాడుతరి క్రిందనునిచిన దివ్యరత్నముల్ పౌరులు ద్రొక్కుచున్ జనగపాతుకొనంధరణీ పురంధ్రికిన్వారకరత్నగర్భయను నామము బెట్టిరి సత్కవీశ్వరుల్." T. ii. 20. రత్నగర్భుడు ratna-garbhuḍu. n. Kubēra, the god of wealth, కుబేరుడు. The god of the sea, సముద్రుడు. రత్నసానువు ratna-sānuvu. n. An epithet of Mount Meru as having " gems in its slopes." మేరుపర్వతము, హేమాద్రి. రత్నాకరము ratn-ākaramu. n. The abode of gems, that is, the ocean. సముద్రము. రత్నావళి ratnā-vaḷi. n. A necklace of gems.रत्नम् ratnam रत्नम् [रमते$त्र रम्-न तान्तादेशः Uṇ.3.14] 1 A gem, jewel, a precious stone; किं रत्नमच्छा मतिः Bv.1.86; न रत्नमन्विष्यति मृग्यते हि तत् Ku.5.45. (The ratnas are said to be either five, nine or fourteen; see the words पञ्चरत्न, नवरत्न, and चतुर्दशरत्न respectively.) -2 Anything valuable or precious, any dear treasure. -3 Anything best or excellent of its kind; (mostly at the end of comp.); जातौ जातौ यदुत्कृष्टं तद् रत्नमभिधीयते Malli; कन्यारत्नमयोनिजन्म भवतामास्ते वयं चार्थिनः Mv.1.3; अग्रेसरीभवतु काञ्चनचक्ररत्नम् Nāg.5.37; so पुत्र˚, स्त्री˚ V.4.25; अपत्य˚ &c. -4 A magnet. -5 Water. -Comp. -अङ्कः N. of Viṣṇu's car. -अङ्गः coral. -अचलः, -रोहणः legendary mountain located in Ceylon and supposed to produce jewels at the rumbling of clouds for the benefit of all comers; श्रेणीवर्जनदुर्यशोनिबिडितव्रीडस्तु रत्नाचलः N.12.67. -अधिपतिः a superintendent of precious stones. -अतुविद्ध a. set or studded with jewels. -आकरः 1 a mine of jewels. -2 the ocean; रत्नेषु लुप्तेषु बहुष्वमर्त्यैरद्यापि रत्नाकर एव सिन्धुः Vikr. 1.12; रत्नाकरं वीक्ष्य R.13.1. -आभरणम् an ornament of jewels. -आलोकः the lustre of a gem. -आवली 1 a necklace of jewels. -2 N. of a Nāṭikā attributed to Śrīharṣa. -कन्दलः coral. -करः N. of Kubera. -कर्णिका an ear-ring with jewels. -कुम्भः a jar set with jewels. -कूटः N. of a mountain. -खचित a. set or studded with gems. -गर्भः 1 Kubera. -2 the sea. (-र्भा) the earth. -च्छाया splendour of jewels. -त्रयम् 1(with Buddhists) बुद्ध, धर्म and संघ. -2 (with Jainas) सम्यग् दर्शन, सम्यग् ज्ञान and सम्यक् चारित्र. -दर्पणः a mirror studded with jewels. -दीपः, -प्रदीपः 1 a jewel-lamp. -2 a gem serving as a lamp; अर्चिस्तुङ्गानभिमुखमपि प्राप्य रत्नप्रदीपान् Me.7. -धेनुः a cow symbolically represented by jewels. -नखः a poniard with its hilt set with jewels; कटितटनिविष्टरत्ननखः Dk.2.1. -नाभः N. of Viṣṇu. -नायकः a ruby. -निधिः 1 the ocean. -2 N. of Viṣṇu. -3 of Meru. -4 a wag-tail. -पञ्चकम् the 5 jewels (viz. gold, silver, pearls, the राजावर्त diamond and coral). -पारायणम् the sheet-anchor of all jewels; रत्नपारायणं नाम्ना लङ्केति मम मैथिलि Bk.5.89. -प्रभा the earth. -माला a jewel-necklace. -मुख्यम् a diamond. -राज् m. a ruby. -राशिः 1 a heap of gems. -2 the ocean. -वरम् gold. -वर्षुकम् the Puṣpaka car. -षष्ठी a vow or fast to be observed on the 6th day of a particular fortnight; it is a ग्रीष्मव्रत; अहं खलु रत्नषष्ठीमुपोवितासम् Mk.3. -सानुः N. of the mountain Meru. -स् a. producing jewels; न मामवति सद्वीपा रत्नसूरपि मेदिनी R.1.65. -सूः, -सूतिः f. the earth. Animal hieroglyphs are metalwork wealth classifiers. Pasaramu 'cattle' rebus: pajhar 'smelter, smithy', pahārā ʻgoldsmith's workshop' associated hypertext clusters in Indus Script https://tinyurl.com/ybby7t6m Pasaramu 'cattle' పసరము pasaramu or పసలము pasaramu. [Tel.] n. A beast, an animal. గోమహిషహాతి. rebus: pajhar 'smelter, smithy', rebus: పసారము pasāramu or పసారు pasārdmu. [Tel.] n. A shop. associated triplets of hypertext clusters. Thus, clusters of animals (expanded also as a composite animal or animals shown in procession) are wealth-accounting classifiers of distinct metalwork categories related to a smelter or a smithy. prasara m. ʻ advance, extension ʼ Kālid. [√sr̥]Pk. pasara -- m. ʻ extension ʼ; Ku. pasar ʻ extension of family, lineage, family, household ʼ; N. pasal ʻ booth, shop ʼ; B. Or. pasarā ʻ tray of goods for sale ʼ; M. pasar m. ʻ extension ʼ; -- N. pasar ʻ the two hands placed together to receive something, one hand so held out ʼ, H. pasar m. ʻ hollowed palm of hand ʼ: rather < prasr̥ta -- .(CDIAL 8824) prasāra m. ʻ extension ʼ Suśr., ʻ trader's shop ʼ These hieroglyphs are read rebus in Meluhha expressions since Musri is an area of Kurds many of whom practice Hindu traditions even today. The readings in Meluhha expressions, of the hypertexts and plan texts are: karibha'camels' rebus: karba, 'iron' ranga 'buffalo' rebus: ranga 'pewter' sakea is a composite animal hypertext in Indus Script: khara'onager' PLUS khoṇḍa'young bull' PLUS mer̥ha'crumpled (horn)' rebus: kār kunda'blackmith, turner, goldsmith' کار کنده kār-kunda 'manager, director, adroit, clever, experienced' (Pashto) medhā 'yajna, dhanam' med 'iron'med'copper' (Slavic)khar 'blacksmith' kunda 'fine gold' PLUS singi 'horned' rebus: singi 'golf for ornaments';thus, the 'unicorn' shown on the obelisk as a tribute signifies fine gold, ornament gold' susu is antelope: ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin' PLUS Horns of the antelope on Shalamaneser II Black Obelisk signify two protomes of felines. kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, tins melter, metalcasting smelter. karibha, ibha, 'elephant' rebus: karba, ib 'iron' bazitu/uqupu is monkey/ape: kuṭhāru कुठारु monkey; rebus: kuṭhāru, कुठारु an armourer PLUS रत्नी ratnī 'female monkey dressed as woman'. Significance of animals as hieroglyphs on Indus Script Pasaramu 'cattle' పసరము pasaramu or పసలము pasaramu. [Tel.] n. A beast, an animal. గోమహిషహాతి. rebus: pajhar 'smelter, smithy', rebus: పసారము pasāramu or పసారు pasārdmu. [Tel.] n. A shop. associated triplets of hypertext clusters. Thus, clusters of animals (expanded also as a composite animal or animals shown in procession) are wealth-accounting classifiers of distinct metalwork categories related to a smelter or a smithy. prasara m. ʻ advance, extension ʼ Kālid. [√sr̥]Pk. pasara -- m. ʻ extension ʼ; Ku. pasar ʻ extension of family, lineage, family, household ʼ; N. pasal ʻ booth, shop ʼ; B. Or. pasarā ʻ tray of goods for sale ʼ; M. pasar m. ʻ extension ʼ; -- N. pasar ʻ the two hands placed together to receive something, one hand so held out ʼ, H. pasar m. ʻ hollowed palm of hand ʼ: rather < prasr̥ta -- .(CDIAL 8824) prasāra m. ʻ extension ʼ Suśr., ʻ trader's shop ʼ Nalac. [Cf. prasārayati ʻ spreads out for sale ʼ Mn. -- √sr̥] Paš. lāsar ʻ bench -- like flower beds outside the window ʼ IIFL iii 3, 113; K. pasār m. ʻ rest ʼ (semant. cf. prásarati in Ku. N. Aw.); P. puhārā m. ʻ breaking out (of fever, smallpox, &c.) ʼ; Ku. pasāro ʻ extension, bigness, extension of family or property, lineage, family, household ʼ; N. pasār ʻ extension ʼ; B. pasār ʻ extent of practice in business, popularity ʼ, Or. pasāra; H. pasārā m. ʻ stretching out, expansion ʼ (→ P. pasārā m.; S. pasāro m. ʻ expansion, crowd ʼ), G. pasār, °rɔ m., M. pasārā; -- K. pasôru m. ʻ petty shopkeeper ʼ; P. pahārā m. ʻ goldsmith's workshop ʼ; A. pohār ʻ small shop ʼ; -- ← Centre: S. pasāru m. ʻ spices ʼ; P. pasār -- haṭṭā m. ʻ druggist's shop ʼ; -- X paṇyaśālā -- : Ku. pansārī f. ʻ grocer's shop ʼ.(CDIAL 8835)

-- World's first wealh accounting Indus Script system of Sarasvati-Sindhu Civilization Pictographs of pasaramu 'animals' of Indus Script Corpora are dhanam, 'wealth' categories of metalwork in pasra 'smithy' -- dhanam, 'cattle' rebus: dhanam 'wealth'. pasaramu, pasalamu = an animal, a beast, a brute, quadruped (Telugu) Thus, the depiction of animals in epigraphs is read rebus in Meluhha (Indian sprachbund or language union) expressions and related to: pasra = smithy (Santali) -- Quintessential rebus readings relate to pajhar, 'a large vulture' and pasra 'a smithy'; the choice of a large vulture explains how composite animals like 'griffins' are created in Indus Script and on artifacts of Ancient Near East (ANE). Thunderbolt, vajra See: Homa bird, श्येन śyena, sēṇa brings down Soma. Sellers of Mujavata Soma. Indus Script evidences बहुसुवर्णक, bahusuvarṇaka Soma Samsthā yāga. https://tinyurl.com/yb72o7za Harappa seal h166A, h166B. Vats, 1940, Excavations in Harappa, Vol. II, Calcutta: Pl. XCI. 255 फडा (p. 313) phaḍā f (फटा S) The hood of Coluber Nága &c. Ta. patam cobra's hood. Ma. paṭam id. Ka. peḍe id. Te. paḍaga id. Go. (S.) paṛge, (Mu.) baṛak, (Ma.) baṛki, (F-H.) biṛki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭā- a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड ‘manufactory, company, guild, public office’, keeper of all accounts, registers. dhanga 'mountain range' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' Ta. eruvai a kind of kite whose head is white and whose body is brown; eagle. Ma. eruva eagle, kite.(DEDR 818). Rebus: eruvai ‘copper’ (Tamil). eṟaka ‘wing’ (Telugu) Rebus: erako ‘molten cast’ (Tulu) loa ‘ficus’; rebus: loh ‘copper’. Pajhar ‘eagle’; rebus: pasra ‘smithy’. kanda.’fire-altar’.khamba ‘wing’ rebus: kammaTa ‘mint’. gaṇḍa ‘four’ Rebus: khaṇḍa ‘metal implements. Together with cognate ancu ‘iron’ the message is: native metal implements mint. श्येन [p= 1095,2] m. a hawk , falcon , eagle , any bird of prey (esp. the eagle that brings down सोम to man) RV. &c; firewood laid in the shape of an eagle Śulbas. (Monier-Williams) śyēná m. ʻ hawk, falcon, eagle ʼ RV. Pa. sēna -- , °aka -- m. ʻ hawk ʼ, Pk. sēṇa -- m.; WPah.bhad. śeṇ ʻ kite ʼ; A. xen ʻ falcon, hawk ʼ, Or. seṇā, H. sen, sẽ m., M. śen m., śenī f. (< MIA. *senna -- ); Si. sen ʻ falcon, eagle, kite ʼ.(CDIAL 12674) Rebus: sena 'thunderbolt' (Sinhala): aśáni f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ RV., °nī -- f. ŚBr. [Cf. áśan -- m. ʻ sling -- stone ʼ RV.] Pa. asanī -- f. ʻ thunderbolt, lightning ʼ, asana -- n. ʻ stone ʼ; Pk. asaṇi -- m.f. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ; Ash. ašĩˊ ʻ hail ʼ, Wg. ašē˜ˊ, Pr. īšĩ, Bashg. "azhir", Dm. ašin, Paš. ášen, Shum. äˊšin, Gaw. išín, Bshk. ašun, Savi išin, Phal. ã̄šun, L. (Jukes) ahin, awāṇ. &circmacrepsilon;n (both with n, not ṇ), P. āhiṇ, f., āhaṇ, aihaṇ m.f., WPah. bhad. ã̄ṇ, hiṇi f., N. asino, pl. °nā; Si. sena, heṇa ʻ thunderbolt ʼ Geiger GS 34, but the expected form would be *ā̤n; -- Sh. aĩyĕˊr f. ʻ hail ʼ (X ?). -- For ʻ stone ʼ > ʻ hailstone ʼ cf. upala -- and A. xil s.v.śilāˊ -- . (CDIAL 910) vajrāśani m. ʻ Indra's thunderbolt ʼ R. [vájra -- , aśáni -- ]Aw. bajāsani m. ʻ thunderbolt ʼ prob. ← Sk.(CDIAL 11207) Bogazkoy Indus Script seal, sēṇa 'eagle' rebus: sena ʻvajra, thunderboltʼ PLUS dhAtu 'strands of rope' Rebus'mineral, metal, ore' (CDIAL 6773) Alternative: मेढा [ mēḍhā ] A twist or tangle arising in thread or cord, a curl or snarl.(Marathi)(CDIAL 10312).L. meṛh f. ʻrope tying oxen to each other and to post on threshing floorʼ(CDIAL 10317) Rebus: meḍ'iron'. mẽṛhet ‘iron’ (Mu.Ho.) Alternative: pajhar 'eagle' rebus: pasra 'smithy, forge' dul 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' dhāˊtu n. ʻ substance ʼ RV., m. ʻ element ʼ MBh., ʻ metal, mineral, ore (esp. of a red colour) ʼ Mn., ʻ ashes of the dead ʼ lex., ʻ *strand of rope ʼ (cf. tridhāˊtu -- ʻ threefold ʼ RV., ayugdhātu -- ʻ having an uneven number of strands ʼ KātyŚr.). [√dhā]Pa. dhātu -- m. ʻ element, ashes of the dead, relic ʼ; KharI. dhatu ʻ relic ʼ; Pk. dhāu -- m. ʻ metal, red chalk ʼ; N. dhāu ʻ ore (esp. of copper) ʼ; Or. ḍhāu ʻ red chalk, red ochre ʼ (whence ḍhāuā ʻ reddish ʼ; M. dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ (whence dhā̆vaḍ m. ʻ a caste of iron -- smelters ʼ, dhāvḍī ʻ composed of or relating to iron ʼ); -- Si. dā ʻ relic ʼ; -- S. dhāī f. ʻ wisp of fibres added from time to time to a rope that is being twisted ʼ, L. dhāī˜ f. (CDIAL 6773) eruvai 'kite' rebus: eruvai 'copper' Hieroglyph: wings: *skambha2 ʻ shoulder -- blade, wing, plumage ʼ. [Cf. *skapa -- s.v. *khavaka -- ]S. khambhu, °bho m. ʻ plumage ʼ, khambhuṛi f. ʻ wing ʼ; L. khabbh m., mult. khambh m. ʻ shoulder -- blade, wing, feather ʼ, khet. khamb ʻ wing ʼ, mult. khambhaṛā m. ʻ fin ʼ; P. khambh m. ʻ wing, feather ʼ; G. khā̆m f., khabhɔ m. ʻ shoulder ʼ.(CDIAL 13640) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.; kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236). On the cylinder seal of Adda (c. 2300 BCE), scribe, the eagle flying down towards the water overflowing from the horned person's shoulders compose the key Indus Script hypertexts in Meluhha, which link to Sarasvati Civilization and to R̥gveda ākhyāna 'historical narrative' of श्येन m. a hawk , falcon , eagle , any bird of prey (esp. the eagle that brings down सोम to man) RV. &c. The word also signifies: firewood laid in the shape of an eagle (शुल्ब-सूत्र). Etyma link श्येन with آهن āhan P آهن āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. آهن ګر āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. آهن ګران āhan-garān. آهن ربا āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing.(Pashto) ahan-gār अहन्-गार् (= ) m. a blacksmith (H. xii, 16).(Kashmiri) āhaṇ, aihaṇ m.f., WPah. bhad. ã̄ṇ, hiṇi f., N. asino, pl. °nā; Si. sena, heṇa ʻ thunderboltʼ (CDIAL 910). The thunderbolt produced by han-gār अहन्-गार्, 'blacksmith' is the vajra, 'thunderbolt' eulogised as the powerful weapon of Indra in R̥gveda. This is iron metalwork, weapon in armoury par excellence of अहन्-गार् 'blacksmiths' of Sarasvati Civilization. Overflowing pot signifies: lōkhaṇḍa लोहोलोखंड 'copper tools, pots and pans' (Marathi) emanating from khamba 'shoulder' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint' and the eagle signifies: sena, heṇa ʻ thunderboltʼ PLUS khamba 'wings' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint', i.e. metallic weapon, vajra, from the mint. A leafless tree is signified on the mountain of Adda, scribe seal: khōṇḍa'leafless tree' (Marathi). Rebus: kõdār 'turner' (Bengali) Rebus: kō̃da 'fire-altar' (Kashmiri) payĕn-kō̃daपयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (Kashmiri).A one-horned young bull frequently signified on Indus Script Corpora is signified below the feet of the horned person on Adda, scribe cylinder seal: the hypertext is: kō̃da 'young bull' rebus: kō̃da 'fire-altar' (Kashmiri) payĕn-kō̃da पयन्-कोँद । परिपाककन्दुः f. a kiln (Kashmiri). Thus, working with a smelter, The mountain-range is topped by a kuṭi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi'smelter' worked by danga 'mountain range' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'. In another register on the Adda, scribe cylinder seal, an archer stands next to a roaring lion to signify a brass mint: arye 'lion' rebus: āra 'brass' PLUS kamaḍha 'archer' Rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'; The thunderbolt is made of ayaskāṇḍa, 'excellent iron': ayo 'fish' rebus: ayas 'metal alloy' aya 'iron' (Gujarati) PLUS kāṇḍā 'water', rebus: 'metalware, tools'. Thus, ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (Pāṇ.gaṇ). āhan is iron, ayas is iron, also alloy metal. British Museum.Greenstone seal of Adda Akkadian, about 2300-2200 BCE From Mesopotamia Height: 3.900 cm Diameter: 2.550 cm Acquired by E.A.W. Budge ME 89115 Room 56: Mesopotamia Note the overflowing water flowing from the shoulders of the horned person with one foot on the mountain-range: Ko. ko·ṛ (obl. ko·ṭ) horns (DEDR 2200) kōṇḍa ʻ hornless ʼ(Kalash)(CDIAL 3508). Rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. arye 'lion' āra 'brass'. Variant, water flowing out from shoulders: See: Abiding ANE Indus Script hypertexts of eagle, goat-fish, overflowing pot. Adda, scribe Seal deciphered as metalwork and thunderbolt iron weapon https://tinyurl.com/yd58zadk milky chalcedony. Griffin fights a griffin anthropomorph -- over a bull calf. The fight is over control of mineral ores: dhāū, dhāv m.f. ʻ a partic. soft red stone ʼ damya ʻ tameable ʼ, m. ʻ young bullock to be tamed ʼ Mn. [~ *dāmiya -- . -- √dam] Pa. damma -- ʻ to be tamed (esp. of a young bullock) ʼ; Pk. damma -- ʻ to be tamed ʼ; S. ḍ̠amu ʻ tamed ʼ; -- ext. -- ḍa-- : A. damrā ʻ young bull ʼ, dāmuri ʻ calf ʼ; B. dāmṛā ʻ castrated bullock ʼ; Or. dāmaṛī ʻ heifer ʼ, dāmaṛiā ʻ bullcalf, young castrated bullock ʼ, dāmuṛ, ˚ṛi ʻ young bullock ʼ.

The decipherment of over 8000 Indus Script inscriptions of the Indus Script Corpora constitute the nation's wealth-accounting ledgers from 4th millennium BCE, using the first-of-its-kind, unique accounting classification system dated to ca. 3300 BCE when the first inscription was dated at Harappa by HARP team; it was a potsherd with three hypertexts: Tin-smithy-forge Harappa potsherd with three Indus Script hieroglyphs. tagara 'tabernae montana flower' rebus: tagara 'tin' PLUS kolom 'three' rebus: kolimi 'smithy, forge'. Thus, tin smithy/forge. A cognate word kole.l which signifies 'smithy, forge' also signifies a 'temple' (Kota language). Note: " Harappa Archaeological Research Project or HARP was begun in 1986 as a long term program of investigations into the origins and character of Indus urban centers. It is the first multidisciplinary excavation of an ancient Indus urban center and involves scholars from all over the world.It was initiated at Harappa in Punjab Province, Pakistan by the late Professor George F. Dales and Dr. J. M. Kenoyer. In 1992, the original University of California-Berkeley project was transformed into the Harappa Archaeological Research Project, directed by Drs. R.H. Meadow (Harvard University), J. Mark Kenoyer (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Rita P. Wright (New York University)." https://www.harappa.com/content/harp This is an addendum to: Artisans khara 'onager' rebus khār ‘blacksmith’, khōṇḍa 'young bull' rebus kunda 'lapidary, turner', Indus Script hypertexts https://tinyurl.com/y32mo62e --History of accounting classification system and functions of orthographic variants of body parts, head-dresses of Indus Script Cipher --Indus Script Cipher is a remarkable accounting classification system. In the visual language of hieroglyphs used to compose hypertexts, the cipher used has been identified. --Orthographic variants in horns, tails, body features, hoof types, face profiles (human faces, heads turned backwards), head-dresses function as components of hypertexts. These orthographic variants are accounting classification categories to clearly designate wealth categories. -- For example, body parts are Indus Script Meluhha hieroglyphs, e.g. thigh or hindpart of bovine signifies a metals mint of a janapada ṭaṁka, ṭaṅga (Pkt.Sindhi) 'thigh of a bovine', Indus Script hieroglyph signifies ṭaṅka 'stamped gold coin' https://tinyurl.com/v3p83v9 Hypertext dhāḷ 'slanted stroke' Rebus: dhāḷako 'ingot'. PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus metal casting ingots. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ (Pkt.) Rebus: ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin (Skt.); ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ (R.) Thus, the inscription is a wealth-accounting ledger of gold coin, metal casting ingots of a goldsmith working in fine gold, ornament gold, metalwork, lapidary work. Hieroglyph: Buttock, back, thigh: (b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ, S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka ʻ leg, thigh ʼ, °ku ʻ thigh, buttock ʼ.2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip to foot ʼ; M. ṭã̄g f. ʻ leg ʼ.Addenda: 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. ʻ leg ʼ, WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) ʻ leg (from knee to foot) ʼ.(CDIAL 5428) Rebus: mint, pure gold: Ta. taṅkam pure gold, that which is precious, of great worth. Ma. taṅkam pure gold. /? < Skt. ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin.(DEDR 3013) टङ्क m. a stamped coin Hit.; m. a weight of 4 माषs S3a1rn3gS. i , 19 Vet. iv , 2÷3; m. a sword L.ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ R. 2. ṭaṅga -- 2 m.n. ʻ sword, spade ʼ lex.1. Pa. ṭaṅka -- m. ʻ stone mason's chisel ʼ; Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ stone -- chisel, sword ʼ; Woṭ. ṭhõ ʻ axe ʼ; Bshk. ṭhoṅ ʻ battleaxe ʼ, ṭheṅ ʻ small axe ʼ (< *ṭaṅkī); Tor. (Biddulph) "tunger" m. ʻ axe ʼ (ṭ? AO viii 310), Phal. ṭhō˘ṅgif.; K.ṭŏnguru m. ʻ a kind of hoe ʼ; N. (Tarai) ṭã̄gi ʻ adze ʼ; H. ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ pen nib ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ pen nib ʼ, ṭã̄kī f. ʻ chisel ʼ.2. A. ṭāṅgi ʻ stone chisel ʼ; B. ṭāṅg, °gi ʻ spade, axe ʼ; Or. ṭāṅgi ʻ battle -- axe ʼ; Bi. ṭã̄gā, °gī ʻ adze ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅī ʻ axe ʼ; H. ṭã̄gī f. ʻ hatchet ʼ. (CDIAL 5427) ṭaṅka1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ ŚārṅgS., ʻ a stamped coin ʼ Hit., °aka -- m. ʻ a silver coin ʼ lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 1 m.n. ʻ weight of 4 māṣas ʼ lex. 3. *ṭakka -- 1. [Bloch IA 59 ← Tatar tanka (Khot. tanka = kārṣāpaṇa S. Konow Saka Studies 184)]1. Pk. ṭaṁka -- m. ʻ a stamped coin ʼ; N. ṭã̄k ʻ button ʼ (lw. with k); Or. ṭaṅkā ʻ rupee ʼ; H. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ; G. ṭã̄k f. ʻ a partic. weight equivalent to 1/72 ser ʼ; M. ṭã̄k m. ʻ a partic. weight ʼ.2. H. ṭaṅgā m. ʻ a coin worth 2 paisā ʼ.3. Sh. ṭăk m. ʻ button ʼ; S. ṭako m. ʻ two paisā ʼ, pl. ʻ money in general ʼ, ṭrakaku ʻ worth two paisā ʼ, m. ʻ coin of that value ʼ; P. ṭakā m. ʻ a copper coin ʼ; Ku. ṭākā ʻ two paisā ʼ; N. ṭako ʻ money ʼ; A. ṭakā ʻ rupee ʼ, B. ṭākā; Mth. ṭakā, ṭakkā, ṭakwā ʻ money ʼ, Bhoj. ṭākā; H. ṭakā m. ʻ two paisā coin ʼ, G. ṭakɔ m., M. ṭakā m.*uṭṭaṅka -- , *ṣaṭṭaṅka -- , ṭaṅkaśālā -- .Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 1 [H. W. Bailey in letter of 6.11.66: Khot. tanka is not = kārṣāpaṇa -- but is older Khot. ttandäka ʻ so much ʼ < *tantika -- ](CDIAL 5426) *ṭaṅkati2 ʻ chisels ʼ. [ṭaṅka -- 2] Pa. ṭaṅkita -- mañca -- ʻ a stone (i.e. chiselled) platform ʼ; G. ṭã̄kvũ ʻ to chisel ʼ, M. ṭã̄kṇẽ.(CDIAL 5433) ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. ʻ mint ʼ lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, śāˊlā -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ, M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. ʻ mint -- master ʼ.(CDIAL 5434) In the following list of inscriptions, 'thigh' hieroglyph is prominent. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ (Pkt.) Rebus: ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin (Skt.); ṭaṅka2 m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ (R.) m290 Field symbol: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' + pattar 'trough' rebus: pattar 'goldsmith guild' + ṭāṅka ʻleg, thighʼ (Oriya) rebus: ṭaṅka 'mint, gold coin' PLUS khar 'ass, onager' (Kashmiri) PLUS khār खार् 'blacksmith' khara 'onager' rebus khār 'blacksmith; khara 'ass, onager' with evidence from Paippalada Samhita (20.39.2) Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' PLUS kharedo = a currycomb (Gujarati) Rebus 1: kharādī ‘ turner’ (Gujarati); करडा [karaḍā] Hard from alloy--iron, silver &c. Rebus 2: kharada खरडें daybook. h788 A,B Text 4683 ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. ʻ leg ʼ (Pkt.) Rebus: ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin (Skt.); ṭaṅka m.n. ʻ spade, hoe, chisel ʼ (R.) khāra, šē̃ṣṭrĭ̄ 'squirrel' is plaintext khār 'blacksmith' PLUS śrēṣṭhin 'wholesale merchant, foreman of guild' Sign 342: kaṇḍa kanka 'rim of jar' (Santali): karṇaka rim of jar'(Skt.) Rebus: khãḍ ʻtools, iron, ironwareʼ PLUS karṇaka 'scribe, accountant' (Te.); karṇika 'supercargo, helmsman' gkaṇḍa 'four' Rebus: khaṇḍa 'equipment' PLUS baṭa 'rimless pot' Rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace'; baṭa 'iron'. Thus, equipment (from) furnace. Thus, the inscription of h788 is a śrēṣṭhin 'wholesale merchant, foreman of guild' --mintmaster of a metals guild, merchant-cum-blacksmith's wealth accounting day book or ledger of gold coins and metal equipment from furnace. --For example, m1186 human face on markhor m1177, m300 *mũh 'human face or face profile' (Hindi) rebus: mũhe 'ingot' (Santali) mũhã̄ = the quantity of iron produced at one time in a native smelting furnace of the Kolhes (Santali). *Face profile variants: faces turned backwards of tiger and antelope: Hieroglyph: Tiger looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) PLUS kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' PLUS kunda 'jump ' rebus: kunda 'fine gold' PLUS panja 'feline paws' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace' Pict-103 Mahadevan concordance Mohenodaro seal. Pict-103 Horned (female with breasts hanging down?) person with a tail and bovine legs standing near a tree fisting a horned tiger rearing on its hindlegs. kolhe kō̃da कोँद kamar koḍ 'smelter kiln blacksmith, artisan’s workshop'.The hieroglyph of dhokaṛa 'an old female with breasts hanging down' and ligatured to the ḍhōṅgā 'buttock' of a bovine is also deployed on this Mohenjo-daro seal (FS Fig. 103); rebus: dhokra.dokra 'cire-perdue lost-wax metal casting artificer' PLUS dhangar' bull' rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'; thus, the hypertext signifies: cire-perdue metalcaster smith. On a Mohenjo0daro seal this is reinforced by two hieroglyphs: kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter (worker)'. kuṭhi 'tree' rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter'. Tiger's paws: panja 'feline paws' rebus: panja 'kiln, furnace' kũdā 'jumping' rebus: kō̃da कोँद 'furnace' (Kashmiri) The lady's head-dress is: koḍ 'horn' rebus: koḍ 'workshop'. Hieroglyph: Tiger looking back: krammara 'look back' (Telugu) kamar 'smith, artisan' (Santali) Reading of Text 1357 on Mohenjo-daro seal: gō̃ṭu an ornamental appendage to the border of a cloth, fringe' rebus: goṭa 'laterite, ferrite ore' khoṭa 'ingot, wedge'. ḍato 'claws or pincers (chelae) of crabs'; ḍaṭom, ḍiṭom to seize with the claws or pincers, as crabs, scorpions; rebus: dhatu 'mineral (ore)' xoli 'fish-tail' rebus: kolhe 'smelter', kol 'working in iron' dula 'two' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. *Tail hieroglyph is hooded cobra: फडा phaḍā 'cobra hood' Rebus: फडा phaḍā 'Public metals manufactory' (Marathi); paṭṭaḍa workshop (Telugu) See Annex A. Tail as hooded cobra

A superb advance in the writing technology is achieved. The device in writing figures or pictures is to combine pictures to signify Meluhha expressions. Dramatic evidence comes from many seals where combinations of hieroglyphs are displayed as 'hypertexts' to convey a catalogue of wealth resources as wealth accounting ledger entries by karanaka 'accountant, scribe'. Some examples: Field symbol is a composition of the following hieroglyphs: 1. human face; 2. horns of zebu, bos indicus; 3. trunk and tusk of elephant; 4. scarves hung on the neck; 5. young bull; 5. reinforced thigh; 6. tail as cobrahood. These hieroglyphs signify rebus Meluhha words: muh 'face' rebus: muh 'ingot'; pola 'zebu' rebus: pola 'magnetite, ferrite ore'; ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' OR karibha 'elephant' rebus: karba 'iron'; dhatu 'scarf' rebus dhatu 'mineral ore'; khonda 'young bull' rebus: konda 'fire trench with live coals' agnikunda 'sacred fire altar'; B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri ʻ leg, thigh ʼ; Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri ʻ leg, foot ʼ; Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari ʻ leg ʼ, Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. ʻ leg from hip ' rebus: ṭaṅka- a stamped (gold) coin (Skt.); ṭaṅka 'mint'; phaḍa फड ''cobra hood' rebus: फड 'manufactory, company, guild] as in: फडणिशी or सी phaḍaṇiśī or sī & फडणीस Preferably फडनिशी or सी & फडनीस. फडनिविशी 'keeper of register' (Accountant !!!) The text message with signs are also wealth accounting ledger entries as hieroglyphs read rebus in Meluhha. The animals are chosen because the words which signify the animals are CLOSE phonetically to the words which signify wealth account entries. Other examples: "Mari is not considered a small settlement that later grew, but rather a new city that was purposely founded during the Mesopotamian Early Dynastic period I c. 2900 BC, to control the waterways of the Euphrates trade routes that connect the Levantwith the Sumerian south.The city was built about 1 to 2 kilometers away from the Euphrates river to protect it from floods,and was connected to the river by an artificial canal that was between 7 and 10 kilometers long, depending on which meander it used for transport, which is hard to identify today.(Margueron, Jean-Claude (2013). "The Kingdom of Mari". In Crawford, Harriet (ed.). The Sumerian World. Translated by Crawford, Harriet. Routledge, p.520) "The city is difficult to excavate as it is buried deep under later layers of habitation.[4] A defensive system against floods composed of a circular embankment was unearthed,[4] in addition to a circular 6.7 m thick internal rampart to protect the city from enemies.[4]An area 300 meters in length filled with gardens and craftsmen quarters[5] separated the outer embankment from the inner rampart, which had a height of 8 to 10 meters and was strengthened by defensive towers....Mari's (Tell Harriri) position made it an important trading center as it controlled the road linking between the Levant and Mesopotamia. The Amorite Mari maintained the older aspects of the economy, which was still largely based on irrigated agriculture along the Euphrates valley. The city kept its trading role and was a center for merchants from Babylonia and other kingdoms, it received goods from the south and east through riverboats and distributed them north, north west and west.[174] The main merchandises handled by Mari were metals and tin imported from the Iranian Plateau and then exported west as far as Crete. Other goods included copper from Cyprus, silver from Anatolia, woods from Lebanon, gold from Egypt, olive oil, wine, and textiles in addition to precious stones from modern Afghanistan...Mari was classified by the archaeologists as the "most westerly outpost of Sumerian culture".(Gadd, Cyril John (1971). "The Cities of Babylonia". In Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen; Gadd, Cyril John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (eds.). Part 2: Early History of the Middle East. The Cambridge Ancient History (Second Revised Series). 1 (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press, p.97. )...A journal devoted to the site since 1982, is Mari: Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires...Since the beginning of excavations, over 25,000 clay tablets in Akkadian language written in cuneiform were discovered...The language of the texts is official Akkadian, but proper names and hints in syntax show that the common language of Mari's inhabitants was Northwest Semitic...Excavations stopped as a result of the Syrian Civil War that began in 2011 and continues to the present (2019).The site came under the control of armed gangs and suffered large scale looting. A 2014 official report revealed that robbers were focusing on the royal palace, the public baths, the temple of Ishtar and the temple of Dagan. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syria Frise d'un panneau de mosaïque Vers 2500 - 2400 avant J.-C. Mari, temple d'Ishtar Fouilles Parrot, 1934 - 1936 AO 19820 Mari marble mosaic procession shows the following hieroglyphs as a composition hypertext: khoNDa 'cob of millet' PLUS kaTaka 'rein-ring' rebus: kaTaka 'caravan'; singhin khoNDa 'forward-thrusting, spiny horned young bull' rebus: singi 'ornament gold;' PLUS khoNDa 'young bull' rebus: konda 'fire trench with live coals; agnikunda 'sacred fire altar'. Thus, a catalogue of wealth accounting ledger entries are signified in rebus Meluhha readings by the priest who has the same profile as Mohenjodaro so-called priest-king who is potadara 'assayer of metals' (based on hieroglyphs shown: pota 'gold bead' rebus: pota 'metal infusion' (Telugu); tridhatu 'trefoil' rebus: dhavad 'smelter' of three dhatu 'three mineral ores' Failaka cylinder seal. Procession of animals topped by crocodile which are Indus script hieroglyphs signifying wealth resource accounting ledger entries: karava 'crocodile' rebus: khara 'blacksmith;; ibha 'elephant' rebus; ib 'iron'; gaNDa 'rhinoceros' rebus: khaNDa 'equipment'. Thus, blacksmith working with (production of) iron equipment. Sculptural fragments showing animal protome combinations, compositions: elephant, buffalo, tiger. ibha 'elephant' rebus: ib 'iron' rango 'buffalo' rebus: ranga 'pewter metal alloy' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol, kollan 'working in iron' kolhe 'smelter'. Forward-thrusting, khoNDa 'spiny-horned young bull protome' (profile) is attached to the body of an ox; fish is a text message. Meluhha rebus readings: barad, balad 'ox' rebus: bharata 'alloy of copper, tin pewter, zinc'; fish: aya 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'alloy metal'; khoNDa 'unicorn or forward thrusting, spiny-horned young bull' rebus: koNDa 'fire trench with live coals; agnikunda 'sacred fire altar' singhin 'forward thrusting, spiny-horned' rebus; singi 'ornament gold' thus, ornament goldsmithy; reinforced by rings on neck: koDiyum 'rings' rebus: koD 'workshop'. Thus, the hypertext Meluhha reading is of a iron alloymetal, bharata metal, ornament-goldsmithy workshop.

--lists Eight Nidhi of Padmini with presiding divinity Lakṣmī (Ch. 68) As i have endeavoured to trace the nava-nidhi and Padmini, 'eight treasures or magical arts' in ancient Hindu traditions, I came across an astonishing evidence from a text in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chapter 68, Padmini). This chapter 68 describes the eight magical arts which are wealth-giving products worked on by artisans. This list of eight magical arts include a wealth-yielding object called sattva. Surprise! Sattva is an Indus Script hieroglyph, 'svastika' rendered rebus as sattu, sattuvu, 'pewter, zinc'. With this decipherment, this monograph posits that the roots of all nava-nidhis of Kubera are traceable to Indus Script Corpora, using, in some cases, synonyms of the underlying expressions used in Meluhha, Indian sprachbund 'speech union'. For example, the expressions which replace Samskrtam words kacchapa 'turtle, tortoise' and padma 'lotus' are: kamaṭha and tāmarasa, tāmra Eight Nidhi named Padmini, which brings all objects of desire, are explained in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chapter 68). The objects listed as Padmini, knowledge of special wealth-producing arts, are also listed in the nava-nidhi, list of 9 treasures of Kubera. The list of eight nidhi-s or objects detailed in Padmini cluster includes a remarkable nidhi called sattva. I have demonstrated that sattva signifies 'svastika' hieroglyph rendered rebus as sattva, sattuva, sattu 'pewter, zinc'. Thus, the eight Nidhi-s of Padmini and nine nidhi-s of Kubera are metalwork wealth-generation objects produced or handled as cargo by ancient artisans/merchants. Sattva does not appear in the nava-nidhi list of nine Kubera's treasures and appears only in the list of precious, wealth-giving objects clustered as Padmini. Since the text, Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa is in Samskrtam, it uses synonyms for the words kamatha 'turtle, tortoise' and tamarasa 'lotus'; the synonyms in Saskrtam used in Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa are: kacchapa and padma, respectively. Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa clearly states that mahāpadma is a synonym of sattva. I suggest that this word sattuva, sattu signifies 'zinc mineral ore'. The hieroglyph used to signify this rebus Meluhha rendering is: svastika on Indus Script seals and inscriptions. Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (Chapter 68, Padmini) also provides insights linking a nidhi called Nīla with indigo dye worked on by artisans of Sarasvati (Indus) Civilization. This ancient text links the possessor of Nīla, 'indigo dye' with clothes merchant of the civilization. Excerpts from: Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press, pages 288 to 29: Excerpts from: Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press, pages 288 to 29 Nava nidhi of Kubera are: 1. padma one of the 8 treasures connected with the magical art called पद्मिनी MBh. Hariv. &c; one of the 9 treasures of कुबेर (also personified) R. A synonym is indicated in: “Padma… possessor…He gets gold and silver and copper and all other metals, in very large quantities, and also trades in them.”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 23, p.289). The synonym is : tāmarasá n. ʻ red lotus ʼ MBh., ʻ copper ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrá -- ]Pk. tāmarasa -- n. ʻ lotus ʼ; Si. tam̆bara ʻ red lotus ʼ, Md. taburu.(CDIAL 5774) Rebus: 5779 tāmrá ʻ dark red, copper -- coloured ʼ VS., n. ʻ copper ʼ Kauś., tāmraka -- n. Yājñ. [Cf. tamrá -- . -- √tam?]Pa. tamba -- ʻredʼ, n. ʻ copper ʼ, Pk. taṁba -- adj. and n.; Dm. trāmba -- ʻ red ʼ (in trāmba -- lac̣uk ʻ raspberry ʼ NTS xii 192); Bshk. lām ʻ copper, piece of bad pine -- wood (< ʻ *red wood ʼ?); Phal. tāmba ʻ copper ʼ (→ Sh.koh. tāmbā), K. trām m. (→ Sh.gil. gur. trām m.), S. ṭrāmo m., L. trāmā, (Ju.) tarāmã̄ m., P. tāmbā m., WPah. bhad. ṭḷām n., kiũth. cāmbā, sod. cambo, jaun. tã̄bō, Ku. N. tāmo (pl. ʻ young bamboo shoots ʼ), A. tām, B. tã̄bā, tāmā, Or. tambā, Bi tã̄bā, Mth. tām, tāmā, Bhoj. tāmā, H. tām in cmpds., tã̄bā, tāmā m., G. trã̄bũ, tã̄bũn.;M. tã̄bẽ n. ʻ copper ʼ, tã̄b f. ʻ rust, redness of sky ʼ; Ko. tāmbe n. ʻ copper ʼ; Si. tam̆ba adj. ʻ reddish ʼ, sb. ʻ copper ʼ, (SigGr) tam, tama. -- Ext. -- ira -- : Pk. taṁbira -- ʻ coppercoloured, red ʼ, L. tāmrā ʻ copper -- coloured (of pigeons) ʼ; -- with -- ḍa -- : S. ṭrāmiṛo m. ʻ a kind of cooking pot ʼ, ṭrāmiṛī ʻ sunburnt, red with anger ʼ, f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; Bhoj. tāmrā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; H. tã̄bṛā, tāmṛā ʻ coppercoloured, dark red ʼ, m. ʻ stone resembling a ruby ʼ; G. tã̄baṛ n., trã̄bṛī, tã̄bṛī f. ʻ copper pot ʼ; OM. tāṁbaḍā ʻ red ʼ. -- X trápu -- q.v.tāmrika -- ; tāmrakāra -- , tāmrakuṭṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭa -- , *tāmraghaṭaka -- , tāmracūḍa -- , *tāmradhāka -- , tāmrapaṭṭa -- , tāmrapattra -- , tāmrapātra -- , *tāmrabhāṇḍa -- , tāmravarṇa -- , tāmrākṣa -- .Addenda: tāmrá -- [< IE. *tomró -- T. Burrow BSOAS xxxviii 65]S.kcch. trāmo, tām(b)o m. ʻ copper ʼ, trāmbhyo m. ʻ an old copper coin ʼ; WPah.kc. cambo m. ʻ copper ʼ, J. cāmbā m., kṭg. (kc.) tambɔ m. (← P. or H. Him.I 89), Garh. tāmu, tã̄bu. 5780 tāmrakāra m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ lex. [tāmrá -- , kāra -- 1]Or. tāmbarā ʻ id. ʼ. 5781 tāmrakuṭṭa m. ʻ coppersmith ʼ R. [tāmrá -- , kuṭṭa -- ]N. tamauṭe, tamoṭe ʻ id. ʼ.Addenda: tāmrakuṭṭa -- : Garh. ṭamoṭu ʻ coppersmith ʼ; Ko. tāmṭi.tāraká -- 1 see tārā -- Add2. 5782 *tāmraghaṭa ʻ copper pot ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 1] Bi. tamheṛī ʻ round copper vessel ʼ; -- tamheṛā ʻ brassfounder ʼ der. *tamheṛ ʻ copper pot ʼ or < next? 5783 *tāmraghaṭaka ʻ copper -- worker ʼ. [tāmrá -- , ghaṭa -- 2]Bi. tamheṛā ʻ brass -- founder ʼ or der. fr. *tamheṛ see prec. 5784 tāmracūḍa ʻ red -- crested ʼ MBh., m. ʻ cock ʼ Suśr. [tāmrá -- , cūˊḍa -- 1]Pa. tambacūḷa -- m. ʻ cock ʼ, Pk. taṁbacūla -- m.; -- Si. tam̆basiluvā ʻ cock ʼ (EGS 61) either a later cmpd. (as in Pk.) or ← Pa. 5785 *tāmradhāka ʻ copper receptacle ʼ. [tāmrá -- , dhāká -- ]Bi. tamahā ʻ drinking vessel made of a red alloy ʼ. 5786 tāmrapaṭṭa m. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ Yājñ. [Cf. tāmrapattra -- . -- tāmrá -- , paṭṭa -- 1]M. tã̄boṭī f. ʻ piece of copper of shape and size of a brick ʼ. 5787 tāmrapattra n. ʻ copper plate (for inscribing) ʼ lex. [Cf. tāmrapaṭṭa -- . -- tāmrá -- , páttra -- ]Ku.gng. tamoti ʻ copper plate ʼ. 5788 tāmrapātra n. ʻ copper vessel ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , pāˊtra -- ]Ku.gng. tamoi ʻ copper vessel for waterʼ. 5789 *tāmrabhāṇḍa ʻ copper vessel ʼ. [tāmrá -- , bhāṇḍa -- 1]Bhoj. tāmaṛā, tāmṛā ʻ copper vessel ʼ; G. tarbhāṇũ n. ʻ copper dish used in religious ceremonies ʼ (< *taramhã̄ḍũ). 5790 tāmravarṇa ʻ copper -- coloured ʼ TĀr. [tāmrá -- , várṇa -- 1]Si. tam̆bavan ʻ copper -- coloured, dark red ʼ (EGS 61) prob. a Si. cmpd. 5791 tāmrākṣa ʻ red -- eyed ʼ MBh. [tāmrá -- , ákṣi -- ]Pa. tambakkhin -- ; P. tamak f. ʻ anger ʼ; Bhoj. tamakhal ʻ to be angry ʼ; H. tamaknā ʻ to become red in the face, be angryʼ. 5792 tāmrika ʻ coppery ʼ Mn. [tāmrá -- ]Pk. taṁbiya -- n. ʻ an article of an ascetic's equipment (a copper vessel?) ʼ; L. trāmī f. ʻ large open vessel for kneading bread ʼ, poṭh. trāmbīf. ʻ brass plate for kneading on ʼ; Ku.gng. tāmi ʻ copper plate ʼ; A. tāmi ʻ copper vessel used in worship ʼ; B. tāmī, tamiyā ʻ large brass vessel for cooking pulses at marriages and other ceremonies ʼ; H. tambiyā m. ʻ copper or brass vessel ʼ. (CDIAL 5779 to 5792) 2. mahāpadma m. (with जैनs) N. of a partic. treasure inhabited by a नाग; m. N. of a नाग dwelling in the महा-पद्म treasure mentioned above Hariv. VP. &c; m. name of one of the 8 treasure connected with the पद्मिनी magical art मार्कण्डेय-पुराण. 68, 13-16; n. N. of a city on the right bank of the Ganges MBh. According to Markandeya Purana , a synonym is satva. “…Nidhi, the receptacle of the great Satwa, spoken of as Mahapadma…”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press, p.289). sattva 'svastika hieeroglyph' rebus: sattu, 'pewter', satuvu 'pewter, zinc'. 3. makara, mākara 'composite animal' dhmākara 'bellows blower (Smelter), blacksmith'. The results of the work in a smelter are described as: “Makara…possessor…He gains arrows, swords, swords, double-edged swords, bows and shields, prepare binding instruents (Paashas) and attains friendship with kings.””(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 18,-19 4 p.289). 4. śankha mn. (ifc. f(आ).) a shell , (esp.) the conch-shell (used for making libations of water 5. kacchapa 'a turtle , tortoise' कमठ m. ( Un2. i , 102) a tortoise BhP. Pan5cat. &c kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage'. I suggest that this synonym is referenced (as a mint, a place of various building, business activities) in: “” kacchapa…possessor…He performs works of various kinds shorn of righteousness, and builds all sorts of palaces for business…”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 234 p.289). 6.mukunda kunda 'a turner's lathe, one of कुबेर's nine treasures'. A reference to metallic wires of ferrous oxide used for the tympanum of mrdanga and for iron wires is suggested: “Mukunda…possessor..He gets Vina, flute, Mrdanga, etc., the four kinds of musical instruments, and settles pensions on singers and gives (money) to dancers…”(Manmatha Nath Dutt, Rector, Keshub Academy, 1896, Markandeya Purana -- Prose English Translation,, Calcutta, HC Dass, Elysium Press,(Chapter 68, 15-26, p.290).

I submit that आहन् in Rgveda (RV 2.13.1) meaning 'worthy of preparation' and आहनस् in Pashto and Kashmiri meaning 'iron' are inquiries into the materiial phenomenon of formation of Soma from the sacred waters. Griffith RV 2.131. The Season was the parent, and when born therefrom it entered rapidly the floods wherein it grows. Thence was it full of sap, streaming with milky juice: the milk of the plants' stalk is chief and meet for lauds. Wilson: 2.013.01 The season (of the rains) is the parent (of the Soma), which, as soon meet for lauds.as born of her, enters into the waters in which it grows; thence it is fit for expression, as concentrating (the essence of the) water, and the juice of the Soma is especially to be praised (as the libation proper for Indra). आहनस् त्रि० आ + हन--असुन् । १ आहननीये २ निष्पीड्ये सौमादौ । “तदाहना अभवत् पिप्युषी” ऋ० २, २३,१ । आहनाः आहननीयः सोमादिः” भा० आहनसे साधुयत् । “आहनस्यं तत्साधने त्रि० । “आहनस्याद्वै रेतःसिच्यते” ऐत० व्रा० । https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/वाचस्पत्यम् आहतः, त्रि, (आ + हन् + क्तः ।) गुणितः । ता-डितः । इति मेदिनी ॥ (“प्रति दिवसं याति लयंवसन्तवाताहतेव शिशिरश्रीः” । इति पञ्चतन्त्रम् ।ज्ञातः । मिथ्योक्तः । इत्यजयः ॥ निहतः । “द्व्यूना विं-शतिराहताक्षौहिणीनाम्” । इति महाभारतम् ।) https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/शब्दकल्पद्रुमः It is remarkable that Vacaspatyam renders the semantics of ahanas as related to ‘concentration’ (of the essence of the water). It is an inquiry to the formation of Soma by transmutation processes from the sacred waters. Apte Skt dictionary explains the expression āhananīya आहननीय a. Making oneself known by beating a drum. Thus, Soma is declared 'worth preparing' in RV 2.13.1 with the expression āhanā. I submit that the Meluhha semantics of āhan 'iron' (Pashto. Kashmiri) is elucidated in RV 2.13.1 as a material manifestation of Soma from the waters. Wealth Accounting for a Nation n Indus Writing Table of Contents Positing Rakhigarhi as the capital of the civilization linking maritime riverine waterways of Ancient India Water-divide (close to Rakhigarhi) caused by Aravalli mountain ranges jutting into Śimla, south of the Himalayas explains eastward flow of Yamuna and westward flow of Sutlej and Sarasvati Rivers Hypertext Category 1: Most frequently displayed Indus Script hieroglyph (which is a hypertext) signifies pure gold, gold for ornaments Hypertext Category 2: Most frequently displayed standard device signifies gold mint treasure of smelter Hypertext Category 3: Most frequently used Indus Script expression in hypertext signifies wealth-accounting ledger of blacksmith, supercargo Pragmatics of the expression in Devī Sūktam (RV 10.125): अहं सोममाहनसं Section A. Ancient Economic History of Hindu Rāṣṭram on Sarasvati-Sindhu River Basins Section B. Indicators of Maritime trade by seafaring Meluhha merchants -- Copper from Khetri mines, tin from the Tin Belt of the globe, Mekong delta -- Source of tin from the Tin belt of the globe, the Himalayan river Mekong delta Section C. Hypothesis of an eastern source for tin; epic tale of Enmerkar and Lord of Aratta Section D. Rakhigarhi on the Ancient Maritime Tin Route through linked navigable Himalayan waterways from Ancient Far East to Ancient Near East Section E. Indus Script hieroglyphs on Karen Bronze Drum of Ancient Far East Section F. Advances in metallurgy during the Tin-Bronze Revolution from 5th m BCE Section G. Indus Script decipherment -- Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk is a Rosetta Stone for Indus Script, displays animals (as tributes); these animals are documented as Meluhha wealth-categories on Indus Script inscriptions -- Evidence of Meluhha Indus Script animals on Shalamaneser III Black Obelisk (858-824 BCE) and displayed by Assyrian King Ashur-bel-kala (1074-1056 BCE) Section H. Ivory tags with Egyptian hieroglyphs have been found in Abydos compare with miniature metalwork wealth-accounting tablets of Harappa Section I. Domestication of farming, cotton and silk, 7th, 6th m BCE Section J. Makkan and meluhha in early Mesopotamian sources --IJ Gelb Section K. Literary evidence about Sarasvati river in the Veda, Epics and wealth-accounting in ancient epigraphs Section K1. आ-हनस्, त्वष्टृ, पूषन्, भग Section K2. वसु, रुद्र, ऋभु Section K3. Descriptors which are perceptions in awe of the might of a river Section K4. Indian sprachbund n Semantic clusters in Indian Lexicon (1242 English words and Botanical species Latin) Section K5. Evidence related to proto-Indian or proto-Indic or Indus language Section K6. Evidence from Valmiki RāmāyaṇaSe Section K7. Evidence from Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa for mleccha vācas Section K8. Evidence from Ancient Near East, cuneiform texts Section K9. bhāratam janam (R̥gveda) Section K10. Notes on Indian linguistic area: pre-aryan,pre-Munda and pre-dravidian in India Section K11. Mleccha and Bharatiya languages Section K12. Nahali, Meluhhan, Language ‘X’ Section K13. Melakkha, island-dwellers, lapidaries Section K14. Meluhha, Mleccha areas: Sarasvati River Basin and Coastal Regions of Gujarat, Baluchistan Section K15.Tanana mleccha Section K16. Sea-faring merchants/artisans of Meluhha Section K17. Further researches, identification of location of Araṭṭa Section K18. Polished beads found in the tomb of Queen Puabi Section K19. Substrate words of Sumerian Section K20. Design principles of pictographic Indus Script, gleaned from 'unicorn', 'rim-of-jar' Section K21. Tigers, with and without horns, in front of trough, standard device are smelter's Indus Script daybooks, wealth-accounting ledgers Section K22. Pragmatic renderings of Meluhha hypertexts on Indus script inscriptions, e.g. loh-karaṇīya, څرخ ṯs̱arḵẖ, maid Section K23. Daimabad chariot is an Indus Script hypertext Section K24. Six protomes arranged in a whorl m417, signify metalwork specialists of śrēṣṭhin 'guild-master' Section K25. Master of animals or Paśupati seal m0304 Section K26. Metaphors of R̥gveda and Indus Script hypertexts falcon, overflow pot, mirrored in Ancient Near East Section K27. Functions of Kanmer tokens to control documentation of metalwork processes in furnace, alloying, smithy-forge Section K28. Cire perdue (lost-wax casting) Mehrgarh bronze wheels and Shahi Tump lead weight read in Indus Script Cipher Section K29. Evidence from Kharaputta-Jātaka and Kanmer seal for khara as equus hemionus which draws a royal chariot; rebus khār 'blacksmith' Section K30. Gems collection trade proclaimed as Meluhha Indus Script tribute on Shalamaneser Obelisk Section K31. Largest Ever Treasure Trove of Iron Age Weapons Retrieved in Oman -- Theodoros Karasavvas Section K32. Indus Script Cipher chooses tiria, 'Meluhha animals as hieroglyphs' to design Wealth accounting classification system to document tiṟ(u) 'trade' Section K33. Ganweriwala archaeology, tablets with inscriptions Section K34. Chanhiyun Jo Daro Jar Painted, Karen bronze drums cire perdue casting with maraka 'peacocks' rebus marakaka 'copper alloy, calcining metal' Section K35. Keeping track of stuff. Evolution of Indus Script Writing System as wealth-accounting ledgers in Bronze Age workshops of Harappa prior to or in parallel with Egyptian hieroglyph tags Section K36. Indus Script Cipher frames rebus Meluhha semantics and pragmatics of trade documentation wealth accounting, while Egyptian Hieroglyphics evolve into syllabic phonetics read rebus Section K37. Arguments for Indus Script as a logo-semantic-pragmatic writing system Section K38. Mohenjo-daro priest performs purification as पोतृ 'Purifier Veda priest' Section K39. Storage pots of Susa and Nausharo with Indus Script inscriptions Section K40. Indus Script is the world’s first wealth accounting classification system and Wealth of a Nation Arthaśāstra 101 Section K41. The Indus Script hypertext message of the sculptural frieze Neo-Elamite Lady Spinning is: copper alloy metal mintwork of Meluhha wheelwright, smelter (kiln, furnace), ironsmith Section K42. Unique design of Indus Script hypertexts to cluster categories of wealth-accounting ledgers 1. khātā 'labour sphere account book' 2. kharaḍa 'daybook' Section K43.Decipherment of Ur Indus Script hypertexts, metalwork wealth accounting ledgers. Ur excavationx Full texts of reports. Section K44. Hypertext of hare in front of thorny bush: Meluhha signifiers of a pragmatic, semantic cluster Equipment making black-smithy/-forge Section K45. Brāhmī inscription on Indus Script anthropomorph reads: symbol of मांझीथा Majhīthā sadya 'member of mã̄jhī boatpeople assembly (community)' Section K46. As wealth-accounting system for barter trade transactions matured into a monetary system, ca. 7th cent BCE, Indus Script hieroglyphs continued to be used on ancient mint coins together with Brāhmī, Kharoṣṭhī, Greek syllabic scripts Index