Scores of Indus Script hypertexts of Ancient Near East are metalwork wealth accounting ledgers read rebus in Meluhha Steven Bonta (2010) has presented a semiologic approach on the Indus Valley Script and offers some insightsŚ “What is beyond reasonable dispute is that the Harappan signary is a sophisticated system of signs that represent, possibly quite elliptically, the language or languages employed by the Harappans…Whatever the irretrievable details of their culture and history, the preliminary evidence from their inscriptions appears to suggest that their voice may have been Indo-Aryan.” https://www.academia.edu/8691466/The_Indus_Valley_Script_A_New_Interpretation This remarkable insight of Steven CD Bonta stands validated by the Indus Script hypertexts presented in 3 volumes with meanings of Meluhha expressions. A number of Indus Script hypertexts and meanings are presented in this monograph, based on evidences from Ancient Near East artifacts. Source: http://www.bibleorigins.net/AdapaAdamPicturesFishmen.html 1 dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal' PLUS ayo, ayu 'fish' rebus: aya 'iron' ayas 'metal' PLUS khambhaṛā fin rebus: kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Fish-garbed priest bas-relief on temple of the god Ninurta (Saturn) at Kalhu (biblical Calah), ca. 883-859 BCE Assurnasirpal II (p. 83. fig. 65.) Fish-men figurines, the so-called "seven sages" (apkallu), sun-dried clay, from the foundations of a priest's house in Asshur ca. 721-705 BCE (p. 18.) Fish-man in a sea from a bas-relief in the palace of the Assyrian king Sargon II, ca. 721-705 BCE at Dur-Sharken, modern Khorsabad. (p. 131. fig. 107. "merman and mermaid." Jeremy Black and Anthony Green. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum, in association with the University of Texas Press. Austin. 1992. The wristlets worn are safflower hieroglyphs: karaḍā 'safflower'.करडॎ [ kara ī ] f (See करडई) SafflowerŚ also its seed. RebusŚ kara a 'hard alloy' of arka 'copper'. RebusŚ fire-god: @B27990. #16671. Remo <karandi>E155 {N} ``^fire-^god''.(Munda). 2 ‫ کرئِي‬kar-aʿī, s.f. (6th) A ring, an ox muzzle, or halter for a horse. Sing. and Pl. (Pashto) S. karāī f. 'wrist'; karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles .(Gujarati) (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). Akkadian head made by lost-wax cassting (cire perdue) method found at Nineveh 2300-2159 BCE (from Iraq 3 pl.6 British School of Archaeology in Iraq) The pegs/rivets shown on the crown of Nihal Mishmar signify cire perdue alloy hoard of metal artifacts; kabha, 'peg' together with hieroglyphs of aquatic bird adorn the cire perdue crown found in Nahal Mishmar : Hieroglyph: rivet: ṭaṅka3 (a) *rod, spike , (b) m. leg lex. 2. ṭaṅga -- 3 m. leg lex. [Orig. stick ? Cf. list s.v. * akka -- 2] 1. (a) K. ṭang m. projecting spike which acts as a bolt at one corner of a door ś N. ṭāṅo rod, fishing rod , °ṅi measuring rod ś H. ṭã̄k f. iron pin, rivet (→ Ku. ṭã̄ki thin iron bar ).(b) Pk. ṭaṁka -- m., °kā -- f. leg , S. ṭaṅga f., L. P. ṭaṅg f., Ku. ṭã̄g, N. ṭāṅ; Or. ṭāṅka leg, thigh , °ku thigh, buttock .2. B. ṭāṅ, ṭeṅri leg, thigh ś Mth. ṭã̄g, ṭãgri leg, foot ś Bhoj. ṭāṅ, ṭaṅari leg , Aw. lakh. H. ṭã̄g f.; G. ṭã̄g f., °gɔ m. leg from hip to foot ś M. ṭã̄g f. leg . *uṭṭaṅka -- 2, *uṭṭaṅga -- . Addenda: ṭaṅka -- 3. 1(b): S.kcch. ṭaṅg(h) f. leg , WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ṭāṅg f. (obl. -- a) leg (from knee to foot) . 2. ṭaṅga - 3: A. ṭāṅī wedge (CDIAL 5428) RebusŚ ṭaṅkaśālā -- , ṭaṅkakaś° f. mint lex. [ṭaṅka -- 1, ˊl -- ] N. ṭaksāl, °ār, B. ṭāksāl, ṭã̄k°, ṭek°, Bhoj. ṭaksār, H. ṭaksāl, °ār f., G. ṭãksāḷ f., M. ṭã̄ksāl, ṭāk°, ṭãk°, ṭak°. -- Deriv. G. ṭaksāḷī m. mint -- master , M. ṭāksāḷyā m.Addenda: ṭaṅkaśālā -- : Brj. ṭaksāḷī, °sārī m. mint -- master .(CDIAL 5434) Hieroglyphs: pegs: dāmā peg to tie a buffalo' (Assamese) rebus: dhāu 'mineral ore'; kūṭa 'a peg, etc.'; kūṭi 'a hat turban peg or stand' (Kannada) khut.i Nag. (Or. khut.i_) diminutive of khuṇṭa, a peg driven into the ground, as for tying a goat (Mundari) khuṇṭi = pillar (Santali) Rebus: kuṭhi 'smelter' PLUS *skabha post, peg . [√skambh] Kal. Kho. iskow peg 3 BelvalkarVol 86 with (?). SKAMBH make firm (CDIAL 13638). RebusŚ Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.ś kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236). Thus, the pegs signify: dhāu kuṭhi kammaṭa 'minerls smelter, mint'. Hieroglyph: *skabha post, peg . [√skambh]Kal. Kho. iskow peg BelvalkarVol 86 with (?).SKAMBH make firm : *skabdha -- , skambhá -- 1, skámbhana -- ; -√*chambh.skambhá1 m. prop, pillar RV. 2. *pit (semant. cf. kūˊpa -- 1). [√skambh]1. Pa. khambha -- m. prop ; Pk. khaṁbha -- m. post, pillar ; Pr. iškyöp, üšköb bridge NTS xv 251; L. (Ju.) khabbā m., mult. khambbā m. stake forming fulcrum for oar ; P. khambh, khambhā, khammhā m. wooden prop, post ; WPah.bhal. kham m. a part of the yoke of a plough , (Joshi) khāmbā m. beam, pier ; Ku. khāmo a support , gng. khām pillar (of wood or bricks) ; N. khã̄bo pillar, post , B. khām, khāmbā; Or. khamba post, stake ; Bi. khāmā post of brick -- crushing machine , khāmhī support of betel -- cage roof , khamhiyā wooden pillar supporting roof ; Mth. khāmh, khāmhī pillar, post , khamhā rudder -- post ; Bhoj. khambhā pillar , khambhiyā prop ; OAw. khāṁbhe m. pl. pillars , lakh. khambhā; H. khām m. post, pillar, mast , khambh f. pillar, pole ; G. khām m. pillar , khã̄bhi, °bi f. post , M. khã̄b m., Ko. khāmbho, °bo, Si. kap (< *kab); -- X gambhīra -- , sthāṇú -- , sthūˊṇā - qq.v.2. K. khambürü f. hollow left in a heap of grain when some is removed ; Or. khamā long pit, hole in the earth , khamiā small hole ; Marw. khã̄baṛo hole ; G. khã̄bh̃ n. pit for sweepings and manure .*skambhaghara -- , *skambhākara -- , *skambhāgāra -- , *skambhadaṇḍa -- ; *dvāraskambha -- .Addenda: skambhá - 1: Garh. khambu pillar .(CDIAL 13638, 13689) *skambha2 shoulder -- blade, wing, plumage . [Cf. *skapa -- s.v. *khavaka -- ]S. khambhu, °bho m. plumage , khambhuṛi f. wing ; L. khabbh m., mult. khambh m. shoulder -- blade, wing, feather , khet. khamb wing , mult. khambhaṛā m. fin ; P. khambh m. wing, feather ; G. khā̆m f., khabhɔ m. shoulder .(CDIAL 13640) rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' Hieroglyph: horned (sacred) building structure: Ko. kole·l smithy, temple in Kota village.To. kwala·l Kota smithy. Ta. kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollaṉ blacksmith. Ma. kollan blacksmith, artificer. Ka. kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulume, kulme fire-pit, furnace; (Bell.; U.P.U.) konimi blacksmith (Gowda) kolla id. Koḍ. kollë blacksmith. Te. kolimi furnace. Go. (SR.) kollus n to mend implements; (Ph.) kolst n , kuls n to forge; (Tr.) kōlst n to repair (of ploughshares); (SR.) kolmi smithy (Voc. 948). Kuwi (F.) kolhali to forge. (DEDR 2133) dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'cast metal'. Hieroglyph: రండవు [k raṇ avamu] n. A sort of duck. రండవు [ k raṇ avamu ] k raṇ avamu. [Skt.] n. A sort of duck. कारॠ डश [k raṇ ava ] m S A drake or sort of duck. कारॠ डशॎ f S The female. karandava [ kârandava ] m. kind of duck. कारड a sort of duck R. vii , 31 , 21 க ் ் karaṇṭam, n. RebusŚ RebusŚ karaḍā ‘hard alloy’ (Marathi) Hieroglyphy: horns: Ta. kōṭu (in cpds. kōṭṭu-) horn, tusk, branch of tree, cluster, bunch, coil of hair, line, diagram, bank of stream or pool; kuvaṭu branch of a tree; kōṭṭ ṉ, kōṭṭuv ṉ rock horned-owl (cf. 1657 Ta. kuṭiñai). Ko. ko· (obl. ko·ṭ-) horns (one horn is kob), half of hair on 4 each side of parting, side in game, log, section of bamboo used as fuel, line marked out. To. kw&idieresissideś (obl.kw&idieresissideśṭ-) horn, branch, path across stream in thicket. Ka. kō u horn, tusk, branch of a tree; kōr horn. Tu. kō ů, kō u horn. Te. kō u rivulet, branch of a river. Pa. kō (pl. kō ul) horn. Ga. (Oll.) kōr (pl. kōrgul) id. Go. (Tr.) kōr (obl. kōt-, pl. kōhk) horn of cattle or wild animals, branch of a tree; (W. Ph. A. Ch.) kōr (pl. kōhk), (S.) kōr (pl. kōhku), (Ma.) kōru (pl. kōẖku)hornś (M.) kohk branch (Voc. 980); (LuS.) kogoo a horn. Kui kōju (pl. kōska) horn, antler. (DEDR 2200) Rebus: fortified town: kōṭṭa1 m. (n. lex.) fort Kath s., kōṭa -- 1 m. V stuv. A . sn. koṭa -- fort, fortified town , Pk. koṭṭa -- , kuṭ° n.; Kt. kuṭ tower (?) NTS xii 174ś Dm. kōṭ tower , Kal. kōṭ; Sh. gil. kōṭ m. fort (→ . kōṭ m.), koh. pales. kōṭ m. village ś K. kūṭh, dat. kūṭas m. fort , S. koṭu m., L. koṭ m.; P. koṭ m. fort, mud bank round a village or field ś A. kõṭh stockade, palisade ś B. koṭ, kuṭ fort , Or. koṭa, kuṭa, H. Marw. koṭ m.; G. koṭ m. fort, rampart ś M. koṭ, koṭh m. fort , Si. koṭuva (Geiger EGS 50 < kōṣṭhaka -- ).Addenda: kōṭṭa -- 1: A. kõṭh fort and other lggs. with aspirate and meaning fort perh. X kṓṣṭha (CDIAL 3500). Hieroglyph: crown: Pa. makuṭa -- m. crest ś Pk. maüḍa -- , maüla -- m.n. diademś H. mauṛ, mauṛā m., maulī, maulṛī f. crown ś OG. maüḍa m. crown (CDIAL 10144) Ta. mukaṭu top, highest part, ridge of a roof, hump of a camel, platform; mōṭu height, hill, eminence, top of a house, etc.;mucci crown of the head, tuft of hair on the head, crest. Ma. mukaṭu the head-end of a cloth; mukaḷ top, summit, ridge, roof. Ko.moyḷ ridge of roof. To. muxuḷ id. Ka. moga u, mogaḷu, magil id. Tu. mugili turret, top as of a temple; mō u hill. Te. moga uridge of roofś mō u raised or high ground; (Inscr.) mōru peak. Go. (W. Ph.) mukur comb of cock (Voc. 2864). / Cf. Skt.mukuṭa-, mauli- crest, diadem; BHS, Pali makuṭa- id.; Pkt. maüla- id.; Turner, CDIAL, no. 10144.(DEDR 4888) Rebus: muhã 'quantity of metal produced out of smelter' (Santali) See: Nahal Mishmar hieroglyphs on 'crowns' signify smithy/temple in fortified town producing hard metal alloys http://tinyurl.com/njzvx7f Foundation peg on the Nahal Mishmar arsenic-bronze 'crown' reinforces the nature of the horned building: kole.l 'smithy' Rebus: kole.l 'temple'. The artefacts might have been carried in procession from the smithy/temple to declare/announce the metallurgical repertoire of the artisans of the 5th millennium BCE, Nahal Mishmar. 5 I suggest that the so-called crowns of Nahal Mishmar are stacked-up cylindrical rings, components of a rebus-metonymy layered representations of a smithy and objects out of the smithy: karaḍā 'hard metal alloys'. The structure of the horned building: koṭṭa -- , kuṭ° n.; Kt. kuṭ tower (?) (Prakritam). I agree with Irit Ziffer that the artefacts are NOT crowns. The two birds on the edge of the crown are aquatic birds: Ruth Amiran reconstructs the gate-like projections on a multi-tiered layers of copper crowns. The superimposed drums of composite stand-like objects, cult stands or altars might have been stacked up as shown in the figure: Cult stand/altar made of superimposed crowns, as reconstructed by Amiran (Amiran, Ruth, 1985, A suggestion to see the copper 'crowns' of the Judean Desert in treasure as Drums of Stand-like altars, in: Palestine in the Bronze and Iron Ages: Papers in honour of Olga Tufnell, ed. JN Tubb, 10-14, London, Institute of Archaeology, fig.1) Late Uruk cylinder seal impression from Susa depicting war scene with horned building (Amiet, Pierre, 1987, Temple sur terrasse on fortressa? RA 81:99-104, fig.1) 6 Siege of Kishesim, Khorsabad (Amiet, Pierre, 1987, Temple sur terrasse on fortressa? RA 81:99104, fig.4) Elamite edifice adorned with bull horns, Nineveh (Potts, Daniel T., 1990, Some horned buildings in Iran, Mesopotamia and Arabia, RA 84: 33-40, fig.2) See: https://www.academia.edu/2093398/A_Note_on_the_Nahal_Mishmar_Crowns Irit Ziffer, A note on the Nahal Mishmar 'crowns' in: Jack Cheng, & Marian H Feldman, eds., 2007, Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context, BRILL., pp. 47-67. Addendum on carbon-14 dating of Nahal Mishmar finds to ca. +4400 BCE: 7 Table 10.6 Radiocarbon determinations from Nahal Mishmar Source: https://www.academia.edu/3427110/_2010_Developmental_Trends_in_Chalcolithic_Co pper_Metallurgy_A_Radiometric_Perspective_Shugar_and_Gohm_ 8 Two kusarikku or 'bull men' holding a sacred palm tree surmounted by the eight pointed star of Ishtar. From Eshnunna (Tell Asmar near Baghdad, Iraq). Early 2nd millennium BCE. Louvre AO 12446 http://therealsamizdat.com/ Hieroglyph: tree bare of leaves: Pk. ḍhaṁkhara -- m.n. branch without leaves or fruit ś M. ḍhã̄k, n., ḍhã̄kaḷ f. old decaying stump , ḍhã̄kẽ n. stout stake , ḍhã̄kaḷ, °kūḷ old and decaying, bare of leaves &c. (CDIAL 5224) Hieroglyph: dhangar 'bull' S. ḍhiṅgaru m. lean emaciated beast ś S. ḍhaṅgaru m. lean emaciated beast ś Ku. ḍhã̄go lean , m. skeleton ś Ku. ḍã̄go lean (e.g. of oxen) ś N. ḍã̄go 9 male (of animals) ś WPah.kṭg. ḍɔggɔ m. a head of cattle , ḍɔgge m.pl. cattle , sat. (LSI ix 4, 667) ḍōgai cattle . 2. S.kcch. ḍhago m. ox , L(Shahpur) ḍhaggā m. small weak ox , ḍhaggī f. cow , Garh. ḍhã̄gu old bull (CDIAL 5224) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' N. ḍāṅro term of contempt for a blacksmith (CDIAL 5224) Hieroglyph: Maser (bull-man with horns): Mth. ṭhākur blacksmith Ś ṭhakkura m. idol, deity (cf. ḍhakkārī -- ), lex., title R jat. [Dis- cussion with lit. by W. Wüst RM 3, 13 ff. Prob. orig. a tribal name EWA i 459, which Wüst considers nonAryan borrowing of śākvará -- : very doubtful] Pk. ṭhakkura -- m. Rajput, chief man of a village ś Kho. (Lor.) takur barber (= ṭ° ← Ind.?), Sh. ṭhăkŭr m.; K. ṭhôkur m. idol ( ← Ind.?)ś S. ṭhakuru m. fakir, term of address between fathers of a husband and wife ś P. ṭhākar m. landholder , ludh. ṭhaukar m. lord ś Ku. ṭhākur m. master, title of a Rajput ś N. ṭhākur term of address from slave to master (f. ṭhakurāni), ṭhakuri a clan of Chetris (f. ṭhakurni); A. ṭhākur a Brahman , ṭhākurānī goddess ś B. ṭhākurāni, ṭhākrān, °run honoured lady, goddess ś Or. ṭhākura term of address to a Brahman, god, idol , ṭhākurāṇī goddess ś Bi. ṭhākur barber ś Mth. ṭhākur blacksmith ś Bhoj. Aw.lakh. ṭhākur lord, master ś H. ṭhākur m. master, landlord, god, idol , ṭhākurāin, ṭhā̆kurānī f. mistress, goddess ś G. ṭhākor, °kar m. member of a clan of Rajputs , ṭhakrāṇī f. his wife , ṭhākor god, idol ś M. ṭhākur m. jungle tribe in North Konkan, family priest, god, idol ś Si. mald. "tacourou" title added to names of noblemen (HJ 915) prob. ← Ind. Addenda: ṭhakkura -- : Garh. ṭhākur master ś A. ṭhākur also idol (CDIAL 5448) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Hieroglyph: tamar 'date palm' (Aramaic, Ethiopic, and Hebrew) tamr, 'fruit of the date-palm' (Arabic) http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11873-palm Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper' (Pali) arka 'sun' Rebus: araka, eraka 'copper, moltencast' (Kannada.Tulu). Thus, together, the hypertext is: dul arka dhangar 'copper, metal caster blacksmiths. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/290271138459914887/ Hieroglyph: Six locks of hair: baṭa 'six' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace', 'warrior' 10 ऺाॠ गडणं sāṅgaḍaṇēṃ v c (ऺाॠ गड) To link, join, or unite together (boats, fruits, animals); ऺाॠ गड sāṅgaḍa f A body formed of two or more (fruits, animals, men) linked or joined together. That member of a turner's apparatus by which the piece to be turned is confined and steadied. ऺाॠ गडॎऺ धरणं To take into linkedness or close connection with, lit. fig. (Marathi) Rebus: जाॠ गड jāṅgaḍa ad Without definitive settlement of purchase--goods taken from a shop. (Marathi) jangadiyo 'military guards carrying treasure into the treasury' (Gujarati) Hieroglyph Young bull, : ख ड ॠ khōṇ a m A young bull, a bullcalf. ख ड ॠ ा khōṇ which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. m A काॠ बळा of Rebus : क द ॠ ण kōndaṇa n (क द ॠ णं ) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a gem.क द ॠ णपटॎ kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems. kundaṇa 'fine gold' (Tulu) Hieroglyph : kunda1 m. a turner's lathe lex. [Cf. *cunda -- 1]N. k̃dnu to shape smoothly, smoothe, carve, hew , k̃duwā smoothly shaped ś A. kund lathe , kundiba to turn and smooth in a lathe , kundowā smoothed and rounded ś B. k̃d lathe , k̃dā, kõdā to turn in a lathe ś Or. kū˘nda lathe , k̃dibā, kūd̃ ° to turn (→ Drav. Kur. kūd̃ lathe )ś Bi. kund brassfounder's lathe ś H. kunnā to shape on a lathe , kuniyā m. turner , kunwā m.(CDIAL 3295) *cunda1 wood or ivory work . [Cf. kunda -- 1]Pa. cunda -- m. ivory worker ś Or. cundibā to do woodwork . (CDIAL 4861) bhaṭa 'furnace', 'warrior' holds two sets of rein-rings on both his hands: ‫ کرئي‬kar-aʿī, s.f. (6th) A ring, an ox muzzle, or halter for a horse. Sing. and Pl. (Pashto) S. karāī f. 'wrist'; karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles .(Gujarati) (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). Rebus: together, the hypertextis: kundakara m. turner W. [Cf. *cundak ra -- : kunda -- 1, kará -- 1]A. kundār, B. k̃dār, °ri, Or. kundāru; H. k̃derā m. one who works a lathe, one who scrapes , °rī f., k̃dernā to scrape, plane, round on a lathe .(CDIAL 3297) *cundakāra m. turner . [Cf. kundakara -- . -- *cunda -- 1, k ra -- 1] Pa. cundakāra -- m.; Ku. cunāro maker of wooden vessels , N. cunāro, can°, c̃dāro, cãd°. (CDIAL 4862) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. 11 Inlay panel from the soundbox of a lyre,from Ur.c. 2600 BCE Shell and bitumen,12 ¼ X 4 ½ in. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/365354588495243959/ 12 Second register from topŚ arye 'lion' rebusŚ ar 'brass'ś JackalŚ krōṣṭŕ̊ crying BhP., m. jackal RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. P ṇ. [√kru ] Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka -- and kotthu -- , °uka -- m. jackal , Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.; Si. koṭa jackal , koṭiya leopard GS 42ś -- Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. jackal < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, °lā m. jackal , adj. crafty ś G. kohl̃, °l̃ n. jackal , M. kolhā, °lā m.(CDIAL 3615) Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter' Third register from top: Hieroglyph Young bull, : ख ड ॠ khōṇ a m A young bull, a bullcalf. ख ड ॠ ा khōṇ m A काॠ बळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. Rebus :कद ॠ ण kōndaṇa n (क द ॠ णं ) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a gem.क द ॠ णपटॎ kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems. kundaṇa 'fine gold' (Tulu) Jackal: krōṣṭŕ̊ crying BhP., m. jackal RV. = krṓṣṭu -- m. P ṇ. [√kru ] Pa. koṭṭhu -- , °uka -and kotthu -- , °uka -- m. jackal , Pk. koṭṭhu -- m.; Si. koṭa jackal , koṭiya leopard GS 42ś - Pk. kolhuya -- , kulha -- m. jackal < *kōḍhu -- ; H. kolhā, °lā m. jackal , adj. crafty ś G. kohl̃, °l̃ n. jackal , M. kolhā, °lā m.(CDIAL 3615) Rebus: kol 'working in iron' kolle 'blacksmith' kolhe 'smelter'. Hieroglyph: tambura 'harp'; rebus: tambra 'copper' Scorpion man on the bottomr register: bicha 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'stone ore, haematite ferrite ore'. The top register signifies a metal casting blacksmith: dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting' PLUS Hieroglyph: dhangar 'bull' S. ḍhiṅgaru m. lean emaciated beast ś S. ḍhaṅgaru m. lean emaciated beast ś Ku. ḍhã̄go lean , m. skeleton ś Ku. ḍã̄go lean (e.g. of oxen) ś N. ḍã̄go male (of animals) ś WPah.kṭg. ḍɔggɔ m. a head of cattle , ḍɔgge m.pl. cattle , sat. (LSI ix 4, 667) ḍōgai cattle . 2. S.kcch. ḍhago m. ox , L(Shahpur) ḍhaggā m. small weak ox , ḍhaggī f. cow , Garh. ḍhã̄gu old bull (CDIAL 5224) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' N. ḍāṅro term of contempt for a blacksmith (CDIAL 5224) Hieroglyph: Maser (bull-man with horns): Mth. ṭhākur blacksmith Ś ṭhakkura m. idol, deity (cf. ḍhakkārī -- ), lex., title R jat. [Dis- cussion with lit. by W. Wüst RM 3, 13 ff. Prob. orig. a tribal name EWA i 459, which Wüst considers nonAryan borrowing of śākvará -- : very doubtful] Pk. ṭhakkura -- m. Rajput, chief man of a village ś Kho. (Lor.) takur barber (= ṭ° ← Ind.?), Sh. ṭhăkŭr m.; K. ṭhôkur m. idol ( ← Ind.?)ś S. ṭhakuru m. fakir, term of address between fathers of a husband and wife ś P. ṭhākar m. landholder , ludh. ṭhaukar m. lord ś Ku. ṭhākur m. master, title of a Rajput ś N. ṭhākur term of address from slave to master (f. ṭhakurāni), ṭhakuri a clan of Chetris (f. ṭhakurni); A. ṭhākur a Brahman , ṭhākurānī goddess ś B. ṭhākurāni, ṭhākrān, °run honoured lady, goddess ś Or. ṭhākura term of address to a Brahman, god, idol , ṭhākurāṇī goddess ś Bi. ṭhākur barber ś Mth. ṭhākur blacksmith ś Bhoj. Aw.lakh. ṭhākur lord, master ś H. ṭhākur m. master, landlord, god, idol , ṭhākurāin, ṭhā̆kurānī f. mistress, goddess ś G. ṭhākor, °kar m. member of a clan of Rajputs , ṭhakrāṇī f. his wife , ṭhākor god, idol ś M. ṭhākur m. jungle tribe in North Konkan, family priest, god, idol ś Si. mald. "tacourou" title added to names of noblemen (HJ 915) prob. ← Ind. Addenda: ṭhakkura -- : Garh. ṭhākur master ś A. ṭhākur also idol (CDIAL 5448) 13 14 Estandarte de Ur (Período dinástico arcaico, nácar y lapislázuli sobre madera, Cementerio Real de Ur, h. 2550 - 2400 a.C, Londres, Brittish Museum) Arte sumerio 15 https://www.pinterest.es/pin/335025659757587941/ 16 Standard of Ur.Detail. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/483151866255812677/ Hieroglyph: tambura 'harp'; rebus: tambra 'copper' Hieroglyph Young bull, : ख ड ॠ khōṇ a m A young bull, a bullcalf. ख ड ॠ ा khōṇ m A काॠ बळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. Rebus : क द ॠ ण kōndaṇa n (क द ॠ णं ) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a gem.क द ॠ णपटॎ kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems. kundaṇa 'fine gold' (Tulu) Chalcedony cylinder seal showing a divine hero wrestling two bulls from the Neo-Babylonian period, late 8th-7th century BCE. (Yale Babylonian Collection) April 2016 gift- part of a large collection. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/340655159296105785/ Hieroglyph Young bull: Hieroglyph Young bull, : ख ड ॠ khōṇ a m A young bull, a bullcalf. ख ड ॠ ा khōṇ m A काॠ बळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. Rebus :कद ॠ ण kōndaṇa n (क द ॠ णं ) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a gem.क द ॠ णपटॎ kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems. kundaṇa 'fine gold' (Tulu) PLUS dula 'pair' rebus: dul 'metal casting'. Thus, gold metalcasting artisan. Hieroglyph: wings: *skambha2 shoulder -- blade, wing, plumage . [Cf. *skapa -- s.v. *khavaka -- ] S. khambhu, °bho m. plumage , khambhuṛi f. wing ś L. khabbh m., mult. khambh m. shoulder -- blade, wing, feather , khet. khamb wing , mult. khambhaṛā m. fin ś P. khambh m. wing, feather ś G. khā̆m f., khabhɔ m. shoulder .(CDIAL 13640) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, 17 coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.ś kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236). Sumerian lapis lazuli cylinder seal https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/756182593653066135/ Hieroglyph Young bull, : ख ड ॠ khōṇ a m A young bull, a bullcalf. ख ड ॠ ा khōṇ m A काॠ बळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. Rebus : क द ॠ ण kōndaṇa n (क द ॠ णं ) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a gem.क द ॠ णपटॎ kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems. kundaṇa 'fine gold' (Tulu) 18 Hieroglyph: arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' S AN ELAMITE GREEN STONE CYLINDER SEAL CIRCA 3000 B.C. With the figure of a striding bull, head raised, with large curling horns and dotted eyes, a stylized flowering tree in front, two conjoined scrolling lines in the field 1 in. (2.5 cm.) high https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/191966002839912556/ Conjoined scrolling lines may be two parts of a wavy snake shown on a Sumerian seal? Hieroglyph: ख ड ॠ khōṇ a m A young bull, a bullcalf. ख ड ॠ ा khōṇ m A काॠ बळा of which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. Rebus : क द ॠ ण kōndaṇa n (क द ॠ णं ) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a 19 gem.क द ॠ णपटॎ kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems. kundaṇa 'fine gold' (Tulu) Hieroglyph: tagaraka 'tulip' rebus tagara 'tin'. Hieroglyph: ka ī a chainś a hookś a link (Gujarati)ś ka um a bracelet, a ring (G.) RebusŚ ka iyo [Hem. Des. ka aio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayerś a masonś ka iyaṇa, ka iyeṇa a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (Gujarati.) The bottom register shows two talons on either side of the standing person within a winged circle. https://depositphotos.com/83526882/stock-photo-faravahar-persepolis-symbol.html Hieroglyph: eruvai 'kite' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'. panja 'claw, paw' rebus: panja 'kiln' of metals manufactory: *pañj p ka kiln for a heap . [*pañja -- , p ka -- ]P. pañjāvā, pãj° m. brick kiln ś B. pã̄jā kiln , G. pajāvɔ m (CDIAL 7686) panz̆ प्य m. the wound made by an animal's claw (cf. panja) (K. 678). panja पॠज । पचऺॠयामकॡ, अङ्गॏलिपचकऺॠघॡ m. an aggregate of five; a five (in cards, on dice, or the like); the hand with the five fingers extended (cf. atha-po, p. 61b, l. 2) (Gr.M.); the paw or claw of beast or bird (Gr.M.ś R m. 41, 61, 697-8, 73; H. xii, 16-17). -- dyunu ; । पचकाघातॡ m.inf. 'to give the five', i.e. to strike with the five fingers, to scratch with the five finger-nails or (of a wild beast) to tear with the claws. -ʦoṭu ; । लिनपचषाखॡ adj. (f. -ʦüṭü ), one whose fingers, toes, or claws have all been cut off (of man, beast, or bird). panjī पॠजॎ f. a bird's talon (El.); the five 20 fingers (El. panjih, cf. panja; W. 114, panji).(Kashmiri) *pañja -- heap *pahuñca forearm, wrist . L. pôcā m. paw , (Shahpur) paucā m. paw, claw ś P. pah̃cā m. wrist, paw ś N. pãjā paw ś OAw. pahuṁcihi obl. sg. f. wrist ś H. pah̃cā m. forearm, wrist ś G. pɔ̃hɔ̃cɔ m. wrist , M. pohãcī f. P 1 drink Ś pa -- 1, p ˊtra -- , p ˊna -- , p nīˊya -- , p yáyati, *pip saka -- , pip s ˊ -- , pip sitá -- , píbati, pītá -- 1, pīyátē, pēya -- ś p na -- 1, nip na -- , prap ˊ -- . P 2 protect Ś pa -- 2, p -- ś * p na -- 2. p -- in cmpds. protecting Ś adhip ˊ -- , tanūp ˊ -- , pa up ˊ -- ; -- pa -- 2. Addenda: *pahuñca -- : S.kcch. pãco m. wrist , WPah.kṭg. pɔ̄ nj̈ ɔ m.(CDIAL 8018) ‫ کرئي‬kar-aʿī, s.f. (6th) A ring, an ox muzzle, or halter for a horse. Sing. and Pl. (Pashto) S. karāī f. 'wrist'; karã̄ n. pl. wristlets, bangles .(Gujarati) (CDIAL 2779). Rebus: khār खार् 'blacksmith' (Kashmiri). 21 Farohar / Fravahar Relief at Persepolis. In this photograph, the bottom register shows the talons of an eagle; the top register shows Fravahar holding a ring and superimposed on a bow. The body of the eagle is signified by a circle with spread wings. "The winged disc has a long history in the art and culture of the ancient Near and Middle East. Historically, the symbol is influenced by the "winged sun" hieroglyph appearing on Bronze Age royal seals (Luwian SOL SUUS, symbolizing royal power in particular). In Neo-Assyrian times, a human bust is added to the disk, the "feather-robed archer" interpreted as symbolizing Ashur. While the symbol is currently thought to represent a Fravashi (c. a guardian angel) and from which it derives its name, what it represented in the minds of those who adapted it from earlier Mesopotamian and Egyptian reliefs is unclear. Because the symbol first appears on royal inscriptions, it is also thought to represent the 'Divine Royal Glory' (khvarenah), or the Fravashi of the king, or represented the divine mandate that was the foundation of a king's authority. This relationship between the name of the symbol and the class of divine entities it represents, reflects the current belief that the symbol represents a Fravashi. However, there is no physical description of the Fravashi is in the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, and in Avestan the entities are grammatically feminine." 22 http://www.crystalinks.com/faravahar.html The ring held on Fravahar's hand is covenant ring urging Zoroastrians to remember to hold true to their promises. https://zoroastriansnet.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/the-significance-of-fravahar.pdf http://www.travellingspice.com/2017/06/26/footsteps-alexander-persepolis/ • • It is an image found on rock inscriptions and carvings commissioned by the ancient Persian Achaemenian kings. The image is usually portrayed above the image of a king, and the figure in the farohar is identical to the king below in features as well as clothing. In his 1913 book Early Zoroastrianism, J. H. Moulton followed by J. M. Unvala, a Parsi scholar, in 1925, identified the image as a representation of the fravashi of the king or king's ancestor. In 1928, Dr. Irach Taraporewala (together with several Western scholars) identified the image as a representation of the king's khvarenah or farr. http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/overview/simplified.htm HieroglypHŚ bowŚ kam ṭhiyo = archerś k maṭhum = a bowś k ma , k ma um = a chip of bamboo (G.) k maṭhiyo a bowmanś an archer (Skt.lex.) RebusŚ kammaṭi a coiner (Ka.)ś kampaṭṭam coinage, coin, mint (Ta.) kammaṭa = mint, gold furnace (Te.) Hieroglyph: ka ī a chainś a hookś a link (Gujarati)ś ka um a bracelet, a ring (G.) RebusŚ ka iyo [Hem. Des. ka aio = Skt. sthapati a mason] a bricklayerś a masonś ka iyaṇa, ka iyeṇa a woman of the bricklayer caste; a wife of a bricklayer (Gujarati.) Hieroglyph: tamar 'date palm' (Aramaic, Ethiopic, and Hebrew) tamr, 'fruit of the date-palm' (Arabic) http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11873-palm Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper'. 23 Hieroglyph: arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' The Seal of Darius the Great Achaemenid Agate Cylinder Seal, Persian, 5th-4th century BC This agate cylinder seal is engraved with a scene showing the Persian king standing in a chariot and shooting arrows at lions. The scene is framed by date palms and above the king’s head floats a figure in a winged disc, who is usually thought to be the Persian god Ahura-Mazda, but who may represent the spirit of the dead king or divine glory (khvarneh or farr) that was bestowed on the living ruler. The cuneiform inscription written along one side is in three languages: Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian, and translates ‘Darius the great king’. This is presumably Darius I (reigned 521-486 BC) who reorganized the administration of the Persian Empire and was the first Persian king to mint coins. He also introduced cuneiform for recording inscriptions in Old Persian and built a canal linking the Nile with the Red Sea. http://archaicwonder.tumblr.com/post/83963978938/the-seal-of-darius-the-great-achaemenidagate Faravahar, Iran. Faravahar relief at Persepolis. / Faravahar is one of the best-known symbols of Zoroastrianism, the state religion of ancient Iran. In present-day Zoroastrianism, the faravahar is said to be a reminder of one's purpose in life, which is to live in such a way that the soul progresses 24 towards frasho-kereti, or union with Ahura Mazda, the supreme divinity in Zoroastrianism. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/560768591079296489/ Sumerian seal- large right hand, three stars, wavy snake, palm https://www.pinterest.com/pin/241294492514144472/ meḍha 'polar star' (Marathi). meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) 25 AN AKKADIAN BLACK STONE CYLINDER SEAL CIRCA 2300-2200 B.C. With contest scene, the nude hero Lahmu, with long beard and three large curls either side of head, wearing triple-stranded belt, holding a sword in his raised hand, and holding a bull inverted by its tail in the other, resting his foot on its neck, and a human-headed bull holding a sword in one hand and a lion inverted by its tail in his other hand, stylised plant between the pairs 1 3/8 in. (3.5 cm.) high https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/137641332332514792/ Hieroglyph: dhangar 'bull' S. ḍhiṅgaru m. lean emaciated beast ś S. ḍhaṅgaru m. lean emaciated beast ś Ku. ḍhã̄go lean , m. skeleton ś Ku. ḍã̄go lean (e.g. of oxen) ś N. ḍã̄go male (of animals) ś WPah.kṭg. ḍɔggɔ m. a head of cattle , ḍɔgge m.pl. cattle , sat. (LSI ix 4, 667) ḍōgai cattle . 2. S.kcch. ḍhago m. ox , L(Shahpur) ḍhaggā m. small weak ox , ḍhaggī f. cow , Garh. ḍhã̄gu old bull (CDIAL 5224) 26 Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' N. ḍāṅro term of contempt for a blacksmith (CDIAL 5224) Hieroglyph: Maser (bull-man with horns): Mth. ṭhākur blacksmith Ś ṭhakkura m. idol, deity (cf. ḍhakkārī -- ), lex., title R jat. [Dis- cussion with lit. by W. Wüst RM 3, 13 ff. Prob. orig. a tribal name EWA i 459, which Wüst considers nonAryan borrowing of śākvará -- : very doubtful] Pk. ṭhakkura -- m. Rajput, chief man of a village ś Kho. (Lor.) takur barber (= ṭ° ← Ind.?), Sh. ṭhăkŭr m.; K. ṭhôkur m. idol ( ← Ind.?)ś S. ṭhakuru m. fakir, term of address between fathers of a husband and wife ś P. ṭhākar m. landholder , ludh. ṭhaukar m. lord ś Ku. ṭhākur m. master, title of a Rajput ś N. ṭhākur term of address from slave to master (f. ṭhakurāni), ṭhakuri a clan of Chetris (f. ṭhakurni); A. ṭhākur a Brahman , ṭhākurānī goddess ś B. ṭhākurāni, ṭhākrān, °run honoured lady, goddess ś Or. ṭhākura term of address to a Brahman, god, idol , ṭhākurāṇī goddess ś Bi. ṭhākur barber ś Mth. ṭhākur blacksmith ś Bhoj. Aw.lakh. ṭhākur lord, master ś H. ṭhākur m. master, landlord, god, idol , ṭhākurāin, ṭhā̆kurānī f. mistress, goddess ś G. ṭhākor, °kar m. member of a clan of Rajputs , ṭhakrāṇī f. his wife , ṭhākor god, idol ś M. ṭhākur m. jungle tribe in North Konkan, family priest, god, idol ś Si. mald. "tacourou" title added to names of noblemen (HJ 915) prob. ← Ind. Addenda: ṭhakkura -- : Garh. ṭhākur master ś A. ṭhākur also idol (CDIAL 5448) Hieroglyph: rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter' (alloy of copper, zinc, tin), Cylindre d'Uruk : défilé de boeufs PÉRIODE époque sumérienne (vers 2900-2200 av J.-C.) (Mésopotamie) période d'Uruk (3500-3100) - (Mésopotamie) https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/483151866255813160/ Hieroglyph Young bull, : ख ड ॠ khōṇ a m A young bull, a bullcalf. ख ड ॠ ा khōṇ which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. m A काॠ बळा of Rebus : क द ॠ ण kōndaṇa n (क द ॠ णं ) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in the operation. 3 The socket of a gem.क द ॠ णपटॎ kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems. kundaṇa 'fine gold' (Tulu) 27 Hieroglyph: stalk: kāˊṇḍa (kāṇḍá -- TS.) m.n. single joint of a plant AV., arrow MBh., cluster, heap (in trṇa -- kāṇḍa -- P ṇ. K .). [Poss. connexion with gaṇ a -- 2 makes prob. non - Aryan origin (not with P. Tedesco Language 22, 190 < krntáti). Prob. ← Drav., cf. Tam. kaṇ joint of bamboo or sugarcane EWA i 197] Pa. kaṇḍa -- m.n. joint of stalk, stalk, arrow, lump ś Pk. kaṁḍa -- , °aya -- m.n. knot of bough, bough, stick ś Ash. kaṇ arrow , Kt. kåṇ, Wg. kāṇ, kŕãdotdot;, Pr. kə̃, Dm. kā̆n; Paš. lau . kāṇḍ, kāṇ, ar. kōṇ, ku . kō ,̃ dar. kã̄ṛ arrow , kã̄ṛī torch ś Shum. kō ṛ̃ , kō ̃ arrow , Gaw. kāṇḍ, kāṇ; Kho. kan tree, large bush ś Bshk. kā 'n arrow , Tor. kan m., Sv. kã̄ṛa, Phal. kōṇ, Sh. gil. kōn f. (→ . kōn, pl. kāna f.), pales. kōṇ; K. kã̄ḍ m. stalk of a reed, straw (kān m. arrow ← Sh.?)ś S. kānu m. arrow , °no m. reed , °nī f. topmost joint of the reed Sara, reed pen, stalk, straw, porcupine's quill ś L. kānã̄ m. stalk of the reed Sara , °nī˜ f. pen, small spear ś P. kānnā m. the reed Saccharum munja, reed in a weaver's warp , kānī f. arrow ś WPah. bhal. kān n. arrow , jaun. kã̄ḍ; N. kã̄ṛ arrow , °ṛo rafter ś A. kã̄r arrow ś B. kã̄ṛ arrow , °ṛā oil vessel made of bamboo joint, needle of bamboo for netting , kẽṛiyā wooden or earthen vessel for oil &c. ś Or. kāṇḍa, kã̄ṛ stalk, arrow ś Bi. kã̄ṛā stem of muñja grass (used for thatching) ś Mth. kã̄ṛ stack of stalks of large millet , kã̄ṛī wooden milkpail ś Bhoj. kaṇḍā reeds ś H. kã̄ṛī f. rafter, yoke , kaṇḍā m. reed, bush (← EP.?); G. kã̄ḍ m. joint, bough, arrow , °ḍ̃ n. wrist , °ḍī f. joint, bough, arrow, lucifer match ś M. kã̄ḍ n. trunk, stem , °ḍẽ n. joint, knot, stem, straw , °ḍī f. joint of sugarcane, shoot of root (of ginger, &c.) ś Si. kaḍaya arrow . -- Deriv. A. kāriyāiba to shoot with an arrow .(CDIAL 2023) Rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' Sumerian Lahmu Cylinder Seal, Early Dynastic, 2600-2400 BCCarved of marble, with a contest scene of six figures, a nude hero with spiky hair holding a sword in one hand and an inverted lion on the other https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/430867889330641386/ Hieroglyph Young bull, : ख ड ॠ khōṇ a m A young bull, a bullcalf. ख ड ॠ ा khōṇ which one end is formed into a cowl or hood. m A काॠ बळा of Rebus : क द ॠ ण kōndaṇa n (क द ॠ णं ) Setting or infixing of gems. 2 Beaten or drawn gold used in 28 the operation. 3 The socket of a gem.क द ॠ णपटॎ kōndaṇapaṭṭī f The strip of beaten or drawn gold used in setting gems. kundaṇa 'fine gold' (Tulu) Hieroglyph: arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' Lapis lazuli cylinder seal; contest scene - bull-man (full-face) in conflict with a lion. Antithetical group consisting of two bearded heroes (full-face) in the centre, who are naked except for a triple belt and who are protecting or are in conflict with, respectively, a human-headed bull (full-face) and a bull. One side has been filed down so that part of the bull-man and one leg of the bull are no longer visible. At the top the perforation is surrounded by a deep groove. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/137641332331939641/ Hieroglyph: arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' Hieroglyph: dhangar 'bull' S. ḍhiṅgaru m. lean emaciated beast ś S. ḍhaṅgaru m. lean emaciated beast ś Ku. ḍhã̄go lean , m. skeleton ś Ku. ḍã̄go lean (e.g. of oxen) ś N. ḍã̄go male (of animals) ś WPah.kṭg. ḍɔggɔ m. a head of cattle , ḍɔgge m.pl. cattle , sat. (LSI ix 4, 667) ḍōgai cattle . 2. S.kcch. ḍhago m. ox , L(Shahpur) ḍhaggā m. small weak ox , ḍhaggī f. cow , Garh. ḍhã̄gu old bull (CDIAL 5224) Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith' N. ḍāṅro term of contempt for a blacksmith (CDIAL 5224) Hieroglyph: Maser (bull-man with horns): Mth. ṭhākur blacksmith Ś ṭhakkura m. idol, deity (cf. ḍhakkārī -- ), lex., title R jat. [Dis- cussion with lit. by W. Wüst RM 3, 13 ff. Prob. orig. a tribal name EWA i 459, which Wüst considers nonAryan borrowing of śākvará -- : very 29 doubtful] Pk. ṭhakkura -- m. Rajput, chief man of a village ś Kho. (Lor.) takur barber (= ṭ° ← Ind.?), Sh. ṭhăkŭr m.; K. ṭhôkur m. idol ( ← Ind.?)ś S. ṭhakuru m. fakir, term of address between fathers of a husband and wife ś P. ṭhākar m. landholder , ludh. ṭhaukar m. lord ś Ku. ṭhākur m. master, title of a Rajput ś N. ṭhākur term of address from slave to master (f. ṭhakurāni), ṭhakuri a clan of Chetris (f. ṭhakurni); A. ṭhākur a Brahman , ṭhākurānī goddess ś B. ṭhākurāni, ṭhākrān, °run honoured lady, goddess ś Or. ṭhākura term of address to a Brahman, god, idol , ṭhākurāṇī goddess ś Bi. ṭhākur barber ś Mth. ṭhākur blacksmith ś Bhoj. Aw.lakh. ṭhākur lord, master ś H. ṭhākur m. master, landlord, god, idol , ṭhākurāin, ṭhā̆kurānī f. mistress, goddess ś G. ṭhākor, °kar m. member of a clan of Rajputs , ṭhakrāṇī f. his wife , ṭhākor god, idol ś M. ṭhākur m. jungle tribe in North Konkan, family priest, god, idol ś Si. mald. "tacourou" title added to names of noblemen (HJ 915) prob. ← Ind. Addenda: ṭhakkura -- : Garh. ṭhākur master ś A. ṭhākur also idol (CDIAL 5448) https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/557250153882688378/ meḍha 'polar star' (Marathi). meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) मंढा [ mēṇ h ] A crook or curved end (of a stick, horn &c.) rebus: म॑दॏm du, mẽ hẽt, me 'iron' me 'iron, metal' (Ho.Mu.) Hieroglyph: Six locks of hair: baṭa 'six' rebus: bhaṭa 'furnace', 'warrior' 30 Hieroglyph: rango 'buffalo' rebus: rango 'pewter' (alloy of copper, zinc, tin), Hieroglyph: arye 'lion' rebus: arā 'brass' Map of caravanserais (red squares) and trade roads (white lines) developed by Prof. P. Lebigre and Dr E. Thompoulos (EVCAU researchers at The Ecole d’Architecture Paris Val de Seine (EAPVS). EVCAU is their research team (Research Team Virtual Space of Conception in Architecture and Town Design) at UNESCO 31 Aryan Trading Roads (later called Silk Roads) c. 4,000 - 2,000 BCE http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/trade.htm Jiroft http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/siteB.jpg 32 http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/gametable.jpg http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/gamepiece.jpg 33 Hieroglyph: eruvai 'kite' Rebus: eruvai 'copper'. http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/figuresSmall.jpg Hieroglyph: (S.) pa ge, (Mu.) ba ak, (Ma.) ba ki, (F-H.) bi ki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭ - a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild.' 34 http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/figureLarge.jpg 35 http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/chlorite5.jpg Hieroglyph: mlekh 'goat' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' PLUS dula 'pair' rebus:dul 'metal casting'. Thus, copper metal caster. http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/chlorite4.jpg 36 http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/chlorite3.jpg Hieroglyph: miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrw lī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/chlorite2.jpg Scorpion man on the bottomr register: bicha 'scorpion' rebus: bica 'stone ore, haematite ferrite ore'. 37 http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/chlorite1.jpg Hieroglyph: arye'lion' āra 'brass'. http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/chlorite.jpg Hieroglyph: (S.) pa ge, (Mu.) ba ak, (Ma.) ba ki, (F-H.) bi ki hood of serpent (Voc. 2154). / Turner, CDIAL, no. 9040, Skt. (s)phaṭa-, sphaṭ - a serpent's expanded hood, Pkt. phaḍā- id. For IE etymology, see Burrow, The Problem of Shwa in Sanskrit, p. 45.(DEDR 47) Rebus: phaḍa फड 'manufactory, company, guild.' 38 http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/images/jiroft/seal.jpg Hieroglyph:ranku 'antelope' rebus: ranku 'tin'. Fig. 33 Urnamma stela. Borker-Klahn's reconstruction. On the Urmamma Stela, she is hovering over the offering of flowing water to the ruler by the enthroned deity. In this scene the goddess underlines the gift bestowed on the ruler, and figures as a personification of it, while on the seal she may have implied and guaranteed that the petitioner who offers an antelope (?) is pleading for and will receive blessings of abundance in return. The basin of Gudea is dedicated to Ningirsu, and may be understood as a plea for prosperity as well as a boast of its successful outcome."(Claudia E. Suter, 2000, Gudea's Temple Building: the representation of an early Mesopotamian Ruler in text and image, BRILL., II.c.i.d, pp. 62-63). Duplicated hieroglyph shown on the central register of Ur-Nammu stela. The two hieroglyphs show an identical palm frond with two hanging twigs or fronds as the 39 centerpiece of an altar in front of both the male and female divinities. The male divinity is a builder holding a staff and bob plumb bob as perceptively noted by Jenny Vorys Canby whose painstaking researches resulted in a reasonable reconstruction of missing fragments of the stela. A major missing part unearthed by Canby is another hieroglyph: overflowing pots pouring into the center-piece altars with the palm fronds. The decipherment of the three hieroglyphs: 1. duplicated frond, 2. palm frond and 3. overflowing pot will provide a framework for unraveling the central message of the Ur-Nammu stela which is a monumental 10 feet high stela which surely shows builders at work in the bottom registe. The central message is the material resources with which the builders were working -- as conveyed by a rebus reading of the three hieroglyphs: metalcastings, metalware. 1. duplicated frond: dula 'pair' Rebus: dul 'metal casting, to cast metal in a mould (Santali)' 2. palm frond: ḍāla -- n. branch tāla -- 2 m. Borassus flabelliformis , palm (CDIAL 5750)Rebus: h lako = a large metal ingot (Gujarati) h lakī = a metal ingot. Vikalpa: Ka. (Hav.) a aru twigś (Bark.) a ïrï small and thin branch of a tree; (Gowda) a əri small branches. Tu. a aru twig.(DEDR 67) Rebus: aduru gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddh nti Subrahmaṇya’ astri’s new interpretation of the Amarako a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p.330). 3. overflowing pot: lo 'overflowing' PLUS kand 'pot' Rebus: lōkhaṇ a ि ऻ ि खॠड 'copper tools, pots and pans' (Marathi) N. lokhar bag in which a barber keeps his tools ś H. lokhar m. iron tools, pots and pans ś -- X lauhabh ṇ a -- : Ku. lokhaṛ iron tools ś H. lokhaṇḍ m. iron tools, pots and pans ś G. lokhãḍ n. tools, iron, ironware ś M. lokhãḍ n. iron (LM 400 < - khaṇḍa -- )(CDIAL 11171). Both faces of a large fragment from the curved top edge of the stela. The upper body of the king appears on each side, with a female deity overhead pouring out streams of water. 40 Artist's rendition of the proposed restoration of the 'front' of the Ur-Nammu stela (Drawing by Kathleen Galligan). Source: Jeanny Vorys Canby, A monumental puzzle, reconstructing the UrNammu stela in:Expedition, Vol. 29 No. 1 http://penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/29-1/Monumental1.pdf Hieroglyphs: overflowing pot: lo 'overflowing' PLUS kand 'pot' Rebus: lōkhaṇ a ि ऻ ि खॠड 'copper tools, pots and pans' (Marathi) N. lokhar bag in which a barber keeps his tools ś H. lokhar m. iron tools, pots and pans ś -- X lauhabh ṇ a -- : Ku. lokhaṛ iron tools ś H. lokhaṇḍ m. iron tools, pots and pans ś G. lokhãḍ n. tools, iron, ironware ś M. lokhãḍ n. iron (LM 400 < -- khaṇḍa -- )(CDIAL 11171). 41 Jeanny Vorys Canby has demonstrated the depiction of 'overflowing pots' hieroglyphs on the UrNammu stela. This insight reinforces the purport of the stela: to record the Bronze Age metals and materials used in the building activity directed by Ur-Nammu. The chronology of Third Dynasty of Ur is reconstructed as follows, starting with Utuhengal: Utu-hengal: 2119-2113 Ur-Nammu: 2112-c. 2095 Shulgi: 2094-2047 Amar-Sin: 2046-2038 Shu-Sin: 2037-2029 Ibbi-Sin: 2028-2004 Utu-hengal (also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utuhejal) had a daughter who married Ur-Nammu and birthed his successor, Shulgi. It is remarkable that the suffix -hengal has a cognate in the name of one of 52 shakthi 42 peetha षति पॎठ in Hindu tradition which includes Hinglaj (Or Hingula), southern Baluchistan a few hours North-east of Gawadar: BalochiŚ ‫هنگاج‬, Sindhi: ‫هنگاج‬, Urdu: ‫ﮨنگاج‬, Sanskrit: हिग्लाज, Hindi:हिं गलाज), an important Hindu pilgrimage place. It is likely that the morpheme hingal is cognate with two sets of glosses: sinhala.siṁhala m. Ceylon , pl. Sinhalese MBh., °laka<-> VarBrS.Pa. sīhala -- , °laka -Sinhalese , Pk. siṁhala -- , sīhala -- . -- Si. heḷa Ceylon , (h)eḷu pertaining to the language of Ceylon (GS 25) < *coḷiya -- s.v.cōḍa -- Md. (old) oḷudū Ceylon .(CDIAL 13385, 13386).Pa. ēḷa -- gala -- speaking indistinctly (CDIAL 14216). This gloss has a cognate in SBr. reference to asura speaking indistinctly, uttering he'laya: śatapatha brāhmaṇa 3.2.1.2324 refer to the use of he‘layo he‘laya Trans. ‘O enemies, O enemies’. This could also refer to ēla-p-pāṭṭu , n. < Boatmen's song in which the wordsēlō , ēlēlō occur again and again; ఏల [ēla ]ēla. [Tel.] n. Name of a stream in the Godavary District ēlēvāru. n. The rulers.[ēlu]ēlu. [Tel.] v. i. & t. To rule, govern. manage. The refrain of the song thus means: rule the waves by seafaring.SBr 23,24 refer to the use of he ‘layo he ‘laya Trans. ‘O enemies, O enemies’. This could also refer to ēla-p-pāṭṭu , n. < Boatmen's song in which the wordsēlō , ēlēlō occur again and again; ఏల [ēla ]ēla. [Tel.] n. Name of a stream in the GodavaryDistrict ēlēvāru. n. The rulers.[ēlu]ēlu. [Tel.] v. i. & t. To rule, govern. manage. The refrain of the song thus means: rule the waves by seafaring. Le Rider, Revue Numismatique 1969 refers to the coins from Susa Mint. [quote]Susa, the ancient capital of the Elamites, had its own unique pantheon of deities. In the third millennium, a goddess seated on a lion occurs on a seal from Susa (Sb 6680) but there is no written evidence to identify her. She is said to have had a sanctuary in Elymais where tame lions were kept according to Aelian XII.23, who refers to it as the shrine of Anaitis. In this area, the worship of Nanaya was of long duration, probably beginning with the first Elamite king who godnapped the cult image of Nanaya and brought it to Susa. When Susa was refounded by Seleucus as a Greek polis Seleucia-on-the-Eulaeus, the Hellenes paid homage to Nanaya as the local goddess. Greek legal manumissions refer to Nanaya and probably came from her temple, but they left no visual image of her. When the area fell to Parthian forcess, Khuzistan became the semi-independent kingdom of Elymais under the kamnaskirid Dynasty. One unique coin minted in Susa has the legend BASIAEWS DDREIOU SWTHROU NANAIENW(N) "of the king Darius, saviour of the Nanayans (worshippers of Nanaya)." This king is said to be a usurper in Susa before the Arsacid onquest. The inscription on the reverse face NANAIENW(N) is said to indicate Susa with its famous sanctuary of Artemis-Nanaya. According to Le Rider, the Parthian king Mithradates II (123-88) was the first to mint coins in Susa with the images of Artemis as a representation of Nanaya, as a frontally facing bust adorned with rays emanating from her head or placing a polos head dress upon her head. He also minted a coin with just a crescent on the reverse face.[unquote] (Joan Goodnick Westenholz, 2013, Religions and Trade: Religious formation, transformation and cross-cultural exchange between East and West, p.186).Pk. illi-m. lion, tiger , H. īl m. a wild animal also links with ela as a reference to a group of people conflated with siṁhá m. lion , siṁhī -- f. RV.Pa. sīha -- m. lion , sīhī -- f., Dhp. siha m., Pk. siṁha -- , siṁgha -- , sīha -- m., sīhī -- f.; Wg. sī tiger ś K. sah, süh m. tiger, leopard ś P. sī˜h, sihã̄ m. lion , bhaṭ. sīh leopard ś WPah.kha . sī leopard , cur. jaun. sīh lion ś Ku. syū,̃ syū tiger ś Mth. sī˜h lion , H. sī˜gh, sīh m., OG. sīha m.; -- Si. sī, siha← Pa. -L. śĩh, khet. śī tiger with ś -- from Pers. lw. śer tiger . -- Pa. sīhinī<-> f. lioness ś K. sīmiñ f. tigress, leopard ś P. sīhaṇī f. tigress ś WPah.bhal. se_hiṇi f. leopard withcubs , jaun. sī˜haṇ tigress ś H. sĩghnī f. lioness .WPah.kṭg. sī m. lion, leopard, brave man 43 , sĩ əṇ, sī˜ṇ (with high level tone) f. lioness (also sī˜ṇ Him.I 214 misprint with i?) (CDIAL 13384). A palm fond is also shown on a Dagger Chape of ca. 539-333 BCE. A lion bites into an ibex (long neck and head seen). Bone. H. 30 cm; W. 45 cm; D. 10 cm. Antoine-Barthélémy Clot Bey collection N 8336 (MN 1376). Hieroglyph: arye'lion' āra 'brass'. palm frond: ḍāla -- n. branch tāla -- 2 m. Borassus flabelliformis , palm (CDIAL 5750)Rebus: h lako = a large metal ingot (Gujarati) h lakī = a metal ingot. Vikalpa: Ka. (Hav.) a aru twigś (Bark.) a ïrï small and thin branch of a tree; (Gowda) a əri small branches. Tu. a aru twig.(DEDR 67) RebusŚ aduru gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddh nti Subrahmaṇya’ astri’s new interpretation of the Amarako a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p.330). Hieroglyph: miṇḍāl 'markhor' (Tōrw lī) meḍho a ram, a sheep (Gujarati)(CDIAL 10120) Rebus: mẽṛhẽt, meḍ 'iron' (Santali.Mu.Ho.) "Oannes by the tree of life, above, the god Ashur Apkallu (fish) at the tree of life, and under the symbol of Assur. Assyria, s VII AEC - Joseph Campbell "The Masks of God" The term Ahura was 44 also known by the Indians, who pronounced Asura. Are the Iranians who transformed the original "s" in 'h'." https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/406520303849965174/ Hieroglyph: aya 'fish' rebus: ayas 'alloy metal' ayaskara 'metalsmith' A 14th-century B.C. relief depicts a "fish-man" carrying a pinecone and bucket. Temple of Adda, storm-god in Aleppo. A half-man, half-bird frieze from Aleppo dating to 900 B.C. (left) could have been a model for artists working 30 years later on the famous reliefs at the Assyrian city of Nimrud. (Courtesy Kay Kohlmeyer; age fotostock/SuperStock) http://archive.archaeology.org/0911/features/syria_aleppo_temple_storm_ god_citadel.html eruvai 'kite' rebus: eruvai 'copper' Hieroglyph: wings: *skambha2 shoulder -- blade, wing, plumage . [Cf. *skapa -- s.v. *khavaka -- ] S. khambhu, °bho m. plumage , khambhuṛi f. wing ś L. khabbh m., mult. khambh m. shoulder -- blade, wing, feather , khet. khamb wing , mult. khambhaṛā m. fin ś P. khambh m. wing, feather ś G. khā̆m f., khabhɔ m. shoulder .(CDIAL 13640) Rebus: Ta. kampaṭṭam coinage, 45 coin. Ma. kammaṭṭam, kammiṭṭam coinage, mint. Ka. kammaṭa id.ś kammaṭi a coiner. (DEDR 1236). Neo-Assyrian bas reliefs show a sacred tree which appears to be highly stylized date palm enveloped by vine tendrils Hieroglyph: tamar 'date palm' (Aramaic, Ethiopic, and Hebrew) tamr, 'fruit of the date-palm' (Arabic) http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11873-palm Rebus: tam(b)ra 'copper'. A cylinder seal showing "fishmen" holding pine cones (?) and pollen-buckets (?), adoring a sacred tree. Above the tree is the sun-god with eagle wings and tail (perhaps Utu, Shamash or Asshur?). This tree 46 appears in other Neo-Assyrian art forms as a highly stylized Date-palm with a vine lattice and leaves, sometimes bearing fruits such as grapes (?). http://www.bibleorigins.net/AdapaAdamPicturesFishmen.html PIne-cone on a relief of Ashur (Nimrud). [quote] Detail of pine cone. Standard Inscription.Palace of Ashurnasirpal, priest of Ashur, favorite of Enlil and Ninurta, beloved of Anu and Dagan, the weapon of the great gods, the mighty king, king of the world, king of Assyria; son of Tukulti-Ninurta, the great king, the mighty king, king of Assyria, the son of Adad-nirari, the great king, the mighty king of Assyria; the valiant man, who acts with the support of Ashur, his lord, and has no equal among the princes of the four quarters of the world; the wonderful shepherd who is not afraid of battle; the great flood which none can oppose; the king who makes those who are not subject to him submissive; who has subjugated all mankind; the mighty warrior who treads on the neck of his enemies, tramples down all foes, and shatters the forces of the proud; the king who acts with the support of the great gods, and whose hand has conquered all lands, who has subjugated all the mountains and received their tribute, taking hostages and establishing his power over all countries. When Ashur, the lord who called me by my name and has made my kingdom great, entrusted his merciless weapon to my lordly arms, I overthrew the widespread troops of the land of Lullume in battle. With the assistance of Shamash and Adad, the gods who help me, I thundered like Adad the destroyer over the troops of the Nairi lands, Habhi, Shubaru, and Nirib. I am the king who had brought into submission at his feet the lands from beyond the Tigris to Mount Lebanon and the Great Sea [the Mediterranean], the whole of the land of Laqe, the land of Suhi as far as Rapiqu, and whose hand has conquered from the source of the river Subnat to the land of Urartu. The area from the mountain passes of Kirruri to the land of Gilzanu, from beyond the Lower Zab to the city of Til-Bari which is north of the land of Zaban, from the city of Til-sha-abtani to Tilsha-Zabdani, Hirimu and Harutu, fortresses of the land of Karduniash [Babylonia], I have restored to the borders of my land. From the mountain passes of Babite to the land of Hashmar I have counted the inhabitants as peoples of my land. Over the lands which I have subjugated I have appointed my governors, and they do obeisance. 47 I am Ashurnasirpal, the celebrated prince, who reveres the great gods, the fierce dragon, conqueror of the cities and mountains to their furthest extent, king of rulers who has tamed the stiff-necked peoples, who is crowned with splendor, who is not afraid of battle, the merciless champion who shakes resistance, the glorious king, the shepherd, the protection of the whole world, the king, the word of whose mouth destroys mountains and seas, who by his lordly attack has forced fierce and merciless kings from the rising to the setting sun to acknowledge one rule. The former city of Kalhu [Nimrud], which Shalmaneser king of Assyria, a prince who preceded me, had built, that city had fallen into ruins and lay deserted. That city I built anew, I took the peoples whom my hand had conquered from the lands which I subjugated, from the land of Suhi, from the land of Laqe, from the city of Sirqu on the other side of the Euphrates, from the furthest extent of the land of Zamua, from Bit-Adini and the land of Hatte, and from Lubarna, king of the land of Patina, and made them settle there. I removed the ancient mound and dug down to the water level. I sank the foundations 120 brick courses deep. A palace with halls of cedar, cypress, juniper, box-wood, meskannu-wood, terebinth and tamarisk, I founded as my royal residence for my lordly pleasure for ever. Creatures of the mountains and seas I fashioned in white limestone and alabaster, and set them up at its gates. I adorned it, and made it glorious, and set ornamental knobs of bronze all around it. I fixed doors of cedar, cypress, juniper and meskannu-wood in its gates. I took in great quantities, and placed there, silver, gold, tin, bronze and iron, booty taken by my hands from the lands which I had conquered. [unquote] http://www.flickr.com/photos/brankoab/7673434338/ New York city Art museum. Ashurnasirpal. Kalhu Ear-ring and pendant with a pine cone glyph. Winged Eagle-Headed Being (Genie); Neo-Assyrian period, reign of Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883– 859 B.C.), Mesopotamia; excavated at Nimrud (ancient Kalhu), Alabaster (gypsum) http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/1836884/posts 48 On this relief from Nimrud, a winged benevolent spirit blesses either the king or palace with a pine-cone.Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. King Ashurnasirpal flanked by eagle-headed protective spirit, Assyrian ca 860 BC, Nimrud http://www.pbase.com/bmcmorrow/image/101156204 Chaldean Assyrian relief sculpture slab from the northwest palace of King Ashurnasirpal II of a Genie standing. 881-859 B.C form Nimrud or Ni=mrut ( Kalhu or Kalah). Istanbul Archaeological exhibit Inv. No. 5. http://www.pinterest.com/magistramichaud/assyrians/ 49 Personnage tenant un ibex et une fleur de pavot - Assyrie | Site officiel du musée du Louvre http://www.pinterest.com/magistramichaud/assyrians/ harvested pine cones drying in the autumn sun Kozak 50 Kozak pine nuts in the raw http://archersofokcular.com/cant-see-the-nuts-for-the- pines/ 51 Assyrian Period, reign of King Ashurnasirpal 11 (883 -- 859 BCE) Alabastrous Limestone Height 110.5 cm. Width 183 cm. Depth 6.4 -- 9.6 cm. Miho Museum http://www.shumei.org/art/miho/miho.html Hieroglyphs: kandə pine , ‘ear of maize’. RebusŚ kaṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans of metal’. Rebus: k ‘stone’. Ga. (Oll.) kan , (S.) kan u (pl. kan kil) stone (DEDR 1298). HieroglyphŚ Ash. piċ -- kandə pine , Kt. pṳ̄ċi, piċi, Wg. puċ, püċ (pṳ̄ċ -- kəŕ pine -- cone ), Pr. wyoċ, Shum. lyēwič (lyē -- ?).(CDIAL 8407). Cf. Gk. peu/kh f. pine , Lith. pušìs, OPruss. peuse NTS xiii 229. The suffix –kande in the lexemeŚ Ash. piċ-- kandə pine may be cognate with the bulbous glyphic related to a mangrove rootŚ Ko . kaṇ e root-stock from which small roots growś ila·ti kaṇ e sweet potato (ila·ti England). Tu. kaṇ e, ga è a bulbous rootś Ta. kaṇṭal mangrove, Rhizophora mucronataś dichotomous mangrove, Kandelia rheedii. Ma. kaṇṭa bulbous root as of lotus, plantain; point where branches and bunches grow out of the stem of a palm; kaṇṭal what is bulb-like, half-ripe jackfruit and other green fruits; R. candel. (DEDR 1171). Rebus: kaṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans of metal’. Hieroglyph: కంె [ kaṇ e ] kaṇḍe. [Telugu] n. A head or ear of millet or maize. ొ్న కం . खाॠ दा [ kh nd ] An arm or a large bough of a treeś kh nda खाॠ द (Usually खाॠ दॎ) A bough or branch (esp. a large one.) खाॠ ड [ kh ṇ a ] A chump or division of a tree.(Marathi) 52 La porte des Dieux ! Ninurta est un dieu guerrier, fils de Enlil, adoré à Nippur dans le temple de son père, l' Ekur. https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/574631233678653544/ Neo-Assyrian carnelian cylinder seal and impression 9th cent. BCE. Image: Br. Museum. Cylinder seal with the solar disk of Ashur, anointing with two eagle-headed gods before the Tree of Life. The blossoms on the tree appear to be pomegranates. [quote] Much has been made of farohar-like motifs used by other neighbouring ancient cultures such as the Assyrians, Sumerians and Egyptians (all to the west of ancient Aryana). While the symbols have similar features and while the artisans who developed them may have borrowed design features from one another (or could have done so by royal command), the concepts they represented may have been entirely different. In the absence of any corroborating information on their representing similar concepts, a further discussion is only speculative and conjectural. The cylinder seal shown here was found in Sherif Khan (Tarbisu), northern Iraq. The inscription reads “Seal of Mushezib-Ninurta, governor… son of Samanuha-shar-ilani.” In 883 BCE, Samanuha-shar-ilani was a ruler of Shadikanni (Arban in eastern Syria) as an Assyrian vassal. On their web-page, the British Museum claims without substantiation that the farohar-like figure is one of the Assyrian gods. While there is a close similarity between the image above and some Achaemenid farohar designs, it is pointless to speculate on who borrowed what from whom since our present information is based on surviving artifacts made on materials that can last (such as clay or stone – commonly used Assyrian substrates). We do not know if ancient Aryan artifacts on perishable materials such as parchment have been destroyed for all time. The Assyrians had close contact with the Aryans and at one time ruled over Aryan lands. Assyria might have been the home of the legendary Dahak/ Zahhak and the Avesta (Yt. 19. 46-50) states he sought in vain to claim the khvarenah 53 [unquote] http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/reference/FaroharMotif-Eduljee.pdf (p.19) Sumerian god Anu is depicted much like the Faravahar 54 Ht. 10 feet.Alabaster relief in the Louvre. Drawing by Saint-Elme Gautier. Illustration for A History of Art in Chaldaea and Assyria by Georges Perrot and Charles Chipiez (Chapman and Hall, 1884) The winged person, whose helmet has three sets of horns holds a raphia farinifera cone on his right palm. The person (perhaps a Meluhha) with antelope on his left arm appears to be holding a date cluster on his right hand; he is followed by a person holding a pomegrante cluster. The Ashur merchant is denoted by the mangrove date-palm cone (raphia farinifera): sīta 'a wild small date-palm bush' kaṇṭa 'bullbous raphia farinifera cone' Rebus:śitá whetted, sharp kaṇḍa ‘tools, pots and pans of metal’. Thus, the relief presents a trade deal involning exchange of sharp metal tools with copper metal ingots from Meluhha. mlekh 'goat' carried by him denotes the Meluhha merchant (dealing in) milakkhu 'copper'. The twig or sprig on his right hand: ḍhāḷā m. sprig' meṛh 'mrchant's assistant' carries a cluster of pomegranates: ḍ̠āṛhū ̃ 'pomegranate' (Sindhi) Rebus: ḍhālako 'a large metal ingot' (Gujarati) ḍāla1 m. branch īl. 2. *ṭhāla -- . 3. *ḍāḍha -- . [Poss. same as *d la -- 1 and d ra -- 1Ś √dal, √d&rcirclemacrś. But variation of form supports PMWS 64 ← Mu.]1. Pk. ḍāla -- n. branch ś S. ḍ̠āru m. large branch , ḍ̠ārī f. branch ś P. ḍāl m. branch , °lā m. large do. , °lī f. twig ś WPah. bhal. ḍā m. branch ś Ku. ḍālo m. tree ś N. ḍālo branch , A. B. ḍāl, Or. ḍāḷa; Mth. ḍār branch , °ri twig ś Aw. lakh. ḍār branch , H. ḍāl, °lā m., G. ḍāḷi, °ḷīf., °ḷ̃ n.2. A. ṭhāl branch , °li twig ś H. ṭhāl, °lā m. leafy branch (esp. one lopped off) .3. Bhoj. ḍāṛhī branch ś M. ḍāhaḷ m. loppings of trees , ḍāhḷā m. leafy branch , °ḷī f. twig , ḍhāḷā m. sprig , °ḷī f. branch .(CDIAL 5546). RebusŚ ḍhāla n. shield lex. 2. *ḍhāllā -- .1. Tir. (Leech) "dàl" shield , Bshk. ḍāl, Ku. ḍhāl, gng. ḍhāw, N. A. B.ḍhāl, Or. ḍhāḷa, Mth. H. ḍhāl m.2. Sh. ḍal (pl. °le̯) f., K. ḍāl f., S. ḍhāla, L. ḍhāl (pl. °lã) f., P. ḍhāl f., G. M. ḍhāl f.. *ḍhāllā -- : WPah.kṭg. (kc.) ḍhā l f. (obl. -- a) shield (a word used in salutation), J. ḍhāl f. (CDIAL 5583). 55 S. ḍ̠āṛhū ̃ 'pomegranate'(CDIAL 6254). Gy. eur. darav pomegranate (GWZS 440).(CDIAL 14598). dāḍima m. pomegranate tree MBh., n. its fruit Su r., dālima -- m. Amar., ḍālima - lex. 1. Pa. dālima -- m., NiDoc. daḍ'ima, Pk. dāḍima -- , dālima -- n., dāḍimī -- f. the tree , Dm. dāŕim, Shum. Gaw. dā ṛim,Kal. dāŕəm, Kho. dáḷum, Phal. dhe_ṛum, S. ḍ̠āṛhū ̃ m., P. dāṛū,̃ °ṛū, °ṛam m., kgr. dariūṇ (= dariū?̃ ) m.ś WPah.bhi . de_ṛ̃ n. sour pomegranate ś (Joshi) dāṛū, OAw. dārivaṁ m., H. poet. dārĩ m., OG. dāḍimi f. the tree , G. dāṛam n., dāṛem f. the tree , Si. deḷum. 2. WPah.jaun. dāṛim, Ku. dā̆ṛim, dālim, dālimo, N. dārim, A. ḍālim, B. dāṛim, dālim, Or. dāḷimba, °ima, dāṛima, ḍāḷimba,ḍarami tree and fruit ś Mth. dāṛim pomegranate , daṛimī dried mango ś H. dāṛimb, °im, dālim, ḍāṛim, ḍār°, ḍāl° m., M.dāḷĩb, °ḷīm, ḍāḷĩb n. the fruit , f. the tree .3. Sh.gil. daṇū m. pomegranate , daṇúi f. the tree , jij. ḍ*lṇəi, K. dönü m., P. dānū m. dāḍima -- . 2. dāḍimba -- : Garh. dāḷimu pomegranate , A. ḍālim (phonet. d -- ).(CDIAL 6254).Ta. mātaḷai, mātuḷai, mātuḷam pomegranate. Ma. mātaḷam id. (DEDR 4809). ளை tātu-mātuḷai, n. < id. +. Pomegranate, s. tr., Punica granatum; ளை. ( ழ் . க.) Rebus: ḍhālako = a large metal ingot (G.) ḍhālakī = a metal heated and poured into a mould; a solid piece of metal; an ingot (Gujarati) Arecaceae (Palmae), Raphia farinifera, Mwaale (Swahili) » Raffia seed Fruit de raphia farinifera Kui sīta a small date bush. Konḍa sītel dubu, sīntel maranu date tree, P. sylvestris. Pe. hīndi wild date-palm. Kuwi (Su.) sindi, (Isr.) sīndi marnu wild date-palm; Ta. īntu date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera; dwarf wild date-palm, P. farinifera; īñcu id.; wild date-palm, P. sylvestris; īccampaṉai wild date-palm. Ma. īntal P. farinifera (ciṟṟ-), Elate sylvestris (k ṭṭ-)ś īntu a cycas [i.e. sago-palm]; ītta P. dactylifera. (DEDR 2617). hint la m. the marshy date -palm Phoenix paludosa Hariv. [Cf. t a -- 3] Pa. hintāla -- m. Phoenix paludosa , B. hĩtāl, hẽt°; Si. hitul the swamp date -- palm , kitul (X kaduru < kharjūˊra -- ?).(CDIAL 14093). *sindī date -- palm . Pk. siṁdī, siṁdōlī -- f. date -- palm ś M. śĩd, śĩdī, śĩdhī f. wild date -- palm .(CDIAL 13410). kirīṭī f. Andropogon aciculatus , kiriṭi -- n. fruit of the marshy date palm (Phoenix paludosa) . [Cf. tirīṭa -- 2 and similar alternance of initial in kirīṭa - 1 and tirīṭa -- 1]S. kiriṛī f. a tree growing in salt marshes (Ceriops canolleana) .(CDIAL 3177). Phoenix paludosa (paludosa, Latin, swampy), also called Mangrove Date Palm, is a species of flowering plant in the palm family, indigenous to coastal regions 56 of India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand and peninsular Malaysia. The trees grow in clusters, to 5 m high, usually forming dense thickets. Rebus: śitá whetted, sharp RV. [√ ō1] Pa. sita -- sharp , Pk. sia -- , Kt. ċyā̊ (→ Kal.rumb. ċiu, st. ċīl -- edge, sharp , ċilaka sharp , urt. ċīra); -- Si. hiya, iya, īya arrow (EGS 22) (CDIAL 12438). Apple Annona squamosa.Sugar Apples or Sweetsop, is native to the tropical Americas, but is also widely grown in Pakistan, India and the Philippines. The fruit looks a bit like a pine cone, and are about 10 cm in diameter. Under the hard, lumpy skin is the fragrant, whitish flesh of the fruit, which covers several seeds inside, and has a slight taste of custard. It is called sītaphal, 'sīta fruit' in South India. Eagle-headed protective spirit between sacred trees.Assyrian, ca. 865-860 BCE from Nimrud, North-west Palace, Room F, Panel 8 http://encyclopediaurantia.org/treeoflife.htm *si ha sail . [Cf. śīta -- 2 n. sail BHSk., Pa. sīta -- n.] Pk. saḍha -- m. sail De īn., S. siṛhu m., L. siṛh m., G. saḍh m., M. śīḍ n.(CDIAL 13397). *siṭṭa ear of corn, straw (?) . S. siṭo m. ear of corn , L. P. siṭṭā m.; -- N. siṭo, siṭho dry twig ?(CDIAL 13396). sīˊt f. furrow, goddess of agriculture RV. Pa. sītā -- f. furrow , Pk. sīā -- f., Sh. (Lor.) sī; L. sī˜, sīã f., sīvī˜ f., sīyã̄ m. a ploughing , aw ṇ. sī˜ cultivation ś P. sī˜ f. furrow, ploughing , ludh. sī f.; WPah. bhal. sihā f. furrow , sī f. the second ploughing , jaun. sī˜ furrow ś Ku. siyo a ploughing , gng. śyu furrow , N. siyo; Si. sī, hī, hīya furrow, ploughing 57 śP. siāṛ m. furrow , WPah. kha . se\āṛ (+?). -- Pk.sīā<-> f. Sīt , OAw. siya. WPah.kṭg. sī f. (obl. -- a) furrow ś Sía Sīt (retention of -- a due to lw. Sītā Him.I 214).(CDIAL 13428). Or. siṭha officer of a r j 's household in charge of palace and granary ś śiṣṭá2 taught AV., disciplined Br., learned Mn., m. chief Hit. [√ s] Pk. siṭṭha -- ordered, taught , m. gentleman ś NiDoc. śiṭha punishment , śiṭhidavya to be punished ś N. siṭnu to reprimand ś Si. siṭu nobleman , hiṭāno very wealthy man (ES 96 < śrēṣṭhin -- ).(CDIAL త 12479). ెట [ seṭṭi ] or ెటి seṭṭi. [from Skt. రేఠ.] n. A merchant, వరుు. A title assumed by all members of the Bēri Komati, or Balija caste who are merchants. ేి bēri. n. A man of the Beri or merchant caste. ేరు (p. 0906) [ bēramu ] bēramu. [Tel.] n. Trade, dealing, a bargain, ేరుారు or ేర ారు trade, &c. (ారు being a mere expletive.) ేరాు bēra-kāḍu. n. One who makes a bargain, a purchaser, buyer. (Telugu)செ ்ி¹ ceṭṭi , n. < Pkt. sēṭṭišrēṣṭhin. [M. ceṭṭi.] 1. Vaišya or mercantile caste; ளைி ். ்ி ் ை ழ் க்ளகெ் செ ி ் ் செு க ் (செுங் . ை . 20, 126). 2. Title of traders; ி ெ கை ் ெ ் ெ்செ .் 3. Skanda; ுக ் . க ் ் ி ் ் செ ்ி (த ை . 742, 10). செ ்ிள ceṭṭimai , n. < id. 1. Quali- ties, characteristics of the Chetti caste; செ ்ி ் ்ள . ( ழ் . க.) 2. Trade, traffic, mercantile profession; ி ெ ் . (W.) செ ு ் ceṭṭu , n. < செ ்ி¹ cf. šrēṣṭhi-tā. [M. ceṭṭu.] 1. Trade, traffic; ி ெ ். ( ழ் . க.) kirāṭa m. merchant R jat., kirīṭa -- 2 m. BhP., kírāta- m. a degraded mountain tribe VS., cilātī -- f. woman of this tribe YogH. [Alternance of k -- and c -- , -- ṭ -- and -- t<-> suggests Drav. origin, EWA i 211. Perh. same as kil ta -- dwarf ] Pa. kirāṭa -- m. fraudulent merchant (kirāṭa -- , °āta<-> m. man of a jungle tribe see kilāta -- ); Pk. kirāḍa -- , °āya -- , cilāa -- m., f. °āī -- ,°āiyā -- a non -- Aryan tribe, slave , cilāī -- f.; S. kirāṛu m. Hindu shopkeeper ś L. kirāṛ, karāṛ m., kirāṛī f. member of a tribe of Hindus (also called aroṛā) who act as traders and moneylenders ś H. kirāṛ m. merchant . -- Deriv. Pa. kērāṭika -- , °iya<-> false (cf. kirāsa -- fraudulent )ś -- L. kirṛakkā connected with Hindus .(CDIAL 3173). Overflowing pot lo ‘pot to overflow’ k ṇ a ‘water’. RebusŚ ि खॠड lokhaṇ Iron tools, vessels, or articles in general. Overflowing pot (variant, water flowing out from shoulders), a Sarasvati Script Meluhha hypertext on ANE artifacts/seals signifies lokhāṇḍā 'metal implements'; khambh 'shoulder' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint coiner, coinage'; lo 'overflow pot' rebus:loh 'copper'; kaṇḍa 'water' rebus: khaṇḍa 'implements' 58 A person with a vase with overflowing water; sun (?), star sign. C. 18th cent. BCE. [E. Porada,1971, Remarks on seals found in the Gulf states, Artibus Asiae, 33, 31-7]. Santali glosses. Lexis. meḍha 'polar star' (Marathi). meḍ 'iron' (Ho.Mu.) lo 'pot to overflow' k ṇ a 'water'. Rebus: lokhaṇ Thus, me or me~r.he~t khaNDa 'iron metal implements'. (See the Santali gloss with semantics: iron implements). The conclusive evidence that ayo was an early sememe in Indian sprachbund denoting 'metals, metal alloy of gold' occurs in Pali texts. Meluhha hieroglyph to denote ayo is 'fish'. According to the Pali lexicon, the nom. ayo is found only in set of 5 metals forming an alloy of gold (jātarūpa), viz. ayo, loha (copper), tipu (tin), sīsa (lead), sajjha (silver) A iii.16 = S v.92; of obl. cases only the instr. ayasā occurs Dh 240 (= ayato DhA iii.344); Pv i.1013 (paṭikujjita, of Niraya). -- Iron is the material used in the outfit & construction of Purgatory or Niraya (see niraya & Avīci & cp. Vism 56 sq.). -- In compn. both ayo˚ & aya˚occur as bases. 59 The seated person wears a crown of layered bulls' horns. Behind him, a lion. A goat-fish at his feet. He holds a pot with streaming waters and fish. Source of seal impression: Kramer, Samuel Noah & John Maier, Myths of Enki, the crafty god, New York, Oxford University Presws, 1989, p. 123 'The enthroned Enki'. Ko. ko· (obl. ko·ṭ) horns (DEDR 2200) kōṇ a hornless (Kalash)(CDIAL 3508). ko 'workshop'. arye'lion' āra 'brass'. ayo ‘fish’ RebusŚ ayas ‘metal’. lo ‘pot to overflow’ Rebus: loh ‘copper’.Hieroglyph: lokhãḍ, kāṇḍ ‘flowing water’ ‘overflowing pot’ Rebus: lokhãḍ, kāṇḍā ‘metalware, tools, pots and pans’(Gujarati) mēḻẖ 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper'. Molded plaque: the weather god Adad and a bull standing on a lion-dragon Period: Old Babylonian Date: ca. 2000–1600 B.C.E Geography: Southern Mesopotamia Culture: 60 Babylonian Medium: Ceramic Dimensions: 5.25 x 3.86 in. (13.34 x 9.8 cm) Classification: Ceramics-Reliefs http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/327545 प ळ pōḷa, 'Zebu, bos indicus' Rebus: प ळ pōḷa, 'magnetite, ferrite ore'; adar ḍangra ‘zebu': Rebus: aduru ḍhangar ‘native metal smith’. arye 'lion' ra 'brass'. min 'lightning' 'metal' = kol'metal'. The Pali semantics ayo, 'metals, metal alloy of gold' are consistent with the meaning provided in synonyms for the gloss, kol : ின் வெ ் ி வ ொன் வ ொ ் வ னச் வசொ ் ும் ( க்க கெ் . 550). Hieroglyphs which are synonymsŚ vajra & falconŚŚ yēná ॕन [p= 1095,2] denotes a hawk , falcon , eagle and also sena, heṇa thunderbolt (Sinhala)ś a áni f. thunderbolt (Rigveda). Akkadian. Cylinder seal Impression. Inscription records that it belongs to ‘S’u-ilis’u, Meluhha interpreter’, i.e., translator of the Meluhha language (EME.BAL.ME.LUH.HA.KI) The Meluhha being introduced carries an goat on his arm. Musee du Louvre. Ao 22 310, Collection De Clercq 3rd millennium BCE. The Meluhha is accompanied by a lady carrying a kamaṇ alu. mēḻẖ 'goat' Rebus: milakkhu 'copper', 'Meluhha'. 61 Antelope carried by the Meluhha woman is a hieroglyphŚ mlekh ‘goat’ (Br.)ś mreka (Te.); mēṭam (Ta.); meṣam (Skt.) Thus, the goat conveys the message that the carrier is a Meluhha speaker. A phonetic determinant. Ka. mēke she-goatś mē the bleating of sheep or goats. Te. mē̃ka, mēka goat. Kol. me·ke id. Nk. mēke id. Pa. mēva, (S.) mēya she-goat. Ga. (Oll.) mēge, (S.) mēge goat. Go. (M) mek , (Ko.) mēka id. ? Kur. mēxn (mīxyas) to call, call after loudly, hail. Malt. méqe to bleat. [Te. mrēka (so correct) is of unknown meaning. Br. mēḻẖ is without etymology; see MBE 1980a.] / Cf. Skt. (lex.) meka- goat (Monier-Williams lex.) (DEDR 5087) Thus, I suggest that this hypertext signifies a seafaring merchant/artisan: meluh.h.a ! The Meluhha is accompanied by a woman. kola ‘woman’ (Nahali). Rebus: kol ‘pañcalōha, alloy of five metals’ (Ta.) சக ் kol, n. 1. Iron; ு ் . ் சைை் ை செ ் சக ்ச ெ் செ ் ு ் ( க்க கெ் . 550). 2. Metal; உத க ். ( ெ. 318.) kola ‘blacksmith’ (Ka.)ś Ko . kollë blacksmith (DEDR 2133). It appears that the same hieroglyphs are used: antelope, woman in the following artifact produced during Jacques de Morgan’s excavations at Susa (1905). He had also published the tokens. The tokens were used for categorizing property items. 'Based on cuneiform documents from Mesopotamia we know that there was at least one Meluhha village in Akkad at that time, with people called 'Son of Meluhha' living there. The cuneiform inscription (ca. 2020 BCE) says that the cylinder seal belonged to Shu-ilishu, who was a translator of the Meluhha language. "The presence in Akkad of a translator of the Meluhha language suggests that he may have been literate and could read the undeciphered Indus script. This in turn suggests that there may be bilingual Akkadian/Meluhha tablets somewhere in Mesopotamia. Although such documents may not exist, Shu-ilishu's cylinder seal offers a glimmer of hope for the future in unraveling the mystery of the Indus script."[Gregory L. Possehl,Shu-ilishu's cylinder seal, Expedition, Vol. 48, Number 1, pp. 42-3. http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/481/What%20in%20the%20World.pdf] The emphatic hieroglyph to denote ayo is 'fish' as evidenced by the following etyma of Indiansprachbund: <ayu?>(A) {N} ``^fish’’. #1370. <yO>\\<AyO>(L) {N} ``^fish’’. #3612. <kukkulEyO>,,<kukkuli-yO>(LMD) {N} ``prawn’’. !Serango dialect. #32612. <sArjAjyO>,,<sArjAj>(D) {N} ``prawn’’. #32622. <magur-yO>(ZL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish’’. *Or.<>. #32632. <ur+Gol-Da-yO>(LL) {N} ``a kind of ^fish’’. #32642.<bal.bal-yO>(DL) {N} ``smoked fish’’. #15163.(Munda) अय (in comp. for अयऺ् ) अयऺ् n. iron , metal RV. an iron weapon (as an axe , &c ) RV. vi , 3 ,5 and 47 , 10; gold Naigh.steel L. ; ([cf. Lat. aes , aer-is for as-is ; Goth. ais , Thema aisa ; Old Germ. e7r , iron; Goth. eisarn; Mod. Germ. Eisen.])अयऺ् --काड m. n. " a quantity of iron " or " excellent iron " , (g. कका*लद q.v.)(Monier-Williams, p. 85) Ayo & Aya (nt.) [Sk. ayaḥ nt. iron & ore, Idg. *ajes -- , cp. Av. ayah, Lat. aes, Goth. aiz, Ohg. ēr (= Ger. Erz.), Ags. r (= E. ore).] iron. I. ayo˚Ś -- kap la an iron pot A iv.70 (v. l. ˚guhala)ś Nd2 304 iii. d 2 (of Niraya). -kūṭa an iron hammer PvA 284. -- khīla an iron stake Sv.444; M iii.183 = Nd2 304 iii. c; SnA 479. -- guḷa an iron ball S v.283; Dh 308; It 43 = 90; Th 2, 489; DA i.84. -- ghana an iron club Ud 93; VvA 20. -- ghara an iron house J iv.492. -- paṭala an iron roof or ceiling (of Niraya) PvA 52. -- p k ra an iron fence Pv i.1013 = Nd2304 iii. d 1. -- maya made of iron Sn 669 (kūṭa)ś 62 J iv.492 (n v )ś Pv i.1014 (bhūmi of N.)ś PvA 43, 52. -- muggara an iron club PvA 55. -sanku an iron spike S iv.168; Sn 667.II. aya˚Ś -- kap la = ayo˚ DhA i.148 (v. l. ayo˚). -k ra a worker in iron Miln 331. -- kūṭa = ayo˚ J i.108; DhA ii.69 (v. l.). -- nangala an iron plough DhA i.223; iii.67. -- paṭṭaka an iron plate or sheet (cp. loha˚) J v.359. -- paṭhavi an iron floor (of Avīci) DhA i.148. -- sangh ṭaka an iron (door) post DhA iv.104. -- sūla an iron stake Sn 667; DhA i.148. (Pali) aya = iron (Gujarati.); ayah, ayas = metal (Skt.) अयऺ् a. [इ-गतौ-अऺॏन्] Going, moving; nimble. n. (-यॡ) 1 Iron (एलत चिलत अयकातऺॠलनकषं इलत तथावम्; नायऺ तियतॕ रनम् ukra 4.169. अलिततमय $लप मादद शॠ िजतॕ कॖश कथा षरॎररषॏ R.8.43. -2 Steel. -3 Gold. -4 A metal in general. -5 Aloe wood. -6 An iron instrument; यदय लनधनॠ यालत ऺ $य धमदॡ ऺनातनॡ Mb.6.17.11. -7 Going. m. Fire. [cf. L. aes, aeris; Goth. ais, eisarn; Ger. eisin]. -Comp. -अरम्, अरकम् a hammer, a mace or club tipped with iron; a pestle for cleaning grain. अपालि a. Ved. furnished with iron claws or heels. -कॠऺॡ, -ऺम् an iron goblet. -कणपम् A kind of weapon, which throws out iron-balls; अयॡकणपचरा - िॏषॏडयॏिबाऻशॡ Mb.1.227.25. -काडॡ 1 an iron-arrow. -2 excellent iron. -3 a large quantity of iron. -कातॡ (अयकातॡ) 1 'beloved of iron', a magnet, load-stone; षभ यदतवमार्टॏ मयकातॕन ि ऻशत् Ku.2.59; ऺ चकषद परमातदयकात इशायऺम् R.17.63; U.4.21. अयकातमयॡ ऺॠरामलत M. Bh. on P.III.1.7. -2 a precious stoneś ˚मलणॡ a loadstone; अयकातमलणषिाकॕश ि ऻधातॏमतॡ- करणमाक॑िशतॎ M l.1. -कारॡ 1 an iron-smith, blacksmith. -2 the upper part of the thigh. -लकटम्, -कॎजम् rust of iron. -कॏभॡ an iron vessel, boiler &c.ś so ˚पारम्. -कॏषा a rope partly consisting of iron. -क॑लतॡ f.a preparation of iron; one of the ways of curing leprosy (मऻाकॏठलचलक- सािॕदॡ). -गॡ an iron hammer. -गॏडॡ 1 a pill; one made of some preparation of iron. -2 an iron ball; दॎतषॐिियदय गॏडान् Ms.3.133. -3 A kind of weapon con- sisting of iron balls; िगॏडाय गॏडा ानॡ Mb.7.3.16. -घनॡ [अय ऻयतॕ अनॕन इलत P.III.3.82] an iron hammer, forge hammer; गदापररघलनतरॠषपलटषाय घन पिॖॡ Mb. 7.25.58. अय घनॕनाय इशालिततम्R.14.33. -चॐणदम् iron filings. -जाि a. having iron nets; of impenetrable guiles. (-िम् ) an iron net-work; अय जािालन लनमदय लिवा रनग॑ऻॠ शरम् R m.3.35.35. ताप a. making iron red-hot. -दत् , -दॠ िर a. Ved. iron-toothed, having iron rims (as chariots); having iron weapons; प न् लऻरयचरान- य दॠ िरान् लशध शत शराून् Rv.1.88.5. -दतॎ a. proper name; (तरयाॠ ऺॠञायाम् P.V.4.143). -दडॡ an iron club, K.76. -धातॏॡ iron metal; अय धातॏॠ यवपररिघॏरयकातषकिॡ U.4.21. -पानम् (अयॡपानम्) N. of a hell (where redhot iron is forced down the throats of those who are condemned to it). -लपडॡ A canon-ball. -रलतमा (अयॡरलतमा) an iron image. बाहॡ Name of a son of Dh itar ṣṭra. -मिम् rust of ironś so ˚रजॡ, ˚रऺॡ. -मॏख a. (-खॎ f.) 1 having an iron mouth, face, or beak. -2 tipped or pointed with iron; िॐलमॠ िॐलमषयाॠ चॖश ऻतत काठमय मॏखम् Ms.1.84. (-खॡ) an arrow (iron- pointed); िॕययजॡ कॏभमय मॏखॕन R.5.55. -षङ्कॏॡ 1 an iron spear; -2 an iron nail, pointed iron spike, अयॡषङ्कॏलचताॠ रषॡ षतनॎमथ षरशॕ R.12.95. षय a. lying in, made of iron, (said of fire). -षॐिम् 1 an iron lance. -2 a forcible means, a violent proceeding (तॎ्णॡ उपायॡ Sk.); (cf. आयॡषॐलिक; also K. P.1; अयॡषॐिॕन अतिछतॎयायॡषॐलिकॡ). -्थॐण a. 1 (अय˚ or यॡ˚) having iron pillars or stakes. लऻरयूपमॏषऺ यॏिाशयॡ- ्थॐणमॏलदता ऺॐयदय Rv.5.62.8.-2 Name of a iṣi at. Br. -ऻत a. Ved. embossed in ironwork, made by a priest who wears a golden ring on his finger (B. and R.); रष ऻा लशवचषदलणरलि य लनमय ऻतम् Rv.9.1.2. -ृदय a. iron-hearted, stern, cruel, unrelenting; ऺॏृदय ृदयॡ रलतगजदताम् 63 R.9.9.अयमय ayasmaya (अय मय ayōmaya)अयमय (अय मय) a. (-यॎ f.) Ved. Made of iron or of any metal. -यॎ N. of one of the three habita- tions of Asuras. अय तछिम् Rust of iron.अयऺ ayasa अयऺ (At the end of comp.) See का्ाद यऺ, कािा- यऺ &c. a. ayil iron. Ma. ayir, ayiram any ore. Ka. aduru native metal. Tu. ajirda karba very hard iron.(DEDR 192). Ta. ayil javelin, lance, surgical knife, lancet. Ma. ayil javelin, lance; ayiri surgical knife, lancet. (DEDR 193). aduru gan.iyinda tegadu karagade iruva aduru = ore taken from the mine and not subjected to melting in a furnace (Ka. Siddh nti Subrahmaṇya’ astri’s new interpretation of the Amarako a, Bangalore, Vicaradarpana Press, 1872, p.330). ் &sup6; ayam , n. < ayas. 1. Iron; ு ் . (ிங் .) 2. Iron filings; ெ்செ ி. (ள ை. ள . 6.) ayacu, n. < ayas. Iron; ு ் . (ி. ி.. 4, 8, ிை க்.) க்கைங் aya-k-kaḷaṅku, n. < ayas + kalaṅka. Oxide of iron, used as medicine; ுெ் ் ு. (W.) ை ் &sup7; vayam, n. < ayas. Iron; ு ் . ( க. .) ெ்ெ ் aya-c-cāram, n. < ் +. Dust of iron; ு ் க்ி ் ். (W.) ெ்ி ் ் aya-c-cintūram, n. < id. +. Hydrated peroxide of iron; ு ் தெ ் ் ி ் ு ் . ( ங் . ளை.) ் ayattī, n. cf. ் . Aya-ttoṭṭi- pāṣāṇam, a prepared arsenic; ச ் ்ிெ் ெ ஷ ் . (W.) த ்க ் ayōṟkam , n. < ayas. Iron filings; ெ்செ ி. (W.) . ‫ اورلړوني‬aor-laṟṟū- naey, s.m. (1st) A poker of wood or iron. (Pashto) P ‫ آهن‬āhan, s.m. (9th) Iron. Sing. and Pl. ‫ آهن ګر‬āhan gar, s.m. (5th) A smith, a blacksmith. Pl. ‫ آهن ګران‬āhan-garān. ‫ آهن ربا‬āhan-rubā, s.f. (6th) The magnet or loadstone. (E.) Sing. and Pl.)ś (W.) Pl. ‫ آهن رباوي‬āhan-rubāwī. See ‫اوسپنه‬. áyas n. metal, iron RV.Pa. ayō nom. sg. n. and m., aya -- n. iron , Pk. aya -- n., Si. ya. Md. da iron , dafat piece of iron .(CDIAL 590). ayask ṇ a m.n. a quantity of iron, excellent iron P ṇ. gaṇ. [áyas -- , k ˊṇ a -- ]Si. yakaḍa iron .(CDIAL 591). *ayaskūṭa iron hammer . [áyas -- , kūˊṭa -- 1] Pa. ayōkūṭa -- , ayak° m.; Si. yakuḷa sledge -- hammer , yavuḷa (< ayōkūṭa -- ).(CDIAL 592). yasa (adj.) [Sk. yasa, of ayas iron] made of iron S ii. 182ś A iii.58ś Dh 345ś J iv.416ś v.81ś Vv 845 (an˚? cp. the rather strange expln. at VvA 335).(Pali) ‫ اوسپنه‬aos-panaʿh, s.f. (3rd) Iron. Also used as an adjective to qualify another noun, signifying, Iron-like, hard. Pl. ‫ ي‬ey. ‫اوسپنخړي‬aos-panḵẖaṟṟaey, s.m. (1st) The dross of iron left after melting. (Pashto) ி ் ¹ ayil, n. cf. ayas. 1. Iron; ு ் ி த தெ ழ் ெ ைி ் (ெழச . 8). 2. Surgical knife, lancet; ெ ் ் ளைக் ங் க ் . ி ி ள ிுெ் ் ( . 30). 3. Javelin, lance; தை ் . ி ் ள ச ுங் க ் ( . 33). 4. Sharpness; ்ள . ் க ் ளகி ி ் ை ை் ( ி. 386).(Tamil) ி ¹ ayiri , n. A knife for picking out the bones of fishes; ் ை் ளை எுக்க உ ுங் க ் . (W.) ி ³் ayir, n. 1. Subtlety, fineness; ு ் ள . ( ை .) 2. [M. ayir.] Fine sand; ு ் ். ( ் ள ெ் . 92.) 3. Candied sugar; க ் ெுக்கள . ( ை .) (Tamil) 589 aya cūrṇa n. powder prepared from iron as a vermifuge Su r. [áyas -- , cūrṇa -64 ]Si. yahuṇu iron filings (CDIAL 589). Ta. ayirai, acarai, acalai loach, sandy colour, Cobitis thermalis; ayilai a kind of fish. Ma. ayala a fish, mackerel, scomber; aila, ayilaa fish; ayira a kind of small fish, loach (DEDR 191). ி ் ²் ayil-, 3 v. tr. 1. To eat; உ ் ு ் . ிி ி ் தை ் ் ள ( ுிளை. உக். தை ் ைதை. 60). 2. To drink; ெு ். ெ ி ு ் ிு செ ு ் ் (க ் .ெ ை . 33). ிள ayilai, n. < ி ் -. cf. ிள . A fish, as edible; ஒு ் . ிள ழ ் ை ் ை ( க . 60). Ayira (& Ayyira) (n. -- adj.) [Vedic rya, Metathesis for ariya as diaeretic form of rya, of which the contracted (assimilation) form is ayya. See also ariya] (n.) ariyan, nobleman, gentleman (opp. servant)ś (adj.) arīyan, well-born, belonging to the ruling race, noble, aristocratic, gentlemanly J v.257; Vv 396. -- f. ayir lady, mistress (of a servant) J ii.349 (v. l. oyyak )ś voc. ayire my lady J v.138 (= ayye C.). (Pali) अय Ved. a die RV. x 166 , 9 AV. (Monier-Williams, p. 84) 2605 (#KJ Roach's thesis). Sealed tablet. Susa. Illituram, son of Il-mishar, servant of Pala-isshan #KJ Roach M9 Mesopotamia 65 #Roach 2168 Cream limestone. Susa. The seal of Gudea: Gudea, with shaven head, is accompanied by a minor female diety. He is led by his personal god, Ningishzida, into the presence of Enlil, the chief Sumerian god. Wind pours forth from of the jars held by Enlil, signifying that he is the god of the winds. The winged leopard (griffin) is a mythological creature associated with Ningishzida, The horned helmets, worn even by the griffins, indicates divine status (the more horns the higher the rank). The writing in the background translates as: "Gudea, Ensi [ruler], of Lagash". lōī f., lo m.2. Pr. ẓūwī fox (Western Pahari)(CDIAL 11140-2). Rebus: loh ‘copper’ (Hindi). Te. eṟaka, ṟekka, rekka, neṟaka, neṟi id. (DEDR 2591). Rebus: eraka, eṟaka = any metal infusion (Ka.Tu.); urukku (Ta.); urukka melting; urukku what is melted; fused metal (Ma.); urukku (Ta.Ma.); eragu = to melt; molten state, fusion; erakaddu = any cast thng; erake hoyi = to pour meltted metal into a mould, to cast (Kannada) 66 The streams of water flowing the naked, bearded person are the signature tune of the times in Ancient Near East. This glyptic or overflowing pot held by Gudea, appears on hundreds of cylinder seals and friezes of many sites. Overflowing water from a pot is a recurrent motif in Sumer-Elam-Mesopotamian contact areas – a motif demonstrated to be of semantic significance in the context of lapidary-metallurgy life activity of the artisans. Greenstone seal of Adda Akkadian, about 2300-2200 BCE From MesopotamiaSeal of Adda. British Museum.Height: 3.900 cm Diameter: 2.550 cm ME 89115 Shows Enki depicted with a flowing stream full of fish;c.2300-2200 BCE. Enki's two-faced minister Isimu stands to his right. Adda is the name of a storm-god with a temple in Aleppo. "The cuneiform inscription identifies the owner of the seal as Adda, who is described as dubsar, or 'scribe'. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister).At the centre of the scene is the sun-god, Shamash (Sumerian Utu), with rays rising from his shoulders. He is cutting his way through the mountains in order to rise at dawn.To his left is a winged goddess, Ishtar (Sumerian Inanna). The weapons rising from her shoulders symbolise her warlike characteristics; she also holds a cluster of dates.The god armed with a bow and quiver has not been identified with certainty, but may represent a hunting god like Nusku." http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/g/greenstone_seal_of_ad da.aspx Four of the principal Mesopotamian deities This is one of the many high quality greenstone seals that were made when much of Mesopotamia was united under the military control of the kings of the city of Agade (Akkad). The cuneiform inscription identifies the owner of the seal as Adda, who is described as dubsar, or 'scribe'. The figures can be identified as gods by their pointed hats with multiple horns. The figure with streams of water and fish flowing from his shoulders is Ea (Sumerian Enki), god of subterranean waters and of wisdom. Behind him stands Usimu, his two-faced vizier (chief minister). 67 At the centre of the scene is the sun-god, Shamash (Sumerian Utu), with rays rising from his shoulders. He is cutting his way through the mountains in order to rise at dawn. To his left is a winged goddess, Ishtar (Sumerian Inanna). The weapons rising from her shoulders symbolise her warlike characteristics; she also holds a cluster of dates. The god armed with a bow and quiver has not been identified with certainty, but may represent a hunting god like Nusku. J.E. Reade, Mesopotamia (London, The British Museum Press, 1991) D. Collon, First impressions: cylinder se (London, The British Museum Press, 1987) D. Collon, Catalogue of the Western Asi-1 (London, 1982) Hieroglyph: க ் ் ² k ṇṭam , n. < kāṇḍa. 1. Water; sacred water; .் ு ் ை க்ி ங் க் க ் ் (க ் . 49, 16). ayaskāṇḍa ‘a quantity of iron, excellent iron’ (P ṇ.gaṇ) 2. खां डा [ kh ṇ ] m A jag, notch, or indentation (as upon the edge of a tool or weapon). (Marathi) Rebus: khāṇḍā ‘tools, pots and pans, metal-ware’. Below, a fish-man in a sea from a bas-relief in the palace of the Assyrian king Sargon II, ca. 721-705 BCE at Dur-Sharken, modern Khorsabad. (p. 131. fig. 107. "merman and mermaid." Jeremy Black and Anthony Green. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum, in association with the University of Texas Press. Austin. 1992. ISBn 0-292-70794-0. paperback) Below, sun-dried clay figures. Upper: a goat-fish (Greek: Capricorn) emblem of the god Enki (Ea) of Eridu. Lower: a fishman. Placed in a building to ward off evil in the Assyrian period (p. 68 92. figure 70. "goat-fish." Jeremy Black and Anthony Green. Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum, in association with the University of Texas Press. Austin. 1992. ISBn 0-292-70794-0. paperback). Note: I understand that Ea (Enki) who gave his servant Adapa wisdom or knowledge but denied him immortality has been recast as Yahweh in the Garden of Eden. Please click here for the details. God Ea at far lef, wears horned headdress, with water coursing from his shoulders. Two fishapkallu. The overflowing pot held by the divinity on the left is a hieroglyph: lokhanDa 'pot overflowing water' Rebus: lokhaNDA 'metal pots and pans, metalware, weapons'. The overflowing pots are imageries on a cuneiform seals (unprovenanced). lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ RebusŚ tools, iron, ironware (Gujarati) Source: http://eden-saga.com/en/sumer-mythology-anunnaki-oannes-nommo-viracocha-serpentpeople-enki.html lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ RebusŚ tools, iron, ironware (Gujarati) 69 lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ RebusŚ tools, iron, ironware (Gujarati) Overflowing water kaNDa. dang 'mountain' Rebus: dhangar 'blacksmith'. ayo 'fish' rebus: aya 'metal alloy' lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ RebusŚ tools, iron, ironware (Gujarati) 70 lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ RebusŚ tools, iron, ironware (Gujarati) Shell inlay: skirt-clad figure carrying fish, Early Dynastic III, ca. 2600-2350 BCE, Mesopotamia, Nippur, Sumerian.metmuseum.org SUMER SCULPTURE 5TH-2ND MILL.BCE Fish-man or water-sprite. Terracotta figurine (8th-7th BCE) Length 12 cm Nr. 3337 Iraq Museum, Baghdad, Iraq 71 A map showing the principal canals of Lower Mesopotamia (p. 34. Map 2. "Map of Sumer, showing the course of ancient rivers and canals. Overflowing pot. A cylinder seal of Enki (Ea) holding a pot with two streams of freshwater seated in his Abzu/Apsu shrine guarded by two naked men (Lakhmu?) holding stylized gate posts (?). Before him is his two-faced sukkal or vizier Izimud (cf. p. 98. "Ea." Piotr Bienkowski 72 & Alan Millard. Dictionary of the Ancient Near East. Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2000). lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ RebusŚ tools, iron, ironware (Gujarati) Cylinder seal. Akkadian. Gudea. Overflowing pot. Sumer. 73 lokhãḍ ‘overflowing pot’ RebusŚ tools, iron, ironware (Gujarati) Sumerian relief. Louvre. Below, fish-men figurines, the so-called "seven sages" (apkallu), sun-dried clay, from the foundations of a priest's house in Asshur ca. 721-705 BCE (p. 18. Jeremy Black and Anthony Green.Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, An Illustrated Dictionary. London, British Museum, in association with the University of Texas Press. Austin. 1992. ISBN 0-292-70794-0. paperback). 74 Apkallu portrayed as fish-men. 75 Sowie Museum 9-1796 sun-dried clay figurine of a suhurmashshu, probably from Assur. Previously published HF Lutz, Univ. of California Publications in Semitic Philology 9/7 (1930), Rittig.97. 76 Fish-Apkallu statuettes of the type that were buried in the foundations of buildings. The so-called paRadu-fish apkallu were the seven antedeluvian sages of Sumeria. [Anthony Green, A Note on the Assyrian "Goat-Fish", "Fish-Man" and "Fish-Woman", Iraq, Vol. 48 (1986), pp. 25-30; After Plate X, b, on seal. BM 119918. 2.5X2.5X2.5cm. Late Babylonian stamp seal depictingkulullu and kuliltu(?); streams flow from a vase at top left;top centre, a crescent. Previously published: Van Buren 1933: Pl. XX:70, p. 116, with earlier references cited in n.3, to which may be added Munter 1827: Tab. II:18, p. 139. Cf. also Unger 1957: 71, Nr. 2; Unger 1966.) In Fig. 1 in the following embedded document, a pair of goat-fish images appear, flanking a door entrance, on a Middle Assyrian seal. Sumerian SUHUR.MASH, Akk. suhurmashu/i is sometimes interpreted as 'sea-goat'. Assyrian goat-fish, fish-man and fish-woman (Anthony Green in Iraq, Vol. 48, 1986) 77 Susa ritual basin dates from 13th or 12th cent. BCE. A Susa ritual basin dated to ca. 12th or 13th century BCE depicts goat and fish ligatured into a 'fabulous' or 'composite' animal representation, clearly intended to connote the underlying hieroglyphic meaning. Susa ritual basin dates from 13th or 12th cent. BCE. The hieroglyphmultiplex flanks reedposts, spathes, molluscs. http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ritualbasin-decorated-goatfish-figures aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) meḷh ‘goat’ (Br. mreka (Te.)ś mēṭam (Ta.)ś meṣam (Samskritam) Te. mreka (DEDR 5087) (DEDR 5087) Rebus: meluh.h.a (Akkadian) mleccha (Samskritam) milakkhu 'copper' (Pali) An alternative reading for the composite animal: goat PLUS fish-fin. mreka 'copper' rebus: milakkhu 'copper' PLUS khamba 'wing' fish-fin 'khambha ' (Lahnda) rebusŚ kammaTa 'mint' (Kannada) eruvai 'reed' rebus: eruvai 'copper' sippi 'mollusc' rebus: sippi 'artificer, sculptor'. Thus, the hieroglyph-multiplex (hypertext) signifies a copper metalwork sculptor. The basin is for purification by Potr. 'purifier' who is also dhā̆vaḍ 'smelter', derived from dh ˊtu n. substance RVś dhāu -- m. metal, red chalk (Prakrtam) It is decorated with goatfish figures, flankin a hieroglyph-multiplex of reedposts, spathes, molluscs. http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ritual-basin-decorated-goatfish-figures aya 'fish' Rebus: aya 'iron' (Gujarati) ayas 'metal' (Rigveda) meḷh ‘goat’ (Br. mreka (Te.)ś mēṭam (Ta.)ś meṣam (Samskritam) Te. mreka (DEDR 5087) (DEDR 5087) Rebus: meluh.h.a (Akkadian) mleccha (Samskritam) milakkhu 'copper' (Pali) Hieroglyph-multiplex or Susa ritual basin has hieroglyph components: reeds, spathe, mollusc (snail). Rebus Meluhha readings in Indus Script cipher signify this to be Hieroglyph: eruva dhatugarbha śāṅkhika,'reed, spathe, mollusc (snail)' Rebus: eruva dagoba sangha.'copper mineral core assemblage'. Hieroglyhph: eruva 'reed' Rebus: eruva 'copper' Hieroglyph: ṅkhika 'relating to a shell' hõ giñ 'shell of a mollusc' Rebus: sangha 'assemblage' Hieroglyph: spathe "A spathe is a large bract that forms a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of certain plants such as palms, arums, Iris and dayflowers. In many arums (Araceae family), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a 78 spadix." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract#Spathe): Kashmiri. gab m. womb, sprout of a plant ś gāb(h)ā spathe of a plant (Bengali)(CDIAL 4055) Rebus: gābhā m. heart, core (Marathi) gāb(h)ā'foetus' dhātugarbha (Samskritam), dhātu gabbhā (Pali) (Sinhalese dāgoba. Th e expression is equivalent to dhātu relics+garbha womb, inside. Thus, dāgoba is a domeshaped shrine containing relics of the Buddha or a Bauddham arhant. HieroglyphŚ molluscŚ ṅkhika relating to a shell W. 2. * ṅkhinī -- ( aṅkhinī -- f. mother -of -- pearl B lar.). [ aṅkhá -- 1] 1. K. h ngi snail ś B. sã̄khī possessing or made of shells . 2. K. hõ giñ f. pearl oyster shell, shell of any aquatic mollusc (CDIAL 12380). RebusŚ sangha [fr. saŋ+h ś lit. "comprising." The quâsi pop. etym. at VvA 233 is "diṭṭhi -- sīla -- s maññena sangh ṭabh vena sangha"] 1. multitude, assemblage Miln 403 (k ka˚)ś J i.52 (sakuṇa˚)ś Sn 589 (ñ ti˚)ś 680 (deva˚)ś D iii.23 (miga˚)ś Vv 55 (acchar ˚=samūha VvA 37).Sanghin (adj.) [fr. sangha] having a crowd (of followers), the head of an order D i.47, 116; S i.68; Miln 4; DA i 143. -- sanghâsanghī (pl.) in crowds, with crowds (redupl. cpd.!), with gaṇi -- bhūt "crowd upon crowd" at D i.112, 128; ii.317; DA i.280. 79